WO2013191049A1 - 液滴の切削方法および液滴断面の分析方法 - Google Patents
液滴の切削方法および液滴断面の分析方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013191049A1 WO2013191049A1 PCT/JP2013/066187 JP2013066187W WO2013191049A1 WO 2013191049 A1 WO2013191049 A1 WO 2013191049A1 JP 2013066187 W JP2013066187 W JP 2013066187W WO 2013191049 A1 WO2013191049 A1 WO 2013191049A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/04—Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting
- G01N1/06—Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting providing a thin slice, e.g. microtome
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/04—Devices for withdrawing samples in the solid state, e.g. by cutting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D7/00—Details of apparatus for cutting, cutting-out, stamping-out, punching, perforating, or severing by means other than cutting
- B26D7/08—Means for treating work or cutting member to facilitate cutting
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/42—Low-temperature sample treatment, e.g. cryofixation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/30—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects
- H01J37/31—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects for cutting or drilling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32009—Arrangements for generation of plasma specially adapted for examination or treatment of objects, e.g. plasma sources
- H01J37/32321—Discharge generated by other radiation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
- G01N2001/2873—Cutting or cleaving
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/30—Electron or ion beam tubes for processing objects
- H01J2237/317—Processing objects on a microscale
- H01J2237/31749—Focused ion beam
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T83/00—Cutting
- Y10T83/04—Processes
- Y10T83/0405—With preparatory or simultaneous ancillary treatment of work
- Y10T83/041—By heating or cooling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a droplet cutting method. Specifically, the present invention relates to a droplet cutting method that can easily cut a droplet to expose a cross section. The present invention also relates to a droplet cross-section analysis method for analyzing a cross-section exposed by cutting by such a cutting method.
- the analysis target of the internal structure at the nano level is conventionally limited to a solid component or a viscous liquid component because it is necessary to expose the cross section with the structure fixed.
- a viscous liquid component such as an adhesive as a main component
- it is cooled to a low temperature with liquid nitrogen or the like in order to prevent the structure from changing due to evaporation under high vacuum. Done.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a droplet cutting method capable of easily cutting a droplet to expose a cross section, and to analyze a cross section which is cut and exposed by such a cutting method. It is to provide a method for analyzing a cross section.
- the droplet cutting method of the present invention comprises: A method of cutting a droplet to expose a cross section, Droplets are placed on the surface of an aggregate of carbon nanotubes including a plurality of carbon nanotubes, cooled to a cooling temperature below the temperature at which the droplets solidify, and cut.
- the contact angle of the droplet with respect to the surface is 110 degrees or more.
- the cutting is performed by focused ion beam processing.
- the cooling temperature is ⁇ 100 ° C. or lower.
- the carbon nanotube has a plurality of layers, the distribution width of the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes is 10 or more, and the relative frequency of the mode value of the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes is 25% or less. .
- the carbon nanotube has a plurality of layers, the mode value of the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes is present in 10 or less layers, and the relative frequency of the mode value is 30% or more. .
- the method for analyzing a droplet cross-section according to the present invention analyzes a cross-section exposed by cutting with the droplet cutting method according to the present invention.
- a droplet cutting method capable of easily cutting a droplet to expose a cross section. Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method for analyzing a droplet cross section for analyzing a cross section that has been cut and exposed by such a cutting method.
- FIG. 3 is a photographic view taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showing a state in which droplets are placed on the surface of a carbon nanotube aggregate in Example 1 from above the surface.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showing a state of a cross-section exposed by cutting by focused ion beam (FIB) processing in Example 1.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the droplet cutting method of the present invention is a method of exposing a cross-section by cutting a droplet, placing the droplet on the surface of a carbon nanotube aggregate including a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and solidifying the droplet The liquid is cooled to a cooling temperature equal to or lower than the temperature to be cut, and the droplets are cut.
- any appropriate droplet can be adopted as long as it is a droplet that solidifies by cooling.
- Solidification means a state in which the structure is fixed in a state of being placed on the surface of the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention.
- droplets include water droplets, emulsion droplets, droplets composed of other single-component liquids, and droplets composed of other multi-component liquids.
- any appropriate droplet can be adopted as long as the droplet is solidified by cooling.
- the droplet to be cut may be a highly viscous droplet or a low viscosity droplet.
