WO2013144036A1 - Presse hydraulique à fonctionnement cadencé - Google Patents

Presse hydraulique à fonctionnement cadencé Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013144036A1
WO2013144036A1 PCT/EP2013/056151 EP2013056151W WO2013144036A1 WO 2013144036 A1 WO2013144036 A1 WO 2013144036A1 EP 2013056151 W EP2013056151 W EP 2013056151W WO 2013144036 A1 WO2013144036 A1 WO 2013144036A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
press
pressing
control
upper tool
cylinders
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2013/056151
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Lothar Sebastian
Klaus Schürmann
Horst Weiss
Original Assignee
Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg filed Critical Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg
Publication of WO2013144036A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013144036A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B1/00—Presses, using a press ram, characterised by the features of the drive therefor, pressure being transmitted directly, or through simple thrust or tension members only, to the press ram or platen
    • B30B1/32—Presses, using a press ram, characterised by the features of the drive therefor, pressure being transmitted directly, or through simple thrust or tension members only, to the press ram or platen by plungers under fluid pressure
    • B30B1/34—Presses, using a press ram, characterised by the features of the drive therefor, pressure being transmitted directly, or through simple thrust or tension members only, to the press ram or platen by plungers under fluid pressure involving a plurality of plungers acting on the platen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
    • B30B15/06—Platens or press rams
    • B30B15/068—Drive connections, e.g. pivotal

