Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
  • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
  • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
  • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
  • A61N1/38—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for producing shock effects
  • A61N1/39—Heart defibrillators
  • A61N1/3993—User interfaces for automatic external defibrillators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H31/00—Artificial respiration by a force applied to the chest; Heart stimulation, e.g. heart massage
  • A61H31/004—Heart stimulation
  • A61H31/005—Heart stimulation with feedback for the user
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H31/00—Artificial respiration by a force applied to the chest; Heart stimulation, e.g. heart massage
  • A61H31/004—Heart stimulation
  • A61H31/007—Manual driven
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
  • A61H2201/01—Constructive details
  • A61H2201/0173—Means for preventing injuries
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  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
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  • A61H2201/5007—Control means thereof computer controlled
  • A61H2201/501—Control means thereof computer controlled connected to external computer devices or networks
  • A61H2201/5015—Control means thereof computer controlled connected to external computer devices or networks using specific interfaces or standards, e.g. USB, serial, parallel
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
  • A61H2201/50—Control means thereof
  • A61H2201/5023—Interfaces to the user
  • A61H2201/5043—Displays
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
  • A61H2201/50—Control means thereof
  • A61H2201/5058—Sensors or detectors
  • A61H2201/5061—Force sensors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2201/00—Characteristics of apparatus not provided for in the preceding codes
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  • A61H2201/5097—Control means thereof wireless
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
  • A61H2230/00—Measuring physical parameters of the user
  • A61H2230/04—Heartbeat characteristics, e.g. E.G.C., blood pressure modulation

Definitions

• the present invention relates to improved methods and apparatus to assist users in administering cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on cardiac arrest victims.
• CPR cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
• this invention relates to improved prompting systems for AEDs (Automated External Defibrillators), medical resuscitation devices, and associated methods that utilize sensor data regarding CPR performance to provide timely, accurate, and clear corrective instructions to individuals engaged in cardiac resuscitation.
• AEDs are well-known and widely used today to aid in both defibrillation and CPR.
• AEDs were developed decades ago to provide emergency therapy options during rescue situations for patients under cardiac arrest conditions. AEDs have become prevalent in public locales such as offices, shopping centers, stadiums, and other areas of high pedestrian traffic. AEDs empower citizens to provide medical help during cardiac emergencies in public places where such help was previously unavailable in the crucial early stages of a cardiac event.
• the embodiments of the present invention overcome the problems of the prior art by providing a method and device for corrective prompting during CPR using Information-Theoretic criterion in which data from various sensors is processed during CPR for generating corrective prompts and a flexible and adaptive user interface is provided to controlling prompting.
• Embodiments of the present invention include an analysis of CPR compression history such that consistent and effective corrective prompts can be administered. Further, such embodiments recognize critical errors in compression that need immediate correction from mere minor errors and differentiation. A more advanced user interface and a plurality of CPR prompting choices are disclosed as well.
• One embodiment is directed to an AED having a corrective CPR prompting system.
• the AED includes a sensor that obtains compression measurement data of CPR chest compressions.
• the AED further includes a control system including a microprocessor programmed to automatically run a non-parametric, Information-Theoretic analysis of the compression measurement data and store results in a memory assessment within the control system.
• the analysis includes ranking compression measurement data, determining a prompt time, creating a histogram of depth and rate measurements at the prompt time that divides intervals of the histogram into a plurality of sections, weighting the compression measurement data based on a plurality of factors, deriving information content of the compression measurement data by mapping a probability density function into an information content function, determining if a particular corrective prompt is necessary, and using a prompting device in the AED that provides corrective CPR instructions if corrective prompts are determined to be necessary.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to an AED having a corrective CPR prompting system.
• the AED includes a plurality of sensors, a control system, a prompting module and an adaptive user interface.
• the plurality of sensors obtain compression measurement data of CPR chest compressions and ECG data.
• the control system has a means for analyzing a history of the compression measurement data using a non-parametric Information-Theoretic criterion of the compression measurement data and determining if corrective prompts are necessary.
• the prompting module provides corrective CPR instructions if corrective prompts are determined to be necessary by the control system.
• a method for corrective CPR prompting with an AED using Information-Theoretic criterion includes receiving or sensing compression measurement data regarding chest compressions performed on a cardiac arrest victim using one or more sensors coupled with the AED.