- the size of the droplet to be cut is the particle size of the droplet (not spherical)
- the maximum particle size is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m to 10,000 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 5000 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 0.5 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m. Most preferably, it is 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- any appropriate method can be adopted as long as the droplet can be reliably formed on the surface of the carbon nanotube aggregate.
- the droplet may be placed on any surface of the aggregate of carbon nanotubes, but is preferably formed from one end in the length direction in order to achieve the effect of the present invention more effectively. Place on the surface.
- any appropriate method can be adopted as long as the droplet solidifies by cooling.
- Examples of such a cooling method include instant freezing using liquid nitrogen and instant freezing using cryostream.
- any appropriate cooling temperature can be adopted depending on the type of the droplet as long as the temperature is equal to or lower than the temperature at which the droplet is solidified.
- a cooling temperature is preferably ⁇ 100 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 120 ° C. or lower, and further preferably ⁇ 150 ° C. or lower in order to perform cutting accurately and easily.
- the cutting method any appropriate method can be adopted as long as it can accurately expose the cross section. Since the droplet cutting method of the present invention is one of the main purposes particularly for the structural analysis of a fine sample, the cutting method is preferably focused ion beam (FIB) processing. Arbitrary appropriate conditions can be adopted as conditions for performing focused ion beam (FIB) processing according to the type and size of a droplet to be cut.
- the cutting may be performed by cutting only a droplet to be cut, or cutting at least a part of a carbon nanotube aggregate on which the droplet is placed together with the droplet to be cut.
- the excellent lotus effect (super water-repellent effect) of the carbon nanotube aggregate is placed.
- the formed droplets can maintain a good spherical state.
- a contact angle of a droplet with respect to the surface of the carbon nanotube aggregate can be cited.
- such a contact angle is preferably 110 degrees or more, more preferably 115 degrees or more, further preferably 120 degrees or more, particularly preferably 125 degrees or more, and most preferably It is 130 degrees or more.
- the droplet cutting method of the present invention by placing the droplet on the surface of a specific carbon nanotube aggregate, the excellent adhesive properties of the carbon nanotube aggregate can be used even at low temperature and high vacuum.
- the droplets are well fixed to the surface of the carbon nanotube aggregate. For this reason, cutting by focused ion beam (FIB) processing can be easily performed.
- FIB focused ion beam
- the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention can exhibit excellent conductivity, charge-up can be effectively reduced.
- the carbon nanotube aggregate may be provided on any appropriate base material.
- any appropriate method can be adopted as a method of fixing the carbon nanotube aggregate to the base material. Examples of such fixing methods include a method of bonding using a paste, a method of sticking and fixing using a double-sided tape, a method of using a substrate used for manufacturing a carbon nanotube aggregate as a shaft base material, and the like. Can be mentioned.
- the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of a carbon nanotube aggregate used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the carbon nanotube aggregate 100 includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes 10.
- the plurality of carbon nanotubes 10 are each oriented in the length L direction.
- the length of the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 10000 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 5000 ⁇ m, still more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 3000 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 30 ⁇ m to 3000 ⁇ m. It is 2000 ⁇ m, and most preferably 50 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m.
- a more excellent lotus effect super water-repellent effect
- a more excellent adhesive property can be expressed. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- the diameter of the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention is preferably 0.1 nm to 2000 nm, more preferably 0.3 nm to 2000 nm, still more preferably 1 nm to 1000 nm, and particularly preferably. Is between 2 nm and 500 nm.
- a more excellent lotus effect super water-repellent effect
- a more excellent adhesive property can be expressed.
- the cross section may have any appropriate shape.
- the cross section may be substantially circular, elliptical, n-gonal (n is an integer of 3 or more), and the like.
- the specific surface area and density of the carbon nanotubes included in the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention can be set to any appropriate value.
- the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention can take the following two preferred embodiments.
- One preferred embodiment of the aggregate of carbon nanotubes used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and the plurality of carbon nanotubes is provided.
- the carbon nanotube has a wall number distribution width of 10 or more, and the relative frequency of the mode value of the wall number distribution is 25% or less.
- the distribution width of the number distribution of carbon nanotubes is 10 or more, preferably 10 to 30 layers, more preferably 10 to 25 layers, and further preferably 10 to 20 layers.
- the “distribution width” of the number distribution of carbon nanotubes refers to the difference between the maximum number and the minimum number of carbon nanotube layers.
