WO2013140927A1 - アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬のスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬のスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for screening for a therapeutic and / or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease and a kit for the same.
- Alzheimer's disease is a kind of protein misfolding disease in which amyloid ⁇ protein (A ⁇ ) is deposited in the brain, and is known as a neurodegenerative disease caused by cytotoxicity due to A ⁇ deposition (Non-patent Document 1).
- a ⁇ amyloid ⁇ protein
- Non-patent Document 1 Non-patent Document 1
- starting treatment as early as possible leads to effective treatment, so the development of early diagnosis is an important issue in an aging society.
- NINCDS-ADRDA and DSM-IV are used as clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Although this criterion is excellent for diagnosing positive dementia, the possibility of being diagnosed as negative in the early stages of illness cannot be denied, and a definitive diagnosis cannot be achieved. Moreover, it is impossible to make a diagnosis before onset. Since Alzheimer's disease has been shown to be caused by the accumulation of A ⁇ , the conventional diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is based on a decrease in the A ⁇ 42 / A ⁇ 40 ratio in cerebrospinal fluid and phosphorylated tau protein (p -tau), and p-tau / (A ⁇ 42 / A ⁇ 40), which is a combination of these, has been used as an indicator.
- p -tau phosphorylated tau protein
- iPS cells mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells
- Yamanaka et al. Succeeded in establishing iPS cells by introducing 4 genes of Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc into human skin-derived fibroblasts (Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2).
- the iPS cells obtained in this way can be differentiated into cells of each tissue after being prepared using cells derived from the patient to be treated, it is possible to reproduce the disease state in vitro It is considered.
- Non-Patent Document 3 iPS cells derived from familial Alzheimer's disease patients with mutations in presenilin were produced by the above method, successfully induced to differentiate into nerve cells, and extracellular secretion of A ⁇ 42 from these nerve cells was enhanced Has been reported (Non-Patent Document 3).
- Non-patent Document 4 Although there are various arguments for this result, it is unclear which diagnostic index is useful for screening for drugs showing therapeutic effects.
- Non-patent Document 5 This leaves room for doubt as to whether A ⁇ deposition, such as senile plaque formation, causes Alzheimer's disease.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for screening for a therapeutic or preventive drug for Alzheimer's disease and a kit therefor.
- the present inventors have reproduced Alzheimer's disease pathology in nerve cells or astrocytes induced to differentiate from somatic cell-derived iPS cells of Alzheimer's disease patients.
- Successful That is, in neuronal cells or astrocytes induced to differentiate, findings such as accumulation of A ⁇ oligomers in the cells, ER stress amount and increase in oxidative stress such as production of reactive oxygen species were found.
- the present invention has been completed by finding that these indexes are decreased by adding an existing drug for treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease.
- a method for screening for a therapeutic and / or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease comprising the following steps: (A) A step of bringing a candidate substance into contact with an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell prepared from a somatic cell of an Alzheimer's disease patient or an iPS cell-derived neuronal cell or astrocyte into which 693 glutamate-deficient mutant APP has been introduced , (B) a step of measuring the amount of A ⁇ oligomer in the nerve cell or astrocyte, and (c) when the amount of the A ⁇ oligomer is decreased as compared with the case where the amount is not contacted with the candidate substance, the candidate substance Selecting as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
- iPS induced pluripotent stem
- a method for screening for a therapeutic and / or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease comprising the following steps: (A) contacting a candidate substance with iPS cells prepared from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients or iPS cell-derived neurons or astrocytes into which 693 glutamate-deficient mutant APP has been introduced; (B) measuring at least one index selected from the group consisting of the amount of ER stress, caspase 4 activity, transgelin amount and oxidative stress in the nerve cells or astrocytes, and (c) the amount or activity Selecting the candidate substance as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease when the ratio is decreased as compared to the case where the candidate substance is not contacted with the candidate substance.
- a method for screening for a therapeutic and / or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease comprising the following steps: (A) contacting a candidate substance with an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell produced from a somatic cell of an Alzheimer's disease patient or an iPS cell-derived nerve cell into which 693 glutamate-deficient mutant APP has been introduced; (B) a step of measuring the number of viable cells of the nerve cell or a substitute value thereof, and (c) the candidate when the number of the viable cells or the substitute value thereof is increased compared to a case where the number of viable cells or the substitute value thereof is not contacted with a candidate substance.
- iPS induced pluripotent stem
- a substance as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease [12] The method according to [11], wherein the iPS cell-derived nerve cell is a cell that accumulates A ⁇ oligomers. [13] The method according to [11] or [12], wherein the somatic cell of the Alzheimer's disease patient is a somatic cell having an APP 693 glutamate deletion mutation. [14] A kit for screening for a therapeutic and / or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease comprising iPS cell-derived neurons and / or astrocytes having a mutant APP.
- kits according to [14] further comprising a reagent for measuring at least one index selected from the group consisting of A ⁇ oligomer, BiP, cleaved caspase 4, Transgelin, PRDX4 and reactive oxygen species.
