WO2014008407A1 - Therapeutic bisphosphonates - Google Patents

Therapeutic bisphosphonates Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014008407A1
WO2014008407A1 PCT/US2013/049341 US2013049341W WO2014008407A1 WO 2014008407 A1 WO2014008407 A1 WO 2014008407A1 US 2013049341 W US2013049341 W US 2013049341W WO 2014008407 A1 WO2014008407 A1 WO 2014008407A1
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compound
alkyl
aryl
heteroaryl
chain
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PCT/US2013/049341
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English (en)
French (fr)
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David Wiemer
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University Of Iowa Research Foundation
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Priority to US14/412,578 priority Critical patent/US9745331B2/en
Priority to CN201380046344.XA priority patent/CN104822695B/zh
Priority to JP2015520686A priority patent/JP6226974B2/ja
Priority to ES13737116.7T priority patent/ES2617448T3/es
Priority to CA2878413A priority patent/CA2878413A1/en
Priority to EP13737116.7A priority patent/EP2870168B1/en
Priority to AU2013286683A priority patent/AU2013286683B2/en
Publication of WO2014008407A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014008407A1/en
Priority to HK15111169.5A priority patent/HK1210474A1/xx

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    • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
    • C07F9/3804—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)] not used, see subgroups
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    • C07F9/3804—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)] not used, see subgroups
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    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
    • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
    • C07F9/3804—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)] not used, see subgroups
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    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
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Definitions

  • Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are branchpoint intermediates in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. These isoprenoids are synthesized via a series of sequential condensations of five-carbon units catalyzed by the enzymes FPP synthase and GGPP synthase, respectively. FPP sits at the branch-point between sterol and longer chain non-sterol synthesis.
  • GGPP is a precursor for ubiquinone synthesis, and in plants it serves as the precursor for carotenoids, diterpenes, and chlorophylls.
  • FPP and GGPP also serve as isoprene donors in the isoprenylation of proteins catalyzed by the enzymes farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase) and geranylgeranyl protein transferase (GGPTase) I and II.
  • FPTase farnesyl protein transferase
  • GGPTase geranylgeranyl protein transferase I and II. Isoprenylation of proteins, in particular small GTPases, serves to ensure proper intracellular localization and function.
  • GGPP synthase While expression of FPP synthase has been shown to be regulated by sterol availability, GGPP synthase appears to be regulated in a sterol-independent manner.
  • the gene encoding human GGPP synthase has been cloned and GGPP synthase mR A is expressed ubiquitously, with highest levels found in the testis.
  • GGPP synthase expression is upregulated, coincident with cellular proliferation, following the stimulation of cells with thyrotropin and insulin.
  • GGPP synthase was first cloned in mice as a result of its identification as one of the genes upregulated in ob/ob mice, a model of obesity and insulin resistance.
  • alterations in levels of GGPP appear important in both physiological and pathophysiological processes and a method to experimentally manipulate intracellular GGPP levels would provide further understanding of these processes.
  • Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates including alendronate, pamidronate, and zoledronate, have been shown to inhibit FPP synthase.
  • This class of drugs is used to inhibit bone resorption in a number of diseases, including osteoporosis, tumor-associated bone disease, and Paget' s disease.
  • the aminobisphosphonates by depleting cells of both FPP and GGPP, prevent the farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of small GTPases. It appears that the depletion of GGPP, with subsequent diminished protein geranylgeranylation is the critical mechanism underlying the effects of the aminobisphosphonates.
  • GGPP synthase inhibitors There are no GGPP synthase inhibitors currently available for clinical use. There have been several reports of compounds, both synthetic and natural, which inhibit GGPP synthase. The potency and selectivity of these compounds for GGPP synthase vs. FPP synthase varies significantly. Given the findings discussed above, there is considerable interest in the development of specific GGPP synthase inhibitors.
  • GGPP synthase inhibitors could be used for the same therapeutic applications as FPP synthase inhibitors as novel anticancer agents, with the added advantage of more specifically affecting the essential downstream targets. That is, while levels of GGPP would be depleted, synthesis of FPP would not be affected, hence the pathways utilizing FPP ⁇ e.g., sterol synthesis, dolichol synthesis) would be preserved.
  • GGPP synthase inhibitors would also serve as important tools which could be used in studies addressing the significance of isoprenoid intermediate pool size, flux through the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, hierarchy among geranylgeranylated proteins, and regulatory properties of endogenous isoprenoid pyrophosphates.
  • FPP and GGPP have been shown to regulate the expression of a number of small GTPases, the relative contribution of the two isoprenoid species has yet to be fully determined.
  • the availability of GGPP synthase inhibitors would provide for novel experimental approaches and improved therapeutic strategies.
  • GGPP synthase inhibitors Such compounds would be useful as chemical tools to ascertain the importance of GGPP in a number of cellular processes. Additionally, they would be anticipated to be useful: 1) as antiproliferative agents for the treatment of cancer (based on analogy with the FPTase inhibitors), 2) to inhibit testicular function and thus have activity to decrease male fertility (based on high levels of GGPS in testes), 3) to treat parasitic infections (e.g. malaria), and 4) to treat insulin resistance and obesity based on the ob/ob mouse model of insulin resistance and obesity. They would also be anticipated to be useful in the treatment of a number of parasitic diseases and to have potent osteoclast inhibitory function and to be useful in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
  • the present invention provides compounds that act as GGPP synthase inhibitors.