• the method also includes ranking compression measurement data as it is received by the AED, determining a prompt time using a control system of the AED including a microprocessor, creating a histogram of depth and rate measurements at the prompt time with the control system, weighting data based on a plurality of factors with the control system, comparing the distribution of depth parameter data with an expected and acceptable distribution using the AED, and issuing corrective prompts for compressions of improper depth or improper speed.
• the method for providing prompts or instructions operates without need to perform a therapy. It is particularly possible to provide the instructions in training scenarios without an actual arrest victim.
• the method can be used for fully automated CPR, i. e. CPR done by an automated CPR device without involving participation of a doctor or the like.
• prompting is to be understood as giving instructions to the automated CPR device.
• the following description may refer to providing prompts to a first rescuer only for ease of explanation. Such reference shall nevertheless include a disclosure of providing instructions to a CPR device operating autonomously.
• the invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
• FIG. 1A illustrates generally an example of a cardiac arrest victim being treated with
• FIG. IB illustrates an example of a CPR assist device for an AED, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 1C illustrates an example of a CPR assist device for an AED being used on a cardiac arrest victim, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 2 illustrates generally an example of a schematic drawing of the hardware of an
• AED according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart setting forth a general diagram of a CPR prompting system, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 4 illustrates generally a flow diagram of a corrective prompting system for chest compressions according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 5A-C illustrate generally samples of potential histogram variations for lower depth thresholds and higher depth thresholds, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIGS. 6A-C illustrates generally Information Content I(X) mapped from the corresponding probability density functions in FIGS 5A-C, according to embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 7 illustrates generally a flowchart of a generalized embodiment of the analysis and decision-making steps of the CPR feedback system, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 8 illustrates generally a flowchart of a measurement and prompt system for corrective prompting, according to an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 9A-C illustrate generally examples of CPR compression cycle waveforms from a sensor, according to embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 1 A depicts a cardiac arrest victim who is undergoing a resuscitation attempt and is being treated with CPR.
• the rescuer 10 is shown in position for rapidly providing chest compressions to the patient 20.
• the American Heart Association (AHA) has recommended that all rescuers, regardless of training, should provide chest compressions to all cardiac arrest victims, and that chest compressions should be the initial CPR action for all victims regardless of age.
• AHA American Heart Association
• CPR typically improves a victim's chance of survival by providing critical blood circulation in the heart and brain.
• the AED 100 is shown coupled to a pair of electrodes 104 and 106 located on the patient's chest.
• a further centrally located CPR assist device 108 (sometimes referred to as a "CPR puck") could be used with an AED in a resuscitation attempt as well.
• the AED 100 is equipped with a central compartment having a hinged lid 112 that may house the electrode pads 104 and 106 and CPR assist device 108 when the AED 100 is not in use.
• the lid 112 is shown in an open configuration in Fig. 1A and accordingly, is ready for use.
• opening this lid 112 activates the AED 100 and begins sending prompts to the user.
• Prompts may include voice prompts from speaker 114 and visual prompts from the display 116.
• Other embodiments may use other approaches for actuating the AED, such as buttons or voice recognition and prompts.
• Various sensors may be used to make measurements with respect to CPR performance as part of the AED. These sensors may be incorporated into a CPR assist device 108 or be implemented as part of the some other CPR device or sensor. Examples of sensors that could be used include pressure sensors, force sensors, accelerometers, piezoelectric sensors, ultrasonic sensors, optical sensors, and others.
• Figs. IB and 1C depict examples of CPR assist devices 108 that can be used by a rescuer 10 on a cardiac arrest victim 20. Sensors may be implemented as part of the cardiac assist device 108 as part of an attachment to the AED as part of a separate device that communicates with the AED or as part of the AED itself.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a general block diagram of the components of an AED 200 implementing the improved CPR prompting system disclosed according to one embodiment of the invention.
• a digital microprocessor-based control system 202 is used for controlling the overall operation of AED 200.
• the electrical control system 202 further includes an impedance measuring circuit for testing the interconnection and operability of electrodes 204 and 206.
• Control system 202 includes a processor 208 interfaced to program memory 210, data memory 212, event memory 214 and real time clock 216.
• the operating program executed by processor 208 is stored in program memory 210. Electrical power is provided by the battery 218 and is connected to power generation circuit 220.
