WO2013159797A1 - Matériau filtrant et son utilisation - Google Patents

Matériau filtrant et son utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013159797A1
WO2013159797A1 PCT/EP2012/002454 EP2012002454W WO2013159797A1 WO 2013159797 A1 WO2013159797 A1 WO 2013159797A1 EP 2012002454 W EP2012002454 W EP 2012002454W WO 2013159797 A1 WO2013159797 A1 WO 2013159797A1
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Prior art keywords
range
weight
adsorbent material
filter unit
unit according
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PCT/EP2012/002454
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English (en)
Inventor
Bertram Böhringer
Omar GUERRA GONZÁLES
Ilsebill Eckle
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BLüCHER GMBH
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Priority to EP12729864.4A priority Critical patent/EP2841182B1/fr
Publication of WO2013159797A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013159797A1/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B23/00—Filters for breathing-protection purposes
    • A62B23/02—Filters for breathing-protection purposes for respirators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of sorptive, especially adsorp- tive materials and particularly to the technical field of sorptive, especially ad- sorptive filtering materials and filters, which may especially be used for the purpose of the purification of fluids, such as streams of gases and air or for the purpose of the detoxification (i.e. the removal) of noxiants and toxic substances, in particular for use in or as respiratory filtering materials (e.g. NBC protective mask filters or gas-mask filters).
  • NBC protective mask filters or gas-mask filters e.g. NBC protective mask filters or gas-mask filters
  • the present invention refers to an adsorptive filter unit, especially for the purification of gases and/or gas mixtures, wherein the filter unit of the invention comprises a plurality of (i.e. at least two) filter elements being different from each other.
  • the present invention refers to a process for the purification of gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air, and for the removal of chemical and/or biological substances or noxiants from gases and/or gas mixtures, respectively.
  • the present invention relates to the use of the inventive adsorptive filter units for producing filters and filter materials of all types, in particular for the removal of pollutants, odorous substances and poisons.
  • the present invention relates to filters or filter materials as such, in par- ticular for the removal of pollutants, odorous substances and poisons, the filters or filter materials being produced by using the adsorptive filter unit of the present invention and/or comprising the adsorptive filter unit of the present invention.
  • the adsorptive filter unit of the invention is useful not only for the military sector but also for the civil sector, more particularly for NBC (i.e. nuclear, biological and chemical) deployment, and/or for industrial applications, especially with respect to the purification of gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air.
  • NBC i.e. nuclear, biological and chemical
  • TICs Toxic Industrial Chemicals
  • Toxic industrial chemicals are industrial chemicals which cause chemical hazards, e.g. carcinogens, reproductive hazards, corrosives or agents that have a negative impact on lungs or blood, or physical hazards, e.g. flammable, combustible, explosive or reactive agents.
  • TICs are industrial chemicals that are manufactured, stored, transported and used throughout the world. Examples for TICs with high hazard index are ammonia, arsine, chlorine, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocyanic acid and the like.
  • Respiratory filtering materials and also industrial filters known for this purpose often include sorbents, especially in the form of activated carbon, for the purpose of adsorption and/or detoxification of the respective harmful substances as delineated above.
  • activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent.
  • Activated carbon is generally obtained by carbonization (also known synonymously known as pyrolysis, burning etc.) and subsequent activation of carbon-containing starting compounds (e.g. organic resins etc.), with reference being given to starting compounds which lead to economically sensible yields, such as organic resins etc. (cf., for example, H. v. Kienle and E. Bader, "Aktivkohle und Struktur für” ["Activated Carbon and Its Industrial Applications”], Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 1980).
  • activated carbon is often used in respective filter or filter materials, such as respiratory or NBC protective mask filters, especially in the form of a loose fill and/or a bulk, respectively.
  • the sorbent is filled into a cartridge, which cartridge is e.g. adapted to a respiratory mask and allows for the passage of breathing air through the sorbent material.
  • Such respiratory or NBC protective mask filters are well known in the prior art.
  • the use of the aforenamed sorbents, such as e.g. activated carbon, especially in the form of a loose fill and/or a bulk, respectively, is generally linked to the decisive disadvantage that the respective filters exhibit a limited adsorption capacity and a limited adsorption capability, on the one hand, and a non- optimal behavior with respect to the flow of air through the filter as such, on the other hand.
  • sorbents such as activated carbon do not effectively adsorb all kinds of harmful substances or poisons (e.g. phosgen) in an efficient way.
  • the sorbent material especially activated carbon
  • the sorbent material is often additized and/or provided with a cata- lytically active component, especially by impregnating the activated carbon for example with substances based on metals or metal compounds.
  • such modified activated carbon exhibits a certain improvement with respect to the adsorption of specific harmful substances and agents, respectively, especially since the activated carbon modified with a catalytically active substance exhibits - in addition to its adsorption properties on the basis of phy- sisorption - also chemisorptive properties due to the presence of the catalytically active substance and the impregnation, respectively.
  • Filtering materials comprising activated carbon impregnated with catalytically active metallic compounds are known in the art.
  • EP 0 405 404 Al and the corresponding patent family members US 5 063 196 A and JP 031 14534 A, respectively, refer to an impregnated activated carbon for the adsorption of toxic gases and/or vapors, which activated carbon comprises an impregnation on the basis of copper and zinc and optionally also silver and/or triethylenediamine (TED A).
  • the adsorption properties even of impregnated activated carbon are not always sufficient, especially since a certain breakthrough of low concentrations of chemical noxiants may occur, which, however, may have a detrimental effect to a person affected by the respective noxiants, especially since already very low concentrations of harmful substances generally exhibit a high impact on health.
  • the adsorption kinetics as well as the adsorption spontaneity even of impregnated activated carbon are not always sufficient, which especially ap- plies for the removal of low and/or residual concentrations of noxiants in an air and/or gas stream to be purified, thus resulting in decreased breakthrough properties and reduced lifetimes of the respective filters as such.
  • the respective prior art filtering materials comprising activated carbon having a specific impregnation do not always fulfill the high requirements linked to the purification of air or gas streams which are contaminated with low and/or residual concentrations of harmful substances and noxiants, respectively.
  • the respective prior art filtering materials comprising activated carbon having a specific impregnation do not always fulfill the high requirements linked to the purification of air or gas streams which are contaminated with low and/or residual concentrations of harmful substances and noxiants, respectively.
  • the present invention therefore has, for its first object, to provide a filter unit, wherein the above-described disadvantages of the prior art are to be at least substantially obviated or to be ameliorated, respectively. More particularly, such an adsorptive filter unit should be suitable for the use in or as respiratory filters, NBC protective mask filters or gas-mask filters and the like.
  • another object of the present invention is to provide an adsorptive filter unit which exhibits improved adsorption properties, especially with regard to improved adsorption kinetics and/or adsorption spontaneity, especially accomplishing the task of adsorbing also low and/or residual concentrations of harmful substances and/or noxiants from air, thus improving the breakthrough behavior of the resulting filter.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an adsorptive filter unit, which is in particular suitable for the use in or as respiratory filters or gasmask filters for the removal of pollutants and poisons of all types, in particular from streams of air and/or gas and/or gas mixtures.
  • the adsorptive filter unit shall ensure a good filtering efficiency when used in this way.
  • an adsorptive filter unit i.e. a filter structure or filter media, respectively
  • Claim 1 an adsorptive filter unit
  • the present invention further provides, according to a further aspect of the present invention, a process for the purification of gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air, and/or for the removal of chemical and/or biological substances or noxiants, according to the respective independent process claim.
  • the present invention refers also to the use of the inventive adsorptive filter unit for producing filters and filter materials of all types, according to the respective independent use claim.
  • the present invention further provides, according to still another aspect of the present invention, filter or filter materials produced using an adsorptive filter unit of the invention and/or comprising the adsorptive filter unit of the invention, according to the respective independent claim.