  • X is (Ci-C 6 )alkyl
  • Y is (Ci-C 6 )alkyl
  • Ri is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C5-C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NR p Rq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Ci-C6)alkyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy, (Ci-C )alkanoyl, (d-C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (Ci- C )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rt>, or S(0) 2 NRcRd;
  • R 2 is H or a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NRpRq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Ci-C6)alkyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (Ci- C )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rb, or S(0) 2 NRcRd;
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and R6 is independently OH or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (CrC 2 o)alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl,
  • any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C C )alkyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy, (CrC )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (Q-
  • R 8 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl,
  • any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C C 6 )alkoxy, (Q-C ⁇ alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (Q-
  • R 9 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl,
  • any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (Ci- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a R b , or S(0) 2 NR c R d ;
  • R 10 is H or a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NRpR q and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C ⁇ alkyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy, (CrC 6 )alkanoyl, (CrC 6 )alkanoyloxy, (Q- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a R b , or S(0) 2 NR c R d ;
  • each R a and Rb is independently H, (d-C 6 )alkyl, or aryl; or R a and R b together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or
  • each Rc and Rd is independently H, (Q-C f alkyl, or aryl; or R c and Ra together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or
  • each R m and R n is independently H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or aryl; or R m and R nomenol ring together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or
  • each R p and Rq is independently H, or aryl; or R p and Rq together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or
  • any aryl of R a , Rb, Rc, Rd, Rm, Rn, Rp or Rq is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (CrC 6 )alkoxy, (Q-C ⁇ alkanoyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (Q- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR s R t , or S(0) 2 NR s R t wherein each R s and R t is independently H or (CrC 6 )alkyl;
  • R ⁇ is H or a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C2 0 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NRpRq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C!-C )alkyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy, (C C ⁇ alkanoyl, (C 1 -C6)alkanoyloxy, (C ⁇ - C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rb, or S(0) 2 RcRd;
  • R 2 is H or a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m Rn, or S(0) 2 NRpRq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rb, or S(0) 2 NRcRd;
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and R $ is independently OH or (d-C 6 )alkoxy
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C5-C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NRpRq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (d-C 6 )alkoxy, (CrC6)alkanoyl, (d-C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rb, or S(0) 2 NR c R d ;
  • Rg is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NRpRq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C [ -C 6 )alkyl, (C ⁇ -C )alkoxy, (C ⁇ -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C )alkanoyloxy, (C 1 -
  • R9 is H or a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl,
  • any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (d-C )alkyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (d-C )alkanoyloxy, (d- C )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rb, or SCOfcNRcR,,;
  • R 10 is H or a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R Struktur, or S(0) 2 NRpRq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (d-C6)alkyl, (d-C 6 )alkoxy, (d-C 6 )alkanoyl, (d-C )alkanoyloxy, (d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rb, or S(0) 2 NRcRd; each R a and Rb is independently H, (C!
  • each Rc and Ra is independently H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or aryl; or Rc and Rj together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or
  • each R m and R n is independently H, (Ci-C6)alkyl, or aryl; or R m and R n together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or
  • each R p and Rq is independently H, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, or aryl; or R p and Rq together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, or
  • any aryl of R a , Rb, Rc, Rd, R m , Rn, Rp or Rq is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C ⁇ alkyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C6)alkanoyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkanoyloxy, (C r
  • compositions comprising compounds as described herein, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • methods for inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase comprising contacting the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase in vitro or in vivo with an effective inhibitory amount of a compound as described herein.
  • methods for treating diseases comprising administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described herein, or equivalently, the use of compounds as described herein to prepare a medicament useful for modulating diseases, or the use of compounds in disease treatment.
  • Figure 1 shows a Western Blot illustrating a bioactivities comparison for Compound 5b and digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) in Test A.
  • DGBP digeranyl bisphosphonate
  • Figure 2 illustrates cellular FPP and GGPP levels measured in vitro for Compound 5b in
  • Figure 3 shows a Western Blot illustrating a bioactivities comparison for Compound 12 and digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) in a variation of Test A.
  • Figure 4 illustrates the synthesis of Compounds 5a - 5d, 6a, 6b, 10, 12, and 14
  • the compound is a compound of formula I, or a salt thereof.
  • the compound is a compound of formula II, or a salt thereof.
  • R ⁇ is an unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifiuoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NR p R ⁇ 1 .
  • the alkyl chain is a (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl chain, (C 5 -C 15 )alkyl chain, or (C -C 10 )alkyl chain.
  • R ⁇ is an unsaturated (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl chain.
  • R ⁇ is an unsaturated (C5-C 15 )alkyl chain.
  • R ⁇ is an unsaturated (C 5 -C 1
  • any of these embodiments may be substituted on a terminal carbon with hydroxy or a five-membered heterocycloalkyl.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl contains from one to four heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl contains from one to two heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.
  • the five- membered heterocycloalkyl is aromatic, i.e., a heteroaryl.
  • R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl rings in the chain.
  • Ri is
  • Ri is a unsaturated (C 5 -C2 0 )alkyl chain that comprises a heteroaryl ring in the chain.
  • the heteroaryl ring is indolyl.
  • R 2 is H or methyl. In certain embodiments of Formula I, R 2 is methyl.
  • m is 1. In certain embodiments of Formula I, m is 2.
  • R 7 is an unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NR p R q .
  • the alkyl chain is a (C5-C2 0 )alkyl chain, (C 5 -C 1 )alkyl chain, or (C 5 -C 1 o)alkyl chain.
