Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/74—Bacteria
  • A61K35/741—Probiotics
  • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
  • A61K35/745—Bifidobacteria
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/135—Bacteria or derivatives thereof, e.g. probiotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/30—Dietetic or nutritional methods, e.g. for losing weight
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/702—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
  • A61K31/716—Glucans
  • A61K31/717—Celluloses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
  • A23V2400/51—Bifidobacterium
  • A23V2400/529—Infantis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
  • A23V2400/51—Bifidobacterium
  • A23V2400/533—Longum
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the mammalian digestive tract is typically colonized by microorganisms, also termed microbiota, including both beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms.
• Bacteria make up most of the mammalian gut microbiota community. For example, up to 60% of the dry mass of human feces is comprised of bacteria. It is believed that the human gut is colonized by hundreds of different species of microorganisms, with a few species typically dominating the intestinal microbiota populations.
• gut microbiota is not merely a co-existence, but rather a symbiotic relationship. That is, the beneficial microorganisms (e.g., bifidofacteria) in the gut microbiota perform metabolic functions beneficial to the host, such as fermenting undigested, or non-digestible, energy substrates, modulating the host immune system, preventing growth of pathogenic bacteria, and producing nutrients that can be taken up by the host (e.g., biotin and vitamin K).
• An imbalance in the gut microbiota for example, an underrepresentation of beneficial microorganisms or an overabundance of pathogenic microorganisms, can lead to disease in the host.
• the present disclosure is based on the discovery that certain combinations of sialyllactose and/or fucosylated oligosaccharides exhibited unexpectedly high prebiotic effects. For example, these combinations promoted the growth of intestinal beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria, particularly a number of specific bifidobacterial strains found in the digestive tract, and decreased the pH during fermentation.
• intestinal beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria
• compositions that comprise combinations of sialylated oligosaccharide (e.g., sialyllactose) and fucosylated oligosaccharide and uses thereof in promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and/or inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.
• sialylated oligosaccharide e.g., sialyllactose
• fucosylated oligosaccharide e.g., fucosylated oligosaccharide
• the present disclosure provides a prebiotic composition consisting essentially of at least one sialyllactose and at least one fucosylated oligosaccharide.
• the sialyllactose can be 3 '-sialyllactose (3'-SL), 6 '-sialyllactose (6'-SL), or a mixture thereof (e.g., at a ratio ranging from 4: 1 to 1:2), and the fucosylated oligosaccharide can comprise an al,2-fucosyl, an al,3-fucosyl, and/or an al,4-fucosyl residue.
• the fucosylated oligosaccharide is a fucosylated neutral oligosaccharide.
• the fucosylated oligosaccharide include, but are not limited to, 2'-fucosyllactose (2-FL), 3- fucosyllactose (3-FL), lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), or a mixture thereof (e.g., a mixture of: 2'-FL and 3-FL; a mixture of 2'-FL and LDFT; a mixture of 3-FL and LDFT; or a mixture of 2'-FL, 3-FL, and LDFT).
• the composition consists essentially of a mixture of 3'-SL, 6'-SL, 2'-FL, 3-FL, and LDFT.
• any of the prebiotic compositions described above can further contain a probiotic, which can be a population of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Bacteriodes fragilis, Bacteriodes thetaiotaomicron, Enterococcus faecalis (probiotic strains thereof),
• the population of bifidobacteria is B. longum (e.g., B. longum JCM7007, JCM7009, JCM7010, JCM7011, JCM1210, JCM1260, JCM1272, JCM11347, or ATCC15708), B. infantis (e.g., B. infantis ATCC15697), or a mixture thereof.
• B. longum e.g., B. longum JCM7007, JCM7009, JCM7010, JCM7011, JCM1210, JCM1260, JCM1272, JCM11347, or ATCC15708
• B. infantis e.g., B. infantis ATCC15697
• the present disclosure provides a method of increasing the proliferation of a beneficial bacterium, e.g., bifidobacteria, with a prebiotic composition comprising a sialyllactose and a fucosylated oligosaccharide (e.g., those described above) in an amount effective in increasing the proliferation of the population of the beneficial bacterium (e.g., a bifidobacteria population).
• the sialyllactose can be 3 '-sialyllactose (3'- SL), 6 '-sialyllactose (6'-SL), or a mixture thereof.
• the fucosylated oligosaccharide can comprise an al,2-fucosyl, an al,3-fucosyl, and/or an al,4-fucosyl residue.
• the fucosylated oligosaccharide is a fucosylated neutral oligosaccharide.
• fucosylated oligosaccharide examples include, but are not limited to, 2'-fucosyllactose (2- FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), or a mixture thereof (e.g., those described above).
• the just-described method can be performed either in vitro or in vivo.
• the contacting step can be performed by administering any of the prebiotic compositions described herein to a subject in need of the treatment.
• the prebiotic composition is administered orally to the subject.
• a subject who needs to be treated by a prebiotic composition as described herein can be a human (e.g., a human infant such as a neonatal infant).
• the subject e.g., a human
• the subject is suffering from, suspected of having, or at risk for a disease associated with an underrepresentation of beneficial microorganisms or the presence or overabundance of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine.
• the subject is suffering from, suspected of having, or at risk for irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
• the prebiotic composition can be administered to a subject as described herein in an amount effective to decrease the pH in the microenvironment of the beneficial bacterium (e.g., a bifidobacteria population such as Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, or a mixture thereof).
• the prebiotic composition can be administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease the proliferation rate of a pathogenic bacterium (e.g., Escherichia coli or Clostridium perfringens).
• the prebiotic compositions to be used in the methods described herein can further comprise a probiotic, e.g., bifidobacteria such as B. longum, B. infantis, or a mixture thereof.
• the population of bifidobacteria is B. longum JCM7007, JCM7009, JCM7010, JCM7011, JCM1210, JCM1260, JCM1272, JCM11347, ATCC15708, B. infantis ATCC15697, or a mixture thereof.