- the kit according to [14] or [15] wherein the APP mutation is a 693rd glutamic acid deletion mutation. Is to provide.
- the present invention makes it possible to screen for Alzheimer's disease therapeutic agents and / or preventive agents using a novel tool. Therefore, the present invention is extremely useful for the early treatment or prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of evaluation of the prepared control and AD (E693 ⁇ ) -iPSCs and induction of differentiation into cerebral cortical neurons.
- A A photograph showing the morphology (phase image) of iPS cells established from somatic cells of an Alzheimer's disease patient (E693 ⁇ ), and the expression of NANOG (green) and TRA1-60 (red), which are pluripotent stem cell markers.
- B Comparison of genomic DNA sequences of iPS cells established from somatic cells of patients with control iPS cells (Control) and Alzheimer's disease (AD (E693 ⁇ )). In iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients, E693 is homozygous and deficient (E693 ⁇ ).
- the mesoderm represents cartilage
- the endoderm represents the intestinal tract-like epithelium
- the ectoderm represents the neural tube-like tissue.
- SOX17 indicates endoderm
- Tuj1 indicates ectoderm.
- cerebral cortical transcription marker (CTIP2, SATB2 or TBR1) shows red color.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of evaluation of the prepared AD (V717L) -iPSCs and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD (sporadic))-iPSCs and induction of differentiation into neurons.
- A Morphology (phase image) of iPS cells established from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients (V717L and sporadic), and expression of pluripotent stem cell markers NANOG (green) and TRA1-60 (red) Photo showing.
- FIG. 1 Comparison of genomic DNA sequences of control iPS cells (Control) and iPS cells established from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease (AD (V717L)) patients.
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- APP V717 has a heterozygous mutation (V717L).
- C Neuronal markers (Tuj1) and cerebral cortical transcriptional markers (TBR1 and SATB2) in cerebral cortical neurons differentiated from control, AD (E693 ⁇ ), AD (V717L) and sporadic iPSCs ) Shows the relative expression level of the protein.
- the graph represents the ratio of the number of positive cells of each marker to the number of nuclei (DAPI).
- FIG. 3 shows the amount of extracellular secretion of each A ⁇ from neurons or astrocytes induced to differentiate from control (control), AD (E693 ⁇ ), AD (V717L) and sporadic iPSCs.
- A The extracellular secretion amount of A ⁇ 40 and A ⁇ 42 and the ratio of A ⁇ 42 / A ⁇ 40 in the neuron are shown.
- FIG. 4 shows the accumulation of A ⁇ oligomers in neurons differentiated from iPS cells (AD (E693 ⁇ )) derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients.
- A A photograph showing the localization of A ⁇ oligomers in neurons (control or AD (E693 ⁇ )) induced to differentiate from iPS cells.
- FIG. 5 shows the amount of A ⁇ oligomer accumulated.
- A In nerve cells (control, AD (E693 ⁇ ), AD (V717L) and AD (sporadic)) induced to differentiate from iPS cells under the conditions of addition (+) of BSI (-) The graph of the accumulation amount of A (beta) oligomer is shown.
- FIG. 6 shows accumulation of A ⁇ oligomers and ER stress response in neurons (AD (E693 ⁇ )) induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients.
- A A photograph showing the localization of A ⁇ oligomer (green) in organelles (red) in sputum cells.
- BiP indicates ER
- EEA1 indicates early endosome
- LAMP2 indicates late endosome / lysosome.
- a ⁇ oligomers are those detected by NU-1 monoclonal antibody.
- B shows the results of Western blot analysis of ER stress markers (BiP and activated caspase 4) in neurons (control and AD (E693 ⁇ )) induced to differentiate from iPS cells in the presence and absence of BSI Photo.
- FIG. 7 shows the analysis results of other markers in nerve cells (AD (E693 ⁇ )) induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients.
- AD nerve cells
- FIG. 7 shows the analysis results of other markers in nerve cells (AD (E693 ⁇ )) induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients.
- A A photograph showing the results of Western blot analysis of Transgelin.
- B shows the expression level of AD relative to the control of peroxidation activity-related genes in gene ontology analysis.
- C Photographs showing the results of Western blot analysis of peroxiredoxin-4 in neurons (control and AD (E693 ⁇ )) induced to differentiate from iPS cells in the presence and absence of BSI.
- D shows the quantification data of peroxiredoxin-4.
- FIG. 8 shows neuronal cells (control, AD (E693 ⁇ ), AD (V717L) and AD (sporadic)) induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients in the presence and absence of BSI.
- the photograph which shows the result of the Western blot analysis of the ER stress marker gene (BiP and activated caspase 4) and the oxidative stress marker gene (peroxiredoxin-4).
- BiP and Peroxiredoxin-4 were confirmed to have significantly higher expression in AD (E693 ⁇ ) -1, AD (E693 ⁇ ) -2, AD (E693 ⁇ ) -3 and AD (sporadic) -2 in the absence of BSI (** p ⁇ 0.005).