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl chain.
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl chain. In further embodiments, R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 15 )alkyl chain. In further embodiments, R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 10 )alkyl chain. In further embodiments, R 7 is
  • any of these embodiments may be substituted on a terminal carbon with hydroxy or a five-membered heterocycloalkyl.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl contains from one to four heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl contains from one to two heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.
  • the five- membered heterocycloalkyl is aromatic, i.e., a heteroaryl.
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C2 0 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain.
  • R 7 is
  • X is - (CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • Y is -(CH 2 ) n - or -(CH 2 ) n CH(CH 3 )-; and
  • m and n are
  • X is -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-; In further embodiments, m is 1. In further embodiments, m is 2.
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2.
  • R 8 is a saturated or unsaturated (Ci-C 20 )alkyl chain that is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NR p R q .
  • R is an unsaturated (C 2 -C 20 )alkyl chain that is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl,
  • R 8 is an unsaturated (C 2 -C 20 )alkyl chain.
  • Rg is an unsaturated (C 2 -C 20 )alkyl chain.
  • any of the preceding three embodiments may be substituted on a terminal carbon with hydroxy or a five-membered heterocycloalkyl.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl contains from one to four heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl contains from one to two heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl is aromatic, i.e., a heteroaryl.
  • R 8 is a saturated (d-C 2 o)alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C!-C2o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NR p Rq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy, (Q-C ⁇ alkanoyl, (C 1 -C6)alkanoyloxy, (Cr C )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rb, or S(0) 2 NRcRd.
  • R 8 is a saturated (d-C 2 o)alkyl chain
  • R 8 is a saturated (Ci-C 20 )alkyl chain.
  • R 8 is an unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NR p Rq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C ⁇ alkyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy, (d-Ceialkanoyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkanoyloxy, (Ci- C )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR a Rb, or S(0) 2 NReRd.
  • R 8 is an unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alky
  • R9 is an unsaturated (C 5 -C2 0 )alkyl chain.
  • R9 is a saturated or unsaturated (C5-C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl rings in the chain.
  • R9 is
  • R 9 an unsaturated (C 5 -C2 0 )alkyl chain that comprises a heteroaryl ring in the chain.
  • the heteroaryl ring is indolyl.
  • R 9 is
  • R 9 is an unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NR p R q .
  • the alkyl chain is a (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl chain, (C 5 -C 15 )alkyl chain, or (C 5 -C 10 )alkyl chain.
  • R 9 is an unsaturated (Cj- C 2 o)alkyl chain.
  • R 9 is an unsaturated (C -C 20 )alkyl chain. In further embodiments, R 9 is an unsaturated (C 5 -C 1 )alkyl chain. In further embodiments, R 9 is an unsaturated (C 5 -C 10 )alkyl chain. In further embodiments, R 9 is:
  • R 9 is
  • any of these embodiments may be substituted on a terminal carbon with hydroxy or a five-membered heterocycloalkyl.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl contains from one to four heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.
  • the five-membered heterocycloalkyl contains from one to two heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.
  • the five- membered heterocycloalkyl is aromatic, i.e., a heteroaryl.
  • R 10 is H or methyl.
  • R 10 is methyl.
  • Y is - (CH2) n -.
  • n is 1.
  • n is 2.
  • n is 1. In further embodiments, n is 2.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R6 are each OH. Also provided are compounds according to any of the above embodiments wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R$ are each (NaO) 2 0. Also provided are compounds according to any of the above embodiments wherein R 3 , R 4 , R and R ⁇ are each alkoxy. Also provided are compounds according to any of the above embodiments wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R6 are each ethoxy.
  • R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one to three halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2, and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Ci-C6)alkyl, (d- C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (Cj-C6)alkanoyloxy, (d-C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 2 is H or methyl
  • each R.3, R4, R 5 , and R6 is independently OH, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C2 0 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (Q- C 6 )alkoxy, (CrC 6 )alkanoyloxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , aryl, heteroaryl, or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated (CrC 20 )alkyl chain optionally substituted with one to three halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 2 is H or methyl
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and R ⁇ is independently OH, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C ⁇ alkyl, (Q- C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C6)alkanoyloxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , aryl, heteroaryl, or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • Ri is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain
  • R 2 is methyl
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and R6 is independently OH, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
  • R is a saturated or unsaturated (C C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, halo, trifluoromethyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or trifluoromethoxy;
  • Ri is a saturated or unsaturated (Q-C ⁇ alkyl chain comprising one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein
  • R-2 is H or methyl
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and R6 is independently OH, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C2o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C f alkyl, (Q- C )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (CrC 6 )alkanoyloxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , aryl, heteroaryl, or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • X is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C]-C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one to three halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2) and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (Cr C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (C 1 -C6)alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 2 is H or methyl
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and R is independently OH, or (C 1 -C )alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (Q- C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (CrC 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ; or a salt thereof.
  • X is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH3)-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • Ri is a saturated or unsaturated (Q-C ⁇ alkyl chain optionally substituted with one to three halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 2 is H or methyl
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and R is independently OH, or (d-C 6 )alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C ⁇ alkyl, (Q- C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) NH 2 ;
  • X is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain
  • R 2 is H or methyl
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and R ⁇ is independently OH, or (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain
  • Ri is a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl chain.
  • R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated (C5-C 15 )alkyl chain.
  • R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 10 )alkyl chain.