• compositions for use in promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in a subject for treating a disease associated with an underrepresentation of beneficial microorganisms or the presence or overabundance of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, or for treating irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease
• use of the pharmaceutical compositions for the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment of the diseases noted above are (i) pharmaceutical compositions for use in promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in a subject, for treating a disease associated with an underrepresentation of beneficial microorganisms or the presence or overabundance of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, or for treating irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
• compositions can comprise any of the prebiotic compositions described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the prebiotic compositions comprise a combination of sialylated (e.g., sialyllactose) and fucosylated oligosaccharides as described herein and one or more probiotics.
• Figure 1 is a diagram showing the variation of pH (panel A) and lactate concentration (panel B) in the fermentation culture media in the presence or absence of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) or Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS).
• HMOS human milk oligosaccharides
• FOS Fructo-oligosaccharides
• Figure 2 is a diagram showing microbiota distribution in faecal samples in the presence of HMOS and FOS. The number of different bacteria species in the fermentation culture supplement with or without HMOS as determined by qPCR.
• Panel A bifidobacteria.
• Panel B Clostridium perfringens.
• Panel C E. coli.
• Figure 3 is a diagram showing human milk oligosaccharide consumption profiles of different donor faecal microbiota, as determined using LC-MS.
• Figure 4 is a bar graph showing growth increase (panel A) and pH decrease (panel B) percentages of different bacteria with fucosylated oligosaccharides 2'-FL, 3-FL, LDFT, HMOS and the fructooligosaccharide positive control, FOS.
• Figure 5 is a bar graph showing growth increase (panel A) and pH decrease (panel B) percentages of different bacteria as indicated with fucosylated oligosaccharide 2'-FL, 3-FL, and/or LDFT; siallyllactose 3'-SL and/or 6'-SL; a combination thereof; HMOS; and FOS.
• Figure 6 is a bar graph showing growth increase (panel A) and pH decrease (panel B) percentages of different bacteria as indicated with fucosylated oligosaccharide 2'-FL, 3-FL, and/or LDFT; siallyllactose 3'-SL and/or 6'-SL; a combination thereof; HMOS; and FOS.
• Figure 7 is a graph showing structures of exemplary siallyllactoses and fucosylated oligosaccharides.
• Dietary glycans that are indigestible by animals can be utilized by beneficial bacteria, thereby promoting colonization of gut microbiota, particularly colonization of beneficial bacteria, which is important for health.
• Gut colonization is the establishment or maintenance of a live microorganism population within the digestive tract of a host organism. It can be the colonization of the entire digestive tract as well as partial colonization, for example, of only a subsection of the gut (e.g., or the small intestines, of the large intestines, or of the stomach). In mammals, gut colonization begins at birth and breastfeeding is often associated with a typical microbiota rich in beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria. This indicates that certain components in milk possess prebiotic effects.
• Beneficial bacteria or beneficial microbiota are microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, protozoa), also known as probiotics, confer beneficial effects to the host organism when colonized in the gut of a host organism. For example, they metabolize a food ingredient that is non-digestible to the host organism, modulate the host immune system in a non-pathogenic manner, prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria, and/or produce nutrients that can be taken up by the host (e.g., biotin and vitamin K).
• microorganisms e.g., bacteria, fungi, protozoa
• probiotics confer beneficial effects to the host organism when colonized in the gut of a host organism. For example, they metabolize a food ingredient that is non-digestible to the host organism, modulate the host immune system in a non-pathogenic manner, prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria, and/or produce nutrients that can be taken up by the host (e.g., biotin and vitamin K).
• Beneficial bacteria include, but are not limited to bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Bacteriodes fragilis, Bacteriodes thetaiotaomicron, Enterococcus faecalis (probiotic strains of E. faecalis), Staphylococcus epidermides, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Enterobacter cloacae.
• Pathogenic bacteria refer to any bacteria that can cause and/or do cause a disease or condition in a subject.
• the term includes pathogenic bacteria that colonize the gut of a subject.
• the term includes material that are pathogenic if present or overabundant in the gut of a subject.
• Exemplary pathogenic bacteria include, but are not limited to Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria
• HMOS human milk oligosaccharides
• prebiotics are food ingredients, for example, oligosaccharides, that are non-digestible by a subject (e.g., by a mammal such as a human), and that stimulates the growth or activity of one or more beneficial bacteria (e.g.,
• bifidobacteria in the digestive system and/or inhibit the growth or activity of one or more pathogenic bacteria in the digestive system.
• a prebiotic may selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the subject's digestive tract.
• compositions comprising combinations of sialylated oligosaccharide (e.g., siallyllactose) and fucosylated oligosaccharides and uses thereof for promoting the growth/activity of beneficial bacteria and/or inhibiting the growth and/or activity of pathogenic bacteria.
• sialylated oligosaccharide e.g., siallyllactose
• fucosylated oligosaccharides e.g., fucosylated oligosaccharides
• compositions described herein comprise a combination of
• oligosaccharides e.g., those found in milk such as sialylated oligosaccharides and
• compositions are therefore useful (either in vivo or in vitro), for example, to promote one or more beneficial gut bacteria (e.g., bifidobacteria, including the specific strains disclosed in the Example below) in a subject, which can be a human such as a human neonatal infant, and to inhibit the growth of one or more pathogenic bacteria.
• beneficial gut bacteria e.g., bifidobacteria, including the specific strains disclosed in the Example below
• a prebiotic composition described herein consists essentially of at least one sialyated oligosaccharide (e.g., sialyllactose) and at least one fucosylated oligosaccharide.
• a prebiotic composition comprises the specified active ingredients, e.g., the specified oligosaccharides, as well as other agents that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the composition.