- FIG. 9 shows ER stress marker genes (BiP and activated caspase) in astrocytes (control, AD (E693 ⁇ ), AD (V717L) and AD (sporadic)) induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients. 4) A photograph showing the results of Western blot analysis of the oxidative stress marker gene (peroxiredoxin-4).
- BiP and Peroxiredoxin-4 were confirmed to have significantly higher expression in AD (E693 ⁇ ) -1, AD (E693 ⁇ ) -2, AD (E693 ⁇ ) -3 and AD (sporadic) -2 in the absence of BSI .
- active caspase 4 it was confirmed that expression was significantly higher in AD (E693 ⁇ ) -1, AD (E693 ⁇ ) -2, and AD (E693 ⁇ ) -3 in the absence of BSI.
- FIG. 10 shows neuronal cells (control, AD (E693 ⁇ ), AD (V717L) and AD (sporadic)) induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients in the presence and absence of BSI.
- FIG. 11 shows reactive oxygen species (ROS) in astrocytes (control, AD (E693 ⁇ ), AD (V717L) and AD (sporadic)) induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients. The result of having measured the quantity of is shown.
- A Photographs showing typical examples of staining with CellROX (white) and DAPI staining (blue) in each astrocyte (control, AD (E693 ⁇ ) and AD (sporadic)).
- B The graph of the result of having quantified the ROS positive area value detected by CellROX is shown.
- FIG. 12 shows data obtained by observing the reduction of ER stress by A ⁇ oligomers by Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
- DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
- FIG. 13 shows the results of adding DHA to neurons induced to differentiate from iPS cells of Alzheimer's disease patients.
- (C) Data obtained by quantifying the results of dot blot analysis of A ⁇ oligomer using NU1 antibody using densitometry. Data show mean ⁇ SD (n 3 / group).
- FIG. 14 shows cell viability of nerve cells (control, AD (E693 ⁇ ) and AD (sporadic)) induced to differentiate from iPS cells derived from somatic cells of Alzheimer's disease patients.
- B A photograph showing a typical example of a fluorescence image for a neuron having EGFP (green) induced by a synapsin I promoter in each neuron (control, AD (E693 ⁇ ) and AD (sporadic)).
- the present invention provides a therapeutic and / or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease, comprising a step of contacting a candidate substance with a neural cell or astrocyte derived from an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell) produced from a somatic cell of an Alzheimer's disease patient.
- iPS cell induced pluripotent stem cell
- an iPS cell is used to introduce a specific nuclear reprogramming substance into a somatic cell in the form of DNA or protein, or by using an agent for the endogenous mRNA and protein of the nuclear reprogramming substance.
- Artificial stem cells derived from somatic cells that have almost the same properties as ES cells, such as differentiation pluripotency and self-renewal proliferation ability, which can be produced by increasing expression (K. Takahashi and S. Yamanaka (2006) Cell, 126: 663-676, K. Takahashi et al. (2007) Cell, 131: 861-872, J. Yu et al. (2007) Science, 318: 1917-1920, M. Nakagawa et al. (2008) Nat.
- the nuclear reprogramming substance is not particularly limited as long as it is a gene specifically expressed in ES cells, a gene that plays an important role in maintaining undifferentiation of ES cells, or a gene product thereof.
- nucleotide sequences of mouse and human cDNA of each nuclear reprogramming substance and amino acid sequence information of the protein encoded by the cDNA refer to NCBI accession numbers described in WO 2007/069666, and L-Myc, Lin28 , Lin28b, Esrrb, Esrrg and Glis1 mouse and human cDNA sequences and amino acid sequence information can be obtained by referring to the following NCBI accession numbers, respectively.
- a person skilled in the art can prepare a desired nuclear reprogramming substance by a conventional method based on the cDNA sequence or amino acid sequence information.
- nuclear reprogramming substances may be introduced into somatic cells in the form of proteins, for example, by lipofection, binding to cell membrane permeable peptides, microinjection, or in the form of DNA, for example, It can be introduced into somatic cells by techniques such as viruses, plasmids, artificial chromosomes, vectors, lipofection, liposomes, and microinjection.
- Virus vectors include retrovirus vectors, lentivirus vectors (cells, 126, pp.663-676, 2006; Cell, 131, pp.861-872, 2007; Science, 318, pp.1917-1920, 2007 ), Adenovirus vectors (Science, 322, 945-949, 2008), adeno-associated virus vectors, Sendai virus vectors (Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 85, 348-62, 2009) and the like.
- artificial chromosome vectors include human artificial chromosomes (HAC), yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC), and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC, PAC).
- a plasmid for mammalian cells can be used (Science, 322: 949-953, 2008).
- the vector can contain regulatory sequences such as a promoter, an enhancer, a ribosome binding sequence, a terminator, and a polyadenylation site so that a nuclear reprogramming substance can be expressed.