  • X is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • R ⁇ is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain
  • R 2 is methyl; each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and 3 ⁇ 4 is independently OH, or (Q-Ce ⁇ lkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C2 0 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or two (C C 6 )alkyl, halo, trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy;
  • X is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • Ri is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain comprising one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein
  • R 2 is H or methyl
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 and is independently OH, or (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (d-C 6 )alkyl, (d- C )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (d-C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • X is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • Ri is a saturated or unsaturated (Ci-C 20 )alkyl chain comprising one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C!-C6)alkyl, (d-C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (d-
  • R 2 is H or methyl
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 , and Re is independently OH, or (C 1 -C )alkoxy;
  • R 7 is a saturated or unsaturated (d-C 20 )alkyl chain
  • X is -(CH 2 ) m -. In further embodiments, m is 1. In further embodiments, m is 2. Also provided are compounds according to any of the above embodiments wherein X is -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-; In further embodiments, m is 1. In further embodiments, m is 2.
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 and is independently OH, or (C 1 -C )alkoxy;
  • Re is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C ⁇ alkyl, (C ⁇ - C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 9 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C )alkyl, (C r C 6 )alkoxy, (CrC ⁇ alkanoyl, (Q-C ⁇ alkanoyloxy, (C 1 -C6)alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , aryl or heteroaryl, or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 10 is H or methyl
  • each R 3 , R , R 5 , and R6 is independently OH, or (Q-C ⁇ alkoxy;
  • R is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C ⁇ alkyl, (d- C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (Ci-C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (C ! -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, N3 ⁇ 4, aryl or heteroaryl, or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 9 is H or a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 10 is H or methyl
  • Y is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2; each R.3, R 4 , R 5 , and R6 is independently OH, or (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy;
  • R 8 is a saturated or unsaturated (Ci-C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (Q- C 6 )alkoxy, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 9 is a saturated or unsaturated (Ci-C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (CrC 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Q-C ⁇ alkyl, (C ⁇ - C )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (C ! -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 10 is H or methyl
  • Y is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • each R 3 , R4, R 5 and is independently OH, or (Q-Ce ⁇ lkoxy;
  • R is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (CrC 6 )alkyl, (Q- C )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 9 is H or a saturated or unsaturated (Q-C ⁇ alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 10 is H or methyl
  • Y is -(CH 2 ) m - or -(CH 2 ) m CH(CH 3 )-;
  • n is an integer from 1 to 2;
  • each R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R is independently OH, or (d-C 6 )alkoxy;
  • R 8 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain that optionally comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more (Ci-C6)alkyl, (Q- C 6 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkanoyl, (Q-Ceialkanoyloxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl, halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 ,
  • R 9 is H or a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 20 )alkyl chain optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NH 2 , or S(0) 2 NH 2 ;
  • R 10 is H or methyl
  • any aryl is phenyl and any heteroaryl comprises 5-6 ring atoms of which between 1 and 4 are heteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, either of which may be optionally substituted with one or two (Ci-C 6 )alkyl, (d-C 6 )alkoxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy.
  • n (CH 2 ) n -. In further embodiments, n is 1. In further embodiments, n is 2.
  • Y is -(CH 2 ) n CH(CH3)-;
  • n is 1.
  • n is 2.
  • R ⁇ in Formulas I, II, la, and Ila and the relevant embodiments above is an unsaturated (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl chain.
  • Rj is a saturated or unsaturated (C5-C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl rings in the chain.
  • Ri is a unsaturated (C5-C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises an aryl ring in the chain.
  • Rj is a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more heteroaryl rings in the chain.
  • Another value for is a unsaturated (C5-C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises a heteroaryl ring in the chain.
  • a specific group of compounds of formula I and formula II are compounds wherein R 3 , R4, R 5 and Re are each OH.
  • the invention provides novel compounds disclosed herein.
  • the invention provides novel compounds of formula I and formula II wherein Ri is a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more heteroaryl rings and optionally comprises one or more aryl rings in the chain wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, N m R n , or S(0) 2 NR p Rq and wherein any aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more
  • the invention also provides novel compounds of formula I and formula II wherein R] is -(C5-C 20 )alkyl-Z 1 wherein (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl is saturated or unsaturated and is optionally substituted with one or more halo, cyano, nitro, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, NR m R n , or S(0) 2 NRpRq; and wherein Z 1 is heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3 or 4) (C C 6 )alkyl, (C C 6 )alkoxy, (d-C 6 )alkanoyl, (C C 6 )alkanoyloxy, (C
  • a specific value for Z 1 is furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazoyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazoyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, (or its N-oxide), thienyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N-oxide), indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide) or quinolyl (or its N-oxide).
  • Z 1 Another specific value for Z 1 is furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazoyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazoyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N- oxide), indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide) or quinolyl (or its N-oxide).
  • Z 1 Another specific value for Z 1 is furyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazoyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazoyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, thienyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N-oxide), indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide) or quinolyl (or its N-oxide).
  • composition comprising a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Also provided is a method for inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase comprising contacting the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase in vitro or in vivo with an effective inhibitory amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • the compound is at least 2-fold selective for inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase compared to famesylpyrophosphate synthase or squalene synthase.
  • the compound is at least 2-fold selective for inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase compared to famesylpyrophosphate synthase and squalene synthase.