- the carbon nanotubes When the distribution width of the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes is within the above range, the carbon nanotubes can have excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area, and further, the carbon nanotubes have excellent adhesive properties. It can be the carbon nanotube aggregate shown. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- the number of layers and the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes may be measured by any appropriate apparatus. Preferably, it is measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). For example, at least 10, preferably 20 or more carbon nanotubes may be taken out from the aggregate of carbon nanotubes and measured by SEM or TEM to evaluate the number of layers and the number distribution of the layers.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the maximum number of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 5 to 30 layers, more preferably 10 to 30 layers, still more preferably 15 to 30 layers, and particularly preferably 15 layers to 30 layers. There are 25 layers.
- the minimum number of the carbon nanotube layers is preferably 1 to 10 layers, more preferably 1 to 5 layers.
- the carbon nanotubes can have more excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area. It can be an aggregate of carbon nanotubes that exhibits more excellent adhesive properties. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- the relative frequency of the mode value of the layer number distribution is 25% or less, preferably 1% to 25%, more preferably 5% to 25%, and further preferably 10% to 25%. Particularly preferably, it is 15% to 25%.
- the carbon nanotube can have excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area, and further, the carbon nanotube has excellent adhesive properties. It can become the carbon nanotube aggregate which shows. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- the mode value of the layer number distribution is preferably from 2 to 10 layers, and more preferably from 3 to 10 layers.
- the carbon nanotubes can have excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area, and the carbon nanotubes can exhibit excellent adhesion properties. It can be a nanotube aggregate. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- Another preferred embodiment of the aggregate of carbon nanotubes used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and the carbon nanotubes Have a plurality of layers, the mode value of the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes is present in the number of layers of 10 or less, and the relative frequency of the mode value is 30% or more.
- the distribution width of the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 9 or less, more preferably 1 to 9 layers, still more preferably 2 to 8 layers, and particularly preferably 3 to 8 layers. It is.
- the “distribution width” of the number distribution of carbon nanotubes refers to the difference between the maximum number and the minimum number of carbon nanotube layers.
- the carbon nanotubes When the distribution width of the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes is within the above range, the carbon nanotubes can have excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area, and further, the carbon nanotubes have excellent adhesive properties. It can be the carbon nanotube aggregate shown. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- the number of layers and the number distribution of the carbon nanotubes may be measured by any appropriate apparatus. Preferably, it is measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). For example, at least 10, preferably 20 or more carbon nanotubes may be taken out from the aggregate of carbon nanotubes and measured by SEM or TEM to evaluate the number of layers and the number distribution of the layers.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the maximum number of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 1 to 20 layers, more preferably 2 to 15 layers, and further preferably 3 to 10 layers.
- the minimum number of the carbon nanotube layers is preferably 1 to 10 layers, more preferably 1 to 5 layers.
- the carbon nanotubes can have more excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area. It can be an aggregate of carbon nanotubes that exhibits more excellent adhesive properties. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- the relative frequency of the mode value of the layer number distribution is 30% or more, preferably 30% to 100%, more preferably 30% to 90%, and further preferably 30% to 80%. Particularly preferably, it is 30% to 70%.
- the carbon nanotube can have excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area, and further, the carbon nanotube has excellent adhesive properties. It can become the carbon nanotube aggregate which shows. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- the mode value of the layer number distribution is present in 10 layers or less, preferably in 1 layer to 10 layers, more preferably in 2 layers to 8 layers, More preferably, it exists in 2 to 6 layers.
- the carbon nanotubes when the mode value of the wall number distribution is within the above range, can have excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area. It can be a carbon nanotube aggregate exhibiting characteristics. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- a catalyst layer is formed on a smooth substrate, and the carbon source is activated in a state where the catalyst is activated by heat, plasma, or the like.
- the method include a method of manufacturing a carbon nanotube aggregate oriented substantially vertically from a substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD method) in which filling is performed and carbon nanotubes are grown. In this case, for example, if the substrate is removed, an aggregate of carbon nanotubes oriented in the length direction can be obtained.
- CVD method chemical vapor deposition
- any appropriate substrate can be adopted as the substrate.
- the material which has smoothness and the high temperature heat resistance which can endure manufacture of a carbon nanotube is mentioned.
- examples of such materials include quartz glass, silicon (such as a silicon wafer), and a metal plate such as aluminum.