- promoter used examples include EF1 ⁇ promoter, CAG promoter, SR ⁇ promoter, SV40 promoter, LTR promoter, CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter, RSV (rous sarcoma virus) promoter, MoMuLV (Moloney murine leukemia virus) LTR, HSV- A TK (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase) promoter or the like is used.
- EF1 ⁇ promoter, CAG promoter, MoMuLV LTR, CMV promoter, SR ⁇ promoter and the like can be mentioned.
- drug resistance genes for example, kanamycin resistance gene, ampicillin resistance gene, puromycin resistance gene, etc.
- thymidine kinase gene diphtheria toxin gene and other selectable marker sequences
- green fluorescent protein (GFP) green fluorescent protein
- GUS ⁇ -glucuronidase
- reporter gene sequences such as FLAG, and the like.
- the above vector contains a LoxP sequence before and after the gene or promoter encoding the nuclear reprogramming substance and the gene encoding the nuclear reprogramming substance that binds to it. You may have.
- transposons include, for example, piggyBac, which is a transposon derived from lepidopterous insects (Kaji, K. et al., (2009), Nature, 458: 771-775, Woltjenet al., (2009), Nature , 458: 766-770, WO 2010/012077).
- the vector replicates without chromosomal integration and is episomal, so that the origin and replication of lymphotropic herpesvirus (lymphotrophic herpes virus), BK virus and bovine papillomavirus
- sequence which concerns on may be included. Examples include EBNA-1 and oriP or LargeLT and SV40ori sequences (WO 2009/115295, WO 2009/157201 and WO 2009/149233).
- an expression vector for polycistronic expression may be used.
- the gene coding sequence may be linked by an IRES or foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A coding region (Science, 322: 949-953, 2008 and WO 2009/092042 2009/152529).
- HDAC histone deacetylase
- VPA valproate PA
- MC 1293 sodium butyrate
- M344 small molecule inhibitors
- siRNA and shRNA against HDAC e.g., HDAC1 siRNA (Smartpool® (Millipore), HuSH 29mer shRNA Nucleic acid expression inhibitors such as Constructs against HDAC1 (OriGene) etc.
- DNA methyltransferase inhibitors eg 5'-azacytidine
- G9a Histone methyltransferase inhibitors eg, small molecule inhibitors such as BIX-01294 (Cell Stem Cell, 2: 525-528 (2008)), siRNA and shRNA against G9a (eg, G9a siRNA (human) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) Etc.), etc.], L-channel calcium agonist (for example, Bayk8644) (Cell Stem Cell, 3, 568-574 (2008)), p53 inhibitors (eg siRNA and shRNA against p53) (Cell Stem Cell, 3, 475-479 (2008)), Wnt Signaling activator (eg soluble Wnt3a ) (Cell Stem Cell, 3, 132-135 (2008)), growth factors such as LIF or bFGF, ALK5 inhibitors (eg, SB431542) (Nat.
- small molecule inhibitors such as BIX-01294 (Cell Stem Cell, 2: 525-528 (2008)
- siRNA and shRNA against G9a eg, G9a siRNA (
- Examples of the drug in the method for increasing the expression of the endogenous protein of the nuclear reprogramming substance by the drug include 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime, indirubin-5-nitro-3'-oxime, valproic acid, 2- (3- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) -lH-pyrazol-4-yl) -1,5-naphthyridine, 1- (4-methylphenyl) -2- (4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-imino- 3 (2H) -benzothiazolyl) ethanone HBr (pifithrin-alpha), prostaglandin J2, and prostaglandin E2 are exemplified (WO 2010/068955).
- Examples of the culture medium for iPS cell induction include (1) DMEM, DMEM / F12 or DME medium containing 10-15% FBS (these media include LIF, penicillin / streptomycin, puromycin, L-glutamine). , (2) ES cell culture medium containing bFGF or SCF, such as mouse ES cell culture medium (for example, TX-WES medium, thrombos. X) or primate ES cell culture medium (for example, primate (human & monkey) ES cell culture medium (Reprocell, Kyoto, Japan), mTeSR-1).
- mouse ES cell culture medium for example, TX-WES medium, thrombos. X
- primate ES cell culture medium for example, primate (human & monkey) ES cell culture medium (Reprocell, Kyoto, Japan), mTeSR-1).
- a somatic cell and a nuclear reprogramming substance are brought into contact with each other in a DMEM or DMEM / F12 medium containing 10% FBS in the presence of 5% CO 2 at 37 ° C.
- Culture for ⁇ 7 days then re-spread the cells on feeder cells (eg, mitomycin C-treated STO cells, SNL cells, etc.), and bFGF-containing primate ES cells approximately 10 days after contact between the somatic cells and the nuclear reprogramming substance
- the cells can be cultured in a culture medium and ES cell-like colonies can be generated about 30 to about 45 days or more after the contact.
- the cells may be cultured under conditions of an oxygen concentration as low as 5-10%.