• Power generation circuit 220 is also connected to power control unit 222, lid switch 224, watch dog timer 226, real time clock 216 and processor 208.
• a data communication port 228 is coupled to processor 208 for data transfer. In certain embodiments, the data transfer may be performed utilizing a serial port, USB port, Firewire, wireless such as 802.1 IX or 3G, radio and the like.
• Rescue switch 230, maintenance indicator 232, diagnostic display panel 234, the voice circuit 236 and audible alarm 238 are also connected to processor 208.
• Voice circuit 236 is connected to speaker 240.
• rescue light switch 242 and a visual display 244 is connected to the processor 208 to provide additional operation information.
• the AED will have a processor 208 and a co-processor
• the co-processor 246 may be the CPR prompting algorithm implemented in hardware and operably connected to the processor over a high-speed data bus.
• the processor 208 and co-processor 246 are on the same silicon and may be implemented in a multi-core processor. Alternatively, the processor 208 and co-processor may be implemented as part of a multi-processor or even networked processor arrangement. In these embodiments, the processor 208 offloads some of the calculations to the co-processor thus optimizing the processing of the sensed signals from the electrodes 204 and 206. In other embodiments, the processor 208 is optimized with specific instructions or optimizations to execute calculations. Thus, processor 208 may execute calculations in fewer clock cycles and while commanding fewer hardware resources.
• the logic and algorithm of the control system 202 may be implemented in logic, either hardware in the form of an ASIC or a combination in the form of an FPGA, or the like.
• High voltage generation circuit 248 is also connected to and controlled by processor 208.
• High voltage generation circuit 248 may contain semiconductor switches (not shown) and a plurality of capacitors (not shown).
• connectors 250, 252 link the high voltage generation circuit 248 to electrodes 204 and 206.
• the high voltage circuit here is battery powered and is of high power.
• Impedance measuring circuit 254 is connected to both connector 250 and real time clock 216. Impedance measuring circuit 254 is interfaced to real time clock through analog-to -digital (A/D) converter 256. Another impedance measuring circuit 258 may be connected to connector 250 and real time clock 216 and interfaced to processor 208 through analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 256.
• a CPR device 260 may optionally be connected to the processor 208 and real time clock 216 through connector 252 and A/D converter 256.
• the CPR device 260 may be a chest compression detection device or a manual, automatic, or semi-automatic mechanical chest compression device. In some embodiments the CPR device will correspond to a CPR puck like the CPR assist device 108 previously mentioned.
• AEDs with prompting capabilities as well as CPR assist devices have been known for some time, however, applicants have recognized a number of deficiencies in prompting devices of the past. For example, some past systems have difficultly supporting multiple filters and decision making systems when applied to real-time signals and can be computationally expensive to support. Moreover, many past systems cannot reliably detect and appropriately respond to fast-changing situations. It should be noted that, to remain effective, prompts must be chosen strategically and be directed to critical aspects of the response. Further, prompts must be timely and be associated with recognizable actions by the rescuer. Moreover, prompts should be varied and identifiable despite potential confusion of the rescuer. Prompts should also be terse and timed to provide quiet times to respond to the prompt and avoid overwhelming the rescuer.
• FIG. 3 sets forth a generic overview of applicant's CPR prompting system 300.
• a first aspect of the system involves acquiring or receiving signals from physical sensors at 310. Signals from one or more physical sensors may be used singly or in combination to improve CPR prompting: the accuracy of rate and depth measurements, and the latency of those measurements. For example, providing a measurement of the force applied to a CPR puck (or other cardiac assist device), the acceleration of the puck, or the physical response of the patient, allows improved accuracy in the location of the puck to be provided as well as an improved estimation of the effect of the CPR on the patient.
• the data is modeled at 320 for estimating the position of the rescuer conducting CPR, or other relevant rescue information.
• Modeling of the physical system may be done in various ways to better estimate the displacement and the position of the puck in time. Providing a model improves the accuracy of the measurement and allows the current actions of the rescuer to be better understood. The current actions and the immediacy that those actions are recognized provide the basis for providing useful prompts.
• measurements are derived at 330 from the model by identifying the critical points in the performance of CPR, and updating the estimate of displacement and of rate at those critical times. Understanding sources of error related to these parameters allows corrections to be made. Further parameters may be derived from the model to improve other aspects of CPR.
• Absolute position or force may be used to prompt for full release of the compression in some embodiments.