  • the present invention - in accordance with a first aspect of the present invention accordingly provides an adsorptive filter unit (i.e. filter structure or filter media, respectively) (FU), especially for the purification of gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air, and/or for the removal of chemical and/or biological substances or noxiants from gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air, in particular for use in or as a respiratory filter or gas-mask filter,
  • FU adsorptive filter unit
  • the filter unit (FU) comprises a plurality of, preferably at least two, filter elements (1, 2) which are different from each other,
  • the filter unit (FU) comprises at least a first filter element (1) comprising a first adsorbent material (3), wherein the first adsorbent material (3) is selected from:
  • the filter unit (FU) comprises at least a second filter element (2) arranged downstream of the first filter element (1) and/or arranged after the first filter element (1) with respect to the flow direction in the use-state of the filter unit (FU), wherein the second filter element (2) comprises a second adsorbent material (3') different from the first adsorbent material (3), wherein the second adsorbent material (3 1 ) is selected from the group consisting of ion-exchange resins, activated carbon provided and/or impregnated with an alkaline or acidic component, zeolites and metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) and combinations thereof.
  • MOFs metal-organic framework materials
  • the fundamental idea of the present invention thus has to be seen in providing an adsorptive filter unit on the basis of at least two different filter elements which are specifically arranged and/or positioned within the inventive filter unit with respect to the flow direction in the use-state of the filter unit as such.
  • the respective filter elements differ from each other in so far as the first filter element especially comprises a very specific activated carbon impregnated with at least one reactive and/or catalytically active compound whereas the second filter element arranged downstream of the first filter element comprises a second adsorbent material selected from the group consisting of ion-exchange resins, activated carbon provided with an alkaline or an acidic component, zeolites and metal-organic framework materials (MOFs).
  • the inventive adsorptive filter unit exhibits improved overall breakthrough properties, thus making it highly appropriate for the use in or as filters, especially in gas-mask or respiratory filters for improved and long-time use.
  • applicant has also succeeded in providing a filter unit which combines the diametrically opposed features of improved adsorption properties, on the one hand, and improved breathing resistance, on the other hand, within one and the same filter unit, especially since an undue enlargement of the filter volume as well as of the packaging density of the adsorbents to be used are not necessary with regard to the inventive concept.
  • the present invention provides for the first time a specific adsorptive filter unit on the basis of the purposeful combination and arrangement of specific filter elements, each having specific adsorption properties, wherein the inventive adsorptive filter unit as such is provided with a significantly increased adsorption efficiency.
  • the presence of the first filter element especially on the basis of a specifically impregnated activated carbon and arranged upstream of the second filter element provides for outstanding adsorption and/or filtration properties with regard to a large spectrum of poisonous or noxiant agents and this also with regard to a large spectrum of TICs
  • the second filter element which is purposefully arranged downstream of the first filter element and comprises a further specific adsorbent material, especially on the basis of metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) or other materials as mentioned before exhibits purposefully optimized adsorption kinetics and adsorption spontaneity, respectively, especially with regard to more specific poisonous and/or noxiant agents being present in low and/or residual concentrations after the passage through the first filter element.
  • MOFs metal-organic framework materials
  • the first filter element in general exhibits an improved adsorption capacity with respect to a wide spectrum of poisonous and/or noxiant agents, especially also TICs, whereas the second filter element is specifically optimized with respect to the adsorption of residual poisonous and/or noxiant agents, especially in very low and/or residual concentrations in the fluid, especially air, to be purified, wherein it is also possible to purposefully optimize the second filter element with respect to the adsorption of specific poisonous and/or noxiant agents and/or specific TICs.
  • the second filter element exhibits a high capacity (especially also as a result of the small remaining amounts of toxic agents to be adsorbed) as well as a rapid filtration and/or adsorption kinetic also with respect to low and/or residual concentration of noxiants, especially TICs. Consequently, also low and/or residual concentrations of the substances to be adsorbed are effectively removed on behalf of the second filter element being purposefully arranged and/or positioned downstream of the first filter element, wherein the first and second filter elements complement each other to provide for the improved properties of the inventive filter element.
  • the first filter element of the inventive adsorptive filter unit exhibits an adsorption characteristic providing for a high adsorption capacity with a very slow increase of the breakthrough of the respective noxiants. Consequently, the second filter element of the inventive adsorptive filter unit is exposed only to relative low and/or residual concentrations of the respective noxiants to be adsorbed - which, however, may have an harmful impact on health - , the latter being effectively adsorbed by the second filter element due to the purposeful optimization of its adsorption properties with regard to the elimination of residual noxiants being present only in low concentrations in the fluid to be purified.
  • a very effective adsorptive filter unit as such is provided on the basis of the inventive concept, having improved overall adsorption properties with a prolonged lifetime in the use state as a result of improved breakthrough characteristics due to excellent adsorption capacities and adsorption kinetics.
  • the use of the inventive adsorptive filter unit is not limited to the military sector, especially with regard to NBC protective mask filters or the like. Rather, the inventive adsorptive filter unit is also appropriate for industrial applications like industrial filters, especially filters for purification of the air in a room or the like as well as in the medical sector, especially due to its outstanding properties also with respect to the adsorption of TICs. Furthermore, the purposefully optimized filter elements of the inventive filter unit as such surprisingly complement each other synergistically, especially also due to their specific arrangement within the inventive filter unit, with regard to the protective performance against poisonous and/or noxiant agents to be adsorbed from a stream of air or the like and thus beyond the sum total of the individual effects. As delineated hereinafter, the synergistic effect surprisingly found by the applicant is well proved by the operative examples given below.
  • the present invention thus succeeds altogether in significantly increasing the adsorption performance of the inventive adsorptive filter unit on the basis of two active filter elements and/or filter layers, respectively, with regard to poisonous and/or noxiant agents, such as warfare agents, resulting in an adsorptive filter unit which exhibits improved breakthrough properties and lifetimes, especially with regard to its use in or as gas-mask filters and the like.
  • the conception of the inventive adsorptive filter unit is associated with a multiplicity of advantages, of which the aforementioned advantages are only mentioned by way of example.
  • downstream refers to a relative arrangement and/or positioning of the second filter element with respect to the first filter element, wherein the arrangement of the second filter element is performed in so far as the second filter element is positioned in the use-state of the inventive filter unit after the first filter element with respect to the flow direction of the gas, gas mixture and/or air to be purified.
  • upstream refers to an arrangement according to which a filter element, especially the fist filter element of the inventive adsorptive filter unit, is positioned in the use-state of the filter unit previous to and/or in front of the second filter element with respect to the flow direction of the gas, gas mixture and/or air to be purified.
  • the second filter element is arranged downstream of the first filter element
  • a surprising improvement of adsorption properties has been achieved with respect to the inventive adsorptive filter unit, thereby also providing low breathing resistances.
  • the first filter element of the inventive adsorptive filter unit especially the first adsorbent material
  • the purposeful provision, especially impregnation, of the activated carbon with at least one reactive and/or catalytically active component results in a catalytic activity of the acti- vated carbon.
  • the first adsorbent material on the basis of activated carbon preferably exhibits chemisorptive properties in addition to the physisorp- tive properties of the adsorbent material as such.
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component comprises a substance, which leads to the respective poisons and/or noxiants being rendered harmless.
  • the catalytically ac- tive component may comprise a catalyst which induces the degradation of poisonous and/or noxiant agents impinging on the adsorptive filtering unit, wherein the catalyst as such may emerge at least essentially unchanged from the degradation reaction and wherein non-toxic degradation products result.
  • the adsorption capacity of the first filter element is increased, es- pecially with respect to a wide spectrum of poisonous and/or noxiant agents and especially with respect to a wide spectrum of TICs.
  • the first filter element maintains its adsorption function with regard to poisonous and/or noxiant agents even when exposed to large concentrations of the agents to be adsorbent over a long period of time, wherein remaining low and/or residual concentrations of the poisonous and/or noxiant agents which are not adsorbed by the first filter element are then rendered harmless and/or removed due to adsorption by the second filter element arranged downstream of the first filter element.