• the specified active ingredients can be the major prebiotic agents in the composition.
• the specified active ingredients e.g., the specified oligosaccharide prebiotics
• the specified active ingredients constitute at least about 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, at 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the respective composition by weight.
• the specified oligosaccharide prebiotics constitute at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the total sugar content in the composition by weight. In one example, the specified oligosaccharides are the only prebiotics in the composition.
• Oligosaccharides are polymeric molecules comprising two or more saccharide monomers.
• An oligosaccharide can contain 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more saccharides monomers.
• Sialyated oligosaccharides are oligosaccharide molecules containing one or more sialic acid moieties.
• Exemplary sialyated oligosaccharides include 3'-SL and 6'SL. See Figure 7.
• the prebiotic composition can contain 3 '-sialyllactose (3'-SL), 6 '-sialyllactose (6'- SL), or both.
• the ratio between 3'-SL and 6'SL can be within the range of 10: 1 - 1: 10, e.g., 5: 1- 1:5, 4: 1-1:2, or 2: 1 - 1:2.
• the ratio between 3'-SL and 6'-SL is about 1: 1, about 1:2, about 1:3, about 1:4, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1: 10, about 1: 10, about 1:20, about 1:30, about 1:40, about 1:50, about 1:60, about 1:70, about 1:80, about 1:90, about 1: 100, about 2: 1, about 3: 1, about 4: 1, about 5: 1, about 6: 1, about 7: 1, about 8: 1, about 9: 1, about 10: 1, about 20: 1, about 30: 1, about 40: 1, about 50: 1, about 60: 1, about 70: 1, about 80: 1, about 90: 1, or about 100: 1.
• the ratio between 3'-SL and 6'-SL can be within the range of 1000: 1 - 1: 1000, e.g., 100: 1 - 10: 1, 10: 1 - 1: 1, 10: 1 - 5: 1, 1: 100 - 1: 10, 1: 10 - 1: 1, 1: 10 - 1:5.
• Fucosylated oligosaccharides are oligosaccharide molecules that comprise one or more fucose monomers, which can be in ⁇ 1,2-, ⁇ 1,3-, or al,4-linkage.
• the fucosylated oligosaccharides contained in the prebiotic compositions described herein are neutral oligosaccharides, which do not contain acidic or basic moieties at physiologic pH.
• Such fucosylated oligosaccharides include, but are not limited to, 2'-fucosyllactose (2-FL), 3- fucosyllactose (3-FL), and lactodifucotetraose (LDFT). See Figure 7.
• the prebiotic compositions described herein can contain 2'-FL, 3-FL, LDFT, or any combination thereof. In one example, the composition contains 3'-SL, 6'-SL, 2'-FL, 3-FL, and LDFT.
• the prebiotic composition contains sialyated oligosaccharide(s) and fucosylated oligosaccharide(s) at a ratio ranging from 100: 1 - 1: 100, e.g., 20: 1-1:20, 10: 1-1: 10, 5: 1- 1:5, 4: 1-1:2, or 2: 1 - 1:2.
• a prebiotic composition described herein may contain one or more prebiotic oligosaccharide (e.g., a sialylated oligosaccharide such as 3'-SL or 6'-SL; or a fucosylated oligosaccharide such as 2'-FL, 3-FL, or LDFT), which constitute about 0.2-98% (e.g., at least 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 75%, or 80%) of the total composition (e.g., as weight of solid ingredients per weight of dry matter, or per volume of solvent in the case of a liquid formulation).
• prebiotic oligosaccharide e.g., a sialylated oligosaccharide such as 3'-SL or 6'-SL; or a fucosylated oligosaccharide such as 2'-FL, 3-FL, or LDFT
• prebiotic oligosaccharide e.g., a sialylated oligo
• any of the prebiotic compositions described herein can further comprise a probiotic (e.g., bifidobacteria, also referred to as lactobacillus bifidus), i.e., a population of live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host.
• a probiotic e.g., bifidobacteria, also referred to as lactobacillus bifidus
• Probiotic bifidobacteria are well known to those of skill in the art, and exemplary bifidobacteria useful according to aspects of this invention include, but are not limited to, B. longum and B. infantis (see, e.g., Schell et al., The genome sequence of
• Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99 (22): 14422-7; Fukuda et al., Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature 2011, 469, 543-547; and Whorwell et al., Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006,
• Exemplary bifidobacteria strains useful according to some aspects of this invention include, but are not limited to B. longum strains JCM7007, JCM7009, JCM7010, JCM7011, JCM1210, JCM1260, JCM1272, JCM11347, and ATCC15708, and B. infantis strain
• Additional probiotics useful in accordance with aspects of this invention include, but are not limited to, Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei n Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri,
• Saccharomyces boulardii Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus plantarum.
• the composition comprises a single probiotic, for example, a single species or strain of probiotic bacteria as described herein.
• the composition comprises a plurality of probiotics, for example, a mixture of two or more probiotic strains or species described herein or known to those of skill in the art.
• the probiotic is comprised in the composition in the form of live, microorganisms. In some embodiments, the probiotic is comprised in the composition in the form of actively growing and/or dividing microorganisms. In some embodiments, the probiotic is comprised in the composition in a dormant form, such as a spore or an endospore.
• compositions described herein can be used to promote the growth and/or activity of one or more beneficial bacteria either in vitro or in vivo.
• Such compositions can also be used to inhibit the growth and/or activity of one or more pathogenic bacteria in vitro or in vivo.
• the methods described herein comprise contacting beneficial microbiota (e.g., a population of bifidobacteria) with an effective amount of any of the prebiotic compositions described herein to increase the proliferation of beneficial microbiota.
• beneficial microbiota e.g., a population of bifidobacteria
• the contacting step can be performed in vitro, e.g., in a culture dish.
• this step can be performed in vivo, e.g., by administering the prebiotic to a subject in need of the treatment.