- any appropriate apparatus can be adopted as an apparatus for producing the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention.
- a thermal CVD apparatus as shown in FIG. 2, a hot wall type configured by surrounding a cylindrical reaction vessel with a resistance heating type electric tubular furnace can be cited.
- a heat-resistant quartz tube is preferably used as the reaction vessel.
- any suitable catalyst can be used as the catalyst (catalyst layer material) that can be used in the production of the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention.
- metal catalysts such as iron, cobalt, nickel, gold, platinum, silver, copper, are mentioned.
- an alumina / hydrophilic film may be provided between the substrate and the catalyst layer as necessary.
- any appropriate method can be adopted as a method for producing the alumina / hydrophilic film.
- it can be obtained by forming a SiO 2 film on a substrate, depositing Al, and then oxidizing it by raising the temperature to 450 ° C.
- Al 2 O 3 interacts with the SiO 2 film hydrophilic, different Al 2 O 3 surface particle diameters than those deposited Al 2 O 3 directly formed.
- Al is deposited and heated to 450 ° C. and oxidized without forming a hydrophilic film on the substrate, Al 2 O 3 surfaces having different particle diameters may not be formed easily.
- a hydrophilic film is prepared on a substrate and Al 2 O 3 is directly deposited, it is difficult to form Al 2 O 3 surfaces having different particle diameters.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer that can be used for producing the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention is preferably 0.01 nm to 20 nm, more preferably 0.1 nm to 10 nm in order to form fine particles. is there.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer that can be used in the production of the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention is within the above range, the carbon nanotube aggregate has excellent mechanical properties and a high specific surface area.
- the aggregate of carbon nanotubes can exhibit excellent adhesive properties. Therefore, when a droplet is placed on the surface of such a carbon nanotube aggregate, the droplet can be cut very easily to expose the cross section.
- Any appropriate method can be adopted as a method for forming the catalyst layer.
- a method of depositing a metal catalyst by EB (electron beam), sputtering, or the like, a method of applying a suspension of metal catalyst fine particles on a substrate, and the like can be mentioned.
- the catalyst layer may be processed into a pattern having any appropriate diameter by photolithography after the formation of the catalyst layer. By such photolithography processing, finally, a carbon nanotube aggregate having a desired diameter can be manufactured.
- any appropriate carbon source can be used as the carbon source that can be used for producing the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention.
- hydrocarbons such as methane, ethylene, acetylene, and benzene
- alcohols such as methanol and ethanol
- any appropriate temperature can be adopted as the production temperature in the production of the carbon nanotube aggregate used in the droplet cutting method of the present invention.
- the temperature is preferably 400 ° C to 1000 ° C, more preferably 500 ° C to 900 ° C, and further preferably 600 ° C to 800 ° C. .
- the method for analyzing a cross section of a droplet according to the present invention analyzes a cross section that is cut and exposed by the method for cutting a droplet according to the present invention.
- a cross section cut and exposed by the droplet cutting method of the present invention is analyzed by an SEM (scanning electron microscope).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the method for analyzing a droplet cross section of the present invention is preferably an analysis method using a FIB-SEM apparatus that combines focused ion beam (FIB) processing and SEM (scanning electron microscope) analysis.
- FIB focused ion beam
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- ⁇ Evaluation of the number and distribution of carbon nanotubes in a carbon nanotube aggregate The number of carbon nanotube layers and the number distribution of carbon nanotubes in the aggregate of carbon nanotubes were measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and / or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). From the obtained carbon nanotube aggregate, at least 10 or more, preferably 20 or more carbon nanotubes were observed by SEM and / or TEM, the number of layers of each carbon nanotube was examined, and a layer number distribution was created.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- ⁇ Measurement of contact angle> 1 ⁇ l or more and 4 ⁇ l or less of water is dropped on the solid surface, and the contact angle is determined from the angle of the straight line connecting the left and right end points and the vertex of the droplet to the solid surface according to the measurement method generally known as the “ ⁇ / 2 method”. Asked. According to the “ ⁇ / 2 method”, if there is a scale such as a protractor, the contact angle can be measured even by direct reading. In addition, since the calculation is simple by analysis using a computer, the contact angle can be measured by a short time process.