  • the first adsorbent material comprised by the first filter element may principally be selected from (i) granular, especially spherical, activated carbon particles, which activated carbon particles are provided, especially impregnated, with at least one reactive and/or catalytically active component based on a metal or a metal compound selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, cadmium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, zinc, mercury, titanium, zirconium, vanadium and/or aluminum and their ions, compounds and/or salts and combinations thereof and, optionally, also with an alkaline or acidic component, and/or (ii) zeolites, especially acidic zeolites (such as e.g.
  • the first adsorbent material (3) is selected from (i) granular, especially spherical, activated carbon particles, which activated carbon particles are provided, especially impregnated, with at least one reactive and/or catalytically active component based on a metal or a metal compound selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, cadmium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, zinc, mercury, titanium, zirconium, vanadium and/or aluminum and their ions, compounds and/or salts and combinations thereof and, optionally, also with an alkaline or acidic component.
  • a metal or a metal compound selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, cadmium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, zinc, mercury, titanium, zirconium, vanadium and/or aluminum and their ions, compounds and/or salts and combinations thereof and, optionally, also with an alkaline or acidic component.
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component of the first adsorbent material comprises at least one, preferably at least two, of the metals selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, vanadium and/or molybdenum and their ions, compounds and/or salts and combinations thereof.
  • the first adsorbent material may comprise the reactive and/or catalytically active component in an amount in the range of from 0.0001 % by weight to 20 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 15 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 10 % by weight, more preferably in the range of from 0.05 % by weight to 8 % by weight, yet more preferably in the range of from 0.1 % by weight to 6 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the first adsorbent material may comprise copper in an amount in the range of from 0.0001 % by weight to 10 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 8 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 6 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the first adsorbent material may comprise silver in an amount in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 1 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 0.5 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.03 % by weight to 0.25 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the first adsorbent material may comprise zinc in an amount in the range of from 0.0001 % by weight to 10 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 8 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 6 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the first adsorbent material may comprise vanadium in an amount in the range of from 0.0001 % by weight to 6 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 5 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the first adsorbent material may comprise molybdenum in an amount in the range of from 0.0001 % by weight to 6 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 5 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • molybdenum in an amount in the range of from 0.0001 % by weight to 6 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 5 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component of the first adsorbent material is at least essentially chromium free.
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component of the first adsorbent material may further comprise at least on acidic component, especially selected from the group consisting of inorganic acids, organic acids and their salts and combinations, especially sulfuric acid, preferably sulfuric acid salts, in particular selected from the group consisting of copper sulfates, zinc sulfate and ammonium sulfates.
  • acidic component especially selected from the group consisting of inorganic acids, organic acids and their salts and combinations, especially sulfuric acid, preferably sulfuric acid salts, in particular selected from the group consisting of copper sulfates, zinc sulfate and ammonium sulfates.
  • the first adsorbent material may comprise the acidic component in an amount in the range of from 0.0001 % by weight to 5 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 4 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 3.5 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • acidic components is especially effective with respect to alkaline agents to be adsorbed and/or removed, especially ammonia (NH 3 ).
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component of the first adsorbent material further comprises at least one alkaline and/or basic component, especially an organic amine, in particular triethylenediamine (TEDA).
  • the first adsorbent material comprises the alkaline and/or basic component in an amount in the range of from 0.0001 % by weight to 5 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0.001 % by weight to 4 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0.01 % by weight to 3.5 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the additional use of alkaline and/or basic components is preferred, especially with regard to the adsorption and/or removal of acidic agents, for example H 2 S.
  • the first adsorbent material may represent an ASZM-TEDA activated carbon (copper, silver, zinc, molybdenum and triethylenediamine impregnated activated carbon). Furthermore, it is also possible according to the present invention that the first adsorbent material represents an ASZM-TEDA activated carbon (activated carbon impregnated with copper, silver, zinc and triethylenediamine).
  • the protective properties of the adsorptive filter unit can be further improved when the reactive and/or catalytic equipment of the adsorbent material on the basis of the above metal compounds is present together with triethylenediamine (TEDA) and/or an organic acid and/or sulfuric acid and/or sulfuric acid salts.
  • TAA triethylenediamine
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component of the first ad- sorbent material is based on a combination of (i) copper, more particularly cop- per(II) carbonate (CuCO 3 ); (ii) silver, more particularly elemental silver; (iii) zinc, more particularly zinc(II) carbonate (ZnCO 3 ); (iv) molybdenum, more particularly ammonium dimolybdate; (v) optionally triethylenediamine (TEDA).
  • the weight ratio of (i) copper / (ii) silver / (iii) zinc / (iv) molybdenum should be in the range of from 1 to 10 / 0.01 to 2 / 1 to 10 / 0.2 to 8, especially in the range of from 3 to 6 / 0.02 to 0.5 / 3 to 6 / 0.5 to 3, and preferably about 5 / 0.05 / 5 / 2. 4
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component should contain (v) triethylenediamine (TEDA), wherein the amount ratio of (i) copper / (ii) silver / (iii) zinc / (iv) molybdenum / (v) triethylenediamine (TEDA) should be in the range of from 1 to 10/ 0.01 to 2 / 1 to 10 / 0.2 to 8 / 0.3 to 9, especially in the range of from 3 to 6 / 0.02 to 0.5 / 3 to 6 / 0.5 to 3 / 1 to 4, and preferably about 5 / 0.05 / 5 / 2 / 3.
  • TAA triethylenediamine
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component may be based on a combination of (i) molybdenum, more particularly selected from the group consisting of molybdenum oxides, molybdates and hexavalent molybdenum oxyanions; (ii) copper, more particularly selected from the group consisting of copper oxides, copper carbonates and copper-ammonium complexes, and/or zinc, more particu- larly selected from the group consisting of zinc oxides, zinc carbonates and zinc- ammonium complexes; (iii) sulfuric acid and/or sulfuric acid salt, more particularly selected from the group consisting of copper sulfates, zinc sulfate and ammonium sulfates.
  • molybdenum more particularly selected from the group consisting of molybdenum oxides, molybdates and hexavalent molybdenum oxyanions
  • copper more particularly selected from the group consisting of copper oxides, copper carbonates and copper-ammonium complexe
  • the weight ratio of (i) molybdenum / (ii) copper and/or zinc / (iii) sulfuric acid should be in the range of from 1 to 15 / 1 to 25 / 1 to 15, and more particularly in the range of from 2 to 10 / 2 to 20 / 2 to 10.
  • the reactive and/or catalytically active component should be based on a combination of (i) copper, more particularly selected from the group consisting of copper oxides, copper carbonates, copper sulfates and copper-ammonium complexes; (ii) zinc, more particularly selected from the group consisting of zinc oxides, zinc carbonates, zinc sulfate and zinc-ammonium complexes; (iii) op- tionally silver, more particularly elemental silver; (iv) triethylenediamine (TEDA).
  • copper more particularly selected from the group consisting of copper oxides, copper carbonates, copper sulfates and copper-ammonium complexes
  • zinc more particularly selected from the group consisting of zinc oxides, zinc carbonates, zinc sulfate and zinc-ammonium complexes
  • op- tionally silver more particularly elemental silver
  • triethylenediamine (TEDA) triethylenediamine
  • the weight ratio of (i) copper / (ii) zinc / (iii) optionally silver / (iv) triethylenediamine should be in the range of from 1 to 20 / 0.5 to 18 / 0 to 15 / 0.1 to 10, especially in the range of from 3 to 15 / 1 to 15 / 0 to 12 / 1 to 8, and preferably about 5 / 0.05 / 5 / 2.
  • the first adsorbent material of the first filter element which is provided with at least one reactive and/or catalytically active component may also comprise so- called ABEK impregnations which have a catalytic and/or degrading effect with regard to specific toxic substances.
  • type A relates for example to certain organic gases and vapors having a boiling point > 65 °C, for example cyclohexane.
  • Type B relates to certain inorganic gases and vapors, for example hydrogencyanide.
  • Type E relates to a degrading/protecting effect with regard to sulfur dioxide and other acidic gases and vapors.
  • Type K finally relates to a protective function with regard to ammonia and organic ammonia derivatives.
  • EN 14387 2004.