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a hydraulic cycle press for the production of molded plastic parts, in particular fiber composite plastic, in a tool consisting of upper tool and lower tool press tool, with - a press frame with upper beam, lower beam and side panels, an upper tool carrier and a plurality of attached to the upper beam pressing cylinders whose pistons are working on the upper tool carrier, wherein the lower tool is arranged on the lower beam / and the upper tool is attached to the upper tool carrier or fastened.
  • Plastic means z.
  • thermosetting plastics that is in particular resins
  • z As epoxy resins, polyester resins or polyurethane resins which are initially liquid, viscous or powdery and harden under the action of a hardener and / or pressure and / or heat.
  • the invention also includes the production of molded parts made of thermoplastic materials, the z. B. heated (as a melt) are introduced into the mold and then cure by cooling.
  • Plastic in the context of the invention particularly preferably means a fiber-reinforced plastic and consequently a fiber composite material in which fibers are embedded or embedded in a matrix of plastic.
  • the fibers may preferably be glass fibers and / or carbon fibers or carbon fibers, but also ceramic fibers, metal fibers and / or natural fibers and corresponding combinations
  • the fibers may be loose, but preferably in the form of semi-finished products, for. B. as fiber mats or the like.
  • Moldings means z. B. molded parts for the automotive industry, for. As body parts, or moldings for aerospace engineering, z. B. fuselage, wing parts or the like for aircraft construction. Furthermore, it may be components for mechanical engineering, z. B. components for power plant construction, plant construction and in particular wind turbines or the like.
  • the invention preferably relates to a hydraulic cycle press for the production of molded parts made of fiber composite materials by means of transfer molding, which is also referred to as RTM process (Resin Transfer Molding).
  • RTM process Resin Transfer Molding
  • the fibers eg a semifinished fiber product
  • the molding compound eg a two-component molding compound comprising a resin and a hardener
  • the mold can be subjected to negative pressure or vacuum.
  • the molding material usually not only by the hardener or z. As heat, but in particular cures under pressure, it is necessary to clamp the tool halves against each other.
  • the tool halves are mounted in a press, so that the molding compounds is injected after inserting the fibers and after closing in the closed mold.
  • Such presses operate in clock mode.
  • plunger cylinders as press cylinders and additionally more or less complex closing devices and possibly retraction devices,
  • z. B. Retract cylinder provide.
  • the structure of the known from practice hydraulic presses for the production of molded parts made of fiber composite material is relatively expensive. This is also related to the fact that very high pressing forces must be applied.
  • separate opening devices have been proposed so that only small paths can be covered with the pressing cylinders.
  • the known concepts have in common that the tool carrier is usually moved with long-stroke cylinders and clamped or locked against the press frame. For applying the pressing force or closing force and for accurate control separate Kurzhubzylinder are provided. To describe z. B.
  • DE 36 37 544 A1 and DE 36 37 545 A1 discloses a hydraulic Schnellhubpresse in window frame construction for the production of fiber-reinforced plastic Fornn really, with a the upper mold half carrying Pressbär, with a hydraulic high-speed device for the idle stroke and a hydraulic Kurzhub adopted for the working stroke can be raised and lowered. Differenziaizylinder be used for the working stroke.
  • the Pressbär however, in the idle stroke of a centrally acting in the crosshead, hydraulic high-speed traction drive can be raised and lowered and slidably guided by push rods in the crosshead.
  • a press in the embodiment as a direct drive servo screw press, the press comprising a machine frame comprising at least one press table, a head piece with at least one drive assembly and at least one side stand with slide guides.
  • At least one linear absolute displacement measuring system is assigned to the control circuit of the drives, in which each drive is acted on either by the signals of a permanently assigned measuring system or in which signals defined and computationally processed are assigned to each drive. This should be done an active and dynamic compensation of the constantly fluctuating distance error between the lower edge of the plunger and the surface of the press table.
  • DE 10 2010 017 912 A1 discloses a hydraulic press drive for a forming or forging press with a cylinder and a plunger movably mounted in the cylinder, wherein the plunger divides the cylinder into a compression pressure space and a return stroke space.
  • a control unit is provided, which controls the pressure generating means as a function of the respective stroke position of the plunger and / or of the respective pressure prevailing in the compression pressure space and / or return stroke space
  • the control is set up in such a way that, when the pressure generating means are actuated to generate a pressing stroke, the pressure generating means for generating a counterpressure in the return stroke chamber are controlled in such a way that the force resulting from the pressing pressure is greater than the force resulting from the counterpressure , so that hydraulic fluid is compressed from the remindhubraum urged.
  • DE 195 24 042 A1 describes a drive for hydraulic presses with a high number of strokes, in particular for forming and / or cutting of sheets, plastics or the like.
  • a circuit arrangement for controlling the fast feed and return of press dies, in particular on high-pressure hydraulic presses, is also known from DE 274 385 A1.