- 10% FBS-containing DMEM medium for example, LIF, penicillin / streptomycin, puromycin, L-glutamine, mitomycin C-treated STO cells, SNL cells, etc.
- Non-essential amino acids, ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, etc. can be included as appropriate.
- ES-like colonies after about 25 to about 30 days or more.
- the medium is replaced with a fresh medium once a day from the second day after the start of the culture.
- the number of somatic cells used for nuclear reprogramming is not limited, but ranges from about 5 ⁇ 10 3 to about 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells per 100 cm 2 of culture dish.
- a marker gene-expressing cell When a gene containing a drug resistance gene is used as a marker gene, a marker gene-expressing cell can be selected by culturing in a medium (selective medium) containing the corresponding drug.
- the marker gene is a fluorescent protein gene
- the marker gene-expressing cells can be obtained by observing with a fluorescence microscope, by adding a luminescent substrate in the case of a luminescent enzyme gene, and by adding a chromogenic substrate in the case of a chromogenic enzyme gene. Can be detected.
- a “somatic cell” may be any cell other than a germ cell derived from a mammal (eg, human, mouse, monkey, pig, rat, etc.), for example, keratinized epithelial cell (Eg, keratinized epidermal cells), mucosal epithelial cells (eg, epithelial cells of the tongue surface), exocrine glandular epithelial cells (eg, mammary cells), hormone-secreting cells (eg, adrenal medullary cells), cells for metabolism and storage (Eg, hepatocytes), luminal epithelial cells that make up the interface (eg, type I alveolar cells), luminal epithelial cells (eg, vascular endothelial cells) in the inner chain, and ciliated cells that are capable of transporting (Eg, airway epithelial cells), extracellular matrix secreting cells (eg, fibroblasts), contractile cells (eg, smooth muscle cells), blood and immune system cells (e
- undifferentiated progenitor cells including somatic stem cells
- terminally differentiated mature cells can be used as the source of somatic cells in the invention.
- undifferentiated progenitor cells include tissue stem cells (somatic stem cells) such as neural stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and dental pulp stem cells.
- the mammal individual from which somatic cells are collected is not particularly limited, but is preferably a human.
- the iPS cells used in the present invention are preferably prepared by collecting somatic cells from a patient with known Alzheimer's disease. More preferably, an iPS cell is produced from a somatic cell obtained from a patient with known Alzheimer's disease, and a cell that accumulates A ⁇ oligomers when induced from the iPS cell to a neuron or an astrocyte is obtained. IPS cells are produced from somatic cells of patients.
- a ⁇ means amyloid ⁇ protein, which is a fragment produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by being cleaved by ⁇ - and ⁇ -secretase.
- a ⁇ oligomer means a dimer (dimer), trimer (trimer), tetramer (tetramer) or higher polymer of A ⁇ .
- a ⁇ used in the present invention may be any amino acid length of a protein composed of 40 amino acids (A ⁇ 40) or 42 amino acids (A ⁇ 42). However, when produced from 693 glutamic acid-deficient APP, A ⁇ 40 is 39 amino acids long and A ⁇ 42 is 41 amino acids long. Accumulation of A ⁇ oligomers means that these A ⁇ oligomers are aggregated in cells, and this accumulation can be detected by observing cells with an antibody against A ⁇ oligomers (for example, NU1 or 11A1).
- patients with known Alzheimer's disease are not particularly limited, but examples include those who have a causative gene for familial Alzheimer's disease.
- the causative gene includes amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) on chromosome 21, presenilin 1 gene on chromosome 14, presenilin 2 gene on chromosome 1 or apolipoprotein E gene ⁇ 4 allele on chromosome 19. Illustrated.
- somatic cells having APP (E693 ⁇ ) deficient in APP's 693rd glutamic acid may be used as somatic cells of patients with known Alzheimer's disease.
- APP is, for example, the gene of NCBI accession number NM_000484 or a protein encoded by this gene.
- iPS cells into which APP (E693 ⁇ ) lacking the 693rd glutamate of APP has been introduced may be used instead of iPS cells prepared from somatic cells from a patient with known Alzheimer's disease.
- iPS cells into which APP (E693 ⁇ ) lacking the 693rd glutamate of APP has been introduced may be used.
- the introduction of the mutant APP can be performed using the same method as the method for introducing the nuclear reprogramming substance into the somatic cell described above.
- the introduction of mutant APP may be performed in iPS cells, or may be performed in neural cells or astrocytes after differentiation induction described below.
- iPS cells of neural cells as a method for inducing the differentiation of neural stem cells, but are not limited to, induction of differentiation method by high-density culturing on a fibroblast feeder layer (JP 2008-201792), stromal cells Differentiation induction method by co-culture (SDIA method) (for example, WO2001 / 088100, WO / 2003/042384), differentiation induction method by floating culture (SFEB method) (WO2005 / 123902) and combinations thereof Can do.
- SDIA method stromal cells Differentiation induction method by co-culture
- SFEB method differentiation induction method by floating culture
- the iPS cell induced by the above-mentioned method is separated by any method to form an embryoid body (EB), and then adhered to a culture dish coated in any medium.