  • ABEK type impregnations can be combined with a TEDA impregnation (ABEK-TEDA), in which case the adsorptive filter unit of the present invention also has an optimized protective function with regard to cyanogen chloride.
  • the provision and/or impregnation of the first adsorbent material can be performed by methods known to the skilled practitioner.
  • the impregnation may be performed on the basis of solutions and/or dispersions of the respective catalytically active component which may be brought into contact with the activated carbon.
  • the impregnation may be performed under heating and/or drying in order to obtain the respective impregnated activated carbon.
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, has a mean particle diameter in the range of from 0.01 to 2.0 mm, in particular in the range of from 0.05 to 1.0 mm, preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 1.0 mm. 12 002454
  • the first adsorbent material is particularly mechanically stable and/or has a bursting pressure of at least 0,5 Newtons, especially at least 1 Newtons, preferably at least 2 Newtons, especially a bursting pressure in the range of from 0,5 Newtons to 20 Newtons, especially in the range of from 0,5 Newtons to 10 Newtons, per active carbon particle or active carbon bead.
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, should have an apparent (bulk) density in the range of from 500 g/1 to 1,000 g/1, especially in the range of from 550 g/1 to 900 g/1, preferably in the range of from 600 g/1 to 800 g/1.
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, should have a total porosity in the range of from 40 % to 70 %, especially in the range of from 45 % to 65 %, preferably in the range of from 50 % to 60 %, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, should have a moisture content in the range of from 0,01 % by weight to 10 % by weight, especially in the range of from 0,1 % by weight to 5 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 0,5 % by weight to 3 % by weight, based on the first adsorbent material.
  • the moisture content has in general an influence on the adsorption properties of the activated carbon especially with regard to its reactive and or catalytic properties.
  • the applicant has surprisingly found out that the aforedescribed ranges specifically result in a further improvement of the adsorption properties of the first adsorbent material.
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, may have a specific total pore volume in the range of 0.1 cm 3 /g to 2.5 cm 3 /g, especially in the range of from 0.2 cm 3 /g to 2.0 cm 3 /g, preferably in the range of from 0.3 cm 3 /g to 1.5 cm 3 /g, more preferably in the range of from 0.4 cm 3 /g to 1.0 cm 3 /g.
  • the first adsorbent material, especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites should have a specific surface area (BET surface area) of at least
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, should have a specific surface
  • BET surface area in the range of from 500 m /g to 2,500 m /g, especially
  • the aforementioned BET values relate to pores having pore diameters up to 400 A inclusive.
  • BET method reference can be made, for example, to Rompp Chemielexikon [Rompp's Chemical Encyclopaedia], 10th Edition, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart/New York, keyword: "BET method", and the literature reviewed there, Winnacker-Kuchler (3rd Edition), Volume 7, pages 93 ff. and Z. Anal. Chem. 238, pages 187 to 193 (1968).
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated car- bon and/or zeolites, should have an adsorption volume V ads of at least 250 cm /g, especially at least 300 cm 3 /g, preferably at least 350 cm 3 /g, more preferably at least 400 cm 3 /g.
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, should have an adsorption volume V ads in the range of from 250 cm 3 /g to 1,000 cm 3 /g, especially in the range of from 300 cm 3 /g to 900 cm 3 /g, preferably in the range of from 350 cm 3 /g to 750 cm 3 /g.
  • the aforementioned values relate to a measurement of the adsorption volume at a partial pressure p/p 0 of 0.995 on pores having pore diameters in the range up to 400 A inclusive.
  • the total pore volume according to Gurvich of the first adsorbent material used according to the invention is also sufficiently high:
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, should have a total pore volume according to Gurvich of at least 0.50 cm 3 /g, especially at least 0.55 cm 3 /g, preferably at least 0.60 cm 3 /g, more preferably at least 0.65 cm 3 /g, yet more preferably at least 0.70 cm 3 /g.
  • the first adsorbent material especially in the form of activated carbon and/or zeolites, has a total pore volume according to Gurvich in the range of from 0.50 cm /g to 0.90 cm /g, especially in the range of from 0.55 cm /g to 0.85 cm 3 /g, preferably in the range of from 0.60 cm 3 /g to 0.80 cm 3 /g, more pref- erably in the range of from 0.65 cm /g to 0.80 cm /g, yet more preferably in the range of from 0.70 cm 3 /g to 0.75 cm 3 /g.
  • Gurvich in the range of from 0.50 cm /g to 0.90 cm /g, especially in the range of from 0.55 cm /g to 0.85 cm 3 /g, preferably in the range of from 0.60 cm 3 /g to 0.80 cm 3 /g, more pref- erably in the range of from 0.65 cm /g to 0.80 cm /g, yet more preferably in the range of from 0.
  • the aforementioned values relate to the determination at a partial pressure p/p 0 of 0.995 on pores having a pore diameter up to 400 A inclusive.
  • Gur- vich (1915), J. Phys. Chem. Soc. Russ. 47, 805, and to S. Lowell et al., Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders: Surface Area Pore Size and Density, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Article Technology Series, pages 1 1 1 ff.
  • all physicochemical data of the active carbon indicated equally relate to measurements on pores having pore diameters in the range of from > 0 A up to 400 A.
  • the first adsorbent material in the form of activated carbon may be obtainable by carbonization and subsequent activation of sty- rene/divinylbenzene copolymers, in particular divinylbenzene-crosslinked polystyrenes, preferably in granular form, particularly preferably in spherical form.
  • the divinylbenzene content of the styrene/divinylbenzene copoly- mers should be in the range of from 1 % by weight to 15 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 2 % by weight to 10 % by weight, based on the styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers.
  • an active carbon of this type of an active carbon prepared starting from phenolic resin beads (cf. for example, EP 1 440 692 Bl) is superior in its action.
  • Active carbon employable according to the invention which fulfills the aforementioned requirements and/or specifications containing the aforementioned physicochemical requirements is marketed, for example, by Blucher GmbH, Er- krath, Germany, and also Adsor-Tech GmbH, Premnitz, Germany.
  • the first filter element of the inventive adsorptive filter unit in general exhibits a high capacity with respect to a broad variety and/or spectrum of poisonous or noxiant substances due to the use of a very specific adsorbent material as defined above.
  • the second adsorbent material of the second filter element plays a fundamental role with respect to the purposeful optimization of the overall adsorption properties of the inventive adsorptive filter unit.
  • the second adsorbent material is present in particulate form, especially in granular form, preferably in spherical form.
  • the average particle diameter of the second adsorbent material shall be in the range of from 0.01 ⁇ to 5 mm, especially in the range of from 0.1 ⁇ to 3 mm, preferably in the range of from 0.2 ⁇ to 2.5 mm, more preferably in the range of from 0.5 ⁇ to 2 mm, yet more preferably in the range of from 1 ⁇ to 1.5 mm.
  • the second adsorbent material comprises and preferably consists of at least one metal-organic framework material.
  • the second adsorbent material shall comprise the at least one metal-organic framework (MOF) in bulk and/or as such.
  • the second adsorbent material may thus be used in the form of "metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)", also referred to synonymously as “MOF substances”, “MOF materials”, “porous coordination polymers” or the like, which are generally porous and have a crystalline structure.
  • MOFs metal-organic frameworks
  • MOFs generally comprise a mononuclear complex as crosslinking point ("node") to which a plurality of polyfunc- tional or polydentate ligands are bound.
  • the term "metal-organic framework (MOF)” was coined by Omar Yaghi, one of the pioneers in the field of metal- organic frameworks. Various compounds have been named by Yaghi simply on the basis of the order in time in which they were discovered (e.g. MOF-2 originates from the year 1998 and MOF-177 originates from the year 2004).
  • the term "metal-organic framework” refers, in particular to the inorganic-organic hybrid polymer obtained after its preparation, in particular after being freed of impurities, which is made firstly of repeating structural units based on metal ions, and secondly, bridging, in particular at least bidentate ligands.
  • the metal-organic frameworks are thus made of metal ions which are joined to another via at least bidentate organic ligands so as to form a three-dimensional structure which has internal voids (pores), with the pores being defined or determined by, in particular, the metal atoms and the organic ligands joining them.
