WO2014007396A1 - 着粒数が増加したコムギ及びその生産方法、並びにコムギの着粒数を増加させるための薬剤 - Google Patents
着粒数が増加したコムギ及びその生産方法、並びにコムギの着粒数を増加させるための薬剤 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a wheat having an increased number of grains and a propagation material thereof.
- the present invention also relates to a processed product derived from wheat seed having an increased number of grains.
- the present invention further relates to a production method with an increased number of grains.
- the present invention also relates to wheat progeny and clones produced by the method.
- the present invention further relates to a drug for increasing the number of wheat grains.
- wheat is not only bread, udon, Chinese noodles, pasta, cereals and confectionery, but also a variety of raw materials for sake such as beer, and livestock feed. is there.
- China and India the world's top and second-ranked countries, are experiencing changes in dietary habits due to rapid economic growth, and production has not kept pace with demand worldwide.
- the year-end inventory ratio is on a downtrend and international transaction prices are on an uptrend. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new method for increasing the yield of cereals and the like that does not depend on high-yielding wheat or the like that can withstand high fertilization with a short stem.
- herbaceous flowers small flowers
- wheat Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum
- barley Hydeum vulgare
- rice Oryza sativa
- corn Zea mays
- spikelets the number of dwarf spikelets per inflorescence or dwarf florets attached to these spikelets is closely related to grain yield.
- Barley is a plant classified into the genus Hordeum.
- the inflorescence of barley is called a spike, and consists of three spikelets per spikelet (one main row spikelet and two side row spikelets).
- plants belonging to the genus Triticum have a plurality of florets per spikelet, whereas all 31 species belonging to the genus Barley have a unique feature that only one floret can be attached to a spikelet. It has the following features.
- barley can be broadly divided into two-row and six-row according to the shape of its ears.
- Nijo-style ear Nijoho
- only the main row spikelets bear fruit and attach grains.
- the six-rowed ear Yamajo-ho
- three spikelets are fruited, so the six-rowed barley will give three times as much grain as the two-rowed barley.
- Vrs1 gene that is present in the long arm of the 2H chromosome that controls the streak of the barley. Furthermore, the wild-type Vrs1 gene is a homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) I transcript. The present inventors have encoded a factor, and the Vrs1 gene is expressed in the floret primordium of the side row spikelet, thereby suppressing the development of the side row spikelet, and the barley spike becomes double-rowed by the present inventors. It has become clear (Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Documents 1 and 3).
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems of the prior art, and includes a method and a drug that can increase the number of florets per spikelet of wheat and thus increase the number of grains.
- the purpose is to provide.
- barley and wheat are the same grass family but belong to different genera. Unlike plants such as wheat belonging to the genus Wheat, barley has a unique feature that only one floret can be attached to one spikelet. On the other hand, in wheat and the like, a plurality of florets are attached to one spikelet.
- barley and wheat are plants of the family Gramineae, but the spikelet shape is very different. Naturally, wheat has no spike shape such as six-row or two-row, and wheat is a side row spikelet. In wheat, the relationship between sterility in florets and the Vrs1 gene was never assumed (Sakuma, S, et al., Plant Cell Physiol, 2011, 52, 738-749) .
- the present inventors isolated wheat Vrs1 genes (TmVrs1 gene, TaVrs1-A gene, TaVrs1-B gene and TaVrs1-D gene).
- the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the wheat Vrs1 gene has high homology with the amino acid sequence of barley VRS1, and the homeodomain (HD) motif and leucine zipper (LZ) motif of barley VRS1 are present in wheat VRS1. Since it is well preserved, it was found that wheat VRS1 has the same biological function as barley VRS1.
- the gene is specifically expressed in upper florets that are normally scheduled to become degenerated and sterile. That is, it was found that the Vrs1 gene is expressed specifically in the upper floret pistil in wheat, thereby inhibiting the development of the upper floret and making the upper floret sterile. Therefore, by suppressing the function of the wheat Vrs1 gene, it is possible to granulate upper florets that should originally inhibit development. From the above results, the present invention including a method for increasing the number of wheat grains by artificially suppressing the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene has been completed. Furthermore, the inventors confirmed that the number of florets and the number of grains per spikelet of wheat can be increased by suppressing the function of the wheat Vrs1 gene with RNAi.
- the present invention provides the following.
- ⁇ 1> A wheat in which the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is artificially suppressed and the number of grains is increased as compared with control wheat.
- ⁇ 2> The wheat according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is artificially suppressed by a double-stranded RNA method, an antisense method, or a ribozyme method.
- ⁇ 3> The wheat according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the function of the gene is artificially suppressed by introducing one or more mutations into the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene.
- ⁇ 4> The wheat propagation material according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>.
- ⁇ 5> A processed product derived from wheat seeds according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>.
- ⁇ 6> A method for producing wheat having an increased number of grains as compared to control wheat, comprising a step of artificially suppressing the function of endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene.
- ⁇ 7> A wheat that is a progeny or clone of a wheat produced by the production method according to ⁇ 6>, wherein the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is artificially suppressed, and compared to control wheat. Wheat with an increased number of grains.
- a drug for increasing the number of wheat grains comprising, as an active ingredient, at least one DNA selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c) or a vector into which the DNA has been inserted: DNA encoding double-stranded RNA complementary to the transcription product of wheat Vrs1 gene (B) DNA encoding antisense RNA complementary to the transcription product of wheat Vrs1 gene (C) DNA encoding RNA having ribozyme activity that specifically cleaves the transcript of the wheat Vrs1 gene.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a wheat Vrs1 gene (genomic DNA of TaVrs1-A gene).
- “ATG” and “TGA” indicate the positions of the start codon and stop codon, respectively.
- “Target sequence” indicates the position of the target sequence of siRNA suitable for suppressing the expression of TaVrs1-A gene, TaVrs1-B gene and TaVrs1-D.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a vector (pANDA- ⁇ vector) suitable for expressing double-stranded RNA complementary to a transcription product of wheat Vrs1 gene.
- D shows the result of observing the side row spikelet part surrounded by a square in C at a high magnification.
- E shows the result of observing the longitudinal cut surface in the birch period.
- F shows the result of observing the side spikelet part surrounded by a square in E at a high magnification.
- G shows the result (negative control) which hybridized sense RNA to the cross section in the white leopard stage and observed.
- H shows the result of observing a six-row mutant in which the Vrs1 gene is completely deficient in the white rabbit stage.
- “cs” is the main row spikelet
- “ls” is the side row spikelet
- “le” is the outer flower bud
- “pa” is the inner flower bud
- “st” is the male pod
- “pi” is the female pod.
- “Ra” indicates the cob.
- Scale bars indicate 200 ⁇ m for A, B and E, 500 ⁇ m for C, G and H, and 100 ⁇ m for D and F.
- the barley ears are in the three-mound period (triple-ound stage), the primodium stage, the primadium stage, and the primordium stage. It matures through the stages of development of the stage, white anther stage, green anther stage, yellow anther stage, and flag-leaf stage.
- the scale bar indicates 500 ⁇ m, and in E and G, 50 ⁇ m. It is a fluorescence micrograph which shows the result of the immuno-staining of the barley immature ear using an anti-barley VRS1 antibody.
- a to D show the results of observing immature panicles of two-rowed barley cultivar Bonus in the Kashihara basal stage.
- B shows the result of observing the side row spikelet part surrounded by the square of A at a high magnification.
- C shows the result of co-staining with anti-VRS1 antibody and DAPI.
- D shows the result (negative control) which was not dye
- E is a hex-v.
- 1 Three mound period
- 2 Mamoruhara basic period
- 3 Gaienhara basic period
- 4 Ogashihara basic period
- 5 Hagiwara basic period
- 6 Birch period
- 7 Green glaze period
- 8 Jaundice period.
- the value shown in the figure is a value obtained by calculating an average value ⁇ standard error from values obtained by biologically repeating three times (using a bulk of 50 mg FW (biological tissue weight) per repetition). ).
- “**” and “*” indicate that there is a significant difference at the 1% probability level level and a significant difference at the 5% probability level level, respectively, and “ns” indicates that there is no significant difference. .
- the side row spikelets are developed and shown to be granulated.
- the scale bar is 10 mm.
- the scale bar indicates 5 mm. It is a graph which shows the result of having analyzed the expression level of the barley Vrs1 gene by quantitative RT-PCR. That is, the results of analyzing immature spikes in the birch stage of transgenic plants and non-transgenic plants (T1 generation) are shown.
- the value shown in the figure is a value obtained by calculating an average value ⁇ standard error from values obtained by biologically repeating three times (using a bulk of 50 mg FW (biological tissue weight) per repetition). ). Wild type plants (“GP” in the figure) and non-transgenic plants (“No transgene” in the figure) isolated from the T1 generation were used as control plants. Moreover, in the figure, white bars indicate the results of plant individuals into which RNAi has not been introduced, and black bars represent the results of plant individuals into which RNAi has been introduced. It is a graph which shows the result of having analyzed the expression level of HvHox2 gene in the transgenic strain by which the expression of the barley Vrs1 gene was suppressed by quantitative RT-PCR.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing micro-collinearity between barley and human wheat in the Vrs1 and HvHox2 gene regions.
- FIG. 1 It is a photograph showing the results of PCR analysis for determining the position of the wheat Vrs1 gene (TaVrs1-A gene, TaVrs1-B gene and TaVrs1-D gene) on the wheat chromosome.
- CS indicates the result of analysis of Chinese Spring
- NT indicates the result of analysis of a null-tetrasomatic line of CS having a chromosome of the second homoeologous group.
- DT represents the result of analysis of a CS diteroscopic line having a chromosome of the second homologous group.
- “2A”, “2B” and “2D” indicate the types of chromosomes of the second homologous group possessed by each strain.
- S indicates that each of the systems has a “short arm” or “long arm”. It is a photograph showing the results of PCR analysis for determining the position of the wheat Vrs1 gene (TaVrs1-A gene, TaVrs1-B gene and TaVrs1-D gene) on the wheat chromosome.
- CS indicates the result of analysis of Chinese spring
- other than CS indicates the result of analysis of a deletion line of CS having a chromosome of the second homologous group.
- “2AL-04” or the like represents a chromosome number (a position on the chromosome of each second homoeologous group) and indicates that the chromosome is deleted from this position in each strain.