- ⁇ FIB processing method> The carbon nanotube aggregate was affixed to the SEM sample stage and immersed in liquid nitrogen for cooling. After that, water droplets are flash-frozen and fixed on the carbon nanotube aggregate, and transferred to the FIB-SEM composite device in a non-atmospheric state, and subjected to FIB processing while maintaining the cooling state, and the cross section of the water droplet is Produced.
- Example 1 An Al thin film (5 nm thick) was formed on a silicon wafer (manufactured by Silicon Technology) as a substrate by a sputtering apparatus (manufactured by ULVAC, RFS-200). On this Al thin film, an Fe thin film (thickness 0.35 nm) was further vapor-deposited by a sputtering apparatus (manufactured by ULVAC, RFS-200). Thereafter, this substrate was placed in a 30 mm ⁇ quartz tube, and a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen (90/50 sccm) maintained at 600 ppm in water was allowed to flow through the quartz tube for 30 minutes to replace the inside of the tube.
- a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen 90/50 sccm
- the inside of the tube was heated to 765 ° C. using an electric tubular furnace and stabilized at 765 ° C. While maintaining the temperature at 765 ° C., a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen / ethylene (85/50/5 sccm, moisture content 600 ppm) is filled in the tube, and left for 4 minutes to grow carbon nanotubes on the substrate.
- a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen / ethylene 85/50/5 sccm, moisture content 600 ppm
- the length of the carbon nanotube aggregate (1) was 50 ⁇ m.
- the mode value was present in one layer, and the relative frequency was 61%.
- the obtained carbon nanotube aggregate (1) was fixed to a sample stage of an analyzer by pressure bonding, and used as a sample table on which droplets for FIB processing were placed. Using this sample table, SEM analysis of the cross section obtained by FIB processing and FIB processing was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1. Further, a photograph taken by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showing a state in which droplets are placed on the surface of the carbon nanotube aggregate from above is shown in FIG. A photograph taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showing the state is shown in FIG.
- Example 2 An alumina thin film (thickness 20 nm) was formed on a silicon wafer (manufactured by Silicon Technology) as a substrate by a sputtering apparatus (manufactured by ULVAC, RFS-200). On this alumina thin film, an Fe thin film (thickness 1 nm) was further vapor-deposited by a sputtering apparatus (ULVAC, RFS-200). Thereafter, this substrate was placed in a 30 mm ⁇ quartz tube, and a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen (90/50 sccm) maintained at 600 ppm in water was allowed to flow through the quartz tube for 30 minutes to replace the inside of the tube.
- a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen 90/50 sccm
- the inside of the tube was heated to 765 ° C. using an electric tubular furnace and stabilized at 765 ° C. While maintaining the temperature at 765 ° C., a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen / ethylene (85/50/5 sccm, moisture content 600 ppm) is filled in the tube, and left for 10 minutes to grow carbon nanotubes on the substrate.
- a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen / ethylene 85/50/5 sccm, moisture content 600 ppm
- the length of the carbon nanotube aggregate (2) was 200 ⁇ m.
- the mode value was present in two layers, and the relative frequency was 75%.
- the obtained carbon nanotube aggregate (2) was directly used as a sample table on which droplets for FIB processing were placed. Using this sample table, SEM analysis of the cross section obtained by FIB processing and FIB processing was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 An Al thin film (5 nm thick) was formed on a silicon wafer (manufactured by Silicon Technology) as a substrate by a sputtering apparatus (manufactured by ULVAC, RFS-200). On this Al thin film, an Fe thin film (thickness 2 nm) was further vapor-deposited by a sputtering apparatus (ULVAC, RFS-200). Thereafter, this substrate was placed in a 30 mm ⁇ quartz tube, and a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen (90/50 sccm) maintained at 600 ppm in water was allowed to flow through the quartz tube for 30 minutes to replace the inside of the tube. Thereafter, the inside of the tube was heated to 765 ° C.
- Example 4 An Al thin film (thickness 10 nm) was formed on a silicon substrate (made by KST, wafer with thermal oxide film, thickness 1000 ⁇ m) using a vacuum deposition apparatus (made by JEOL, JEE-4X Vacuum Evaporator), and then oxidized at 450 ° C. for 1 hour. Treated. In this way, an Al 2 O 3 film was formed on the silicon substrate. On this Al 2 O 3 film, an Fe thin film (thickness 2 nm) was further deposited by a sputtering apparatus (manufactured by ULVAC, RFS-200) to form a catalyst layer.