• the compression, the pumping interval and the release, and the refill interval should be maintained at the same approximate time.
• CPR performance may be improved by prompting for these parameters as well.
• Parameters are then pre-programmed into the system as well as thresholds 340 for a comparison at 350. Alarms are produced upon recognition that the parameters being monitored do not match the ideal. Note that any human performance of a task carries certain variability, which may violate an arbitrary tolerance around the ideal by various amounts and for various intervals. The same applies to a fully automated CPR device.
• Hysteresis in amplitude, and in time may be employed by the system to produce stable, well defined alarm states, in which both the degree of impact and the useful minimum alarm time can be recognized and specified. Behavior is tracked, as specified at 360, and prompts or instructions are generated to obtain corrections to technique in response to the alarms. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention relate to a system that can interpret these alarm conditions in a system incorporated with an AED or monitoring device.
• a simple instantaneous value of rate or depth generally holds little importance as these values are changing continuously. Frequent pauses and time gaps for ventilation complicate prompt system behavior.
• Embodiments of the present invention provide means to analyze the history of compressions and arrive at consistent, effective corrective prompts, while taking into account certain critical errors in compression that need immediate correction. The trend in the performance history, the variability and change in variability, and the relative importance of different errors are taken into consideration, as well as the past response to prompted corrections.
• the Prompt Engine is the algorithm providing timely and effective corrective prompts or instructions, whenever the first responder or the automated CPR device fails to deliver appropriate compressions measured in terms of rate and depth. Rate is measured in compressions per minute and depth is measured in inches. Also, situations where the first responder does not deploy the CPR sensor correctly or if the sensor readings are within an error zone, special prompts can be issued to enable the first responder or the CPR device to provide proper CPR compressions.
• a related general flow diagram of a method for a corrective prompting system 400 for producing proper chest compressions can be seen in Fig. 4.
• the first step 410 is to perform and monitor CPR chest compressions on a cardiac arrest victim.
• sensors from the AED or CPR monitoring device acquire compression measurement data (i.e. depth, time, waveform state).
• Computation and analysis of data is conducted at 430 according to Applicant's system to determine if the compressions are effective. This data is computed with relevant timing information related to the data.
• decision rules are applied at 440 to determine if a correction to the current CPR being performed is necessary.
• a corrective prompt/instrucion decision is issued audibly and/or visually if deemed appropriate at 450.
• Parametric statistics are defined with respect to representation of events within the context of normal distribution and are entirely defined in terms of means and variances. Parametric statistics is a branch of statistics that assumes that data have come from a type of probability distribution and makes inferences about the parameters of the distribution. In general, most well-known elementary statistical methods are parametric.
• Non-parametric techniques in statistics do not rely on data belonging to any particular distribution. In other words, they are distribution free methods. Statistics based on the ranks of observations play a major role in non-parametric approaches.
• the measurement section is designed to provide M depth measurements and interval measurements in each cycle and in N cycles of compressions, N*M measurements are available. Ranking the values of depth and interval measurements help in creating a histogram of depth and compression rate profile.
• embodiments of the invention generally are directed to non-parametric measures for time series analysis. Actual values of the compression depths and rates are not taken for decision making in this invention.
• An initial expected histogram of the last 4*N measurements from N cycles is generated based on Medical director choice(s) or as per pre-selected American Heart Association (AHA) configurations.
• Factors influencing a particular expected histogram/probabilistic pattern for depth variations include: (a) Choices of Lower and Higher Thresholds for depth of compression; (b) Proximity of a particular compression cycle to the prompt decision time; (c) Tolerances recommended by emergency care physicians or medical directors; (d) Differential machine performance and errors at lower and higher thresholds; and (e) Patient size and obesity as seen from range of compression depths measured in initial few compressions.
• FIGs. 5A, 5B, and 5C A few samples of possible histogram variations for particular values of Lower Depth Threshold (D L ) 502 and Higher Depth Threshold (D H ) 504 are shown in Figs. 5A, 5B, and 5C.
• a hard threshold is provided for lower and upper limits in the histogram.
• a tolerance is introduced by additional D L i and Devalues, respectively 506 and 508, and is symmetrical and the same on both upper and lower limits.
• Fig. 5C a nonsymmetrical tolerance is introduced and is different on upper and lower limits.