  • DE 10 2004 046 493 A1 proposes a press for the production of plastic moldings in which both the idle stroke and the drive for the press ram are effected by means of a toggle lever system comprising a controlled drive.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a hydraulic cycle press, which enables a simple construction of an economical production of molded plastic parts, in particular fiber composite material.
  • the invention teaches in a generic hydraulic timing press for the production of plastic moldings, in particular fiber composite plastic, that the pressing cylinders are designed as double-acting differential cylinders whose pistons are connected by train / pressure connections directly to the upper tool carrier and are arranged both for opening and closing and for applying the pressing force.
  • the invention is based on the recognition that the structure and operation of a hydraulic cycle press can be considerably simplified if the plunger cylinder known in principle are replaced by double-acting differential cylinder and also dispenses with additional impression cylinder, retraction cylinder, quick lift drives or the like. Rather, the cycle press according to the invention has exclusively the double-acting press cylinder, so is dispensed with additional linear actuators. This can be based on a positioning of the pressing cylinder itself, z. B. by separate spindle drives or the like can be omitted. Even complex locking devices are not required.
  • Both the opening and closing of the press and the application of the pressing force is realized solely on the press cylinder, which are connected in the sense of a train / pressure connection with the upper tool carrier, so that an exact positioning of the upper tool and / or an exact adjustment of the pressing force without additional cylinders can be realized.
  • the press thus operates with only two axes, without the need for additional axes for further linear drives.
  • four press cylinders, six press cylinders or even more press cylinders are provided between the upper beam and the upper tool carrier, so that work is then carried out with four axes or six axes.
  • Press cylinder with suitable valves and a suitable control and / or regulating device not only allows the production of high pressing forces with high accuracy, but in particular an exact positioning of the upper tool relative to the lower tool.
  • the pistons of the pressing cylinders can be positioned with a path accuracy of 0.05 mm, preferably with a path accuracy of 0.02 mm. This means within the scope of the invention that deviations of the actual position of the piston and thus also of the upper tool from a desired value amount to a maximum of 0.05 mm, preferably a maximum of 0.02 mm.
  • the invention also includes presses for production in the "closed-die mode", in which upper tool and lower tool abut each other directly.
  • the pressing cylinders are connected as double-acting differential cylinders by means of tension / pressure connections directly to the upper tool carrier. It is expedient if the pistons of the pressing cylinder are pivotally connected to the upper tool carrier. Preferably, then, a connection can be realized with the interposition of pressure and tension resilient, spherical plain bearings. This technology is known z. B. in continuous presses for the production of wood-based panels, in which the pistons of the press
  • Cylinder are pivotally connected to a press plate (see, for example, DE 10 2005 009 298 A1).
  • a press plate see, for example, DE 10 2005 009 298 A1.
  • the cylinder pivotally connected to the upper beam it is expedient to connect the cylinder pivotally connected to the upper beam.
  • the upper tool carrier is guided in the vertical direction laterally on the side parts of the press frame, so that a proper positioning of the upper tool relative to the lower tool, taking into account the small gap widths in the dipping edges is possible.
  • Such leadership is z. B. then makes sense if the cylinders are "hinged" on both sides.
  • the press according to the invention can in particular moldings made of fiber composite plastics, for. B. for the automotive industry and / or aerospace engineering.
  • the existing of upper tool and lower tool press tool generally has a large mass of more than 10 t, z. B. also more than 25 t.
  • the press according to the invention is usually equipped or connected to a control and / or regulating device. Consequently, the pressing cylinder or its control valves are connected to the control and regulating device, preferably for a pressure control and / or path control. Such a press can thus be regulated and / or operated pressure-controlled.
  • the control and / or regulating device of the press can be set up in such a way that during the pressing, the pressures in the individual cylinder chambers or the resulting pressing forces of all the pressing cylinders are ascertainable and can be supplied to the control / regulating device. With the control / regulating device, from the determined pressures / forces, taking into account
  • the pressing cylinders can be acted upon in such a way that the determined deformations can be compensated in this way and consequently compensated.
  • the deformations of the press frame are continuously iteratively ascertainable during the increase of the pressing pressure and / or during the pressing and can be compensated taking into account finite element calculations carried out on-line.
  • the compensation of deformations of the press frame can take place taking into account temperature values which are recorded at several points of the press frame (eg with temperature sensors).
  • mold parts can be produced quickly in a particularly economical manner with the hydraulic cycle press according to the invention with a simple structure.
  • Modern double-acting differential cylinders allow, despite relatively large volumes of oil, a quick and accurate closing and opening and also the application of even the highest pressing forces.
  • double-acting Differenziaizylindern as a press cylinder in a hydraulic cycle press for the production of moldings made of plastic, in particular fiber composite plastic.
  • these press cylinders for a RTM press.