  • the compound is at least 10-fold selective for inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase compared to farnesylpyrophosphate synthase or squalene synthase. In further embodiments, the compound is at least 10-fold selective for inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase compared to farnesylpyrophosphate synthase and squalene synthase. In further embodiments, the compound is at least 100-fold selective for inhibiting
  • the compound is at least 100-fold selective for inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase compared to farnesylpyrophosphate synthase and squalene synthase.
  • Also provided is a method for treating cancer comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • Also provided is a method for modulating testicular function comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • Also provided is a method for modulating fertility comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • Also provided is a method for treating insulin resistance comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • Also provided is a method for treating obesity comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • Also provided is a method for modulating weight gain comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • Also provided is a method for modulating osteoclast function comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • Also provided is a method for treating a parasitic infection comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments. Also provided is a method for producing an antiparasitic effect comprising contacting a parasite in vitro or in vivo with an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • Also provided is a method for treating cardiac arrhythmia comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments.
  • a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments for modulating fertility Also provided is a compound as described in any one of the above embodiments for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of treating insulin resistance.
  • a compound of the invention that includes or that is linked to one or more detectable groups.
  • at least one of the one or more detectable groups is a fluorescent group.
  • at least one of the one or more detectable groups is a radionuclide.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • the invention also provides a method for inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase comprising contacting the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase in vitro or in vivo with an effective inhibitory amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the invention also provides a method for treating cancer comprising administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human
  • the invention also provides a method for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) testicular function comprising administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human
  • the invention also provides a method for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) fertility comprising administering to an animal(e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the invention also provides a method for treating insulin resistance comprising administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the invention also provides a method for treating obesity comprising administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the invention also provides a method for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) weight gain comprising administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human
  • the invention also provides a method for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) osteoclast function comprising administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human
  • the invention also provides a method for treating a parasitic infection comprising administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human
  • the invention also provides a method for producing an antiparasitic effect comprising contacting a parasite in vitro or in vivo with an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for use in medical treatment or diagnosis.
  • the invention also provides a method for imaging a tissue including contacting the tissue with an effective amount of a compound of the invention and detecting the compound so as to image the tissue.
  • the invention also provides a method for treating cardiac arrhythmia including administering to an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human) in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for treating cardiac arrhythmia in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for treating cancer in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) testicular function in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) testicular function in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) fertility in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • a compound a compound of the invention also provides the use of a compound a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for treating insulin resistance in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for treating obesity in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) weight gain in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) weight gain in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for modulating (e.g. , increasing or decreasing) osteoclast function in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for modulating (e.g. , increasing or decreasing) osteoclast function in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for treating a parasitic infection in an animal (e.g. a mammal such as a human).
  • an animal e.g. a mammal such as a human.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of cancer.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for modulating testicular function.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for modulating fertility.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of treating insulin resistance.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of obesity.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of weight gain.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for modulating osteoclast function.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a parasitic infection.
  • the invention also provides a compound of the invention for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of cardiac arrhythmia.
  • the invention also provides processes and intermediates disclosed herein that are useful for preparing compounds of formula I and formula II, or salts thereof.
  • the invention provides compounds of formula 101 and 102:
  • Rj-R6 and R 8 have any of the values defined herein, which are useful as intermediates for preparing the corresponding compounds of formula I and II, or the salts thereof.
  • the invention provides a compound of formula 102 wherein Rg is a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C 2 o)alkyl chain.
  • the invention provides a compound of formula 102 wherein R 8 is a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl chain.
  • R 8 is:
  • Certain compounds of formula 101 and 102 may also have useful GGPP synthase inhibiting activity or squalene synthase inhibiting activity.
  • halo is fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
  • Alkyl (and the equivalent term, "alkyl chain"), alkoxy, etc. denote both straight and branched groups; but reference to an individual radical such as propyl embraces only the straight chain radical, a branched chain isomer such as isopropyl being specifically referred to.
  • Unsaturated (C 1 -C2 0 )alkyl denotes a (C 2 -C 20 )alkyl with at least one unsaturated (i.e. double or triple) bond.
  • Unsaturated (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl denotes a (C 5 -C 20 )alkyl with at least one unsaturated (i.e. double or triple) bond.
  • Aryl denotes a phenyl radical or an ortho-fused bicyclic carbocyclic radical having about nine to ten ring atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic.
  • Heteroaryl encompasses a radical of a monocyclic aromatic ring containing five or six ring atoms consisting of carbon and one to four heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(X) wherein X is absent or is H, O, (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, as well as a radical of an ortho-fused bicyclic heterocycle of about eight to ten ring atoms comprising one to four heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(X).
  • a saturated or unsaturated (C 1 -C2 0 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain and a saturated or unsaturated (C 5 -C 2 o)alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain, each include: 1) alkyl chains that have an aryl or hetereoaryl within the chain so as to have one portion of the alkyl chain attached to one atom of the aryl or heteroaryl and another portion of the alkyl chain attached to a different atom of the aryl or heteroaryl and 2) alkyl chains that are terminated with an aryl or heteroaryl.
  • the saturated or unsaturated (C5-C 20 )alkyl chain that comprises one or more aryl or heteroaryl rings in the chain of R 1; includes the aryl or hetereoaryl within the chain so as to have one portion of the alkyl chain attached to one atom of the aryl or heteroaryl and another portion of the alkyl chain attached to a different atom of the aryl or heteroaryl.