  • An MOF material can have exclusively the same metal ions (e.g. copper or zinc, etc.) or else two or more different metal ions (i.e. metal ions of a different type, e.g. copper and zinc, etc.).
  • MOFs metal-organic frameworks
  • Metal-organic frameworks are thus porous, generally crystalline materials, in particular materials having a well-ordered crystalline structure comprising metal- organic complexes having transition metals (e.g. copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, etc.) as nodes and organic molecules (ligands) as connections or linkers between the nodes.
  • transition metals e.g. copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, etc.
  • organic molecules ligands
  • the second adsorbent material comprises a mixture of metal-organic framework material (MOF) and a preferably organic binder.
  • the second adsorbent mate- rial may comprise the at least one metal-organic framework material (MOF) in a form incorporated in an organic binder.
  • the second adsorbent material comprises the metal-organic framework material (MOF) and the preferably organic binder in a MOF/binder ratio of > 1 and in particular in the range of from 1 : 1 to 10 : 1, especially in the range of from 1.1 : 1 to 5 : 1, preferably in the range of from 1.2 : 1 to 3 : 1, more preferably in the range of from 1.4 : 1 to 2.5 : 1.
  • MOF metal-organic framework material
  • the organic binder shall be an organic binder and may be more especially selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polystyrenes, poly(meth)acrylates, polyacrylates, celluloses, polyamides, polyolefins, polyalkylene oxides and mixtures thereof.
  • the mixture of metal-organic framework (MOF) and organic binder shall be present in a form which can be processed to give shaped bodies, in particular in the form of spheres, grains, pellets, granules, rods or the like.
  • the shaping may be carried out by shaping processes customary for these purposes, in particular compounding, extrusion, melt pressing or the like. The respective methods as such are well known to the skilled practitioner.
  • the second adsorbent material and/or the second filter element as such via spunbonding methods, especially electrospunbonding methods, which especially applies to the provision of the second adsorbent material in the form of MOFs.
  • the adsorbent material as such can then be present in filamentary form.
  • the respective methods are known to the skilled practitioner.
  • the second filter element in the form of very thin layers comprising a high density of the adsorbent material as such.
  • MOFs metal-organic frameworks
  • the metal-organic frameworks are set within a wide range via the type and/or number of the at least bidentate organic ligands and/or the type and/or oxidation state of the metal ions. Accordingly, it is possible for the metal-organic framework to have very specific adsorption properties which may be tailored with regard to the specific application of the inventive filter unit.
  • both the pore sizes and the pore sizes distribution of these porous materials in the form of MOFs can be set in a targeted manner during the synthesis, especially via the type and/or the number of ligands and/or via the type and/or oxidation state of the metals used.
  • the metal-organic frame- work material (MOF) used according to the claimed invention for the second adsorbent material shall comprise repeating structural units based in each case on at least one metal, in particular metal atom or metal ion, and at least one at least bidentate and/or bridging organic ligand.
  • metal it is in principle possible to use all metals of the Periodic Table of the Elements, which are able to form a porous metal-organic framework with at least one at least bidentate and/or bridging organic ligand.
  • the metal-organic frameworks material (MOF) of the second adsorbent material to comprise at least one metal, in particular metal atom or metal ion, selected from among elements of groups la, Ila, Ilia, IVa to Villa and also lb and VIb of the Periodic Table of the Elements, especially selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb and Bi, preferably selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru, Th, Fe, Mn, Ag, Al and Co, more preferably selected from the group consisting of Cu, Fe, Co,
  • the metal-organic framework of the second adsorbent material may comprise at least one at least bidentate and/or bridging organic ligand which has at least one functional group which is capable of forming at least two coordinate bonds to a metal, in particular metal atom or metal ion, and/or forming a coordi- nate bond to each of two more metals, especially metal atoms or metal ions, identical or different, where, in particular, the functional group of the ligand has at least one heteroatom, preferably from the group consisting of N, O, S, B, P, Si and Al, more preferably N, O and S.
  • the ligand should be selected from among at least divalent organic acids, in particular dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, tetracarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof, particularly preferably unsubstituted or at last mono- substituted aromatic dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic or tetracarboxylic acids having, in particular, one, two, three, four or more rings, where, in particular, each of the rings can contain at least one heteroatom, identical or different, in particular N, O, S, B, P, Si and/or Al, preferably N, S and/or O.
  • dicarboxylic acids in particular dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, tetracarboxylic acids and mixtures thereof, particularly preferably unsubstituted or at last mono- substituted aromatic dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic or tetracarboxylic acids having, in particular, one, two, three, four or more rings, where, in particular, each of the rings
  • the metal-organic framework may be selected from the group consisting of Cu 3 (BTC) 2 , Zn 2 (BTC) 2 (DABCO), A1(NDC) and combinations thereof, especially Cu 3 (BTC) 2 .
  • the metal-organic framework (MOF) is usually present in crystalline form.
  • the degree of crystallinity is at least 60 %, in particular at least 70 %, preferably at least 80 %, particularly preferably at least 90 %, particularly pref- erably at least 95 %, very particularly preferably at least 99 % or more, based on the MOF as such.
  • the crystallinity particularly good hardnesses, abrasion resistances and/or rupture strength of the sorbent can be obtained.
  • the metal-organic framework material (MOF) of the second adsorbent material is present in activated form, preferably by means of heat treatment.
  • Such activation generally leads to a not inconsiderable increase in the internal surface area (BET) and the total pore volume of the sorbent of the metal-organic framework (MOF).
  • Activation can advantageously achieved by subjecting the second adsorbent material to a heat treatment, in particular after it has been prepared or before it is used in the adsorptive filter unit according to the invention.
  • the thermal treatment to effect activation is carried out below the decomposition temperature, in particular at temperatures in the range of from 90 °C to 300 °C, preferably in the range of from 100 °C to 250 °C, more preferably in the range of from 110 °C to 220 °C, preferably over a period from 0.1 to 48 hours, in particular from 1 to 30 hours, preferably from 5 to 24 hours.
  • the heat treatment can be carried out either under an at least substantially unreactive, preferably at least substantially inert, atmosphere or else in an oxidizing atmosphere, for example in the presence of oxygen (e.g. under the ambient atmosphere).
  • the positive effect of the activating treatment can be explained by existing pores being freed or purified of any impurities and/or additional pores, cracks, crevices or the like being generated on the surface of the MOFs during the activation, so that the porosity of the MOFs and thus the total pore volume and the internal surface area increase.
  • the metal-organic framework material (MOF) of the second adsorbent material has internal voids, in particular pores, and/or wherein the metal-organic framework (MOF) is porous. This results in relatively high internal surface areas and total pore volume.
  • the metal-organic framework material (MOF) of the second adsorber material may have a total pore volume determined by the Gurvich method of at least 0.1 cm 3 /g, in particular at least 0.2 cm 3 /g, preferably at least 0.3 cmVg.
  • the metal-organic framework (MOF) should have a total pore volume determined by the Gurvich method of up to 2.0 cm /g, in particular up to 3.0 cm 3 /g, preferably up to 4.0 cm 3 /g, particularly preferably up to 5.0 cm 3 /g.
  • the metal-organic framework material (MOF) of the second adsorbent material should further have a total pore volume determined by the Gurvich method in the range of from 0.1 cm 3 /g to 5.0 cm 3 /g, in particular in the range of from 0.2 cm /g to 4.5 cm /g, preferably in the range of from 0.3 cm /g to 4.0 cm 3 /g.
  • the metal-organic framework material (MOF) of the second adsorbent material has a BET surface area of at least 100 m 2 /g, in particular at least 150 m 2 /g, preferably at least 200 m /g, particularly preferably at least 250 m /g, very particularly preferably at least 500 m 2 /g, even more preferably at least 1,000 m 2 /g.
  • the metal-organic framework material (MOF) of the second adsorbent mate- rial should have a BET surface area of up to 4,000 m 2 /g, in particular up to 4,250 m 2 /g, preferably up to 4,500 m 2 /g, particularly preferably up to 4,750 m 2 /g, very particularly preferably up to 5,000 m /g and more.