  • the invention also relates to a process for the production of molded plastic, in particular fiber composite plastic, with a press of the type described. According to the invention during the production of molded plastic, in particular fiber composite plastic, with a press of the type described. According to the invention during the production of molded plastic, in particular fiber composite plastic, with a press of the type described. According to the invention during the production of molded plastic, in particular fiber composite plastic, with a press of the type described. According to the invention during the
  • the deformations of the press frame or of the frame structure are determined continuously during the pressing or during the increase of the pressing pressure iteratively and compensated for taking into account online calculations (eg, according to the finite element method). This can be done in principle compensation for deformations of the entire frame structure waiving separate position or displacement measuring in the field of press tool.
  • the control / regulating device is designed as a powerful data processing system in which comprehensive information about the frame structure is stored. By means of the chamber pressures in the cylinders, it is possible, during the pressure build-up or during the pressing, taking into account the stored data, to draw conclusions about structural deformations which can then be correspondingly compensated. This is achieved in particular by online finite element calculations performed online. In this way, the required accuracy in the field of press tool for complex RTM processes can be achieved, so that can produce economically manufactured moldings of the highest quality. Alternatively or additionally, it may be expedient, the compensation also under
  • the sole figure shows a hydraulic cycle press (as RTM press) in a highly simplified representation.
  • a hydraulic cycle press for the production of plastic moldings, in particular fiber composite plastic.
  • a press tool is mounted, which is composed of upper tool 1 a and lower tool 1 b.
  • Such a mold can, for. B. fed with a semi-finished fiber and then closed. After loading, the mold cavity can be filled with the molding compound, eg. As resin and hardener to be filled. The molding compound cures using pressure and possibly heat in the press.
  • the press has a press frame 2 with upper beam 3 and lower beam 4 and side parts 5. It can be z.
  • a frame-type press is used which is composed of a plurality of (closed) press frames arranged one behind the other.
  • the press has an in
  • press cylinders 8 are designed as double-acting differential cylinders, the pistons 9 are connected by train / pressure connections directly to the upper tool carrier 7, so that not only the pressing force is applied with these Differenzialzyl by 8, but also the opening and closing of the press ,
  • the stroke of the pressing cylinder 8 is sufficiently large, so that a tool change and adaptation to different tool geometries and in particular tool heights is possible. Additional linear drives for positioning the tool carrier are therefore dispensed with.
  • the known combinations of z. B. long-stroke cylinders and Kurzhubzylindern be replaced by the differential cylinder according to the invention. In the front view of the press only two juxtaposed pressing cylinder 8 can be seen.
  • the upper tool carrier 7 can be guided laterally on the side parts 5 of the press frame 2 in the vertical direction. This is not shown in the figure.
  • the pistons 9 of the pressing cylinder 8 are pivotally connected to the upper tool carrier 7.
  • a connection is indicated with the interposition of loadable on pressure and train spherical spherical bearings 10.
  • the cylinders 8 are pivotally connected to the press frame, namely hinged to the upper beam 3, also with the interposition of spherical spherical plain bearings 6.
  • the pressing cylinder 8 are equipped in a known manner with control valves 1 1, via which the two volumes of double-acting differential cylinder are acted upon.
  • the pressure cylinder 8 and its control valves 1 1 are connected to at least one (not shown) control or regulating device with which an exact control / regulation of the pressing pressure and / or the path and consequently the position is possible.
  • the pistons 9 of the pressing cylinder 8 can be positioned with a path accuracy of 0.05 mm or optionally also 0.02 mm, so that a total of a simple construction with a very precise control.
  • deformations of the frame structure can be compensated by suitable press control.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une presse hydraulique à fonctionnement cadencé, destinée à fabriquer des pièces moulées en matière plastique, notamment en matière plastique composite renforcée de fibres, dans un outil de presse qui est constitué d'un outil supérieur (1a) et d'un outil inférieur (1b) et qui comporte - un châssis de presse (2) comportant un longeron supérieur (3), un longeron inférieur (4) et des parties latérales (5), - un support d'outil supérieur (7) et - plusieurs cylindres de presse (8) qui sont fixés sur le longeron supérieur (3) et dont les pistons (9) agissant sur le support d'outil (7), l'outil inférieur (1b) étant disposé sur le longeron inférieur (4) et l'outil supérieur (1a) étant fixé ou pouvant être fixé sur le support d'outil supérieur (7). La presse à fonctionnement cadencé selon l'invention est caractérisée en ce que les cylindres de presse (8) sont réalisés sous forme de cylindres différentiels à double action dont les pistons (9) sont reliés directement au support d'outil supérieur (7) à l'aide de liaisons de traction / de pression et sont conçus à la fois pour effectuer l'ouverture et la fermeture et pour appliquer la force de presse.
PCT/EP2013/056151 2012-03-26 2013-03-22 Presse hydraulique à fonctionnement cadencé WO2013144036A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102012102594.0 2012-03-26
DE201210102594 DE102012102594B4 (de) 2012-03-26 2012-03-26 Verfahren zum Herstellen von Formteilen aus Kunststoff