• a histogram represents the probability distribution of a set of values or a time series of values as in the present case.
• bins are adjustable as shown in Figs. 5A, 5B, and 5C.
• Amplitudes of histogram are proportional and the total area under the histogram is equal to 1. In other words, if all the measurements are within prescribed limits, area outside is zero. As the measurements happen outside the prescribed limits, area inside the limits decreases and areas outside increase.
• Information Theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering involving the quantification of information. Such quantification is useful in classification of information and in present invention being used in prompt systems to classify if the chest compression related information indicates a need for a corrective prompt.
• Information content or entropy, H, of a discrete random variable X is a measure of the amount of uncertainty associated with the value of X.
• information content I(X) is just considered a function of p(x).
• this function can be a mapping dictated by choice of lower and higher depth or rate thresholds, weighting based on proximity in time, severity of correction needed and possible errors in measurement.
• Figs. 6A, 6B, and 6C indicate the Information Content mapped from the corresponding probability density functions (or) histogram shown in Figs. 5A, 5B, and 5C.
• Any decision making and feedback involving CPR feedback systems involve mainly a collection of a last few samples of depth and rate and utilize a weighted average or auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) of the last few samples of depth and rate.
• ARMA auto-regressive moving average
• Such approaches suffer from a number of disadvantages, including: the delayed alarm or prompt reaction times due to weighted averaging scheme; the prompt system is completely bound by the ARMA model and cannot react appropriately to huge variations beyond the normal range; one or two outliers can dictate the prompting system behavior; and the assumption of normal distribution of rates and depths may not always be true.
• decision making systems have been found to be better with non- parametric and information-theoretic approaches.
• Non-parametric and Information- Theoretic approaches become even more useful, when considering low frequency of computations happening in CPR feedback systems. As prompts happen only once at N seconds, there is no need to compute non-parametric statistics more frequently. Even when the need for corrective prompts is very low, the alarm conditions are computed only twice per second.
• Fig. 7 depicts a generalized disclosure of an embodiment of a method of operation of an Information-Theoretic approach to corrective prompting recommendations.
• the operational method 700 discloses first sensing compression measurement data at 710. Specifically, a measurement system measures and sends the depth or a parameter proportional to depth, time of measurement, and state of measurement in following format: (time(sec), time(sample count), depth, state ⁇ . Once the data is obtained, steps involving a control system including a microprocessor programmed to automatically run an analysis of the compression data and store the results in a memory assessment within the control system occur.
• the prompt system ranks the measurements as they arrive. Ranking of measurements may take on various forms depending upon the particular embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, measurements are ranked based upon the depth of compressions being administered. In some embodiments, depth is generally measured from the height of a generally flat position on a horizontally disposed patient's chest. Other embodiments rank the absolute values of the depth of compressions administered. Some embodiments rank how hard or forcefully compressions are administered and others provide ranking based on depth measurements for compressions administered as well as the time or location in the respiration cycle that compressions are administered.
• Embodiments may include ranking compression measurement data based on one or more of: compression depth; absolute value of compression depth; force of compressions; when in the respiration cycle compressions are administered; a statistical analysis of any one or more of these values relative to either a norm (e.g. standard deviation), or a predetermined value; or any combination of the foregoing ranking criteria or variations thereof.
• ranking may be in either ascending or descending order.
• prompt time, T N is determined by previous prompt time T p and intervals between prompts (T) and emergency of the correction needed.
• data is located in a histogram of depth and rate measurements at prompt time, T N that are applied to an initial expected histogram with limits based on medical director choice or guidelines of a medical association. Histogram intervals are divided into three sections: one between lower and upper limits for rate and depth measurements (from user-choice and AHA guidelines) (Section 1); a section below lower limit (Section 2); and a section above upper limit (Section 3).
• data observations falling in Sections 2 and 3 are further weighted by four factors: proximity in time (weights decreasing with time; nearer events having more weights); possible asymmetry in measurement errors; any tolerances specified by first-responder or medical supervisors (such as giving more priority to insufficient compression depth compared to more than sufficient compressions); and any outliers like pauses and huge measurements or user-related errors.
• proximity in time weights decreasing with time; nearer events having more weights
• possible asymmetry in measurement errors any tolerances specified by first-responder or medical supervisors (such as giving more priority to insufficient compression depth compared to more than sufficient compressions); and any outliers like pauses and huge measurements or user-related errors.