  • prodrug is well understood in the art and includes compounds that are converted to pharmaceutically active compounds in vivo (e.g. in an animal such as a mammal). For example, see Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1980, vol. 16, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania, 61 and 424. In particular, a number of groups suitable for preparing prodrug forms of phosphorous containing compounds (e.g. phosphonates) are known. For example, see Galmarini CM, et al, International Journal of Cancer, 2003, 107 (1), 149-154; Wagner, C.
  • the invention includes phosphonate prodrug analogs prepared from suitable in vivo hydrolysable groups.
  • the invention provides for phosphonate prodrugs of the compounds of formula I and formula II wherein the phosphonate is pivaloyloxymethyl (i.e. wherein one or more of R 3 , R4, R or 3 ⁇ 4
  • the present invention encompasses any racemic, optically-active, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, of a compound of the invention, which possess the useful properties described herein, it being well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, by synthesis from optically-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase) and how to determine enzyme inhibitory activity using the standard tests that are well known in the art.
  • (Q-C ⁇ alkyl can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec- butyl, pentyl, 3-pentyl, or hexyl;
  • (Ci-C 6 )alkoxy can be methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, or hexyloxy;
  • (C C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl can be methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxy carbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, or hexyloxycarbonyl;
  • (Ci-C 6 )alkanoyloxy can be formyloxy, acetoxy, propanoyloxy, butanoyloxy, isobutanoyloxy, pentanoyloxy
  • Ri and R 2 represent groups linked through a carbon atom, and are not to be limited by the definitions of Ri and R 2 set forth elsewhere in this specification.
  • a salt of a compound of formula I can be useful as an intermediate for isolating or purifying a compound of formula I.
  • administration of a compound of formula I as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base salt may be appropriate.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, a- ketoglutarate, and a-glycerophosphate.
  • Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts.
  • salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine
  • a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.
  • the compounds of formula I and formula II can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a mammalian host, such as a human patient in a variety of forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, i.e. , orally or parenterally, by intravenous, intramuscular, topical or subcutaneous routes.
  • the present compounds may be systemically administered, e.g. , orally, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as an inert diluent or an
  • compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1% of active compound.
  • the percentage of the compositions and preparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 to about 60% of the weight of a given unit dosage form. The amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage level will be obtained.
  • the tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain the following: binders such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid and the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, fructose, lactose or aspartame or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring may be added.
  • a liquid carrier such as a vegetable oil or a polyethylene glycol.
  • any material used in preparing any unit dosage form should be pharmaceutically acceptable and substantially non-toxic in the amounts employed.
  • the active compound may be incorporated into sustained-release preparations and devices.
  • the active compound may also be administered intravenously or intraperitoneally by infusion or injection.
  • Solutions of the active compound or its salts can be prepared in water, optionally mixed with a nontoxic surfactant.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, triacetin, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of
  • the pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for injection or infusion can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions or sterile powders comprising the active ingredient which are adapted for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable or infusible solutions or dispersions, optionally encapsulated in liposomes.
  • the ultimate dosage form should be sterile, fluid and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
  • the liquid carrier or vehicle can be a solvent or liquid dispersion medium comprising, for example, water, ethanol, a polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and the like), vegetable oils, nontoxic glyceryl esters, and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the formation of liposomes, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions or by the use of surfactants.
  • the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, buffers or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filter sterilization.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and the freeze drying techniques, which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient present in the previously sterile-filtered solutions.
  • the present compounds may be applied in pure form, i.e., when they are liquids. However, it will generally be desirable to administer them to the skin as compositions or formulations, in combination with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, which may be a solid or a liquid.
  • Useful solid carriers include finely divided solids such as talc, clay, microcrystalline cellulose, silica, alumina and the like.
  • Useful liquid carriers include water, alcohols or glycols or water-alcohol/glycol blends, in which the present compounds can be dissolved or dispersed at effective levels, optionally with the aid of non-toxic surfactants.
  • Adjuvants such as fragrances and additional antimicrobial agents can be added to optimize the properties for a given use.
  • the resultant liquid compositions can be applied from absorbent pads, used to impregnate bandages and other dressings, or sprayed onto the affected area using pump-type or aerosol sprayers.
  • Thickeners such as synthetic polymers, fatty acids, fatty acid salts and esters, fatty alcohols, modified celluloses or modified mineral materials can also be employed with liquid carriers to form spreadable pastes, gels, ointments, soaps, and the like, for application directly to the skin of the user.
  • Examples of useful dermatological compositions which can be used to deliver the compounds of formula I and formula II to the skin are known to the art; for example, see Jacquet et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,392), Geria (U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,478), Smith et al. (U.S. Pat.
  • the amount of the compound, or an active salt or derivative thereof, required for use in treatment will vary not only with the particular salt selected but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of the patient and will be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician or clinician.
  • the desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or as divided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, as two, three, four or more sub-doses per day.
  • the sub-dose itself may be further divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spaced administrations; such as multiple inhalations from an insufflator or by application of a plurality of drops into the eye.
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention provide compounds that act as GGPP synthase inhibitors. While not intended to be a limitation of the present invention, the ability of compounds of the invention to inhibit GGPP synthase will enable the art worker to use these compounds to affect certain processes that are influenced by GGPP synthase. For example, certain embodiments of the present invention provide methods for treating cancer, modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) testicular function, modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) fertility, treating insulin resistance, treating obesity, modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) weight gain, modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) osteoclast function, treating a parasitic infection, producing an antiparasitic effect, and for treating cardiac arrhythmia.