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2013144036A1 true WO2013144036A1 (fr) 2013-10-03

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Country Status (2)

Country Link
DE (1) DE102012102594B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2013144036A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104690980A (zh) * 2013-12-03 2015-06-10 波音公司 具有一体化配件的热塑性复合材料支撑结构及其制造方法
US9828128B1 (en) 2014-12-17 2017-11-28 X Development Llc On-demand protective structures for packaging items in a container
US9840347B1 (en) 2014-12-17 2017-12-12 X Development LLX Adhering modular elements for packaging structures

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102013109490B4 (de) * 2013-08-30 2015-08-06 Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh Hydraulische Taktpresse
DE102017110882B4 (de) * 2017-05-18 2019-10-31 Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh Presse

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE515374A (fr) *
DE2312177A1 (de) * 1973-03-12 1974-09-19 Wemhoener Kg Heinrich Mehrkolbenpresse fuer die kunstharzbeschichtung grossflaechiger werkstuecke
DE3523164C1 (de) 1985-06-28 1986-11-20 G. Siempelkamp Gmbh & Co, 4150 Krefeld Hydraulische Presse, insbes. für die Herstellung von Preßteilen aus faserverstärktem Kunststoff
DE3637545A1 (de) 1986-11-04 1988-05-05 Dieffenbacher Gmbh Maschf Hydraulische schnellhubpresse
DE3637544A1 (de) 1986-11-04 1988-05-05 Dieffenbacher Gmbh Maschf Hydraulische schnellhubpresse
US4857135A (en) * 1986-02-24 1989-08-15 Copp John B Composite board press
US4873923A (en) * 1986-05-16 1989-10-17 Manning Douglas E Hydraulic press platon support
DD274385A1 (de) 1988-07-28 1989-12-20 Ammendorf Waggonbau Schaltungsanordnung zur steuerung des schnellen vor- und ruecklaufes von pressenstempeln, insbesondere an hydraulischen hochdruckpressen
US4944669A (en) * 1989-03-03 1990-07-31 The Dow Chemical Company High tonnage rim press
JPH0550455A (ja) * 1991-08-21 1993-03-02 Fujitsu Miyagi Electron:Kk トランスフア成形装置
DE19524042A1 (de) 1994-07-01 1996-03-21 Mueller Weingarten Maschf Antrieb für hydraulische Pressen mit hoher Hubzahl
DE19842534A1 (de) 1998-08-01 2000-02-03 Mannesmann Rexroth Ag Hydrostatisches Antriebssystem für eine Spritzgießmaschine und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines solchen Antriebssystems
DE10017462A1 (de) * 2000-04-07 2001-10-18 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Taumelpresse
DE102004046493A1 (de) 2004-08-18 2006-03-02 Müller Weingarten AG Presse insbesondere zur Herstellung von Formteilen aus Kunststoff
DE102005009298A1 (de) 2005-03-01 2006-09-07 Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg Kontinuierliche Presse
DE102007040286A1 (de) * 2007-08-24 2009-02-26 Wieber, Christian, Dipl.-Ing.(FH), Batu Caves Hydraulische Presse
EP2210680A2 (fr) * 2009-01-27 2010-07-28 Trumpf Maschinen Austria GmbH & CO. KG. Presse plieuse dotée d'une poutre d'entraînement et d'une poutre plieuse couplée élastiquement
DE202010007238U1 (de) 2010-05-24 2010-10-07 H & T Produktions Technologie Gmbh Servospindelpresse
DE102010017912A1 (de) 2010-04-21 2011-10-27 Voith Patent Gmbh Hydraulischer Antrieb und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines hydraulischen Antriebs