- a sputtering apparatus manufactured by ULVAC, RFS-200
- this substrate was placed in a 30 mm ⁇ quartz tube, and a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen (120/80 sccm) maintained at a moisture content of 350 ppm was allowed to flow through the quartz tube for 30 minutes to replace the inside of the tube. Thereafter, the inside of the tube was heated to 765 ° C. using an electric tubular furnace and stabilized at 765 ° C. While maintaining the temperature at 765 ° C., the tube was filled with a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen / ethylene (105/80/15 sccm, moisture content 350 ppm) and left for 60 minutes to grow carbon nanotubes on the substrate.
- a mixed gas of helium / hydrogen / ethylene 105/80/15 sccm, moisture content 350 ppm
- the obtained carbon nanotube aggregate (4) was directly used as a sample table on which droplets for FIB processing were placed. Using this sample table, SEM analysis of the cross section obtained by FIB processing and FIB processing was performed. The evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- the droplet cutting method of the present invention and the droplet cross-section analysis method of the present invention can be used, for example, when observing the particle dispersion state in a particle dispersion liquid such as an emulsion or slurry.
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Abstract
Description
液滴を切削して断面を露出させる方法であって、
複数のカーボンナノチューブを備えるカーボンナノチューブ集合体の表面に液滴を載置し、該液滴が固化する温度以下の冷却温度に冷却し、該液滴を切削する。
本発明の液滴の切削方法は、液滴を切削して断面を露出させる方法であって、複数のカーボンナノチューブを備えるカーボンナノチューブ集合体の表面に液滴を載置し、該液滴が固化する温度以下の冷却温度に冷却し、該液滴を切削する。
本発明の液滴の切削方法で用いるカーボンナノチューブ集合体は、複数のカーボンナノチューブを備える。図1は、本発明の好ましい実施形態において用いるカーボンナノチューブ集合体の一例の概略断面図である。図1において、カーボンナノチューブ集合体100は、複数のカーボンナノチューブ10を備える。図1において、複数のカーボンナノチューブ10は、それぞれ、長さLの方向に配向している。
本発明の液滴の切削方法で用いるカーボンナノチューブ集合体の好ましい実施形態の1つ(以下、第1の好ましい実施形態と称することがある)は、複数のカーボンナノチューブを備え、該カーボンナノチューブが複数層を有し、該カーボンナノチューブの層数分布の分布幅が10層以上であり、該層数分布の最頻値の相対頻度が25%以下である。
本発明の液滴の切削方法で用いるカーボンナノチューブ集合体の好ましい実施形態の別の1つ(以下、第2の好ましい実施形態と称することがある)は、複数のカーボンナノチューブを備え、該カーボンナノチューブが複数層を有し、該カーボンナノチューブの層数分布の最頻値が層数10層以下に存在し、該最頻値の相対頻度が30%以上である。
本発明の液滴の切削方法で用いるカーボンナノチューブ集合体の製造方法としては、任意の適切な方法を採用し得る。
本発明の液滴断面の分析方法は、本発明の液滴の切削方法により切削されて露出した断面を分析する。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体の長さおよび直径は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)によって測定した。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体におけるカーボンナノチューブの層数および層数分布は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)および/または透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)によって測定した。得られたカーボンナノチューブ集合体の中から少なくとも10本以上、好ましくは20本以上のカーボンナノチューブをSEMおよび/またはTEMにより観察し、各カーボンナノチューブの層数を調べ、層数分布を作成した。