• a prebiotic composition that increases the proliferation of microorganisms may be a composition that, when contacted with a population of the microorganism, results in an increase in cell division rates and/or survival rates among the microorganisms by at least 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 1-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 50-fold, 100-fold, or 200-fold, as compared to the rates in the absence of the composition.
• a prebiotic composition that increases the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms may also be a composition that decreases the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms by at least 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95%, as compared to the rates in the absence of the composition.
• the composition itself may exert a direct anti-proliferative effect on the pathogenic microorganisms.
• the antiproliferative effect may be a secondary effect of the composition.
• An exemplary secondary effect could be that uptake and metabolization of the composition by beneficiary got microbiota results in a change in the gut microenvironment that is not favorable for the growth and proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms.
• uptake and metabolization of a prebiotic composition described herein by beneficial gut microbiota, for example, by bifidobacteria results in a shift in the pH of the
• microenvironment of the microbiota towards an acidic pH which is unfavorable to the proliferation and/or survival of certain pathogenic bacteria.
• a prebiotic composition is administered to a subject in need thereof in an amount effective to increase the proliferation of a beneficial microorganism in the subject's intestine by at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 1 fold, at least about 2 folds, at least about 3 folds, or at least about 5 folds.
• the amount of the composition can be effective in promoting the growth and/or activity of one or more beneficial bacteria, e.g., a population of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Bacteriodes fragilis, Bacteriodes thetaiotaomicron, Enterococcus faecalis (probiotic strains of E.
• the population of bifidobacteria is B. longum (e.g., B. longum JCM7007, JCM7009, JCM7010, JCM7011, JCM1210, JCM1260, JCM1272, JCM11347, or
• the prebiotic composition can be administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease the proliferation rate of a pathogenic bacterium (e.g.,
• the prebiotic composition is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease the proliferation rate of the pathogenic bacterium by at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.
• the method described herein can further comprise monitoring the proliferation of the beneficial microorganism in the subject, for example, by fecal examinations.
• Methods for monitoring microbiota and assessing the proliferation of specific beneficial microorganisms in a subject's intestine are well known to those of skill in the art, and exemplary, non-limiting methods are described in Moro et al, Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of Galacto- and fructooligosaccharides in formula fed term infants. Journal of pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition34:291-295 2002, and Campbell et al., Selected indigestible oligosaccharides affect large bowel mass, cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids, pH and microflora in rats.
• a prebiotic composition described herein is administered to a subject in an amount effective to decrease the pH in the microenvironment of the
• Microenvironment can be a small or relatively small habitat or environment, e.g., a subject's intestine or a part thereof.
• a microenvironment can be, at least partially, isolated from surrounding environments, for example, by a physical barrier.
• a microenvironment embraces a bacterial cell or cell population and its immediate surroundings, which can immediately affected by the presence of the bacterial cell or cells or the metabolism of the cells.
• Methods of determining the proliferation rate of beneficial intestinal microorganisms, pathogenic bacteria, and the pH of a microenvironment, for example, within the intestinal substrate of a subject are well known to those of skill in the art. Such methods typically include assessing the intestinal microbiota, or the intestinal substrate of the subject before restriction of the prebiotic composition is commenced, and monitoring the intestinal microbiota, or the intestinal substrate of the subject during and/or after administration of the prebiotic composition. Some such methods are described herein, and additional methods will be apparent to the skilled artisan. For a description of some exemplary, nonlimiting methods see, e.g., Moro et al, Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of Galacto- and
• fructooligosaccharides in formula fed term infants. Journal of pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition34:291-295 2002, and Campbell et al., Selected indigestible oligosaccharides affect large bowel mass, cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids, pH and microflora in rats. J. Nutr 127: 130-136 1997; the entire contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference. It will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited in this respect.
• a prebiotic composition is administered to a subject in an amount effective to increase the abundance of a beneficial microorganism, for example, of a bifidobacteria, in the intestine of the subject by at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 1000-fold, or at least 1000-fold, as compared to the abundance of the beneficial microorganism at the outset of the administration.
• Such a treatment can last for a suitable period of time until the desired result is achieved.
• the subject Before the treatment, the subject can have no detectable level of the beneficial microorganism in his or her intestine.
• the subject can be administered with a prebiotic composition, which preferably contains at least one probiotic, at an amount and for a time sufficient for the beneficial microorganism to colonize the intestine of the subject.
• a prebiotic composition is administered to a subject in an amount and for a period of time effective to decrease the abundance of a pathogenic microorganism, for example, of an enteric pathogen, such as C. perfringens, in the intestine of the subject by at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50- fold, at least 100-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 1000-fold, or at least 1000-fold, as compared to the abundance of the pathogenic microorganism at the outset of the administration.
• the subject can be treated for a suitable period of time with an effective amount of the enteric pathogen, such as C. perfringens
• composition such that, after the treatment, the abundance of the pathogenic microorganism is below a measurable level.
• a subject in need of the treatment described herein can be a subject suffering from, suspected of having, or at risk for a disease associated with an underrepresentation of beneficial microorganisms or the presence or overabundance of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine.
• a subject may exhibit a clinical symptom indicating the underrepresentation of beneficial microorganisms or the presence or overabundance of pathogenic bacteria in the subject's intestine.
• the subject may be at risk of contracting a disease associated with an underrepresentation of beneficial microorganisms or the presence or an overabundance of pathogenic bacteria in the subject's intestine.
• the subject is a subject with a history of such diseases.
• the subject can also be a subject suffering from, suspected of having, or at risk for a digestive tract disease, such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
• a digestive tract disease such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
• subject refers to a mammal, for example, a primate, a non- human primate, a human, a dog, a cat, a sheep, a goat, a cattle, a horse, a pig, a mouse, a rat, a guinea pig, a domestic animal, a wild animal, a farm animal, or a laboratory animal.