- FIG. 20 for the position on the chromosome of the second homoeologous group indicated by each chromosome number. It is a phylogenetic tree which shows the result of having analyzed the amino acid sequence estimated from the barley Vrs1 gene and the wheat Vrs1 gene by the proximity
- VRS1 and HvHOX2 are barley-derived genes
- TmVRS1, TaVRS1-A, TaVRS1-B, TaVRS1-D and TmHOX2 are wheat-derived genes
- Bradi1g23460 is a gene used as an outgroup in the proximity binding method It is. Further, in this proximity coupling method, 1000 pieces of replicated data are produced, and the obtained local bootstrap value is shown near the branch point.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the positions of wheat Vrs1 genes (TaVrs1-A gene, TaVrs1-B gene and TaVrs1-D gene) on the wheat chromosome.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of quantitative RT-PCR analysis of TmVrs1 mRNA and TmHox2 mRNA at various stages of wheat ear development.
- the gray bar indicates the amount of TmVrs1 mRNA (mean value ⁇ standard error)
- the white bar indicates the amount of TmHox2 mRNA (mean value ⁇ standard error).
- the left side shows the result observed by hybridizing the antisense probe
- the right side shows the result observed by hybridizing the sense probe.
- “1st floret” indicates the first floret
- “2nd floret” indicates the second floret
- “SM” indicates the spikelet meristem.
- the scale bar indicates 200 ⁇ m. It is a microscope picture which shows the result of having analyzed the localization of TmVrs1mRNA in the white leopard stage by RNAin situ hybridization.
- the left side shows the result observed by hybridizing the antisense probe
- the right side shows the result observed by hybridizing the sense probe.
- “RA” indicates a small axis
- “SM” indicates a spikelet meristem.
- the scale bar indicates 200 ⁇ m. It is a photograph which shows the result of having compared the wild type wheat (WT) and the T0 TaVrs1-A RNAi transgenic wheat (RNAi) in the form of the ear. The scale bar indicates 1 cm. It is a photograph which shows the result of having compared wild type wheat (WT) and T0 TaVrs1-A RNAi transgenic wheat (RNAi) in the form of a spikelet. The scale bar indicates 1 cm. 2 is a graph showing the number of florets per spikelet in wild type wheat (transgene ( ⁇ )) and T0 TaVrs1-A RNAi transgenic wheat (transgene (+)).
- the values obtained by analyzing 3 wheat ears are shown as mean ⁇ standard deviation. Statistical comparison was performed by Student's test. Two asterisks (**) indicate P ⁇ 0.01, and “ns” indicates that no significant difference was observed.
- 2 is a graph showing the number of grains per spikelet in wild-type wheat (transgene ( ⁇ )) and T0 TaVrs1-A RNAi transgenic wheat (transgene (+)).
- the values obtained by analyzing 3 wheat ears are shown as mean ⁇ standard deviation.
- Statistical comparison was performed by Student's test. Two asterisks (**) indicate P ⁇ 0.01, and “ns” indicates that no significant difference was observed.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows the alignment of the amino acid sequence of barley VRS1 and wheat VRS1 (TmVRS1, TaVRS1-A, TaVRS1-B, and TaVRS1-D).
- “Bonus” indicates the amino acid sequence of barley VRS1
- “TmVRS1” indicates the amino acid sequence of TmVRS1
- “TaVRS1A” indicates the amino acid sequence of TaVRS1-A
- “TaVRS1B” indicates the amino acid sequence of TaVRS1-B
- “TaVRS1D” Shows the amino acid sequence of TaVRS1-D, respectively.
- the numbers on the left and right of the amino acid sequence indicate the residue number of the terminal amino acid residue.
- “Homeodomain” and “Leucine zipper” in the figure indicate regions of HD domain motif and LZ domain motif in the protein.
- the barley Vrs1 gene and protein were found to be strongly expressed in the female spikes of the floret organ of the side spikelet that became sterile upon the degeneration of the two-rowed barley. It was revealed that the protein suppressed the development of florets of florets of side spikelets and, consequently, the florets of florets. Furthermore, by introducing a DNA encoding siRNA complementary to the transcript of the Vrs1 gene into a double-rowed barley, the fertility of the side row spikelets is recovered, and the grain per spikelet (per plant) is granulated. It also revealed that the number can be increased.
- the present invention including a method for increasing the number of wheat grains by artificially suppressing the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene has been completed. Furthermore, it was shown that the number of florets and the number of grains per spikelet of wheat increased by introducing DNA encoding siRNA complementary to the transcript of the wheat Vrs1 gene into wheat.
- the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is artificially suppressed, and the function of the endogenous Vrs1 gene is artificially suppressed in wheat with an increased number of grains compared to control wheat. And a method for producing wheat having an increased number of grains.
- “wheat” means a plant belonging to the genus Wheat.
- the “number of grains” includes not only the number of seeds (so-called “grains” and “wheat grains”) but also the number of florets that can bear fruit.
- “Control wheat” means a wheat (eg, wild-type wheat) in which the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is not artificially suppressed.
- “the number of grains increased compared to control wheat” means that the number of grains per spikelet increased compared to control wheat.
- the “wheat Vrs1 gene” is a diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum, etc.), typically a DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 3 (for example, described in SEQ ID NO: 1. DNA consisting of a base sequence, and such DNA is also referred to as “TmVrs1 gene”).
- a DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58 eg, a DNA consisting of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 56, such DNA Is also referred to as “TaVrs1-A gene”
- a DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 61 for example, a DNA consisting of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59, such DNA is referred to as “TaVrs1-B”.
- DNA also encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64 (eg, DNA consisting of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62, such DNA is also referred to as “TaVrs1-D gene”) It is. In addition, two or more of these genes may be collectively referred to as “wheat Vrs1 gene”.
- Wheat VRS1 or “Wheat VRS1 protein” is a protein encoded by any of the above-mentioned wheat Vrs1 genes.
- the amino acid sequences of these proteins are typically the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 58, SEQ ID NO: 61, or SEQ ID NO: 64.
- two or more of these proteins may be collectively referred to as “wheat VRS1” or “wheat VRS1 protein”.
- TmVrs1 proteins encoded by the TmVrs1 gene, TaVrs1-A gene, TaVrs1-B gene and TaVrs1-D gene are referred to as “TmVRS1”, “TaVRS1-A”, “TaVRS1-B” and “TaVRS1-D”, respectively There is.
- the DNA encoding the protein consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 is a DNA encoding the protein consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 58 from the Triticum monococcum experimental strain KT-3-5.
- DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in No. 61 and DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 64 are the first in the present invention from Triticum aestivum (variety name: Chinese Spring). Released and the sequence determined.
- the wheat Vrs1 gene in the present invention includes a DNA encoding a protein comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, and SEQ ID NO: 58.
- DNA encoding a protein consisting of the described amino acid sequence DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 61, and DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64, as well as these
- An allelic variant encoding a wheat VRS1 protein having activity equivalent to that of the other protein is also included.
- the homology between DNA encoding a protein consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 and the allelic variant thereof is usually 95% or more at the amino acid sequence level, and the function as a transcription factor is maintained. From the viewpoint of being, it is preferably 97% or more, more preferably 99% or more.
- Sequence homology can be determined using programs such as BLASTP (amino acid level), BLASTN (nucleotide level), BLASTX and the like.
- the program is based on the algorithm BLAST (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 2264-2268, 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 5873-5877, 1993) by Karlin and Altschul. Yes.
- the amino acid sequence is analyzed using the Gapped BLAST program, it can be performed as described in Altschul et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402, 1997).
- the default parameters of each program are used. Specific methods of these analysis methods are known.
- endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene refers to a wheat Vrs1 gene already present in the genome of a wheat cell.
- the “artificial suppression of the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene” of the present invention includes both complete suppression (inhibition) and partial suppression of the function.
- artificial suppression of the activity of the protein encoded by the endogenous Vrs1 gene is also included.
- Such activity includes the activity of suppressing the transcriptional activation ability of the downstream gene responsible for the development of upper florets by the HOX2 protein (for the relationship between the VRS1 protein and the HOX2 protein, refer to the examples described later).
- RNAi RNA interference, RNA interference
- RNA short interference RNA
- RISC RNA-induced silencing complex
- the antisense strand of siRNA binds to mRNA and acts as a primer for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RsRP) to synthesize dsRNA.
- RsRP RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- the DNA encoding the dsRNA of the present invention comprises an antisense DNA encoding an antisense RNA for any region of a target gene, ie, a transcript (mRNA) of a wheat Vrs1 gene, and a sense RNA of any region of the mRNA.
- the antisense RNA and the sense RNA can be expressed from the antisense DNA and the sense DNA, respectively.
- dsRNA can be produced from these antisense RNA and sense RNA.
- the dsRNA expression system of the present invention is held in a vector or the like, there are a case where antisense RNA and sense RNA are expressed from the same vector, and a case where antisense RNA and sense RNA are expressed from different vectors, respectively. is there.
- a configuration for expressing antisense RNA and sense RNA from the same vector for example, an antisense RNA expression cassette in which a promoter capable of expressing a short RNA such as a polIII system is linked upstream of the antisense DNA and the sense DNA. And sense RNA expression cassettes are constructed, and these cassettes are inserted into the vector in the same direction or in the opposite direction.
- an expression system in which antisense DNA and sense DNA are arranged in opposite directions so as to face each other on different strands.
- one double-stranded DNA in which an antisense RNA coding strand and a sense RNA coding strand are paired is provided, and antisense RNA and sense RNA from each strand are provided on both sides thereof.
- a promoter is provided oppositely so that it can be expressed.
- a terminator is added to the 3 ′ end of each strand (antisense RNA coding strand, sense RNA coding strand). It is preferable to provide.
- this terminator a sequence in which four or more A (adenine) bases are continued can be used.
- the two promoter types are preferably different.
- an antisense RNA expression cassette and a sense RNA expression cassette each having a promoter linked upstream of the antisense DNA and the sense DNA are constructed. These cassettes are held in different vectors. In these different vectors, the types of promoters may be the same or different.
- the dsRNA used in the present invention may be siRNA.
- siRNA means double-stranded RNA consisting of short strands in a range that does not show toxicity in cells.