1μl以上、4μl以下の水を固体表面に落とし、いわゆる「θ/2法」として一般によく知られている測定方法に従い、液滴の左右の端点と頂点を結ぶ直線の固体表面に対する角度から接触角を求めた。「θ/2法」によれば、分度器のような目盛があれば直読でも接触角を測定できる。また、コンピュータを用いた解析によっても、計算が簡易であるので、短時間の処理によって接触角を測定できる。
下記の基準により、FIB加工の際の液滴の球体状態を評価した。
○:接触角が130度以上
△:接触角が110度以上130度未満
×:接触角が110度未満
SEM試料台にカーボンナノチューブ集合体を貼り付け、液体窒素に浸漬して冷却した。その後、水の液滴をカーボンナノチューブ集合体上で瞬間凍結させて固定し、大気非暴露の状態で、FIB-SEM複合装置に移し、冷却状態を保持したままFIB加工を行い、水滴の断面を作製した。
FIB-SEM複合装置により、冷却状態を保持したままFIB加工によって得られた水滴の断面をSEMによって分析した。
FIB加工により水滴の断面を作製する際、カーボンナノチューブ集合体上で水滴が固定された状態で断面が形成された場合を固定状態が良好である(○)と評価し、そうでない場合を固定状態が不良である(×)と評価した。
水滴の内部を試料台の影響なしで観察可能であるかどうかを確認した。カーボンナノチューブ集合体の超撥水効果により水滴が円形を保っており、凍結の際に応力による変形などが見られず、液滴本来の内部形態が観察できている場合を、断面の状態が良好である(○)と評価し、そうでない場合を断面の状態が不良である(×)と評価した。
基板としてのシリコンウェハ(シリコンテクノロジー製)上に、スパッタ装置(ULVAC製、RFS-200)により、Al薄膜(厚み5nm)を形成した。このAl薄膜上に、さらにスパッタ装置(ULVAC製、RFS-200)にてFe薄膜(厚み0.35nm)を蒸着した。
その後、この基板を30mmφの石英管内に載置し、水分600ppmに保ったヘリウム/水素(90/50sccm)混合ガスを石英管内に30分間流して、管内を置換した。その後、電気管状炉を用いて管内を765℃まで昇温させ、765℃にて安定させた。765℃にて温度を保持したまま、ヘリウム/水素/エチレン(85/50/5sccm、水分率600ppm)混合ガスを管内に充填させ、4分間放置してカーボンナノチューブを基板上に成長させ、カーボンナノチューブが長さ方向に配向しているカーボンナノチューブ集合体(1)を得た。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体(1)の長さは50μmであった。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体(1)が備えるカーボンナノチューブの層数分布において、最頻値は1層に存在し、相対頻度は61%であった。
得られたカーボンナノチューブ集合体(1)を、分析装置の試料台に圧着して固定し、FIB加工のための液滴を載置する試料テーブルとした。この試料テーブルを用いて、FIB加工、FIB加工によって得られた断面のSEM分析を行った。
評価結果を表1に示す。
また、カーボンナノチューブ集合体の表面に液滴が載置された状態を該表面の上方から示す走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)による写真図を図3に、FIB加工にて切削して露出した断面の状態を示す走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)による写真図を図4に示す。
基板としてのシリコンウェハ(シリコンテクノロジー製)上に、スパッタ装置(ULVAC製、RFS-200)により、アルミナ薄膜(厚み20nm)を形成した。このアルミナ薄膜上に、さらにスパッタ装置(ULVAC製、RFS-200)にてFe薄膜(厚み1nm)を蒸着した。
その後、この基板を30mmφの石英管内に載置し、水分600ppmに保ったヘリウム/水素(90/50sccm)混合ガスを石英管内に30分間流して、管内を置換した。その後、電気管状炉を用いて管内を765℃まで昇温させ、765℃にて安定させた。765℃にて温度を保持したまま、ヘリウム/水素/エチレン(85/50/5sccm、水分率600ppm)混合ガスを管内に充填させ、10分間放置してカーボンナノチューブを基板上に成長させ、カーボンナノチューブが長さ方向に配向しているカーボンナノチューブ集合体(2)を得た。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体(2)の長さは200μmであった。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体(2)が備えるカーボンナノチューブの層数分布において、最頻値は2層に存在し、相対頻度は75%であった。
得られたカーボンナノチューブ集合体(2)を、そのまま、FIB加工のための液滴を載置する試料テーブルとした。この試料テーブルを用いて、FIB加工、FIB加工によって得られた断面のSEM分析を行った。
評価結果を表1に示す。
基板としてのシリコンウェハ(シリコンテクノロジー製)上に、スパッタ装置(ULVAC製、RFS-200)により、Al薄膜(厚み5nm)を形成した。このAl薄膜上に、さらにスパッタ装置(ULVAC製、RFS-200)にてFe薄膜(厚み2nm)を蒸着した。