  • the metal-organic framework material (MOF) of the second adsorbent material has a BET surface area in the range of from 100 m 2 /g to 5,000 m 2 /g, in particular in the range of from 150 m 2 /g to 4,750 m 2 /g, preferably in the range of from 200 m 2 /g to 4,500 m 2 /g, particularly preferably in the range of from 250 m 2 /g to 4,250 m 2 /g, very particularly preferably in the range of from 500 m 2 /g to 4,000 m 2 /g.
  • the metal-organic framework material (MOF) of the second adsorbent material should have a bulk density in the range of from 50 g/1 to 1,000 g/1, in particular in the range of from 100 g/1 to 900 g/1, preferably in the range of from 150 g/1 to 800 g/1.
  • the aforenamed ion- exchange resins may be selected from the group consisting of anionic and cati- onic ion-exchange resins, e.g. cationic ion-exchange resins comprising sulfonic acid groups.
  • the alkaline component may be selected from the group consisting of inorganic and organic alkaline components, especially organic amines, in particular TEDA. In this context, also inorganic hydroxides, oxyhy- droxides, carbonates and or hydrogencarbonates may be used.
  • the acidic component of the second adsorbent material may be selected from the group consisting of inorganic and organic acids and their salts, especially sulfuric acid and their salts, phosphoric acids and their salts, halogen acids, in particular HC1, and their salts.
  • the use of very specific adsorption materials also with respect to the second adsorbent material of the second filter element results in the provision of very specific adsorption properties of the filter unit as such, especially with regard to specific noxiants, wherein due to the excellent adsorption kinetics also low and/or residual concentrations of the respective substances are effectively adsorbed by the inventive filter medium due to the purposeful interaction of the first and second filter element.
  • the first filter element comprises the first adsorbent material in an amount in the range of from 20 % by weight to 100 % by weight, especially in the range of from 30 % by weight to 95 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 40 % by weight to 90 % by weight, more preferably in the range of from 50 % by weight to 85 % by weight, yet more preferably in the range of from 60 % by weight to 80 % by weight, based on the first filter element.
  • the second filter element shall comprise the second adsorbent material in an amount in the range of from 15 % by weight to 100 % by weight, especially in the range of from 25 % by weight to 95 % by weight, preferably in the range of from 30 % by weight to 80 % by weight, more preferably in the range of from 35 % by weight to 75 % by weight, yet more preferably in the range of from 40 % by weight to 70 % by weight, based on the second filter element.
  • the first filter element comprises the first adsorbent material in the form of a loose fill and/or in bulk form and/or in loose form.
  • the second filter element may comprise the second adsorbent material in the form of a loose fill and/or in bulk form and/or in loose form.
  • the first filter element my comprise the first adsorbent material in the form of a loose fill and/or in bulk form and/or in loose form and/or the second adsorbent material of the second filter element may be fixed in and/ or on at least one carrier structure.
  • the first adsorbent material of the first filter element is fixed in and/or on at least one carrier structure.
  • the second adsorbent material i.e. it is also possible according to the inventive concept that the second adsorbent material of the second filter element is fixed in and/ or on at least one carrier structure.
  • the carrier structure of the first filter element and/or the carrier structure of the second filter element are gas- permeable, in particular air-permeable, and in particular should have a gas per- meability, in particular air permeability, of at least 10 l m " s " , in particular at least 30 l m " -s " , preferably at least 50 l m s ' , more preferably at least 100 l m "2 s ' ', yet particularly preferably at least 500 l m ⁇ s 1 , and/or up to 10,000 l m ' V 1 , in particular up to 20,000 l-m ' V, at a flow resistance of 127 Pa.
  • the carrier structure of the first filter element and/or the carrier structure of the second filter element independently from each other, have a three-dimensional structure and are especially configured as a preferably open-pored foam, especially a polyurethane foam, especially wherein the mean cell diameter of each carrier structure should be, independently from each other, at least twice as great as the mean particle diameter of the respective adsorbent material.
  • the carrier structure of the first filter element and/or the carrier structure of the second filter element independently from each other, have a two-dimensional and/or sheet-like structure and are especially configured as a sheet-like, preferably textile, structure.
  • the carrier structure of the first filter element and/or the carrier structure of the second filter element should be configured as a sheet-like textile structure, preferably an air-permeable textile material, preferably a woven fabric, drawn-loop knit, formed-loop knit, lay-up or textile composite, in particular nonwoven.
  • the carrier structure of the first filter element and/or the carrier structure of the second filter element independently from each other, should have a weight per unit area in the range of from 5 g/m to 1,000 g/m 2 , especially 10 g/m 2 to 500 g/m 2 , preferably 15 g/m 2 to 450 g/m 2 .
  • the carrier structure of the first filter element and/or the carrier structure of the second filter element should be sheet-like textile structures containing natural fibers and/or synthetic fibers (chemical fibers) or consisting thereof, in particular wherein the natural fibers are selected from the group consisting of wool fibers and cotton fibers (CO) and/or in particular wherein the synthetic fibers are selected from the group consisting of polyesters (PES); polyolefins, in particular polyethylene (PE) and/or polypropylene (PP); polyvinyl chlorides (CLF); polyvinylidene chlorides (CLF); acetates (CA); triacetates (CTA); polyacrylonitrile (PAN); polyamides (PA), in particular aromatic, preferably flame-resistant polyamides; polyvinyl alcohols (PVAL); polyurethanes; polyvinyl esters; (meth)acrylates; polylactic acids (PLA); activated carbon; and mixtures thereof.
  • PES polyesters
  • PES polyolefins, in particular polyethylene
  • first adsorbent material and/or the second adsorbent material may be fixed to the respective support material of the first filter element and/or the second filter element, preferably by means of adhesive bonding, in particular by means of an adhesive or as a result of intrinsic stickiness or self-adhesion.
  • the first filter element has a height (hi), based on the size in parallel to the direction of flow (R) in particular of the fluid to be purified, in the range of from 1 mm to 100 mm, especially in the range of from 2 mm to 75 mm, preferably in the range of from 3 mm to 50 mm, more preferably in the range of from 4 mm to 40 mm, yet more preferably in the range of from 5 mm to 30 mm.
  • the first filter element should have a weight per unit area in the range of from 10 g/m 2 to 1,500 g/m 2 , especially in the range of from 20 g/m 2 to 500 g/m 2 , preferably in the range of from 30 g/m 2 to 400 g/m 2 , more preferably in the range of from 40 g/m 2 to 300 g/m 2 .
  • the second filter element of the adsorptive filter unit according to the claimed invention should have a height (h2), based on the size in parallel to the direction of flow (R) in particular of the fluid to be purified, in the use state of the adsorptive filter unit, in the range of from 0,05 mm to 50 mm, especially in the range of from 0,1 mm to 30 mm, preferably in the range of from 0,15 mm to 10 mm, more preferably in the range of from 0,2 mm to 5 mm, yet more preferably in the range of from 0,4 mm to 4 mm, even more preferably in the range of from 0,5 mm to 3 mm.
  • the second filter element should have weight per unit area in the range of from 5 g/m to 1 ,000 g/m , especially in the range of from 5 g/m 2 to 400 g/m 2 , preferably in the range of from 10 g/m 2 to 300 g/m 2 , more preferably in the range of from 15 g/m 2 to 200 g/m 2 .
  • the ratio of the height (hi) of the first filter element to the height (h2) of the second filter element [ratio hi : h2], each based on the size in parallel to the direction of flow (R), should be in the range of from 1 : 1 to 25 : 1 , especially in the range of from 1.5 to 1 to 15 : 1, preferably in the range of from 2 : 1 to 12 : 1, more preferably in the range of from 3 : 1 to 10 : 1.
  • the filter elements may be stapled on each other and/or within the inventive filter unit.
  • the respective filter elements may be affixed to each other preferably using a discontinuously applied adhesive.
  • the filter unit may consist of the first filter element and the second filter element.