- the chain length is not particularly limited as long as it can suppress the expression of the target gene and does not exhibit toxicity.
- the chain length of dsRNA is, for example, 15 to 49 base pairs, preferably 15 to 35 base pairs, and more preferably 21 to 30 base pairs. More preferably, it is 21 to 23 base pairs.
- an appropriate sequence preferably an intron sequence
- a double-stranded RNA having a hairpin structure preferably an intron sequence
- hpRNA self-complementary 'hairpin' RNA
- the DNA encoding the dsRNA of the present invention need not be completely identical to the base sequence of the target gene. At least 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more (for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%) with respect to the base sequence of the region, more preferably a region comprising 300 bases or more , 99% or more). Sequence identity can be determined by the technique described above (BLAST program).
- the part of the double-stranded RNA in which the RNAs in the dsRNA are paired is not limited to a perfect pair, but is mismatched (the corresponding base is not complementary) or bulge (there is no base corresponding to one strand) ) Or the like may include an unpaired portion.
- both bulges and mismatches may be contained in the double-stranded RNA region where RNAs in dsRNA pair with each other.
- the method for artificially suppressing the function of the Vrs1 gene in the wheat of the present invention there is a method using a DNA (antisense DNA) encoding an antisense RNA complementary to a transcription product of the wheat Vrs1 gene. (This method is abbreviated as “antisense method” in the present invention).
- Antisense DNA suppresses target gene expression by inhibiting transcription initiation by triplex formation, transcription suppression by hybridization with a site where an open loop structure is locally created by RNA polymerase, and progressing synthesis Inhibition of transcription by hybridization with certain RNA, suppression of splicing by hybridization at the junction of intron and exon, suppression of splicing by hybridization with spliceosome formation site, suppression of transition from nucleus to cytoplasm by hybridization with mRNA , Splicing suppression by hybridization with a capping site or poly (A) addition site, translation initiation suppression by hybridization with a translation initiation factor binding site, translation suppression by hybridization with a ribosome binding site near the initiation codon Outgrowth inhibitory peptide chains by the formation of a hybrid with a coding region or polysome binding sites of mRNA, and the gene silencing due hybridization and interaction site between a nucleic acid and protein.
- the antisense DNA used in the present invention may suppress the expression of the target gene by any of the actions described above.
- an antisense sequence complementary to the untranslated region near the 5 'end of the mRNA of the target gene is designed, it will be effective for inhibiting translation of the gene.
- sequences complementary to the coding region or 3 'untranslated region can also be used.
- the DNA containing the antisense sequence of the non-translated region as well as the translated region of the gene is also included in the antisense DNA used in the present invention.
- the antisense DNA to be used is linked downstream of a suitable promoter, and preferably a sequence containing a transcription termination signal is linked on the 3 'side.
- Antisense DNA is a wheat Vrs1 gene (for example, DNA consisting of the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, DNA consisting of the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, DNA consisting of the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 56, DNA consisting of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57, DNA consisting of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 59, DNA consisting of the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 60, and base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 62 It can be prepared by the phosphorothioate method (Stein, Nucleic Acids Res., 16: 3209-3221, 1988) or the like based on the sequence information of DNA, the DNA comprising the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 63.
- the prepared DNA can be introduced into plants by a known method described later.
- the sequence of the antisense DNA is preferably a sequence complementary to the transcript of the wheat Vrs1 gene, but may not be completely complementary as long as the gene expression can be effectively inhibited.
- the transcribed RNA preferably has a complementarity of 90% or more (for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more) to the transcript of the target gene.
- the length of the antisense DNA is at least 15 bases or more, preferably 100 bases or more, more preferably 500 bases or more.
- the length of the antisense DNA used is shorter than 5 kb, preferably shorter than 2.5 kb.
- Another embodiment of the method for artificially suppressing the function of the Vrs1 gene in the wheat of the present invention includes a method using DNA encoding an RNA having a ribozyme activity that specifically cleaves a transcript of the wheat Vrs1 gene.
- this method is abbreviated as “ribozyme method”.
- Some ribozymes have a group I intron type and a size of 400 nucleotides or more like M1RNA contained in RNaseP, but some have an active domain of about 40 nucleotides called hammerhead type or hairpin type ( Makoto Koizumi and Eiko Otsuka, Protein Nucleic Acid Enzymes, 35: 2191, 1990).
- the self-cleaving domain of hammerhead ribozyme cleaves on the 3 ′ side of C15 of G13U14C15, but it is important for activity that U14 forms a base pair with A at position 9, and the base at position 15 is In addition to C, it has been shown to be cleaved by A or U (Koizumi et.al., FEBS Lett. 228: 225, 1988).
- the ribozyme substrate binding site is designed to be complementary to the RNA sequence in the vicinity of the target site, it is possible to create a restriction enzyme-like RNA-cleaving ribozyme that recognizes the sequence UC, UU or UA in the target RNA.
- Hairpin ribozymes are also useful for the purposes of the present invention. Hairpin ribozymes are found, for example, in the minus strand of satellite RNA of tobacco ring spot virus (Buzayan, Nature 323: 349, 1986). It has been shown that this ribozyme can also be designed to cause target-specific RNA cleavage (Kikuchi and Sasaki, Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 6751, 1992, Hiroshi Kikuchi, Chemistry and Biology 30: 112, 1992). A ribozyme designed to cleave the target is linked to a promoter such as the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and a transcription termination sequence so that it is transcribed in wheat cells.
- a promoter such as the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and a transcription termination sequence
- Such structural units are arranged in tandem so that a plurality of sites in the target gene can be cleaved, thereby further enhancing the effect (Yuyama et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186: 1271, 1992). ).
- the transcription product of the target wheat Vrs1 gene can be specifically cleaved to suppress the expression of the DNA.
- the double-stranded RNA method, antisense method and ribozyme method according to the present invention have been described above.
- the method for artificially suppressing the function of the Vrs1 gene in the wheat of the present invention is based on the transcription product of the Vrs1 gene. It is not limited to the target method.
- As another embodiment of the method for artificially suppressing the function of the Vrs1 gene in the wheat of the present invention there is a method for introducing a mutation into the coding region, non-coding region, transcription control region (promoter region), etc. of the gene. Can be mentioned.
- the mutation introduced into the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is not particularly limited as long as the function of the gene is suppressed.
- a null mutation such as a nonsense mutation, a frameshift mutation, an insertion mutation, or a splice site mutation Is preferred.
- the number of mutations introduced into any one of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 genes is not particularly limited as long as the function of the gene is suppressed, and may be one or more (for example, two, three, three, etc.). Or less, 5 or less, 10 or less).
- the activity of the wheat VRS1 protein encoded by the wheat Vrs1 gene is expressed in the endogenous wheat genome with the knowledge of mutations in the Vrs1 gene in many hexagonal barley lines having a Vrs1 gene encoding a barley VRS1 with suppressed activity as guidance. It can be artificially suppressed by introducing a mutation into the sex wheat Vrs1 gene region, preferably into the region encoding wheat VRS1.
- the activity of barley VRS1 is an activity that competitively inhibits the transcriptional activation of downstream genes by HOX2 protein, which is a transcriptional regulatory factor essential for the development of floret primordium.
- HOX2 protein which is a transcriptional regulatory factor essential for the development of floret primordium.
- the floret primordium of the side row spikelets in which VRS1 is expressed cannot differentiate into florets having fertility.
- Non-patent Documents 1 and 3 Many examples of mutations in the endogenous Vrs1 gene have been reported in many barley lines in which the activity of barley VRS1 was suppressed, resulting in hexagonality (Non-patent Documents 1 and 3).
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses an example in which the activity of VRS1 protein is suppressed due to base substitution in the region encoding VRS1 protein as a result of analyzing mutations in endogenous barley Vrs1 gene possessed by many hexagonal barley lines.
- an example in which the function of the VRS1 protein is suppressed due to a mutation in the intron sequence around the region encoding the VRS1 protein is also disclosed.
- Non-Patent Document 3 as a result of selecting a line having a mutation in the endogenous Vrs1 gene of a barley population that had been mutated using ethylmethanesulfonate using the TILLING method, Two strains showing sex (84008-1 and 11910-1) were obtained, and in the Vrs1 gene of the 8408-1 strain, there was a base substitution that changed the 95th amino acid of the VRS1 protein from leucine to glutamine. It has been disclosed that in the 11910-1 strain, base substitutions that inhibit the normal splicing of the Vrs1 gene transcript were found.
- the wheat Vrs1 gene has the same biological function as barley Vrs1.
- the amino acid sequence of wheat VRS1 protein (TmVRS1, TaVRS1-A, TaVRS1-B, TaVRS1-D) has a high homology of about 86% with the barley VRS1 protein as a whole (see FIG. 31).
- the HD domain motif and the LZ motif considered to be essential for the function of the VRS1 protein are also conserved in the wheat VRS1 protein.
- the barley VRS1 and the respective wheat VRS1 (TmVRS1, TaVRS1-A, TaVRS1-B and TaVRS1-D) ) Shows a high amino acid sequence homology of about 93% within the HD motif.
- the knowledge about the mutation in the barley Vrs1 gene in hexagonal barley serves as guidance for producing a wheat having an endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene whose function is suppressed by introducing the mutation into the wheat Vrs1 gene. is there.
- Non-Patent Document 1 an example in which in the hexagonal barley line, one amino acid residue in the HD domain motif of VRS1 encoded by the gene is substituted as a result of mutation in the endogenous barley Vrs1 gene, and HD domain Numerous examples have been reported in which nonsense mutations exist in the genome sequence encoding the motif.
- Non-Patent Document 3 discloses a hexagonal barley having VRS1 in which the 95th leucine, which is an amino acid residue in the HD domain motif, is substituted with glutamine.
- the amino acid sequence within the HD domain motif of wheat VRS1 (for TmVRS1, amino acids 54 to 113 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 3, and TaVRS1-A described in SEQ ID NO: 58)
- the amino acid sequence 54 to 113 of the amino acid sequence of TaVRS1-B the amino acid sequence 54 to 113 of the amino acid sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 61, and for the TaVRS1-D amino acid described in SEQ ID NO: 64 It is preferable to introduce a mutation that causes an amino acid substitution at amino acids 54 to 113 of the sequence).