その後、この基板を30mmφの石英管内に載置し、水分600ppmに保ったヘリウム/水素(90/50sccm)混合ガスを石英管内に30分間流して、管内を置換した。その後、電気管状炉を用いて管内を765℃まで昇温させ、765℃にて安定させた。765℃にて温度を保持したまま、ヘリウム/水素/エチレン(85/50/5sccm、水分率600ppm)混合ガスを管内に充填させ、20分間放置してカーボンナノチューブを基板上に成長させ、カーボンナノチューブが長さ方向に配向しているカーボンナノチューブ集合体(3)を得た。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体(3)の長さは500μmであった。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体(3)が備えるカーボンナノチューブの層数分布において、最頻値は3層に存在し、相対頻度は72%であった。
得られたカーボンナノチューブ集合体(3)を、そのまま、FIB加工のための液滴を載置する試料テーブルとした。この試料テーブルを用いて、FIB加工、FIB加工によって得られた断面のSEM分析を行った。
評価結果を表1に示す。
シリコン基板(KST製、熱酸化膜付ウェハ、厚み1000μm)上に、真空蒸着装置(JEOL製、JEE-4X Vacuum Evaporator)により、Al薄膜(厚み10nm)を形成した後、450℃で1時間酸化処理を施した。このようにして、シリコン基板上にAl2O3膜を形成した。このAl2O3膜上に、さらにスパッタ装置(ULVAC製、RFS-200)にてFe薄膜(厚み2nm)を蒸着させて触媒層を形成した。
その後、この基板を30mmφの石英管内に載置し、水分350ppmに保ったヘリウム/水素(120/80sccm)混合ガスを石英管内に30分間流して、管内を置換した。その後、電気管状炉を用いて管内を765℃まで昇温させ、765℃にて安定させた。765℃にて温度を保持したまま、ヘリウム/水素/エチレン(105/80/15sccm、水分率350ppm)混合ガスを管内に充填させ、60分間放置してカーボンナノチューブを基板上に成長させ、カーボンナノチューブが長さ方向に配向しているカーボンナノチューブ集合体(4)を得た。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体(4)の長さは1000μmであった。
カーボンナノチューブ集合体(4)が備えるカーボンナノチューブの層数分布において、層数分布の分布幅は17層(4層~20層)であり、最頻値は4層と8層に存在し、相対頻度はそれぞれ20%と20%であった。
得られたカーボンナノチューブ集合体(4)を、そのまま、FIB加工のための液滴を載置する試料テーブルとした。この試料テーブルを用いて、FIB加工、FIB加工によって得られた断面のSEM分析を行った。
評価結果を表1に示す。
導電性カーボン両面テープ(731:日新EM株式会社製)を、そのまま、FIB加工のための液滴を載置する試料テーブルとした。この試料テーブルを用いて、FIB加工、FIB加工によって得られた断面のSEM分析を行った。
評価結果を表1に示す。
10 カーボンナノチューブ
Claims (7)
- 液滴を切削して断面を露出させる方法であって、
複数のカーボンナノチューブを備えるカーボンナノチューブ集合体の表面に液滴を載置し、該液滴が固化する温度以下の冷却温度に冷却し、該液滴を切削する、
液滴の切削方法。 - 前記液滴の前記表面に対する接触角が110度以上である、請求項1に記載の液滴の切削方法。
- 前記切削を集束イオンビーム加工によって行う、請求項1に記載の液滴の切削方法。
- 前記冷却温度が-100℃以下である、請求項1に記載の液滴の切削方法。
- 前記カーボンナノチューブが複数層を有し、該カーボンナノチューブの層数分布の分布幅が10層以上であり、該層数分布の最頻値の相対頻度が25%以下である、請求項1に記載の液滴の切削方法。
- 前記カーボンナノチューブが複数層を有し、該カーボンナノチューブの層数分布の最頻値が層数10層以下に存在し、該最頻値の相対頻度が30%以上である、請求項1に記載の液滴の切削方法。
- 請求項1に記載の液滴の切削方法により切削されて露出した断面を分析する、液滴断面の分析方法。
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US14/406,391 US20150135808A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 | 2013-06-12 | Droplet cutting method and droplet cross-section analysis method |
EP13807695.5A EP2866015A4 (en) | 2012-06-21 | 2013-06-12 | DROPLET DIVISION METHOD AND METHOD OF ANALYZING THE SECTION OF A DROPLELET |
CN201380032622.6A CN104412094A (zh) | 2012-06-21 | 2013-06-12 | 液滴的切削方法和液滴截面的分析方法 |
KR20147035425A KR20150024336A (ko) | 2012-06-21 | 2013-06-12 | 액적의 절삭 방법 및 액적 단면의 분석 방법 |
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