- EB embryoid body
- nerve cells can be induced.
- the nerve cell is a cerebral cortical neuron.
- neurons are BF1, ⁇ III tubulin, TuJ1, NeuN, 160 kDa neurofilament protein, MAP2ab, glutamate, synaptophysin, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase, GABA, serotonin, TBR1, CTIP2 and SATB2.
- a separation solution having mechanical or protease activity and collagenase activity for example, Accutase (TM) and Accumax (TM) may be used.
- the separation is preferably performed by separating iPS cells up to single cells, but may be in the form of a small mass or a mixture of small cells and single cells.
- EB formation is usually performed by suspension culture, but is not limited thereto.
- Suspension culture means culturing cells in a non-adherent state on a culture dish, and is not particularly limited, but artificially treated for the purpose of improving adhesion with cells (for example, coating treatment with an extracellular matrix or the like).
- Not treated or artificially treated to suppress adhesion eg polyhydroxyethyl methacrylic acid (poly-HEMA), 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer or Pluronic® F-127 (Gibco) coating
- MPC 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
- Pluronic® F-127 Pluronic® F-127 (Gibco) coating
- Examples of the coating agent for the culture dish used for adhesion culture include Matrigel (Becton Dickinson), collagen, gelatin, poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, fibronectin, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and entactin, and these Combinations are listed. Matrigel is preferable.
- the medium used for culture can be used by adding an additive to the basic medium.
- the basal medium is, for example, Neurobasal medium, Neural-Progenitor-basal medium, NS-A medium, BME medium, BGJb medium, CMRL--1066 medium, Glasgow-MEM medium, Improved-MEM-Zinc-Option medium, IMDM medium, Medium-199 medium, Eagle medium
- the medium is not particularly limited as long as it can be used for culturing animal cells, such as MEM medium, ⁇ MEM medium, DMEM medium, DMEM / F12 medium, ham medium, RPMIRP1640 medium, Fischer's medium, and mixed medium thereof.
- a mixture of Neurobasal medium and DMEM / F12 is preferred.
- the additives are serum, retinoic acid, Wnt, BMP, bFGF, EGF, HGF, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin -3 (NT-3), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), amino acids, vitamins, interleukins, insulin, transferrin, heparin, heparan sulfate, collagen, fibronectin, progesterone, selenite, B27-supplement (Gibco), B27-supplements (without vitamin A) (Gibco), N2-supplements (Gibco), ITS-supplements, antibiotics, inhibitors of AMPK and BMP signals (eg Doromorphin), ALK5 inhibitors (eg SB431542), Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR).
- BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- GDNF
- Preferred additives are N2-supplements, Doromorphin, SB431542, B27-supplements (without vitamin A), BDNF, GDNF, NT-3 and KSR. These additives may be changed in stages, for example, KSR, Doromorphin and SB431542 combined additive, N2-supplement, Doromorphin and SB431542 combined additive or B27-supplement (without vitamin A) , A combination of BDNF, GDNF, and NT-3 can be used as appropriate.
- More preferable embodiments of the culture medium and culture conditions include, but are not limited to, conditions performed in the following three stages: (Step 1) EBs are formed on DMEM / Ham's F12 containing 2 ⁇ M dorsomorphin, SB431542 and 5% KSR on a culture dish coated with MPC polymer, (Step 2) Adhesive culture with DMEM / Ham's F12 containing 2 ⁇ M dorsomorphin, SB431542 and N2-supplement on a matrigel-coated culture dish.
- Step 3 Isolate cells with Accutase and add B27-supplement (without vitamin A), 10 ng / ml BDNF, 10 ng / ml GDNF and 10 ng / ml NT-3 on a matrigel-coated culture dish Cultivate in the containing neurobasal medium.
- the concentration of iPS cells at the start of culture can be appropriately set so as to efficiently form neurons.
- the concentration of iPS cells at the start of culture is not particularly limited.
- the concentration is about 1 ⁇ 10 4 to about 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml, preferably about 5 ⁇ 10 5 to about 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml. is there.
- culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is, for example, about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C.
- CO 2 concentration is, for example, about 1 to 10%, preferably about 5%.
- O 2 concentration is 1-20%.
- the O 2 concentration may be 1 to 10%.
- the culture time for differentiation induction is not particularly limited, but is 28 days or more and 84 days or less, and when differentiation induction is performed by dividing into the above-mentioned stages, preferably stage 1 is 4 days or more and 12 days or less, preferably Is 8 days. Stage 2 is 8 days or more and 24 days or less, preferably 16 days. Stage 3 is from 16 days to 56 days, preferably 32 days or 48 days.
- Method for Inducing Differentiation of Astrocytes as a method for inducing differentiation of astrocytes from iPS cells, (1) a step of producing neural progenitor cells from iPS cells, and (2) the obtained neural progenitor cells are neurotrophic factors (3) a step of dissociating the obtained cells, and (4) a culture solution containing a neurotrophic factor using a culture vessel in which the obtained cells are not coated.