- Non-Patent Document 3 in addition to the hexagonal barley line (8408-1 line) having the Vrs1 gene having a base substitution that changes the 95th amino acid of the VRS1 protein from leucine to glutamine, the 75th amino acid residue of the VRS1 protein remains.
- a hexagonal barley line having the rs1 gene, a hexagonal barley line having a Vrs1 gene having a base substitution that changes the 103rd amino acid residue of the VRS1 protein from tryptophan to arginine, and the 107th amino acid residue of the VRS1 protein arginine Has disclosed a hexagonal barley line having a Vrs1 gene having a base substitution to replace le
- Non-patent Document 1 a wheat in which the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 is also suppressed by modifying the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene so as to encode VRS1 having an amino acid residue substitution in a portion other than the HD domain motif of the wheat VRS1 is produced. It is possible.
- the protein-coding region starts in the first exon and ends in the third exon, so that the first intron sequence or the second intron sequence is not normally spliced from the transcript of the gene. In some cases, no active VRS1 protein is produced.
- the introduction of mutations into the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene involves the use of chemical mutagens, physical mutagenesis, transposon, etc. into genomic DNA, and zinc double nuclease such as zinc finger nuclease and TALEN. Although it can carry out by the method to be used, it is not limited to these.
- Examples of the method using a chemical mutagen include a method of treating seeds with a chemical mutagen (see Zwar and Chandler, Planta, 1995, Vol. 197, pages 39 to 48, etc.).
- EMS Ethyl methanesulfonate
- ENU N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea
- NNU N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
- sodium azide sodium hydrogensulfite Hydroxylamine
- MNNG N-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine
- O-methylhydroxylamine nitrous acid
- formic acid and nucleotide analogues Can be mentioned.
- Examples of physical mutagenesis include fast neutron irradiation, gamma irradiation, heavy ion beam (HIB) irradiation, and ultraviolet irradiation (Hayashi et al., Cyclotrons and Their Applications, 2007, 18th International Conference, 237. ⁇ 239, and Kazama et al., Plant Biotechnology, 2008, 25, 113-117).
- Examples of a method for introducing a transposon or the like into genomic DNA include a method of inserting a transposon such as TOS17, T-DNA or the like into wheat genomic DNA (Kumar et al., Trends Plant Sci., 2001, Vol. 6, No. 3, pages 127-134, and Tamara et al., Trends in Plant Science, 1999, Vol. 4, No. 3, pages 90-96).
- the method using a DNA double-strand break enzyme is a method using a DNA double-strand break enzyme that stimulates an endogenous repair mechanism.
- endonuclease zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), TALEN (Registered trademark, transcription activator-like effector nuclease), transposase, and site-specific recombinase.
- ZFN zinc finger nuclease
- TALEN Registered trademark, transcription activator-like effector nuclease
- transposase and site-specific recombinase.
- zinc finger nuclease technology Le Provost et al., Trends in Biotechnology, 2009, Vol. 28, No. 3. See pages 134-141, Durai et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2005, 33, 18, 18, 5978-5990, and Liu et al., Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2010, 106, 97-105.
- genomic DNA recombines after the genomic DNA undergoes double-strand breakage by these DNA double-strand breakage enzymes. At this time, base substitution or a position from one base to several tens of positions occurs at a certain probability. It is also known to those skilled in the art that base deletions or insertions of base length occur.
- a DNA double-strand cleavage enzyme designed to cause DNA double-strand breaks in the genomic base sequence encoding the amino acid sequence within the HD domain motif of the aforementioned wheat VRS1.
- a wheat having a wheat Vrs1 gene encoding a wheat VRS1 mutant in which the amino acid sequence in the HD domain motif is substituted can be produced.
- a DNA double-strand breakage enzyme designed to cause DNA double-strand breaks in an amino acid sequence within the HD domain motif of wheat VRS1 and an amino acid sequence on the amino terminal side of the sequence
- a wheat in which the function of the Vrs1 gene is suppressed can be produced by regenerating the wheat cell.
- the mutant Vrs1 gene prepared in this way is a null mutant.
- a known method examples include Southern blotting, Northern blotting, PCR, DNA sequencing, and microarray analysis. According to this method, whether or not a mutation has been introduced into the Vrs1 gene can be determined by comparing the length or sequence of the gene before and after the introduction of the mutation.
- the transcription product or translation product of the Vrs1 gene in wheat in which a mutation has been introduced into the transcription control region by utilizing Northern blotting, RT-PCR, Western blotting, ELISA, microarray analysis, etc. If a decrease in the expression level is recognized, it can be confirmed that the wheat is a wheat having a mutation introduced into the Vrs1 gene.
- Another method for confirming that a mutation has been introduced into the Vrs1 gene is TILLING (Target-Induced Genomic Localization Injury, Targeting Local Localities IN Genomes) (Slade et al., Transgenic Res., 2005). , 14, 109-115, and Comai et al., Plant J., 2004, 37, 778-786).
- the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene DNA or a part thereof is amplified by PCR, Individuals having mutations can be selected by TILLING or the like. Also in this case, a wheat having a null mutant of the Vrs1 gene can be obtained. Furthermore, the wheat obtained by such a method is also included in the wheat in which the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is suppressed.
- the mutation introduced into a gene other than the Vrs1 gene can be removed by crossing the wheat introduced with the mutation by the above-mentioned method and the wild type wheat and performing backcrossing.
- wheat cells include cells in wheat plants as well as cultured cells derived from wheat. Furthermore, plant cells derived from various forms of wheat, such as suspension culture cells, protoplasts, leaf sections, callus, immature embryos, pollen and the like are included.
- wheat having an increased number of grains can be obtained by regenerating a plant body from wheat cells in which the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is artificially suppressed by the above-described method or the like.
- a method for regenerating such a plant body for example, the method described in “Taichi Ogawa, Journal of Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, 2010, Vol. 35, No. 2, pages 160 to 164” can be mentioned.
- the wheat in which the function of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 gene is suppressed by introducing a mutation into any of the endogenous wheat Vrs1 genes is a heterozygote of the Vrs1 gene into which the mutation has been introduced.
- Vrs1 in which the mutation is introduced from the F2 plant A homozygote having a gene can be selected.
- the wheat is preferably a homozygote having the Vrs1 gene into which the mutation has been introduced.
- a wheat which is a homozygote having a Vrs1 gene into which the mutation is introduced includes not only a wheat having two Vrs1 alleles having the same mutation but also the first mutation. And a wheat having a first Vrs1 allele encoding a VRS1 protein having a suppressed activity and a second Vrs1 allele encoding a VRS1 protein having a second mutation and suppressed activity It is.
- a wheat having a mutation in the TaVrs1-A gene and the function of the Vrs1 gene is suppressed, and a wheat having a mutation in the TaVrs1-B gene and the function of the Vrs1 gene is suppressed.
- a wheat having a mutation in the TaVrs1-B gene in which the function of the Vrs1 gene is suppressed, or a mutation in two or more of the TaVrs1-A gene, TaVrs1-B gene and TaVrs1-D gene Can be produced in which the function of the Vrs1 gene is suppressed.
- the DNA encoding the double-stranded RNA, the DNA encoding the antisense RNA, the DNA encoding the RNA having ribozyme activity, the DNA encoding the transposon, and the DNA double-strand cleaving enzyme are encoded in the present invention.
- DNA or the like may be introduced into wheat cells in a form inserted into a vector.
- the vector into which the DNA for artificially suppressing the function of the Vrs1 gene is inserted is not particularly limited as long as the inserted gene can be expressed in wheat cells. Alternatively, it may contain a promoter for inducible expression. Examples of promoters for constant expression include cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, rice actin promoter, corn ubiquitin promoter, and the like.
- promoters for inductive expression are known to be expressed by external factors such as infection and invasion of filamentous fungi, bacteria and viruses, low temperature, high temperature, drying, ultraviolet irradiation, spraying of specific compounds, etc. And the like promoters.
- promoters examples include rice chitinase gene promoters expressed by infection and invasion of filamentous fungi, bacteria, and viruses, tobacco PR protein gene promoters, rice lip19 gene promoters induced by low temperatures, Induced rice hsp80 and hsp72 gene promoters, Arabidopsis thaliana rab16 gene promoter induced by drying, Parsley chalcone synthase gene promoter induced by UV irradiation, corn induced under anaerobic conditions
- Examples include the alcohol dehydrogenase gene promoter.
- the rice chitinase gene promoter and tobacco PR protein gene promoter are also induced by specific compounds such as salicylic acid, and lab16 is also induced by spraying the plant hormone abscisic acid. Furthermore, as a promoter for expressing a DNA encoding a short RNA such as siRNA as the DNA according to the present invention, a pol III promoter is preferably used.
- Examples of methods for introducing the DNA or a vector having the DNA inserted into wheat cells include, for example, a particle gun method, an Agrobacterium-mediated method (Agrobacterium method), a polyethylene glycol method, an electroporation method (electroporation method).
- a particle gun method an Agrobacterium-mediated method (Agrobacterium method)
- Agrobacterium method a polyethylene glycol method
- electroporation method electroporation method
- the present invention includes wheat progeny and clones having an increased number of grains and their propagation materials.
- the present invention includes a processed product derived from the wheat seed. Such processed products include, but are not limited to, wheat flour, starch, bread, udon and spaghetti produced using the wheat seeds of the present invention as a raw material.
- At least one DNA selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c) or a vector into which the DNA has been inserted is suitably used for increasing the number of wheat grains.
- the present invention provides a drug for increasing the number of wheat grains, comprising as an active ingredient at least one DNA selected from the group consisting of (a) to (c) or a vector into which the DNA has been inserted. Is provided as an aspect.
- the agent of the present invention may be at least one DNA selected from the group consisting of the above (a) to (c), or a vector in which the DNA is inserted, and is mixed with other components.
- other components are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include sterilized water, physiological saline, vegetable oil, surfactants, lipids, solubilizers, buffers, preservatives, gold particles, polysaccharides, polyamines, and salts. Can be mentioned.
- the transformed cell of the present invention when the transformed cell of the present invention is prepared by the above-described method using Agrobacterium, it may contain Agrobacterium into which the DNA has been introduced.