• the subject is an infant, e.g., a neonatal infant.
• the subject is an adolescent or an adult.
• Other developmental stages for example prenatal and perinatal stages are also included in some embodiments.
• a subject suspected of having, or at risk for a disease refers to a subject having an elevated level of suspicion of the presence of the disease or an elevated level of risk for contracting the disease, as compared to an average level of suspicion for average risk level.
• a subject manifesting clinical symptoms of a specific disease has an elevated level of suspicion of the presence of the disease, even in the absence of an objective clinical diagnosis.
• the subject may be predisposed to contracting a specific disease, for example, because of the subject's genetic makeup, or because of exposure to environmental pathogens, or because of the presence of behavioral risk factors, such as dietary or other behavioral habits.
• the method described herein can further comprise assessing the subject's intestinal microbiota before administration of the prebiotic composition is commenced.
• the method can comprise monitoring the subject's intestinal microbiota during and/or after administration of the prebiotic composition. If no increase in the proliferation of a beneficial microorganism, e.g., a bifidobacteria, is detected in the subject after about a suitable period, e.g, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or about 1 month after administration has commenced, then the dosage of the prebiotic composition can be increased. If a beneficial change in the subject's intestinal microbiota is detected, for example, an increase in the proliferation of a beneficial microorganism, then the dosage of the prebiotic composition may be decreased or administration may be phased out altogether.
• a beneficial microorganism e.g., a bifidobacteria
• a prebiotic composition described herein is administered to a subject to treat a disease or disorder in the subject, such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease, or a disease associated with the presence or an overabundance of pathogenic microorganisms in the subject's intestine (e.g., diarrhea, gastrointestinal infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, Crohn's disease, or diverticulitis).
• a disease or disorder in the subject such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease, or a disease associated with the presence or an overabundance of pathogenic microorganisms in the subject's intestine (e.g., diarrhea, gastrointestinal infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, Crohn's disease, or diverticulitis).
• treating refers to the application or administration of a composition including one or more active agents to a subject in who has any of the diseases described herein, a symptom of the disease, or a predisposition toward the disease, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the disease, the symptoms of the disease, or the predisposition toward the disease.
• a prebiotic composition as described herein is ministered to a subject presenting with at least one clinically manifest symptom of irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease, and having an overabundance of a pathogenic bacterium, for example, Clostridium perfringens, in her intestine.
• a fecal exam is performed at the outset of treatment with the prebiotic composition, and subsequent fecal exams are performed after 1 week and after 4 weeks of treatment, and cell counts of pathogenic bacteria are compared to those observed in the initial exam to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment schedule. If after one week no significant reduction in the number of Clostridium perfringens is detected, the dosage of the prebiotic composition is increased.
• the method described herein can be applied to a subject who has been subjected to or is undergoing another treatment, e.g., antibiotic treatment.
• administration of the prebiotic composition is commenced immediately after the antibiotic treatment schedule has ended.
• administration of the prebiotic composition is commenced about one day, about two days, about three days, about four days, about 5 days, about 6 days about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, or about a month after the antibiotic treatment schedule has ended.
• a prebiotic composition is administered to a subject concurrently with an antibiotic treatment. In some such embodiments, administration is continued beyond the end point of antibiotic treatment.
• a method in which a prebiotic composition as provided herein is administered to a subject in need of or in a stage of intestinal colonization with microbiota.
• Prebiotic compositions comprising a probiotic, for example, a live bifidobacterial population, are particularly suited for administration to such subjects, which include neonatal infants, and subjects who have undergone a treatment that has created an imbalance in or has eradicated most or all of the subject's microbiota, such as an oral antibiotics treatment.
• compositions described herein may be formulated and administered in any suitable form known to those of skill in the art.
• the prebiotic compositions of the invention may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, gel, or liquid forms such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, solutions, depositories, gels, and injections.
• Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of an active agent.
• Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir, gels, or emulsions.
• a composition described herein is administered to a subject via an enteral route, for example, orally in the form of a powder, powdered drink, liquid, capsule, or pill.
• a prebiotic composition is administered to a subject in a single dose, while in other embodiments, multiple doses are administered over a certain time period.
• a prebiotic composition as described herein is administered at 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 doses per day, preferably at one dose per day.
• administration is continued over a period of about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 1 month, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, or about 1 year. In some embodiments, administration is continued until a clinical symptom in the subject is ameliorated. In some embodiments, administration is continued until a beneficial
• microorganism for example, a bifidobacteria
• a bifidobacteria is detected in the intestinal microbiota of the subject, or an increase in the cell numbers of the beneficial microorganism is detected in the intestinal microbiota of the subject.
• prebiotic compositions described herein are administered via the same route, for example, orally, while in other embodiments, different components of a prebiotic composition may be administered via different routes.
• prebiotic composition in some embodiments, prebiotic
• oligosaccharides may be administered via one enteral rout, while a probiotic may be administered via a different enteral route.
• a composition as provided herein is formulated as a solid state composition, comprising one or more of the components in the form of a powder, granules, pellets, pills, or in crystalline form.
• such a solid state composition comprises a mixture of two or more oligosaccharides in solid form.
• Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of an active agent.
• Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir or an emulsion.
• an agent can be formulated readily by combining with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art.
• Such carriers enable an agent of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject to be treated.
• compositions for oral use can be obtained as solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium
• carboxymethylcellulose and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
• disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
• the oral formulations may also be formulated in saline or buffers for neutralizing internal acid conditions or may be administered without any carriers.
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
• suitable coatings For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
• Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
• stabilizers may be added.
• administration may also be used.
• microspheres have been well defined in the art. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
• a prebiotic composition comprising two or more components, e.g., two or more prebiotic oligosaccharides or a prebiotic oligosaccharide and a probiotic, as described herein, may be formulated as a combination, or mixture, of all components, e.g., a mixture of all oligosaccharides and/or probiotic(s), e.g., in the form of a solid, liquid, powder, gel, or other form described herein.