  • the second filter element is to comprise a second adsorbent material which is different from the first adsorbent material comprised by the first filter element.
  • the first adsorbent material comprised by the first filter element, on the one hand, and the second adsorbent material comprised by the second filter element, on the other hand have to be selected with the proviso that they differ from each other, especially that they differ by at least one property and/or parameter.
  • the first adsorbent material comprised by the first filter element is selected among zeolites
  • the second adsorbent material comprised by the second filter element should be selected by another material than zeolites or by different zeolites (i.e.
  • the first adsorbent material and the second adsorbent material should be selected by different species (i.e. if e.g. the first adsorbent material comprised by the first filter element is selected among zeolites, the second adsorbent material comprised by the second filter element should be selected by another material than zeolites and vice versa).
  • Fig. 1 represents a schematic representation of an adsorptive filter unit according to the invention.
  • Fig. 2 depicts breakthrough diagrams of comparative filter units each on the basis of a single filter element only (Fig. 2A and Fig. 2B) in comparison to the breakthrough properties of an inventive adsorptive filter unit having a first filter element and a second filter element as defined according to the present invention (Fig. 1C).
  • Fig. 1 illustrates an adsorptive filter unit (i.e. filter structure or filter media, respectively) (FU), especially for the purification of gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air, and/or for the removal of chemical and/or biological substances or noxiants from gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air, in particular for use in or as a respiratory filter or gas-mask filter, wherein the filter unit (FU) comprises a plurality of, preferably at least two, filter elements (1, 2) which are different from each other, wherein the filter unit (FU) comprises at least a first filter element (1) comprising a first adsorbent material (3) selected from granular, preferably spherical, activated carbon particles, which first adsorbent material (3) is provided, especially impregnated, with at least one reactive and/or catalytically active component based on a metal or a metal compound selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, cadmium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, zinc, mercury, titanium,
  • Fig. 1 further shows that the first filter element as well as the second filter element may comprise respective carrier structures (4, 5) for the first adsorbent material (3) and the second adsorbent material (3'), respectively.
  • Fig. 1 also points to the arrangement of the filter elements, wherein the second filter element is arranged downstream of the first filter element with respect to the direction of flow (R) of the fluid to be purified.
  • FIG. 2 shows the breakthrough performance of the inventive filter unit on the basis of two filter elements, the latter being different from each other (Fig. 2C) in comparison with two single filter elements on the basis of activated carbon comprising an ASZM-TEDA impregnation (Fig. 2A) and of a specific MOF (Fig. 2B).
  • inventive filter unit a significant improvement of the breakthrough properties is found, with the overall effect being beyond the sum of the individual effects, pointing to synergy.
  • the present invention further provides - in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention - a process for the purification of gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air, and/or for the removal of chemical and/or biological substances or noxiants from gases and/or gas mixtures, preferably air, wherein the process comprises a process step of contacting a gas and/or gas mixture, preferably air, to be purified and/or to be cleaned from chemical and/or biological substances or noxiants with an adsorptive filter unit as defined above.
  • the inventive process can thus be performed by bringing the inventive adsorptive filter unit in contact with the gas, gas mixture and/or air to be purified, wherein the respective fluid is passed through the inventive adsorptive filter unit, e.g. due to the application of a pressure difference over the inventive filter unit.
  • the inventive process may be performed under specific relative humidities especially of the fluid, in particular gas, gas mixture and/or air, to be purified.
  • the present invention further provides - in accordance with a third aspect of the present invention - the use of an adsorptive filter unit as described according to the first aspect of the present invention for producing filters and filter materials of all types, in particular for the removal of pollutants, odorous substances and poisons of all types, in particular from streams of air and/or gas, for example NBC protective mask filters, odor filters, sheet-like filters, air filters, in particular filters for purification of air in a room, adsorptive support structures and filters for the medical sector.
  • an adsorptive filter unit as described according to the first aspect of the present invention for producing filters and filter materials of all types, in particular for the removal of pollutants, odorous substances and poisons of all types, in particular from streams of air and/or gas, for example NBC protective mask filters, odor filters, sheet-like filters, air filters, in particular filters for purification of air in a room, adsorptive support structures and filters for the medical sector.
  • the present invention also provides - in accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention - a filter or filter material, in particular for the removal of pollutants, odorous substances and poisons of all types, in particular from streams of air and/or gas, for example NBC protective mask filters, odor filters, sheet-like filters, air filters, in particular filters for purification of air in a room, adsorptive support structures and filters for the medical sector, produced using an adsorptive filter unit as claimed in any of the preceding claims and/or comprising an adsorptive filter unit as described with the first aspect of the present invention.
  • a filter or filter material in particular for the removal of pollutants, odorous substances and poisons of all types, in particular from streams of air and/or gas
  • NBC protective mask filters for example NBC protective mask filters, odor filters, sheet-like filters, air filters, in particular filters for purification of air in a room, adsorptive support structures and filters for the medical sector, produced using an adsorptive filter unit as claimed in any of the preceding claims and
  • the filter units as such exhibit only one filter element each, wherein the filter element of the respective filter units la and lb comprises a specific adsorbent material on the basis of activated carbon provided with an ASZM-TEDA impregnation.
  • the adsorbent is present in the form of a loose fill and/or bulk, respectively.
  • the activated carbon is filled into the lumen of an appropriate cartridge having an inlet and an outlet opening allowing for the flow of air through the bulk material.
  • filter unit lb the adsorbent material is fixed onto a three-dimensional air-permeable carrier structure in the form of an open-pored polyurethane foam via an adhesive.
  • Filter units la and lb exhibit essentially the same height referring to the direction of flow through the filter unit in its use state.
  • the height of filter units la and lb is about 10 mm each and about ten times the height of each filter units 2a to 2b as described hereinafter.
  • comparative filter units 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d are provided.
  • the respective filter units each comprise one filter element only.
  • the adsorbent material is affixed onto a three-dimensional air-permeable carrier structure in the form of a textile sheet material by using an adhesive, wherein the side of the adsorbent material opposite to the carrier structure is also covered with a respective sheetlike textile material (cf. Fig. 1).
  • an activated carbon comprising an acidic impregnation on the basis of sulfuric acid salts is used, wherein according to filter unit 2b a particulate MOF on the basis of Cu 3 (BTC) 2 is used.
  • filter unit 2c an ion-exchange resin in particulate form is used, especially a cationic ion-exchange resin comprising sulfonic acid groups.
  • filter unit 2d a particulate zeolite is used. Filter units 2a to 2d all exhibit the same height, i.e. about 1 mm each. Table 1 specifies the abovementioned filter units la, lb as well as 2a to 2d:
  • an adsorptive filter unit 3a is made which consists of two filter elements as described with respect to filter unit lb, i.e. comparative filter unit 3a consists of two identical filter elements on the basis of an ASZM- TEDA impregnated active carbon affixed onto a three-dimensional carrier. The respective filter elements are stapled onto each other and affixed to each other via a discontinuously applied adhesive.
  • Table 2 specifies the abovementioned filter unit 3a:
  • ASZM-TEDA loose fill
  • ASZM-TEDA carrier
  • Inventive adsorptive filter units on the basis of a combination of two different filter elements:
  • adsorptive filter units 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d are provided.
  • an inventive filter unit is produced, which consists of two filter elements, wherein the first filter element is for all adsorptive filter elements 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d as described with respect to filter unit lb, i.e. all adsorptive filter units 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d each comprise a first filter element on the basis of an ASZM-TEDA impregnated activated carbon with an open-pored polyurethane foam as the carrier structure of the activated carbon.
  • the second filter element of inventive filter unit 4a corresponds to filter unit 2a, i.e.
  • the second filter element of 4a comprises an activated carbon having an acidic impregnation on the basis of sulfuric acid salts affixed on a respective carrier structure.
  • inventive filter units 4b to 4d correspond to filter unit 4a with the proviso that according to filter unit 4b a second filter element on the basis of a specific MOF as defined in filter unit 2b is used, and that according to filter unit 4c a second filter element on the basis of a cationic ion-exchange resin as defined in filter unit 2c is used, and, finally, that according to filter unit 4d a second filter element on the basis of zeolite as defined in filter unit 2d is used.