- a cloning vector for example, pENTR / D-TOPO vector (manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation)
- pENTR / D-TOPO vector manufactured by Invitrogen Corporation
- a part of the DNA As a part of the wheat Vrs1 gene cloned into the vector, that is, the target sequence of the double-stranded RNA, there are six wheats that increase the number of grains from the viewpoint that the expression of the wheat Vrs1 gene can be suppressed with high specificity.
- a DNA comprising a 323 bp nucleotide sequence mainly consisting of 3′-UTR among the third exons of the TaVrs1-A gene (998 to 998 described in SEQ ID NO: 56) DNA consisting of the base sequence at position 1320) is preferred (see FIG. 1).
- the DNA consisting of the sequence can be amplified by PCR using a primer set (see Table 12) consisting of the base sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 54 and 55 and used for the cloning.
- RNAi vector for example, by using the pANDA- ⁇ vector (see FIG. 2), the LR reaction of the gateway system (Gateway system) can be used to easily convert the cloning vector into the RNAi vector. DNA can be transferred.
- the wheat cells into which the vector according to the present invention is introduced are not particularly limited, but immature embryos (extracted from the immature seeds collected on the 14th to 15th days from the beginning of flowering and the growth point portion removed) (Long side: 1 to 2 mm)) is preferably used.
- the cells at the growth point are relatively strong against drugs and are preferably removed because they are inappropriate for selection of transformed cells.
- Examples of the method for introducing the vector according to the present invention include the above-mentioned known methods, but since wheat is difficult to transform, a particle gun was used from the viewpoint that a transformant is relatively stable and easy to produce. The method is preferred.
- the particle gun parameters include, for example, the conditions shown in FIG. 3 when using Biolistic (registered trademark) PDS-1000 / He particle delivery system (manufactured by Bio-rad).
- the selection marker gene and the selection drug used for obtaining transformed cells into which the vector according to the present invention has been introduced are not particularly limited, but the selection marker gene is preferably the bar gene, and the selection drug is phosphinotricin ( Phosphothricin) or bialaphos is preferred.
- the selection marker gene is preferably the bar gene, and the selection drug is phosphinotricin ( Phosphothricin) or bialaphos is preferred.
- combinations of HPT gene and hygromycin B, and combinations of NPTII gene and geneticin (G418) can also be used in the method of the present invention.
- the conditions for introducing the vector according to the present invention into wheat cells are not particularly limited, but when the vector according to the present invention is introduced with a particle gun or the like using the aforementioned immature embryo of wheat, It is desirable to place it on the MSE3M medium with the side up (see Table 1 for the composition of the MSE3M medium).
- the conditions for regenerating the plant body from the transformed cells are not particularly limited, but are cultured on MSE3 medium on the 14th day from the day after the introduction of the DNA according to the present invention using a particle gun or the like, and 15 It is preferable to culture in MSR_P5 medium (selection medium) after the first day, and further, it is preferable to culture in MS9_P5 medium (rooting medium) after day 70 (MSE3 medium, MSR_P5 medium and MS9_P5 medium). (See Tables 2, 3 and 4 for composition).
- the DNA according to the present invention is introduced, it is transplanted to the soil, so that it reaches a flowering state 2 to 3 months after the transplantation, and further, after 2 to 3 months after the flowering, it is a seed. Can be collected.
- the expression of the wheat Vrs1 gene is suppressed in wheat, and as a result, in the wild type, the florets that are degenerated are also ripened, and the number of grains per spike increases.
- compositions of “KI ⁇ 1000”, “0.1 mg / ml BA”, “MS-4” and “MS-5” added in MSE3M medium, MSE3 medium, MSR_P5 medium and MS9_P5 medium are respectively Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 show.
- Vrs1 gene fragment containing a part of 3′-UTR (300 bp) and the full-length cDNA of HvHox2 gene (1072 bp) are obtained by using a cDNA sequence isolated from barley immature spikes as a template using primers specific to each gene. As amplified.
- the primer sequences used are shown in Table 9.
- PCR product was cloned by inserting it into pBluescript II KS (+) vector (Stratagene). Two clones with different insertion directions were cleaved with Not1 for the Vrs1 gene and cleaved with EcoRI for the HvHox2 gene. Then, using these as templates, an antisense probe and a sense probe were prepared with T3 RNA polymerase or T7 RNA polymerase. RNA in situ hybridization was performed as described in Non-Patent Document 1.
- Anti-barley VRS1 antibody was prepared by immunizing a rabbit with a synthetic peptide (CXVPEWFFLA SEQ ID NO: 27).
- C cyste residue
- X represents aminohexanoic acid
- VPEWFLA is derived from amino acids at positions 216 to 222 of the VRS1 protein.
- RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR > Kirby, E .; J. et al. M.M. And Appleyard, M .; , "Cereal development guide", 1981, Kenilworth: Cereal Unit, observed and classified the development process of immature ears with a stereomicroscope, and collected about 10 immature ears at each developmental stage. did. And total RNA was extracted from each sample of each developmental stage using trizol (manufactured by Invitrogen) from a raw weight of 50 mg. In addition, independent RNA extraction was performed 3 times per sample (Biological replicates).
- qRT-PCR real-time PCR
- the primers used for qRT-PCR are shown in Table 9.
- the amplicon was fractionated by electrophoresis using an agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. Each sample was subjected to qRT-PCR analysis at least three times.
- each gene fragment was inserted into pCR4-TOPO (Invitrogen) or pBluescript II KS (+) (Stratagene) and cloned. Then, the plasmid DNA into which each gene fragment was inserted was used for preparing a calibration curve necessary for quantifying the absolute amount.
- RNAi construct a barley Vrs1 gene fragment (628 bp) was amplified using specific primers (primers used are shown in Table 9).
- the obtained PCR product was inserted into the pIPKb008 vector and the pIPKb009 vector and cloned in the forward and reverse directions.
- the expression of the transgene can be controlled under the rice actin promoter and the CaMV35S promoter, respectively (Himmelbach, A. et al., Plant Physiol, 2007, 145, 1192-1200). reference).
- Example 1 ⁇ Analysis of expression of barley Vrs1 gene and HvHox2 gene by RNA in situ hybridization> Vrs1 gene in immature panicles at various stages of development of double-rowed barley cultivars (Bonus, Kirby, EJM and Appleyard, M., “Cereal development guide”, 1981, Kenilworth: Cereal Unit) Expression was detected by RNA in situ hybridization. The obtained results are shown in FIG.
- the sequence of the probe used for this RNA in situ hybridization is a barley Vrs1-specific probe (about 3 bp of 3′UTR of Vrs1 gene, see FIG. 5), and the sequence is a homologous gene of Vrs1 gene. It is not present in certain HvHox2 genes (see Sakuma, S., et al., Func Integrer Genomics, 2010, Vol. 10, pages 123-133) and HvHox3 gene.
- the HvHox2 gene is the gene having the highest homology with the Vrs1 gene
- the HvHox3 gene is the gene having the second highest homology with Vrs1 after the HvHox2 gene (Matsumoto, T., et al., Plant Physiol, 2011). 156, 20-28). Therefore, the RNA in situ signal from this probe indicates only the expression of Vrs1 mRNA. In fact, when a sense probe was used in Nijoho, no signal was detected (see G in FIG. 4).
- barley Vrs1 gene deletion body (null) having six-row ears: hex-v.
- the barley ears mature in the three mound stages, the Motohara field, the Gaien field, the Ogashihara field, the Sugawara group, the birch stage, the green cocoon stage, the jaundice stage, and the leaf stage. .
- barley Vrs1 mRNA is present in the side row spikelets of immature spikes at the time of spikelet primordium differentiation into three different spikelet meristems (three mounds and primordial primroses). Detected in meristem (length of ear 1-1.5 mm, see A and B in FIG. 4). Therefore, as the present inventors have already clarified (as described in Non-Patent Document 1), it was confirmed that the barley Vrs1 gene was specifically expressed in the meristems of side row spikelets.
- the expression of the barley Vrs1 gene is localized in the outer flower bud (lemma) and the inner flower bud (palea), and particularly in the female moth ( pistil) was most strongly localized.
- the RNA in situ hybridization signal was about background in the rabbit tissue.
- the expression of the Vrs1 gene could not be detected in escort.
- a strong expression of the Vrs1 gene comparable to that of the pistil was also detected in a small shaft with an undeveloped floret that was completely suppressed in barley. Therefore, it was revealed that the barley Vrs1 gene is expressed in flower organs.
- Vrs1 gene was not detected in the meristems of the main row spikelets in the 3 mound period and the Gomubara primordium stage. Moreover, the expression of the barley Vrs1 gene was not detected in any tissue of the main row spikelets in the white birch stage.
- RNA in situ hybridization was performed using a HvHox2 gene-specific probe. The obtained result is shown in FIG.
- the vascular tissue of the floret pattern (the binding between the cob and the spikelet) in the two lateral row spikelets by RNA in situ hybridization using a HvHox2-specific probe. Part)) (see B, D and F in FIG. 6).
- the signal was localized in provascular cells in the leprosy phase (see E and G in FIG. 6).
- HvHox2 could be detected in the birch period, but the expression of HvHox2 was not detected in the three mound period. HvHox2 signal was not detected in other parts of main spikelets or immature spikes. In addition, the sense probe did not hybridize in any structure (see C in FIG. 6).
- Example 2 ⁇ Analysis of barley Vrs1 protein expression in barley by immunostaining>
- immunostaining with an anti-VRS1 antibody was performed.
- the signal of barley VRS1 protein was detected in the side row spikelets of Bonus in the Sakakibara basal stage (see FIGS. 7A and 7B).
- No signal was detected in the main row spikelets.
- the VRS1 protein and the HvHOX2 protein have nuclear localization signals “RRRRRRSAR” (SEQ ID NO: 28) and “RPRRRRRRRAAR” (SEQ ID NO: 29), respectively. It is assumed that the targets of these two proteins are present in the nucleus. Therefore, in order to confirm that VRS1 is localized in the nucleus, co-immunostaining with DAPI, which is a dye for labeling DNA, was performed. Barley VRS1 was localized in the nucleus (see C in FIG. 7).
- Example 3 ⁇ Analysis 1 on the expression of barley Vrs1 gene and HvHox2 gene by qRT-PCR>
- immature panicles were isolated from Nijo cultivar (Golden Promise (GP)) in the green cocoon stage.