• a prebiotic composition comprising two or more prebiotic oligosaccharides may be formulated and/or administered as individual agents or compounds separately, or as a mixture of any subcombination and on or more additional components separately.
• prebiotic agents of a composition described herein may be administered at the same time, contemporaneously, or during a course of treatment. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a combined preparation of two or more prebiotic oligosaccharides described herein may be provided for simultaneous, separate, or sequential use in therapy as described herein.
• fixed ratios of prebiotic oligosaccharides and/or probiotics described herein are administered, for example in a solid or liquid formulation containing all oligosaccharides and probiotics, if any, at a specific ratio or by combining individual oligosaccharides and/or probiotics to result in a certain ratio.
• Ratios can be based, for example, on weight, volume, and/or biologic activity of the specific prebiotic or probiotic agent, or a combination thereof.
• compositions comprising a prebiotic and/or a probiotic agent described herein.
• Pharmaceutical compositions according to some aspects of this invention comprise an effective amount of a prebiotic and/or a probiotic agent as described herein, either in solid form, or dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutical compositions are sterile, or, where probiotics are included, comprise an isolated population of the probiotic(s) that is free of any pathogenic microorganism or inflammation-causing agents.
• pharmaceutical or pharmacologically acceptable refers to molecular entities
• compositions that do not generally produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, such as, for example, a human, as appropriate.
• animal e.g., human
• preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biological Standards.
• pharmaceutically- acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salts of agents of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified prebiotic agent of the invention with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification.
• Representative salts include the bromide, chloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like. See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1- 19.
• the agents of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable bases.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of agents of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ in the administration vehicle or the dosage form manufacturing process, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like.
• Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine,
• a carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium comprising but not limited to, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, etc.), lipids (e.g., triglycerides, vegetable oils, liposomes) and combinations thereof.
• polyol e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, etc.
• lipids e.g., triglycerides, vegetable oils, liposomes
• the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin; by the maintenance of the required particle size by dispersion in carriers such as, for example liquid polyol or lipids; by the use of surfactants such as, for example hydroxypropylcellulose; or combinations thereof.
• a coating such as lecithin
• surfactants such as, for example hydroxypropylcellulose
• the formulations of the invention are administered in pharmaceutically acceptable liquid solutions, which may routinely contain pharmaceutically acceptable concentrations of salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, adjuvants, and, optionally, other therapeutic ingredients.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives (e.g., antibacterial agents, antifungal agents), isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, salts, preservatives, drugs, drug stabilizers, gels, binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, dyes, such like materials and combinations thereof, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990), incorporated herein by reference). Except insofar as any conventional carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated.
• a composition may comprise different types of carriers depending on whether it is to be administered in solid, liquid or aerosol form, and whether it need to be sterile.
• compositions may comprise, for example, at least about 0.1% of a prebiotic and/or probiotic compound, or a mixture of such compounds.
• the prebiotic and/or probiotic compound, or the mixture of such compounds may comprise between about 2% to about 75% in weight/weight or
• weight/volume of the composition or between about 25% to about 60%, or up to 99% of the composition, for example, and any range derivable therein.
• the prebiotic agents of the invention may be derivatized in various ways.
• derivatives of the agents provided herein include salts (e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable salts), complexes, esters, such as in vivo hydrolysable esters, free acids or bases, polymorphic forms of the compounds, solvates (e.g., hydrates), prodrugs, coupling partners and protecting groups.
• prodrugs is meant for example any compound that is converted in vivo into a biologically active compound, for example, by passage through the stomach environment.
• a prebiotic composition may comprise an antioxidant to retard oxidation of one or more components.
• the action of unwanted microorganisms can be controlled or prevented by preservatives such as antibacterial and antifungal agents, including, but not limited to parabens (e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens), chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations thereof.
• parabens e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens
• chlorobutanol phenol
• sorbic acid thimerosal or combinations thereof.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers and other materials which are well-known in the art.
• compositions for peptides in particular are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,211,657. Such preparations may routinely contain salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic agents.
• the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically- acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention.
• Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically- acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids:
• salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts.
• Therapeutic formulations useful in the invention may be prepared for storage by mixing an agent having the desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions.
• Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as
• octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or
• prebiotic oligosaccharides, probiotics, and compositions described herein will depend on the specific clinical situation. Factors influencing actual dosage are, for example, the clinical scenario, for example the disease type and disease stage diagnosed in a subject, the age, weight, sex and overall health condition of a subject etc..
• a prebiotic composition described herein may be administered within the range of 0.1-1000 mg(total active ingredient)/kg(body weight of subject)/day. In some embodiments, the prebiotic composition may be administered within the range of 1-300 mg/kg/day. In some embodiments, the prebiotic composition may be administered within the range of 5- 20mg/kg/day.
• the prebiotic composition may be administered at a dosage of about 5mg/kg/day. In some embodiments, the prebiotic composition may be administered at a dosage of about lOmg/kg/day. In some embodiments, the prebiotic composition may be administered at a dosage of about 20mg/kg/day.
• the absolute amount of a prebiotic composition administered will depend upon a variety of factors including any concurrent treatment, the number of doses, the length of the treatment schedule, and the individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, health, size and weight. These are factors well known to those of ordinary skill in the art which can be assessed and used for determining an appropriate dosage or dosage range with no more than routine experimentation. In some embodiments, it is preferred that a maximum dose be used, that is, the highest safe, non-toxic dose according to sound medical judgment. In some embodiments, it is preferred to use the highest dose that is not associated with any or any severe side reactions in the subject.
• the minimal dose that provides a desired clinical result, for example, an acidification of an intestinal microenvironment, a decrease in the abundance of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine, an increase in the abundance of beneficial microbiota in the intestine, and/or an amelioration of a symptom associated with an overabundance of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine.