• the proportion of distribution of measurement samples in three sections computed in 750 is compared with expected and acceptable distribution.
• appropriate corrective prompts are issued.
• the system may instead first derive information content of the measurements in the decision window using the equation discussed above at 760a.
• probability density function is mapped into information content function using a table or similar techniques.
• information content may be used to decide the need for a particular corrective prompt.
• Fig. 8 provides an embodiment of a measurement system and prompt system 800.
• the measurement system and prompt system shown here may be in same system or two independent systems connected by communications channel.
• An AED can acquire a signal representative of CPR compressions and can directly or indirectly measure the depth and rates of compression.
• An AED also records a patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) signals after the placement of electrode pads.
• ECG electrocardiogram
• Fig. 8 A component representing the computation and prompt system 820 is shown in Fig. 8 as well.
• Figs. 9A-C A few typical variations of CPR compression cycle waveforms from a sensor (non- calibrated) are shown in Figs. 9A-C. The waveform shapes, amplitudes and signs are generally dependent on the nature of the recording sensors, patient body size and electromechanical characteristics, physics behind signal acquisition, any pre-processing involved and the nature of compressions or natural circulation happening at the point of time.
• Each one of the waveforms need to be calibrated and rates and depth (if possible) can be measured. Some of these waveforms are more indicative of blood flow and circulation than actual depth of compressions. However, all of them maintain information about the rate of chest compressions.
• Fig. 9A and 9B provide a number of examples of CPR compression cycle waveforms of non- calibrated measurements from a sensor.
• Fig. 9C provides a number of examples of CPR compression cycle waveforms representing the diversity of measurement waveform characteristics.
• the prompt system there are a number of inputs required in order for the prompt system to operate.
• a structure with the details [sample count; time(sec); depth; state] is passed on from measurement module to prompt engine.
• the original sensor input arrives at prompt engine at a pre-fixed sampling rate or whenever a new measurement of depth is made in a measurement cycle.
• "Depth" information can be instantaneous, continuous amplitudes at a particular sampling rate of Fs Hz or at discrete times only when measurements are made at states corresponding to complete push to bottom and at complete release to top.
• State can be one of the four states: PUSH, BOTTOM, RELEASE and TOP.
• a compression cycle can be defined as per the signal characteristics revealed by a particular depth sensor. Accordingly, various embodiments of the prompt system may send one of the following outputs for every sample: DO NOTHING; PROMPT PRESS; PROMPT PRESS HARDER;PROMPT PRESS SOFTER;PROMPT PRESS FASTER; PROMPT PRESS SLOWER.
• User options include: PROMPT BOTH (prompts for both depth and rate corrections); PROMPT DEPTH ONLY (prompts for depth only); and PROMPT RATE ONLY (prompts for rate only). User choices may include: PROMPT TIME; PRIORITY; and PATIENT ADAPTIVE vs. FIXED.
• Updates in depth ('adepth') happen at all four states mentioned above and are stored in a rolling buffer that can accommodate M previous compressions (4*M measurements). Updates in intervals and rates can happen in above states and stored in a rolling buffer that can accommodate M previous compression cycles (4*M measurements).
• each incoming measurement is located and weighted in histogram based on its value, upper and lower limits selected by system or medical director, proximity in time to decision point, possible errors in measurement, tolerances specified, and measurement being a outlier.
• a measurement inside valid limits of rate will have a weight of 1 and those outside the valid limits will have a weight that is a function of above factors.
• a measurement of rate falling between R L and R H will have a count of 1 in histogram computation and a measurement of rate just above R H will have a count of 1.1 and a measurement further away from R H will have a count of 1.2 and so on.
• the four corrective prompts that are assumed are as follows: ⁇ Press Harder, Press Softer, Press Faster, Press Slower ⁇ .
• Additional standard prompt can be ⁇ Press Harder and Release Fully ⁇ , in case of unknown mistakes detected in measurement process/algorithm or in the first responder/sensor interactions. Every N seconds, a corrective prompt is generated.
• Corrective rate prompts are given for rates outside [R L ,R H ] range.
• Corrective depth prompts are given for depths outside [D L , D H ] range. When no correction needed, no corrective prompts are given. Under no compression condition (Pauses) during CPR, default prompts are: Press Harder and Press Softer.