- cocoon tissue, stem tissue, and leaf tissue were also isolated from this variety in the stationary leaf stage.
- Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was then performed. The obtained result is shown in FIG.
- RNA in each sample was normalized based on the expression level of HvActin gene that is constantly expressed in the ear development stage.
- the barley Vrs1 gene was expressed only in the side row spikelets. This result is consistent with the tissue-specific expression pattern of barley Vrs1 detected by RNA in situ hybridization (see FIG. 4). Furthermore, the HvHox2 gene was found to be expressed in the main row spikelets, side row spikelets, cocoon tissue and leaf tissue, but it was revealed that the transcription level in the side row spikelets was the highest. Moreover, the transcription levels of barley Vrs1 and HvHox2 are 4.9 ⁇ 10 4 copies and 3.4 ⁇ 10 4 copies per ⁇ g of total RNA, respectively, and are equal in side row spikelets in the green cocoon stage. there were.
- the expression level of the barley Vrs1 gene (the number of mRNA copies per 1 ⁇ g of total RNA, 5.1 ⁇ 10 5 in the outer primordial phase, and 5.8 ⁇ 10 5 in the genital primordial phase, ) Were 20 times or more of those of the HvHox2 gene (2.4 ⁇ 10 4 in the outer primordium and 2.7 ⁇ 10 4 in the male primordium).
- the expression level of the HvHox2 gene in the Kashiwabara basic stage and the white birch stage (2.0 ⁇ 10 5 in the Kashihara basic stage and 2.3 ⁇ 10 5 in the white birch stage) versus those of Vrs1 (Kashihara basic stage) was 7.5 ⁇ 10 5 , and in the white leopard period, 5.8 ⁇ 10 5 ) was three times or more.
- the expression pattern of barley Vrs1 gene and HvHox2 gene is the same in Kanto Nakate Gold (KNG), a Nijo ear cultivar that possesses the b3 allele, and the differentiation into pistil is started from the primordial primordial stage.
- KNG Kanto Nakate Gold
- HvHox2 mRNA was the highest from the white cocoon stage to the jaundice stage.
- AZ a cultivar of Rojo
- the transcription level of the barley Vrs1 gene was higher than that of the HvHox2 gene.
- HK2 is a vrs1.a protein whose deduced amino acid sequence encoded by the barley Vrs1 gene has not been altered. c allele (see Saisho, D. et al., Breed Sci, 2009, 59, 621-628). Therefore, vrs1. In the c allele, the expression control region of the Vrs1 gene may be mutated.
- RNA interference against barley Vrs1 gene> Using the barley Vrs1 gene-specific hairpin RNA interference (RNAi) construct, transformation of Nijo cultivar Golden Promise was performed. As a result of producing 50 independent T0 plants using a construct controlled by the rice Actin1 promoter, grains were formed in three T0 plants (BG87 / 1E18, BG87 / 1E35 and BG87 / 2E4). It was observed that there were side row spikelets with fertility. Moreover, as a result of producing 47 independent T0 plants using a construct controlled by the CaMV 35S promoter, a T0 transgenic plant having fertile side row spikelets could not be confirmed.
- RNAi barley Vrs1 gene-specific hairpin RNA interference
- T1 seven lines of T1 were prepared from T0 plants in which shRNA expression was controlled by the rice Actin1 promoter and the CaMV 35S promoter. Then, co-segregation analysis of lateral row spikelet development and transgene was performed. The obtained results are shown in Table 10 and FIG.
- the expression level of the barley Vrs1 gene in the T1 plants derived from the BG78 / 3E02, BG87 / 1E18, BG87 / 1E35, and BG87 / 2E04 lines is that of the wild-type Golden Promise (3.5 ⁇ 10 5 ) or non-trans isolated from the T1 family. It was about half of those in the transgenic plant (4.0 ⁇ 10 5 and 3.9 ⁇ 10 5 ).
- the expression level of the barley Vrs1 gene in T1 plants derived from the BG78 / 1E01, BG78 / 1E02 and BG78 / 2E02 strains and in the wild type plant were the same. Furthermore, regarding the expression level of the HvHox2 gene, no significant difference was observed between the wild-type plant body and the transgenic plant body (see FIG. 15).
- VRS1 protein and its homologous protein HvHOX2 protein both have a homeodomain (HD) motif and a leucine zipper, as shown in FIG. 5, and thus are expected to function as transcription factors.
- HD homeodomain
- leucine zipper a leucine zipper
- HvHOX2 protein orthologues rice OsHOX14 protein and Shirayana's HD-ZipI protein
- HvHOX2 protein functions as a transcriptional activator responsible for the growth of side row spikelets.
- Non-Patent Document 1 in 18 independent six-row mutants, one amino acid substitution of VRS1 protein has occurred, and from these mutants, HD of wild-type VRS1 protein binds to cis-factor. However, it has been suggested that it functions as a negative regulator of floral organ development in lateral spikelets.
- the barley VRS1 protein lacks an 8-amino acid C-terminal motif that is highly conserved in HvHOX2 and orthologous proteins, it is downstream as confirmed by HvHOX2 and orthologous proteins. It is assumed that the transcriptional activation ability for the gene is lost in the barley VRS1 protein (see Sakuma, S., et al., Func Integrr Genomics, 2010, Vol. 10, pages 123-133).
- barley VRS1 protein and HvHOX2 protein are highly conserved in HD motifs of these proteins, and therefore, cis of downstream genes responsible for the development of lateral spikelets. It is strongly suggested to compete in binding to the factor.
- the barley Vrs1 gene is not expressed in the main row spikelets that are ripened, and the HvHox2 gene is expressed as low as the leaves and stems (FIG. 3). 8). Therefore, in the main spikelet, since the barley VRS1 protein which is a competing factor is not expressed even by the relatively low expression of the HvHox2 gene, the development of the main spikelet can be sufficiently promoted, and thus the granulation It is strongly suggested that it can be done.
- both the HvHox2 gene and the barley Vrs1 gene are expressed in the side spikelet, but the expression level of the barley Vrs1 gene is 10 times higher than that of the HvHox2 gene at an early stage of the ear development (FIG. 9 to FIG. 9). 12). Therefore, such high expression of barley VRS1 protein stops the expression of developmental genes that promote the formation of lateral spikelets by suppressing the binding of HvHOX2 protein to the site (cis factor, etc.) to which it binds. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that the grain formation in side row spikelets is inhibited.
- HvHOX2 and the orthologous protein HD-Zip protein are predicted to form a dimer via a leucine zipper before binding to a specific DNA sequence (Sessa, G Et al., EMBO J, 1993, Vol. 12, pages 3507-3517).
- HD-ZipI and II proteins have also been found to form homodimers or heterodimers with the same class of proteins (Meijer, AH et al., Mol Gen Genet, 2000, 263, see pages 12-21).
- the barley VRS1 protein and the HvHOX2 protein form a heterodimer via a leucine zipper.
- the heterodimer formation occupies a cis factor, reduces the amount of functional HvHOX2 protein homodimer in the nucleus of the side row spikelet, and thus inhibits the granulation in the side row spikelet. It is strongly suggested.
- barley and wheat are the same Gramineae plant, but the spikelet shape is very different, and of course there is no spike shape such as six-row or two-row in wheat, and side spikelets are also In wheat, the relationship between sterility in florets and the wheat gene homologous to the barley Vrs1 gene was never assumed (Sakuma, S, et al., Plant Cell Physiol, 2011, 52, Pages 738-749).
- KT1-1 Triticum monococcum L. ssp. Booticum
- KT3-5 Triticum monococcum L. ssp. Monococcum, diploid wheat
- RILs recombinant inbred lines
- a CS having a chromosome of the second homologous group, a nulli-tetrasonic line, a dyterosomic line, and a deletion line are on the wheat chromosome of the Vrs1 gene. Used to determine position.
- Example 5 ⁇ Isolation and mapping of wheat-derived Vrs1 gene, etc.>
- genomic DNA was extracted from diploid wheat (experimental line KT-3-5) according to the method described in Komatsuda et al., Genome, 1998, 41, 680-685. PCR was performed using the obtained genomic DNA as a template. PCR primers were designed with Oligo 5 software (W. Rychlick, National Bioscience, Madison, MN, USA) and were commissioned to BEX Inc. for synthesis. The synthesized primer sequences are shown in Table 11.
- the amplification reaction was performed using 1.25U ExTaq polymerase (TaKaRa), 1xExTaq polymerase buffer, 0.3 ⁇ M of each primer, 200 ⁇ M dNTP, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 2.5% (v / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) And 50 ⁇ l reaction system containing 100 ng genomic DNA.
- each amplification reaction was performed at a denaturation step of 94 ° C. for 5 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of 94 ° C. for 30 seconds, 55 ° C. for 30 seconds, and 72 ° C. for 60 seconds, and finally 7 ° The test was performed under the condition of minute incubation.
- the obtained PCR product was purified with a QIA quick PCR purification kit (manufactured by Qiagen) and subjected to cycle sequencing using a big die terminator kit (manufactured by Applied Biosystem). That is, the sequencing reaction solution was purified with Agencoat Clean SEQ (manufactured by Beckman) and analyzed with an ABI prism 3130 genetic analyzer (manufactured by Applied Biosystems). Table 12 shows the primer sequences used for sequencing.
- the genomic DNA sequence of the diploid wheat Vrs1 gene revealed for the first time in SEQ ID NO: 1
- the cDNA sequence encoded by the genomic DNA in SEQ ID NO: 2
- the amino acid sequence of the genomic DNA and the protein encoded by the cDNA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the sequence of the genomic DNA of the wheat-derived Hox2 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4
- the sequence of the cDNA encoded by the genomic DNA is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5
- the genomic DNA and the protein encoded by the cDNA The amino acid sequence of (TmHOX2 protein) is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
- polymorphic CAPS and dCAPS markers were used to determine the genotype of RILs of human white wheat (a hybrid between T. boeoticum and T. monococcum). .
- the marker data were integrated, and a genetic map (linkage map) was prepared according to the method described in Hori et al. (Breeding Science, 2007, Vol. 57, pages 39-45). The obtained results are shown in FIG.