- the method including the process of adhesion culture in is illustrated.
- neural progenitor cells mean cells that differentiate into neurons and glial cells, and are cells in which Nestin ⁇ or NCAM is expressed.
- the neural progenitor cell means a cell equivalent to a neural stem cell, and unless otherwise specified, the two cells are not distinguished.
- glial cells mean astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
- an astrocyte is a cell that expresses GFAP or S100 ⁇ , and preferably a cell that expresses GFAP.
- GFAP is a gene having a sequence shown by NCBI IV Accession No. NM_001131019, NM_001242376 or NM_002055.
- differentiation induction from iPS cells to neural progenitor cells may be performed by a method well known to those skilled in the art, and is not particularly limited.
- a method well known to those skilled in the art for example, (1) an embryoid body is formed in a serum-free medium. Differentiation method (SFEB method) (Watanabe K, et al. Nat Neurosci. 8: 288-96, 2005), (2) ES cell culture method on stromal cells and differentiation (SDIA method) (Kawasaki H, et al. Neuron. 28: 31-40, 2000), (3) Methods of adding drugs on Matrigel and culturing (Chambers SM, et al. Nat Biotechnol.
- SFEB method Differentiation method
- SDIA method ES cell culture method on stromal cells and differentiation
- Methods of adding drugs on Matrigel and culturing for example, (1) an embryoid body is formed in a serum-free medium.
- SDIA method ES cell culture method on
- a preferable differentiation induction method from iPS stem cells to neural progenitor cells a method including a step of culturing iPS cells in a culture solution containing a BMP inhibitor and a TGF ⁇ inhibitor can be used.
- iPS cells may be isolated by any method and cultured by suspension culture, or may be cultured by adhesion using a coated culture vessel. May be. Preferably, adhesion culture is performed after suspension culture.
- a method for separating human iPS cells for example, a method for separating mechanically, a separation solution having protease activity and collagenase activity (for example, Accutase (TM) and Accumax (TM), etc.) or only having collagenase activity. Examples include a separation method using a separation solution.
- a method is used in which a human pluripotent stem cell is dissociated using a separation solution having protease activity and collagenase activity (particularly preferably, Accutase (TM)) and dispersed finely into a single cell.
- a separation solution having protease activity and collagenase activity (particularly preferably, Accutase (TM)) and dispersed finely into a single cell.
- TM Accutase
- the human iPS cell used is a colony cultured until it becomes 80% confluent with respect to the used dish.
- the suspension culture in this step means culturing cells in a non-adherent state in a culture vessel, and is not particularly limited, but artificially processed (for example, extracellular matrix for the purpose of improving adhesion to cells).
- artificially processed for example, extracellular matrix for the purpose of improving adhesion to cells.
- a culture vessel that has not been coated with, etc. or a treatment that artificially suppresses adhesion (for example, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylic acid (poly-HEMA) or nonionic surfactant polyol (Pluronic® F-127, etc.))
- poly-HEMA polyhydroxyethyl methacrylic acid
- Pluronic® F-127 nonionic surfactant polyol
- the cells are cultured in an arbitrary medium in a coated culture vessel.
- the coating agent include matrigel (BD), collagen, gelatin, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, entactin, and combinations thereof. Matrigel is preferable.
- the medium in this step can be prepared using a medium used for animal cell culture as a basal medium.
- the basal medium include IMDM medium, Medium 199 medium, Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) medium, ⁇ MEM medium, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) medium, Ham's F12 medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer Life's medium, Neurobasal's medium And a mixed medium thereof.
- EMEM Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium
- DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium
- Ham's F12 medium RPMI 1640 medium
- Fischer Life's medium Neurobasal's medium
- the medium may contain serum or may be serum-free.
- the medium can be, for example, albumin, transferrin, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (serum substitute for FBS during ES cell culture), N2 supplement (Invitrogen), B27 supplement (Invitrogen), fatty acid, insulin, collagen It may contain one or more serum substitutes such as precursors, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3'-thiolglycerol, lipids, amino acids, L-glutamine, Glutamax (Invitrogen), non-essential amino acids, vitamins, It may also contain one or more substances such as growth factors, small molecule compounds, antibiotics, antioxidants, pyruvate, buffers, inorganic salts.
- a DMEM / F12 medium containing KSR, amino acid and L-glutamine or a DMEM / F12 medium containing N2 supplement, KSR, amino acid and L-glutamine is preferable.
- the BMP inhibitor is a small molecule inhibitor involved in the inhibition of BMP signaling (BMP signaling) through the binding of BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) and BMP receptor (type I or type II), It is different from protein inhibitors such as Noggin, chordin, follistatin which are natural inhibitors. This inhibitor should have an effect of inducing differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into neural progenitor cells.