  • modulating e.g., increasing or decreasing
  • testicular function e.g., increasing or decreasing
  • modulating e.g., increasing or decreasing fertility
  • treating insulin resistance e.g., treating obesity
  • modulating e.g., increasing
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention also provide the use of a compound of the invention to prepare a medicament useful for treating cancer, modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) testicular function, modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) fertility, treating insulin resistance, treating obesity, modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) weight gain, modulating (e.g., increasing or decreasing) osteoclast function, treating a parasitic infection, and for treating cardiac arrhythmia in an animal.
  • Compounds of the invention may also induce different cardiac rhythms, and the compounds thus might also be used to induce the different cardiac rhythms, e.g., reversible asystole, e.g., during a cardiac bypass procedure and to prepare useful medicaments useful for the same.
  • the ability of a compound of the invention to cause these effects can be evaluated by the art worker using assays known in the art.
  • the invention also provides a detectable compound that is a compound of formula I or formula II that includes or that is linked to one or more detectable groups.
  • Detectable groups include, but are not limited to, fluorescent groups and radionuclides.
  • a detectable compound that includes a fluorescent group is exemplified in Example 7.
  • Such compounds are useful, e.g., as probes, e.g., for identifying tissues that include geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase or for elucidating geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase function.
  • the invention also provides tissue including a compound of the invention bound to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase.
  • Detectable compounds of the invention are useful as imaging agents for imaging cells and tissues that include geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase. Accordingly, the invention also provides compounds of formula I and formula II that include or that are linked to one or more detectable radionuclides (e.g., one or more metallic radionuclide and/or one or more non-metallic radionuclides). For example, a detectable radionuclide can be incorporated into a compound by replacing an atom of the compound of formula I or formula II with a radionuclide (e.g., non-metallic radionuclide).
  • a detectable radionuclide can be incorporated into a compound by replacing an atom of the compound of formula I or formula II with a radionuclide (e.g., non-metallic radionuclide).
  • a radiolabeled compound of the invention can be prepared by linking a compound of formula I or formula II to a chelating group that includes a detectable radionuclide (e.g., metallic radionuclide).
  • a detectable radionuclide e.g., metallic radionuclide.
  • Such compounds can be useful to image tissues with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase activity in vivo or in vitro.
  • a "chelating group” is a group that can include a detectable group, e.g., a radionuclide (e.g., a metallic radioisotope). Any suitable chelating group can be employed. Suitable chelating groups are disclosed, e.g., in Poster Sessions, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting, J. Nuc.Med., p. 316, No. 1386; Scientific Papers, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting, J. Nuc.Med., p. 123, No. 499; Scientific Papers, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting, J. Nuc.Med., p. 102, No. 413; Scientific Papers, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting, J.
  • a "detectable radionuclide” is any suitable radionuclide (i.e., a radioisotope) useful in an imaging procedure, e.g., a diagnostic procedure, in vivo or in vitro.
  • Suitable detectable radionuclides include metallic radionuclides (i.e., metallic radioisotopes) and non-metallic radionuclides (i.e., non-metallic radioisotopes).
  • Suitable metallic radionuclides include Antimony-124, Antimony-125, Arsenic-74, Barium-103, Barium-140, Beryllium- 7, Bismuth-206, Bismuth-207, Cadmium-109, Cadmium-1 15m, Calcium-45, Cerium-139, Cerium-141, Cerium-144, Cesium-137, Chromium-51 , Cobalt-55, Cobalt-56, Cobalt-57, Cobalt- 58, Cobalt-60, Cobalt-64, Copper-67, Erbium- 169, Europium- 152, Gallium-64, Gallium-68, Gadolinium-153, Gadolinium- 157 Gold-195, Gold-199, Hafnium-175, Hafnium- 175-181 , Holmium-166, Indium-1 10, Indium-1 11 , Iridium-192, Iron-55, Iron-59, Kry
  • the chelating group can include more than one metallic radioisotope.
  • the detectable chelating group can include 2 to about 10, 2 to about 8, 2 to about 6, or 2 to about 4 metallic radioisotopes.
  • the non-metallic radionuclide can be a non-metallic paramagnetic atom (e.g., Fluorine- 19); or a non-metallic positron emitting radionuclide (e.g., Carbon-1 1 , Fluorine-18, Iodine-123, or Bromine-76).
  • the non-metallic radionuclide is phosphorous-32.
  • the compounds of the present invention can include more than one non-metallic radioisotope. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can include 2 to about 10, 2 to about 8, 2 to about 6, or 2 to about 4 non- metallic radioisotopes.
  • Test A Biological Activity
  • the activity of a compound can be evaluated in a Rapl A geranylgeranylation assay (for example see, Dudakovic, Wiemer et al. J Pharm. Exp. Therap. 324, 2008, 1028-1036; and Wiemer, Yu et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 15, 2007, 1959-1966; and refs therein).
  • K562 leukemia cells were treated for 48 h with DGBP or compound 5b, and analyzed for inhibition of Rap la geranylgeranylation by Western blot analysis, with a-tubulin as a control.
  • Data from this assay for the compound DGBP and for compound 5b is shown in Figure 1.
  • DU145 prostate cancer cells were treated for 24 h with DGBP or compound 12, and analyzed as above, but with ⁇ -tubulin as a control. Data from this assay for the compound
  • DGBP and compound 12 is shown in Figure 3.