• a Fixed Time, Alternating Depth/Rate Correction System is provided. In this model time between prompts is fixed and the first prompt is towards depth correction and is followed by rate corrective prompt and this sequence is repeated until the end of a cycle of CPR compressions.
• T, 3T check for corrective prompt alarm conditions for depth with limits ⁇ D L ,D H >; if outside the limits, issue a corrective prompt alarm or flag.
• a Fixed Time, Depth Only Correction System is provided.
• This embodiment is a variation of the first embodiment, however, the frequency of depth prompt is increased by a factor of 2.
• T, 2T, 3T,.... check for corrective prompt alarm conditions for depth with limits ⁇ D L ,D H >; if outside the limits, issue a corrective prompt alarm or flag. Else, perform no action.
• a Fixed Time, Rate Only Correction System is provided. This embodiment is a variation of the first embodiment, however, the frequency of rate prompt is increased by a factor of 2. At times T, 2T, 3T, check for corrective prompt alarm conditions for rate with limits ⁇ R L ,R H >; if outside the limits, issue a corrective prompt alarm or flag. Else, perform no action.
• a Fixed Time, Depth followed by Rate in Priority Correction System is provided. In this embodiment, the time between corrective prompts is kept constant. If no depth related corrective prompt is needed, then only a rate related prompt is given out, if needed.
• a Variable Time, Depth followed by Rate in Priority Correction System is provided.
• the time between adjacent corrective prompts is variable, thereby enabling a minimum effective latency.
• Minimum time between corrective prompts is fixed (TMin) and a corrective prompt can happen at any time point (T M in+nT D ).
• T M in » T D and n 0,l,2,....
• the prompt system looks for any need for depth-related corrective prompt and if there is no correction needed for depth, then it looks for rate -related corrective prompt.
• a Variable Time, Variable Adaptive Threshold Based System is provided. This embodiment is similar to the fifth embodiment, however, a major difference is in the adaptive thresholding based on patient profile. Based on effective depth computations in the first few seconds, prompting system will adjust for bulkier patients. Similarly, for each responder, the system can adapt based on initial few seconds of compressions. This scheme of operation is applicable to all the earlier models.
• alarm conditions based on measurement errors and CPR quality is provided. In the event of sudden failure of sensor systems and/or poor quality CPR being delivered in terms of ill-defined "PRESS-RELEASE" cycles.
• Multiple Sensor Sources for Depth/ Rate Correction systems are provided. In the absence of an exact sensor being not used for depth measurement, one or more other sensors can provide a depth alone (or) rate alone corrective prompting. In a situation below, a sensor attached to the first-responder's hand can provide a measure of the hand movement and can indicate the depth and the rate of hand movements, provided they touch the secondary sensor on patient chest.
• a Machine CPR adaptive decision rule is provided.
• the Prompt system learns the exactness of compressions in terms of rate and depth, the prompt system keeps silent mode and observes for only breaks or pauses at unexpected times.
• a Learning device and Manikin decision rule is provided.
• an adaptive device that is meant for demonstration is visualized.
• the user can choose possible embodiments in a PC based system and start doing compressions on a manikin.
• a correction factor corresponding to the use of manikin will be applied and prompt system will provide appropriate corrective prompts. While these ten embodiments are separately set forth above, other embodiments may include a combination of two or more of the embodiments described above or portions thereof.
• control system may comprise suitable means, e. g. the microprocessor (208) programmed to automatically run the analysis and to store results in a memory (210) within the control system (202).
• the analysis may be a non-parametric, Information-Theoretic analysis in all embodiments.
• the inventive concept may be summarized as follows: An automated external defibrillator (AED) and methods for a corrective CPR prompting system.
• the AED includes a sensor that obtains compression measurement data of CPR chest compressions and a control system including a microprocessor programmed to run a non-parametric, Information-Theoretic analysis of the compression measurement data.
• the analysis includes ranking provided compression measurement data, determining a prompt time T N for review, locating the compression measurement data at T in an initial expected histogram of depth and rate aspects of the compression data measurements with upper and lower limits, that divides the intervals of the histogram into a plurality of sections, weighting the compression measurement data based on a plurality of factors, deriving information content of the compression measurement data by mapping a probability density function into an information content function, and determining if a particular corrective prompt is necessary.
• the AED also includes a prompting device that provides corrective CPR.

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