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JPH0523898A (ja) * 1991-07-17 1993-02-02 Kurimoto Ltd 油圧プレスのスライド平行維持装置

Patent Citations (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE515374A (fr) *
DE2312177A1 (de) * 1973-03-12 1974-09-19 Wemhoener Kg Heinrich Mehrkolbenpresse fuer die kunstharzbeschichtung grossflaechiger werkstuecke
DE3523164C1 (de) 1985-06-28 1986-11-20 G. Siempelkamp Gmbh & Co, 4150 Krefeld Hydraulische Presse, insbes. für die Herstellung von Preßteilen aus faserverstärktem Kunststoff
US4857135A (en) * 1986-02-24 1989-08-15 Copp John B Composite board press
US4873923A (en) * 1986-05-16 1989-10-17 Manning Douglas E Hydraulic press platon support
DE3637545A1 (de) 1986-11-04 1988-05-05 Dieffenbacher Gmbh Maschf Hydraulische schnellhubpresse
DE3637544A1 (de) 1986-11-04 1988-05-05 Dieffenbacher Gmbh Maschf Hydraulische schnellhubpresse
DD274385A1 (de) 1988-07-28 1989-12-20 Ammendorf Waggonbau Schaltungsanordnung zur steuerung des schnellen vor- und ruecklaufes von pressenstempeln, insbesondere an hydraulischen hochdruckpressen
US4944669A (en) * 1989-03-03 1990-07-31 The Dow Chemical Company High tonnage rim press
JPH0550455A (ja) * 1991-08-21 1993-03-02 Fujitsu Miyagi Electron:Kk トランスフア成形装置
DE19524042A1 (de) 1994-07-01 1996-03-21 Mueller Weingarten Maschf Antrieb für hydraulische Pressen mit hoher Hubzahl
DE19842534A1 (de) 1998-08-01 2000-02-03 Mannesmann Rexroth Ag Hydrostatisches Antriebssystem für eine Spritzgießmaschine und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines solchen Antriebssystems
DE10017462A1 (de) * 2000-04-07 2001-10-18 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Taumelpresse
DE102004046493A1 (de) 2004-08-18 2006-03-02 Müller Weingarten AG Presse insbesondere zur Herstellung von Formteilen aus Kunststoff
DE102005009298A1 (de) 2005-03-01 2006-09-07 Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg Kontinuierliche Presse
DE102007040286A1 (de) * 2007-08-24 2009-02-26 Wieber, Christian, Dipl.-Ing.(FH), Batu Caves Hydraulische Presse
EP2210680A2 (fr) * 2009-01-27 2010-07-28 Trumpf Maschinen Austria GmbH & CO. KG. Presse plieuse dotée d'une poutre d'entraînement et d'une poutre plieuse couplée élastiquement
DE102010017912A1 (de) 2010-04-21 2011-10-27 Voith Patent Gmbh Hydraulischer Antrieb und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines hydraulischen Antriebs
DE202010007238U1 (de) 2010-05-24 2010-10-07 H & T Produktions Technologie Gmbh Servospindelpresse

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104690980A (zh) * 2013-12-03 2015-06-10 波音公司 具有一体化配件的热塑性复合材料支撑结构及其制造方法
CN104690980B (zh) * 2013-12-03 2017-10-20 波音公司 具有一体化配件的热塑性复合材料支撑结构及其制造方法
US9828128B1 (en) 2014-12-17 2017-11-28 X Development Llc On-demand protective structures for packaging items in a container
US9840347B1 (en) 2014-12-17 2017-12-12 X Development LLX Adhering modular elements for packaging structures
US10370136B1 (en) 2014-12-17 2019-08-06 X Development Llc On-demand protective structures for packaging items in a container

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DE102012102594B4 (de) 2014-05-08
DE102012102594A1 (de) 2013-09-26

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