• a prebiotic composition of the invention is administered with another medicament, for example, a medicament inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine.
• a sub-therapeutic dosage of either the prebiotic composition or of the other medicament, or a sub-therapeutic dosage of both is used in the treatment of a subject having, or at risk of developing a disease or disorder associated with the presence or an overabundance of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine.
• a "sub-therapeutic dose” as used herein refers to a dosage, which is less than that dosage which would produce a therapeutic result in the subject if administered in the absence of the other agent or agents.
• the sub-therapeutic dose of an agent is one which would not produce the desired therapeutic result in the subject in the absence of the administration of the agents of the invention.
• Therapeutic doses of many agents that are in clinical use are well known in the field of medicine, and additional therapeutic doses can be determined by those of skill without undue experimentation. Therapeutic dosages have been extensively described in references such as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., 1990; as well as many other medical references relied upon by the medical profession as guidance for the treatment of diseases and disorders.
• a prebiotic composition provided herein is administered to a subject experiencing or suspected to experience a symptom related to an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, for example, the presence or overabundance of pathogenic bacteria in the subject's intestine.
• the active prebiotic and/or probiotic agents, or compositions, provided herein are administrated in an amount sufficient to prevent, reduce, or ameliorate at least one clinical symptom the subject is experiencing.
• Sustained release strategies may also be employed in the methods described herein. Some such method use polymers to effect a sustained release of an agent from a composition. Both non-biodegradable and biodegradable polymeric matrices can be used to deliver a probiotic composition of the invention to the subject. Such polymers may be natural or synthetic polymers. The polymer is selected based on the period of time over which release is desired, generally in the order of a few hours. In some embodiments, a polymer is used that is broken down slowly in the intestine, thus releasing the prebiotic composition over time. The polymer optionally is in the form of a hydrogel that can absorb up to about 90% of its weight in water and further, optionally is cross-linked with multivalent ions or other polymers.
• Exemplary synthetic polymers which can be used to form the biodegradable delivery system include: polyamides, polycarbonates, polyalkylenes, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene oxides, polyalkylene terepthalates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl esters, poly- vinyl halides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyglycolides, polysiloxanes, polyurethanes and co-polymers thereof, alkyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, nitro celluloses, polymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxy-propyl methyl cellulose, hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate phthalate, carboxylethyl cellulose, cellulose triacetate
• nonbiodegradable polymers include ethylene vinyl acetate, poly(meth)acrylic acid, polyamides, copolymers and mixtures thereof.
• biodegradable polymers include synthetic polymers such as polymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polyurethanes, poly(butic acid), poly(valeric acid), and poly(lactide-cocaprolactone), and natural polymers such as alginate and other polysaccharides including dextran and cellulose, collagen, chemical derivatives thereof (substitutions, additions of chemical groups, for example, alkyl, alkylene, hydroxylations, oxidations, and other modifications routinely made by those skilled in the art), albumin and other hydrophilic proteins, zein and other prolamines and hydrophobic proteins, copolymers and mixtures thereof. In general, these materials degrade either by enzymatic hydrolysis or exposure to water in vivo, by surface or bulk erosion.
• compositions for use in the treatment or prevention of that disease or condition as well as use of the compound for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of that disease or condition.
• the route, frequency, dosage, and time frame of administration may vary depending on the condition identified in the subject. For example, a single administration of the agents and compositions described herein may be sufficient to reduce, prevent, or ameliorate an acute condition in the subject, whereas multiple doses, stretched out over a period of time, may be indicated in a subject experiencing a chronic disease or condition, such as chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
• administration may continue until a desired endpoint, e.g., a certain intestinal pH, or number or presence of beneficial microbiota, or absence or decreased abundance of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine, or amelioration or reversal of a clinical symptom has been reached.
• a prebiotic composition may be administered for a specified time and administration may be concluded without reaching a specific endpoint.
• Fecal bacteria were cultured in carbohydrate-free basal medium according to Hughes' methods (Hughes SA, S.P., Gibson GR, McCleary BV, Rastall RA. 2008).
• This medium contained per liter: 2 g peptone, 2 g yeast extract, 0.1 g NaCl, 0.04 g K 2 HP0 4> 0.01 g
• MgS04 « 7H20, 0.01 g CaC12 « 6H20, 2 g NaHC0 3 , 0.005 g haemin (Sigma- Aldridge), 0.5 g L-cysteine HCl, 0.5 g bile salts, 2 mL Tween 80, 10 ⁇ vitamin K, and 4 mL of 0.025% (w/v) resazurin solution.
• Anaerobic culture methods were those of Bryant (Bryant, M.P 1972) using Hungate culture tubes, sealed with butyl rubber septa and maintained anaerobically using 0 2 -free C0 2 .
• Fresh fecal samples were collected from ten healthy babies, who had not received antibiotics or pre/probiotics for the previous 6 months and had no recent history of gastrointestinal disorder.
• the freshly obtained human faeces were homogenized in a blender for 60 s in phosphate-buffered sterile anaerobic saline solution (1: 10 faeces to saline), and filtered through a double layer of sterile cheesecloth.
• To achieve a final concentration of 5 g/L test glycan in 1% faecal slurry the glycan was partially dissolved in 9 mL medium for 1 h followed by addition of 1 mL of 10% faecal slurry. All tubes were incubated at 37°C. Culture fluid was taken for analysis after 48 h, a time that we had determined to be several hours into the maximum stationary phase for HMOS-treated and negative control populations. All experiments were carried out in triplicate. Samples were stored at -20°C until completion of analyses.