- Vrs1 homologous genes (TaVrs1-A, TaVrs1-B, TaVrs1-D) were isolated from bread wheat by the same analysis as the TmVrs1 gene analysis. That is, the BAC library of hexaploid wheat (Chinese Spring) was screened by PCR using primers designed based on the TmVrs1 3′UTR sequence, and 14 positive clones were identified. Then, the sequence of 14 clones of about 2 kb TaVrs1 gene region was determined.
- the genomic DNA sequences of these hexaploid wheat Vrs1 genes (TaVrs1-A gene, TaVrs1-B gene and TaVrs1-D gene) are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 56, 59 and 62, respectively.
- the cDNA sequences encoded by the genomic DNA are described in SEQ ID NOs: 57, 60 and 63, respectively.
- the amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by the genomic DNA and the cDNA are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 58, 61 and 64, respectively.
- the 3 haplotypes (TaVrs1-A, The positions of the TaVrs1-B and TaVrs1-D genes) on the chromosome were determined. The obtained results are shown in FIGS. Table 11 shows the primer sequences used in the analysis.
- TaVrs1-A 11 clones
- TaVrs1-B 1 clone
- TaVrs1-D The clone was found to be located on the long arm of chromosome 2D (TaVrs1-D).
- Example 6 ⁇ Comparison of TmVRS1 (TmHOX1) protein encoded by TmVrs1 gene and homologous proteins of other gramineous plants>
- the amino acid sequence of the TmVRS1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 3) and the amino acid sequence of the TmHOX2 protein (SEQ ID NO: 6) obtained in Example 5 were compared with those of homologous proteins of other gramineous plants. That is, using a comparative genome database (SALAD: Surveyed conserved motif Alignment diagram and the Associate Dendrogram, http://salad.dna.affrc.gorc.go.jp/salad/en/), the peptide was analyzed. The obtained results are shown in FIG.
- SALAD Surveyed conserved motif Alignment diagram and the Associate Dendrogram
- TmVRS1 protein has the homeodomain motif and the leucine zipper motif described above, it is assumed that it is a transcription factor as well as the barley-derived VRS1 protein (VRS1 protein). Moreover, the homology at the amino acid sequence level of TmVRS1 protein and VRS1 protein was as extremely high as 86%.
- the motifs of TmVRS1 protein and VRS1 protein were identical. That is, unlike the barley-derived HOX2 protein (HvHOX2 protein) and the TmHOX2 protein, a stop codon is generated, and thus the motif 8 well conserved in the HOX2 protein is deleted in both the TmVRS1 protein and the barley VRS1 protein. It became clear that.
- Example 7 ⁇ Analysis of expression patterns of TmVrs1 gene and TmHox2 gene> The expression level of TmVrs1 gene and TmHox2 gene in each developmental stage of wheat immature ears was analyzed. The developmental stage of immature ears was observed and sorted under a stereomicroscope (Kirby, EJM and Appleyard, M., “Cereal development guide”, 1981, Kenilworth: Cereal Unit). Then, for extracting total RNA, about 10 immature panicles at each developmental stage were collected. Subsequently, 50 mg of each immature ear collected at each development stage was used as one sample, and total RNA was extracted using Trizol (manufactured by Invitrogen). In addition, independent RNA extraction was performed 3 times per sample (Biological replicates).
- the primers used for qRT-PCR are shown in Table 11.
- the amplicon was fractionated by electrophoresis using an agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. For each sample, qRT-PCR analysis was performed at least three times. Each gene fragment was inserted into pCR4-TOPO (Invitrogen) or pBluescript II KS (+) (Stratagene) and cloned. Then, in order to prepare a calibration curve necessary for quantifying the absolute amount, plasmid DNA into which each gene fragment was inserted was prepared.
- the expression pattern in barley revealed in Example 3 was similar to that of TmVrs1 in the ears in the developmental stage from the floret differentiation stage to the white birch stage.
- the transcription level was relatively high compared to the other stages.
- the TmVrs1 gene showed an expression amount 10 times or more that of the TmHox2 gene.
- Example 8 ⁇ Analysis of organ-specific expression of TmVrs1 gene in wheat spikelets> As described above, unlike barley, wheat attaches a plurality of florets in one spikelet (see A in FIG. 23). It is also known that the upper florets do not bear in wheat spikelets. Therefore, RNA in situ hybridization was performed in order to examine the localization of the transcript (mRNA) of the TmVrs1 gene in the spikelet.
- mRNA transcript
- RNA in situ hybridization was performed according to the method described in Non-Patent Document 1. The obtained results are shown in FIGS.
- the TmVrs1 gene was not significantly expressed in the lower florets of the plurality of florets in the spikelet, and was more strongly expressed in the upper florets (FIGS. 23B and C). reference).
- the expression of the TmVrs1 gene was localized in the meristem of the ear that can differentiate into the meristem of the floret during the floret differentiation stage (see FIG. 24).
- the expression of the TmVrs1 gene was detected in the spikelet meristem and the second floret (see FIG. 25).
- the expression of TmVrs1 in the birch stage continued to be localized in the spikelet meristem.
- the TmVrs1 signal was clearly detected in the small axis with florets (see FIG. 26).
- TmVRS1 protein also competitively inhibits floret development and granulation carried out by TmHOX2 protein, and by suppressing the function of TmVrs1 gene, It became clear that the number of grains could be increased.
- Example 9 RNA interference with Vrs1 gene in wheat>
- TmVrs1 gene suppresses the development of upper florets in wheat, and to suppress the function of the TmVrs1 gene, it is possible to increase the number of wheat grains by RNAi.
- the transcription product of the gene (TaVrs1-A gene) was repressed.
- a TaVrs1-A gene fragment (323 bp) was amplified using a specific primer (see Table 12).
- the region amplified by the PCR using the primer set consisting of the base sequences described in Table 12 is the base positions 998 to 1320 of the TaVrs1-A gene (SEQ ID NO: 56).
- the amplified fragment thus obtained was cloned into the pENTR D-TOPO vector (manufactured by Invitrogen).
- the cloned fragment was introduced into a pANDA-b vector in which transgene expression was controlled by a maize ubiquitin promoter by LR recombination reaction (Miki D. et al., Plant Cell Physiol., 2004, 45, No. 4, pages 490-495).
- this vector was introduced into a wheat immature embryo by the particle gun method (particle bombardment method) to produce a transgenic wheat plant (see Pellegrynechi A. et al., Genome, 2002, 45, 421-430). .
- the transgenic plants were grown in a greenhouse where the temperature during the day was 25 ° C and the temperature during the night was controlled at 20 ° C.
- the presence of the introduced gene was confirmed by PCR amplification using a vector-specific primer (see Table 12).
- RNAi transgene plants having RNAi transgene were identified by PCR. Moreover, in 17 plants out of 22 transgenic plants, the expression of the transgene in the flag leaf was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, in the RNAi transgenic plant, the spikelets at the top and bottom did not develop sufficiently, so the spikelets at the ends were excluded, and the number of florets per spikelet was counted. As a result, the number of florets was significantly increased compared to the wild type plant (see FIGS. 27 to 29). In addition, the number of grains per spikelet increased significantly in some RNAi transgenic plants (see FIG. 30). Further, the maximum number of florets per spikelet in the T0 transgenic plant was 12, and the maximum number of grains per spikelet was 5.
- the method and the agent for increasing the number of wheat grains of the present invention are useful for satisfying the globally lacking demand for wheat.