  • Other compounds disclosed herein are expected to be active as well.
  • Test B FPP and GGPP Level Determinations
  • FPP and GGPP levels can be determined using the assay reported by Tong H, Holstein
  • Test C Inhibition of GGPP synthase of mammlian origin.
  • FPP or GGPP synthase activity may be measured by the method of Reed and Rilling (Reed, B. C. & Rilling, H. C. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3739-3745) with modifications.
  • assays are set up such that the final volume was lOOul.
  • the assay conditions may be 50mM Tris pH7.7, 2mM MgCl 2 , 0.5mM TCEP, 2( ⁇ g/ml BSA.
  • the final enzyme concentration are lOnM and for GGPP synthase assays the final enzyme concentration are 20nM.
  • reaction mixtures are then extracted with 0.4ml of immiscible scintillation fluid (Microscint E, Perkin Elmer) to separate reaction products from unused substrate and are counted directly with a microbeta scintillation counter (Perkin Elmer). Data may be analysed using Graphpad Prism. It is expected that bisphosphonates disclosed herein will inhibit GGPP synthase.
  • hydroxymethylphosphonate (1 mL, 6.8 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of NaH (300 mg, 7.5 mmol) in THF (7 mL) in an ice bath, followed by addition of 15-crown-5 as a solution in THF (1 M, 0.1 mL). After 30 minutes, geranyl bromide (1.62 g, 7.5 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and it was allowed to react at room temperature overnight. Once the reaction was complete based on analysis of the P NMR spectrum, saturated NH 4 C1 was added.
  • Bisphosphonate 3a A solution of w-butyl lithium in hexanes (8.8 mL, 21.2 mmol) was added to a solution of diisopropylamine (2.75 mL, 19.5 mmol) in THF (16 mL) at -78 °C and the reaction was allowed to stir for 30 minutes. Ether 2 (2 g, 8.5 mmol) was then added to the reaction mixture dropwise (over 90 minutes) and allowed to react for additional one hour then followed by the careful addition of diethyl chlorophosphate (2.9 mL, 19.5 mmol). After it was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly and to stir overnight, the reaction was quenched by the addition of water.
  • Bisphosphonate 4b Compound 3 (325 mg, 0.74 mmol) was added into a solution of NaH (50 mg, 1.25 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3 mL) and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 30 minutes. Geranyl bromide (300 mg, 1.38 mmol) was then added to allow stirring at room temperature overnight. Reaction progress was monitored by the analysis of P NMR spectrum. Once it complete, water was added to quench the reaction. The resulting residue was then extracted with EtOAc and washed with brine.
  • Phosphonic acid 5a The base, 2, 4, 6-collidine (0.22 mL, 1.67 mmol), was added into the ice cold solution of bisphosphonate 4a (85 mg, 0.17 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (5 mL) followed by the addition of excess TMSBr (0.27 mL, 2.00 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature and allowed to stir overnight. Once the reaction was complete based on the
  • Bisphosphonic acid 12 The base, 2, 4, 6-collidine (0.80 mL, 5.74 mmol) was added to the ice cold solution of bisphosphonate 11 (315 mg, 0.57 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (10 mL) followed by the addition of excess TMSBr (0.80 mL, 5.74 mmol). The reaction was slowly allowed to warm to room temperature and allowed to stir overnight. Once the reaction was complete the following day, the solvent was removed under vacuo. The resulting residue was further washed with toluene and concentrated repeatedly to remove any remaining TMSBr.
  • Bisphosphonic acid 14 The base, 2, 4, 6-collidine (1.00 mL, 7.38 mmol), was added into the ice cold solution of bisphosphonate 13 (450 mg, 0.74 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (15 mL) followed with the addition of excess TMSBr (1.00 mL, 7.38 mmol). The reaction was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature and allowed to stir overnight. Once the reaction was complete the following day, the solution was removed under vacuo. The resulting residue was further washed with toluene and concentrated repeatedly to remove any remaining TMSBr. It was then treated with NaOH solution (2.95 mL 1M NaOH & 3 mL H 2 0) for 30 minutes and then the water was removed in vacuo to obtain the crude salt.
  • the following compounds may be synthesized using methods analogous to those described herein and known in the art, using appropriate starting materials and reagents.
  • the compounds are shown as sodium salts; the freebase [-P0 3 H 2 ] of and the ethyl ester [-P0 3 (Et) 2 ] of each compound can also be made by methods known in the art and are hereby disclosed and included as compounds of the invention.

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CN105407897A (zh) * 2013-04-25 2016-03-16 衣阿华大学研究基金会 调节rac1输入和治疗肺纤维化的方法
JP2016519119A (ja) * 2013-04-25 2016-06-30 ユニバーシティー オブ アイオワ リサーチ ファウンデーション Ｒａｃ１の移入をモジュレートし、肺線維症を処置するための方法。
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EP2988753A4 (en) * 2013-04-25 2016-12-07 Univ Iowa Res Found METHODS FOR MODULATING RAC1 DELIVERY AND TREATING PULMONARY FIBROSIS
WO2018137036A1 (en) 2017-01-26 2018-08-02 The Royal Institution For The Advancement Of Learning / Mcgill University Substituted bicyclic pyrimidine-based compounds and compositions and uses thereof
US11279719B2 (en) 2017-01-26 2022-03-22 Youla S. Tsantrizos Substituted bicyclic pyrimidine-based compounds and compositions and uses thereof

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