• a carbohydrate-free basal medium ZMB1 was prepared according to Zhang et al. (Zhang G, M.D., Block DE. 2009) study the growth of bacteria strains in the presence of neutral oligosaccharides. Bacteria strains (Table 1) were obtained from the Japanese
• test materials were dissolved for an hour in the medium before inoculation with 10% (v/v) bacteria culture as above.
• ZMB1 containing the above test materials were inoculated with bacteria culture, serving as the treatment.
• ZMB1 containing no substrate was also inoculated with bacteria culture, to serve as control.
• PCR amplification and detection were performed using real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) according to the methods of Collado et al. (Collado, M.C., S. Delgado, A. Maldonado, and J. M. Rodriguez. 2009).
• Each reaction mixture 25 ⁇ was composed of iQTM SYBR ⁇ Green Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories), 1 of each of the specific primers at a concentration of 0.25 ⁇ and 1 of template DNA.
• the fluorescent products were detected at the last step of each cycle.
• a melting curve analysis was made after amplification to distinguish the targeted PCR product from the non-targeted PCR product.
• Standard curves were eight 10-fold dilutions of bacterial DNA extracted from pure cultures of between 2 to 9 logio colony forming units (CFUs) of each of the following selected representative species: Bifidobacterium infantis S12 ATCC 15697, Clostridum perfringens ATCC13124, Escherichia coli H10407 ATCC 35401.
• the AG50W-X8 cation-exchange resin (hydrogen form, BioRad, Hercules CA) was treated by 1 M pyridine, 1 hx 3 times, resulted in pyridinium form.
• the above column was activated with 0.5 mL water, followed by the reduced samples (1 mL) applied to the column.
• the sample tube was rinsed with water (0.5 mL), and the resin column washed with an additional 18 mL of water.
• the eluates were neutral oligosaccharides, followed by frozen with dry ice in ethanol before lyophilization.
• the neutral oligosaccharides in samples were analyzed by an Agilent HPLC (1200 series) with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (6460), equipped with a porous graphite column (3 ⁇ , 100 x 2.1 mm, Hypercarb, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) set for 25°C. Methods were validated by authentic
• Human milk glycans affects colonization directly, by selecting for bacteria to use this unique glycans, and indirectly, when fermented to lactate and short chain fatty acid, making the gut acidic and stimulating the growth of some bacteria while inhibiting colonization by many pathogenic organisms.
• the pH and lactate in the fermentation cultures were detected to determine if the HMOS was fermented by the faecal microbiota.
• Figure 1 showed that the pH in the groups supplemented with HMOS were significantly lower than that in unsupplemented control and positive control supplemented with FOS (P ⁇ 0.05). And the lactate concentrations in the HMOS supplemented groups were significantly higher than that in control (P ⁇ 0.05).
• Figure 4 showed that all the fucosylated oligosaccharides, 2'-FL, 3-FL, LDFT, and HMOS could significantly increase the growth of the Bifidobacteria sp. and decrease the pH in the culture. For E.coli and C.perfringens, there is no significant increase on its growth and decrease in pH. Combination of the three individual fucosylated oligosaccharides have a cumulative effect on the growth increased and pH decreased accordingly. And the effect is equivalent to total HMOS. These data suggest that the neutral oligosaccharides can be used as a carbon source by these prebiotic organisms and inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms.
• the combination of the three tested fucosylated oligosaccharides showed equal or greater activity in promoting the growth and/or decreasing pH of certain Bifidobacteria strains as compared to the prebiotic effect of the total oligosaccharides from human milk on a weight basis. These oligosaccharides did not stimulate E coli and C perfringens, which are not mutualist with humans.
• Sialyl oligosaccharides in combination with other pure oligosaccharides, showed similar activity. Sialyllactoses such as 3'-SL and 6'-SL alone showed prebiotic effects on some Bifidobacteria strains. Figure 5. Surprisingly, the combinations of these two sialyllactoses with fucosylated oligosaccharides (2'-FL, 3-FL, and LDFT) showed activities in growth-promoting and pH-decreasing at levels equal to or greater than those of total natural HMOS mixture. The pH-decreasing activity was especially pronounced in the mixtures containing the sialyllactoses; it greatly exceeded that of the natural HMOS mixture. Figure 5.
• HMOS prebiotic, bifidogenic effects of HMOS are structure- specific and may vary depending on the HMOS composition in the milk of different individuals or change over the course of lactation.
• Increased colonization by bifidobacteria in breast-fed infants may enhance subsequent long-term formation of a stable microbial ecosystem by favouring symbiotic anaerobes and inhibiting colonization by enteric pathogens, protecting the infant from disease.
• Gastrointestinal cancer Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 18:323-336.
• LoCascio RG Desai P, Sela DA, Weimer B, Mills DA. 2010. Broad conservation of milk utilization genes in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis as revealed by comparative genomic hybridization. Applied and environmental microbiology, 76:7373-7381. LoCascio RG, Ninonuevo MR, Freeman SL, Sela DA, Grimm R, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA, German JB. 2007. Glycoprofiling of bifidobacterial consumption of human milk
• oligosaccharides demonstrates strain specific, preferential consumption of small chain glycans secreted in early human lactation. JAgric Food Chem, 55:8914-8919.
• Nanthakumar NN Dai D, Meng D, Chaudry N, Newburg DS, Walker WA. 2005.
• Newburg DS. 2001 Bioactive components of human milk Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers:Waltham. Newburg DS, Pickering LK, McCluer RH, Cleary TG. 1990a. Fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk protect suckling mice from heat-stabile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis, 162: 1075-1080.
• oligosaccharides of human milk protect suckling mice from heat-stabile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. The Journal of infectious diseases, 162: 1075-1080.
• Campylobacter jejuni binds intestinal H(O) antigen (Fuc alpha 1, 2Gal beta 1, 4GlcNAc), and fucosyloligosaccharides of human milk inhibit its binding and infection.
• intestinal H(O) antigen Fuc alpha 1, 2Gal beta 1, 4GlcNAc

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