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Abstract
Description
<1> 内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されており、コントロールコムギと比較して着粒数が増加したコムギ。
<2> 二重鎖RNA法、アンチセンス法又はリボザイム法により、内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されている、<1>に記載のコムギ。
<3> 内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子に1又は複数の変異が導入されることにより、該遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されている、<1>に記載のコムギ。
<4> <1>~<3>のいずれか一に記載のコムギの繁殖材料。
<5> <1>~<3>のいずれか一に記載のコムギの種子に由来する加工品。
<6> 内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能を人為的に抑制する工程を含む、コントロールコムギと比較して着粒数が増加したコムギの生産方法。
<7> <6>に記載の生産方法で生産されたコムギの子孫又はクローンであるコムギであって、内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されており、コントロールコムギと比較して着粒数が増加したコムギ。
<8> 下記(a)~(c)からなる群から選択される少なくとも一のDNA又は該DNAが挿入されたベクターを有効成分として含む、コムギの着粒数を増加させるための薬剤
(a)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物と相補的な二重鎖RNAをコードするDNA
(b)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物と相補的なアンチセンスRNAをコードするDNA
(c)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物を特異的に開裂するリボザイム活性を有するRNAをコードするDNA。
したがって、本発明は、内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されており、コントロールコムギと比較して着粒数が増加したコムギ、及びコムギにおいて内在性Vrs1遺伝子の機能を人為的に抑制する工程を含む、着粒数が増加したコムギの生産方法を提供する。
前述の通り、下記(a)~(c)からなる群から選択される少なくとも一のDNA又は該DNAが挿入されたベクターは、コムギの着粒数を増加させるために好適に用いられる。
(a)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物と相補的な二重鎖RNAをコードするDNA
(b)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物と相補的なアンチセンスRNAをコードするDNA
(c)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物を特異的に開裂するリボザイム活性を有するRNAをコードするDNA。
オオムギの栽培品種において、ゴールデンプロミス(Golden Promise(GP,JP15923))、ハンナ(Hanna(JP15594))、ボーナス(Bonus(JP15929))、はるな二条(Haruna Nijo(HN,JP67556))、関東中生ゴール(Kanto Nakate Gold(KNG,JP15436))を、二条性のオオムギ品種の代表例として用いた。モレックス(Morex(JP46314))、アズマムギ(Azumamugi(AZ,JP17209))、ハヤキソ-2(Hayakiso-2(HK2,JP18099))を、六条性のオオムギ品種の代表例として用いた。また、以上の品種は、農業生物資源(NIAS)ジーンバンク(日本)より得た。
3’-UTR(300bp)の一部を含むVrs1遺伝子断片と、HvHox2遺伝子の全長cDNA(1072bp)とは、各遺伝子の配列特異的なプライマーを用いて、オオムギ未熟穂から単離したcDNAを鋳型として増幅した。用いたプライマーの配列は表9に示す。
抗オオムギVRS1抗体は、合成ペプチド(CXVPEWFLA 配列番号:27)をウサギに免疫することにより調製した。C(システイン残基)は、担体等とのジスルフィド結合のために導入したアミノ酸である。また、Xはアミノヘキサン酸を示し、「VPEWFLA」は、VRS1タンパク質の216~222位のアミノ酸に由来する。
Kirby,E.J.M.及びAppleyard,M.、「Cereal development guide」、1981年、Kenilworth:Cereal Unitの記載に沿って、未熟穂の発達過程を実体顕微鏡にて観察して分類し、各発達段階毎に約10本ずつの未熟穂を採取した。そして、各発達段階毎のサンプルそれぞれ生重量50mgからトライゾール(Invitrogen社製)を用いて、トータルRNAを抽出した。なお、1サンプルにつき、独立したRNA抽出を3回行った(生物学的反復:Biological replicates)。
RNAiコンストラクトを調製するため、特異的なプライマーを用いて、オオムギVrs1遺伝子断片(628bp)を増幅した(用いたプライマーは表9に示す)。得られたPCR産物については、順方向及び逆方向のものを、pIPKb008ベクター及びpIPKb009ベクターに挿入し、クローニングした。なお、pIPKb008ベクター及びpIPKb009ベクターにおいて、導入遺伝子の発現をイネアクチンプロモーター下及びCaMV35Sプロモーター下にて各々制御することができる(Himmelbach,A.ら、Plant Physiol、2007年、145巻、1192~1200ページ 参照)。
<RNA in situ ハイブリダイゼーションによる、オオムギVrs1遺伝子及びHvHox2遺伝子の発現についての解析>
二条性オオムギ栽培品種(Bonus、Kirby,E.J.M.及びAppleyard,M.、「Cereal development guide」、1981年、Kenilworth:Cereal Unit 参照)の様々な発生段階にある未熟穂におけるVrs1遺伝子の発現を、RNA in situ ハイブリダイゼーションにより検出した。得られた結果を図4に示す。
<免疫染色による、オオムギVrs1タンパク質のオオムギでの発現についての解析>
オオムギVRS1タンパク質の組織特異的局在を調べるために、抗VRS1抗体を用いた免疫染色を行った。その結果、オオムギVRS1タンパク質のシグナルは、芒原基期における二条穂(Bonus)の側列小穂にて検出された(図7のA及びB 参照)。主列小穂においては、シグナルが検出されなかった。これらデータは、前述の側列小穂におけるオオムギVrs1 mRNAの局在と一致しており、二条穂において、Vrs1 mRNAがVRS1タンパク質に翻訳されていることが示された。
<qRT-PCRによる、オオムギVrs1遺伝子及びHvHox2遺伝子の発現についての解析1>
オオムギVrs1遺伝子及びHvHox2遺伝子のオオムギ各組織における発現レベルを分析するため、緑葯期にある二条栽培品種(Golden Promise (GP))から、未熟穂を単離した。また、止葉期にあるこの品種から、芒組織、幹組織、葉組織も単離した。そして、定量的逆転写PCR(qRT-PCR)分析を行った。得られた結果を図8に示す。
次に、穂の様々な発達段階を通して、オオムギVrs1遺伝子の発現レベルと、HvHox2遺伝子の発現レベルとを比較すべく、2種の二条穂栽培品種及び2種の六条穂栽培品種を対象とし、絶対定量的逆転写PCR(Absolute qRT-PCR)を行った。得られた結果を図9~12に示す。
<オオムギVrs1遺伝子に対するRNA干渉>
オオムギVrs1遺伝子特異的なヘアピンRNA干渉(RNAi)コンストラクトを用いて、二条栽培品種 Golden Promiseの形質転換を行った。 イネActin1プロモーターにて制御されるコンストラクトを用いて、50の独立したT0植物体を作製した結果、3つのT0植物体(BG87/1E18、BG87/1E35及びBG87/2E4)には、穀粒を形成する稔性のある側列小穂が付いていることが観察された。また、CaMV 35Sプロモーターにて制御されるコンストラクトを用いて、47の独立したT0植物体を作製した結果、稔性の側列小穂が付いているT0トランスジェニック植物体は確認できなかった。
BG87/1E18 (側列小穂における稔実率の幅:0~38%まで、個体差が大きい)
BG87/1E35 (側列小穂における稔実率の幅:0~14%)
BG87/2E04 (側列小穂における稔実率の幅:0~5%)
したがって、側列小穂における穀粒形成能は、T1植物体に伝わっていることが示された(図13 参照)。また、表10に示す通り、Vrs1遺伝子は側列小穂のみにおいて発現しており、側列小穂以外の器官においては、形態の変化は観察されなかった。
ヒトツブコムギ KT1-1(Triticum monococcum L. ssp.boeoticum)及びKT3-5(Triticum monococcum L.ssp.monococcum、2倍体コムギ)を、後述の遺伝子クローニング、定量的RT-PCR及びin situハイブリダイゼーションに用いた。KT1-1とKT3-5との交配種に由来する115のF10組換え自殖系統(RILs)集団を、後述の遺伝子マッピングに用いた。パンコムギ(Triticum aestivum)品種 チャイニーズスプリング(Chinese Spring;CS、6倍体コムギ)は、後述の遺伝子クローニング及びqRT-PCRに用いた。また、第2同祖群の染色体を有するCSの、ナリテトラソミック系統(nulli-tetrasomic lines)、ダイテロソミック系統(ditelosomic lines)及び欠失系統(deletion lines)は、Vrs1遺伝子のコムギ染色体上の位置を決定するために用いた。
<コムギ由来のVrs1遺伝子等の単離及びマッピング>
コムギVrs1遺伝子を単離すべく、2倍体コムギ(実験系統KT-3-5)からゲノムDNAを、小松田ら、Genome、1998年、41巻、680~685ページに記載の方法に従って抽出した。得られたゲノムDNAを鋳型とし、PCRを行った。PCRプライマーはオリゴ5ソフトウェア(W.Rychlick,National Bioscience,Plymouth,MN,USA)にて設計し、株式会社BEXに委託して、合成した。合成したプライマー配列を表11に示す。
<TmVrs1遺伝子がコードするタンパク質TmVRS1(TmHOX1)と他のイネ科植物の相同タンパク質との比較>
実施例5にて得られたTmVRS1タンパク質のアミノ酸配列(配列番号:3)及びTmHOX2タンパク質のアミノ酸配列(配列番号:6)を、他のイネ科植物の相同タンパク質のそれらと比較した。すなわち、比較ゲノムデータベース(SALAD:Surveyed conserved motif ALignment diagram and the Associating Dendrogram、http://salad.dna.affrc.go.jp/salad/en/)を用いて、ペプチドのモチーフを解析した。得られた結果を図21に示す。
<TmVrs1遺伝子及びTmHox2遺伝子の発現パターンについての解析>
コムギの未熟穂の各発達段階における、TmVrs1遺伝子及びTmHox2遺伝子の発現レベルについて解析した。未熟穂の発達段階を、実体顕微鏡下にて観察・分別した(Kirby,E.J.M.及びAppleyard,M.、「Cereal development guide」、1981年、Kenilworth:Cereal Unit)。そして、トータルRNA抽出のため、各発達段階にある未熟穂を、各々約10本ずつ採取した。次いで、採取した各発達段階の未熟穂各50mgを1サンプルとし、トライゾール(Invitrogen社製)を用いて、トータルRNAを抽出した。なお、1サンプルにつき、独立したRNA抽出を3回行った(生物学的反復:Biological replicates)。
<TmVrs1遺伝子のコムギ小穂における器官特異的な発現についての解析>
前述の通り、オオムギとは異なり、コムギは1小穂の中に複数の小花を付ける(図23のA 参照)。また、コムギの小穂においては、上位の小花が稔実しないことも知られている。そこで、TmVrs1遺伝子の転写産物(mRNA)の小穂における局在を調べるべく、RNA in situハイブリダイゼーションを行った。
<コムギにおけるVrs1遺伝子に対するRNA干渉>
コムギにおいて上位小花の発達をTmVrs1遺伝子が抑制していることを確認すべく、またTmVrs1遺伝子の機能を抑制することにより、コムギの着粒数を増加させることができることを確認すべく、RNAiによってTmVrs1遺伝子(TaVrs1-A遺伝子)の転写産物を抑制した。
<223> 人工的に合成されたプライマーの配列
配列番号:27
<223> 人工的に合成されたポリペプチド抗原
<223> Xはアミノヘキサン酸を示す
Claims (8)
- 内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されており、コントロールコムギと比較して着粒数が増加したコムギ。
- 二重鎖RNA法、アンチセンス法又はリボザイム法により、内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されている、請求項1に記載のコムギ。
- 内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子に1又は複数の変異が導入されることにより、該遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されている、請求項1に記載のコムギ。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のコムギの繁殖材料。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のコムギの種子に由来する加工品。
- 内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能を人為的に抑制する工程を含む、コントロールコムギと比較して着粒数が増加したコムギの生産方法。
- 請求項6に記載の生産方法で生産されたコムギの子孫又はクローンであるコムギであって、内在性コムギVrs1遺伝子の機能が人為的に抑制されており、コントロールコムギと比較して着粒数が増加したコムギ。
- 下記(a)~(c)からなる群から選択される少なくとも一のDNA又は該DNAが挿入されたベクターを有効成分として含む、コムギの着粒数を増加させるための薬剤
(a)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物と相補的な二重鎖RNAをコードするDNA
(b)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物と相補的なアンチセンスRNAをコードするDNA
(c)コムギVrs1遺伝子の転写産物を特異的に開裂するリボザイム活性を有するRNAをコードするDNA。
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JP2014523818A JP6293660B2 (ja) | 2012-07-06 | 2013-07-08 | 着粒数が増加したコムギ及びその生産方法、並びにコムギの着粒数を増加させるための薬剤 |
AU2013285840A AU2013285840A1 (en) | 2012-07-06 | 2013-07-08 | Wheat with increased grain-bearing number and method for producing same, and chemical for increasing grain-bearing number of wheat |
EP13813919.1A EP2871237A4 (en) | 2012-07-06 | 2013-07-08 | WHEAT WITH INCREASED NUTS AND MANUFACTURING METHOD AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE FOR INCREASING THE NUTS OF WHEAT |
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EP2871237A4 (en) | 2016-03-02 |
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JP6293660B2 (ja) | 2018-03-14 |
AU2013285840A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
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CA2878134A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 |
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