  • Table 3 specifies the aforementioned filter units 4a to 4d:
  • the breakthrough of NH 3 is determined on the basis of the cumulative breakthrough value (CT), wherein also the breakthrough time (BT t ) is determined for a breakthrough value of 25 ppm NH 3 .
  • CT cumulative breakthrough value
  • BT t breakthrough time
  • high values of BT t correspond to a high performance of the tested filter units since it refers to the time period from the beginning of the test to the breakthrough of a defined concentration of the substance to be adsorbed (i.e. the higher the BT t -values the higher the filtering performance).
  • CT-values may increase since over the whole time period until breakthrough (i.e. until passing the breakthrough threshold concentration at the filter output) very small residual amounts of the substance to be adsorbed (i.e. less than the threshold value for the determination of the breakthrough time) may pass through the filter unit and cumulate over the time period until BT t .
  • filter units with high performance exhibit a balanced behavior of high BT t -values and moderate or acceptable CT- values.
  • Table 4 shows the results obtained in this regard for comparative Examples la and lb, 2a to 2d, 3a and for inventive Examples 4a to 4d:
  • test results show that the adsorption performance of the inventive filter units is significantly improved, resulting in increased breakthrough times as well as improved cumulative breakthrough values.
  • the above test series demonstrates that the protective performance of the inventive filter units on the basis of two filter elements differing from each other and being specifically arranged to each other with regard to the flow direction of air surprisingly complement each other synergistically, i.e. beyond the sum of the individual effects.
  • a further test series is performed, on the one hand, on the basis of filter unit 4b, wherein the respective filter elements of filter unit 4b are now arranged insofar as the second filter element is positioned upstream of the first filter and, on the other hand, on the basis of a further filter unit 5a, comprising a filter element according to filter unit lb and two filter elements according to filter unit 2b, wherein the latter elements are positioned downstream to the first filter element.
  • Table 5 depicts the respective results:
  • test results point to the importance of the specific arrangement of the filter elements with respect to the flow direction of air through the filter unit (cf. results of filter unit 4b in Table 1). Furthermore, the addition of a further second filter element as performed in filter unit 5a does only lead to minor changes in adsorption properties (cf. results of filter unit 4b in Table 1).
  • test results point to the influence of the humidity of the air to be purified, wherein a higher humidity results in a further improvement of the adsorption performance of the inventive filter unit.
  • comparative adsorptive filter units 6a and 6b as well as 7a on the one hand, and inventive adsorptive filter units 6a 1 , 6b' as well as 7a' are provided.
  • the comparative filter units 6a, 6b as well as 7a exhibit only a single filter element on the basis of a filter element having a height of about 10 mm as defined in the following Table 7.
  • Filter units 6a 1 , 6b' as well as 7a' correspond to filter units 6a, 6b as well as 7a' with the proviso that an additional (i.e.
  • second filter element on the basis of a high density MOF- medium (Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ) with a height of about 1.8 mm as defined in the be- low Table 7 is arranged downstream to the first filter element.
  • a high density MOF- medium Cu 3 (BTC) 2
  • Table 7 is arranged downstream to the first filter element.
  • the breakthrough time (BT t ) of NH 3 is determined for a breakthrough value of 35 mg/m 3 NH 3 .
  • Table 7 depicts the results for a relative humidity of 70 % RH:
  • Table 8 depicts the results for a relative humidity of 15 % RH:
  • test series shows that the protective performance of the inventive filter units on the basis of two filter elements differing from each other and being specifically arranged to each other surprisingly complement each other synergistically, i.e. beyond the sum of the individual effects.
  • the test results also show the influence of the humidity of the air to be purified, wherein a higher humidity results in a further improvement of the adsorption performance of the inventive filter unit.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Separation Of Gases By Adsorption (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne une unité de filtre adsorbante (c'est-à-dire une structure de filtre ou milieux filtrants, respectivement), qui est en particulier conçue pour la purification de gaz et/ou de mélanges gazeux, de préférence de l'air, et/ou pour l'élimination de substances chimiques et/ou biologiques ou nocives de gaz et/ou de mélanges gazeux, de préférence de l'air. L'unité de filtre adsorbante selon l'invention est en particulier destinée à être utilisée dans ou en tant que filtre respiratoire ou filtre de masque à gaz.
PCT/EP2012/002454 2012-04-25 2012-06-11 Matériau filtrant et son utilisation WO2013159797A1 (fr)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016000770B3 (de) * 2016-01-26 2017-02-23 Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, vertreten durch das Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr Maskenfilter-Set
CN108187749A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-06-22 潍坊学院 一种多功能电解水用海绵体催化剂的制备方法
CN109513309A (zh) * 2018-11-06 2019-03-26 吴国秋 一种室内空气净化方法
CN110161181A (zh) * 2018-02-13 2019-08-23 中国石油化工股份有限公司 混合气体的组分浓度识别方法及系统
CN111545171A (zh) * 2020-04-16 2020-08-18 南昌航空大学 一种耐酸性的选择性吸附六价铬的Zr-MOF材料的制备方法
WO2021003104A1 (fr) * 2019-06-29 2021-01-07 Aqua Guidance Technologies, Ltd. Procédé de formation de milieux filtrants poreux
CN113279143A (zh) * 2020-09-21 2021-08-20 吴超林 一种可降解的阻燃植物纤维无纺布
JP2021137242A (ja) * 2020-03-04 2021-09-16 平岡織染株式会社 帯電防止性消臭シート状物及びその製造方法
US11648528B2 (en) 2015-01-09 2023-05-16 Calgon Carbon Corporation Carbon sorbents for the removal of nitrogen oxides and methods for making the same
US11779874B2 (en) 2017-04-18 2023-10-10 University Of Bath Air filters

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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11648528B2 (en) 2015-01-09 2023-05-16 Calgon Carbon Corporation Carbon sorbents for the removal of nitrogen oxides and methods for making the same
DE102016000770B3 (de) * 2016-01-26 2017-02-23 Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, vertreten durch das Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr Maskenfilter-Set
US11779874B2 (en) 2017-04-18 2023-10-10 University Of Bath Air filters
CN108187749A (zh) * 2017-12-29 2018-06-22 潍坊学院 一种多功能电解水用海绵体催化剂的制备方法
CN110161181A (zh) * 2018-02-13 2019-08-23 中国石油化工股份有限公司 混合气体的组分浓度识别方法及系统
CN110161181B (zh) * 2018-02-13 2022-03-04 中国石油化工股份有限公司 混合气体的组分浓度识别方法及系统
CN109513309A (zh) * 2018-11-06 2019-03-26 吴国秋 一种室内空气净化方法
CN109513309B (zh) * 2018-11-06 2021-09-24 广东省洁境医学研究院 一种室内空气净化方法
CN114173883A (zh) * 2019-06-29 2022-03-11 阿奎盖德斯技术有限公司 多孔过滤介质的形成工艺
WO2021003104A1 (fr) * 2019-06-29 2021-01-07 Aqua Guidance Technologies, Ltd. Procédé de formation de milieux filtrants poreux
WO2021003105A1 (fr) * 2019-06-29 2021-01-07 Aqua Guidance Technologies, Ltd. Milieu filtrant poreux
JP2021137242A (ja) * 2020-03-04 2021-09-16 平岡織染株式会社 帯電防止性消臭シート状物及びその製造方法
JP7348654B2 (ja) 2020-03-04 2023-09-21 平岡織染株式会社 帯電防止性消臭シート状物及びその製造方法
CN111545171A (zh) * 2020-04-16 2020-08-18 南昌航空大学 一种耐酸性的选择性吸附六价铬的Zr-MOF材料的制备方法
CN113279143A (zh) * 2020-09-21 2021-08-20 吴超林 一种可降解的阻燃植物纤维无纺布
CN113279143B (zh) * 2020-09-21 2023-06-27 保定高新区生物基新材料有限公司 一种可降解的阻燃植物纤维无纺布

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