- Small molecule BMP inhibitors with such properties include compounds that inhibit BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 or BMP7, which have the ability to activate transcription factors SMAD1, SMAD5 or SMAD8, such as Dorsomorphin (i.e., 6- [ 4- (2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy) phenyl] -3-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine) and its derivatives (P.PB. Yu et al. (2007), Circulation, 116: II_60; PB Yu et al. (2008), Nat. Chem. Biol., 4: 33-41; J. Hao et al.
- BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 or BMP7 which have the ability to activate transcription factors SMAD1, SMAD5 or SMAD8, such as Dorsomorphin (i.e., 6- [ 4- (2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy) phenyl] -3-pyridin-4-yl
- LDN-193189 ie, 4- (6- (4- (piperazin-1-yl) phenyl) pyrazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidin-3-yl) is used as a BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitor. ) quinoline) and derivatives thereof are exemplified (Yu PB et al. Nat Med, 14: 1363-9, 2008). LDN-193189 is commercially available, for example, available from Stemgent.
- the concentration in the medium is 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.3 mM, 0.4 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.6 mM, 0.7 mM, 0.8 mM, 0.9 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, Examples are 4 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM, 50 mM, and 100 mM. Preferably, it is 2 mM.
- the TGF ⁇ inhibitor is a small molecule inhibitor that interferes with TGF ⁇ family signaling, such as SB431542, SB202190 (above, RKLindemanndeet al., Mol. Cancer 2:20 (2003)), SB505124 (GlaxoSmithKline ), NPC30345, SD093, SD908, SD208 (Scios), LY2109761, LY364947, LY580276 (Lilly Research Laboratories) and the like, and SB431542 is preferred.
- the concentration in the medium is 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM, 50 mM, 60 mM, 70 mM, 80 mM. , 90 mM, and 100 mM.
- it is 10 mM.
- the culture temperature is not limited to the following, but is about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C., and the culture is performed in an atmosphere of CO 2 -containing air.
- the CO 2 concentration is about 2-5%, preferably 5%.
- the culture time is at least 20 days or longer, and examples thereof include 21 days, 24 days, 27 days, 30 days, 33 days, 36 days, 39 days, and 42 days. Preferably it is 24 days.
- the culture solution used in the step of culturing neural progenitor cells of the present invention can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as a basal medium.
- basal media include IMDM medium, Medium 199 medium, Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) medium, ⁇ MEM medium, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) medium, Ham's F12 medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer's medium, Neurobasal Medium (Life Technologies) And a mixed medium thereof.
- Basal Medium may contain serum or may be serum-free.
- the medium can be, for example, albumin, transferrin, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (serum substitute for FBS during ES cell culture), N2 supplement (Invitrogen), B27 supplement (Invitrogen), fatty acid, insulin, collagen It may contain one or more serum substitutes such as precursors, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3'-thiolglycerol, lipids, amino acids, L-glutamine, Glutamax (Invitrogen), non-essential amino acids, vitamins, It may also contain one or more substances such as growth factors, small molecule compounds, antibiotics, antioxidants, pyruvate, buffers, inorganic salts.
- a preferred medium is Neurobasal Medium containing B27 supplement and Glutamax.
- the culture solution used in the step of culturing neural progenitor cells desirably contains a neurotrophic factor.
- a neurotrophic factor is a ligand to a membrane receptor that plays an important role in the survival and function maintenance of motor neurons, such as Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), Neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4 / 5), Neurotrophin 6 (NT-6), basic FGF, acidic FGF, FGF-5, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) ), Insulin, Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF 1), Insulin Like Growth Factor 2 (IGF 2), Glia cell line-derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF), TGF-b2, TGF-b3, Interleukin 6 , Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) and LIF.
- a preferred neurotrophic factor in the present invention is a factor selected from the group consisting of GDNF),
- the cells may be cultured using a coated culture vessel.
- the coating agent include matrigel (BD), collagen, gelatin, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, entactin, and combinations thereof. Matrigel is preferable.
- the culture temperature is not limited to the following, but is about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C., the culture is performed in an atmosphere of CO 2 -containing air, and the CO 2 concentration is preferably about 2 ⁇ 5%.
- the culture period is not particularly limited because long-term culture does not cause any special problems, but is not limited to 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 50 days, 60 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days For example, the number of days or more. Preferably, it is 66 days or longer.
- the concentration of the neurotrophic factor to be added described above may be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art depending on its potency, and may be used as 1 ng / ml, 2 ng / ml, 3 ng / ml, 4 ng / ml, 5 ng / ml, 6 ng / ml, 7ng / ml, 8ng / ml, 9ng / ml, 10ng / ml, 15ng / ml, 20ng / ml, 30ng / ml, 40ng / ml, 50ng / ml, 60ng / ml, 70ng / ml, 80ng / ml, Examples are 90 ng / ml and 100 ng / ml. Preferably, it is 10 ng / ml.
- Step of dissociating cells In the step of dissociating cells, cells that are adhered to each other to form a population are dissociated (separated) into individual cells.
- a method of dissociating cells for example, a method of dynamically dissociating, a dissociation solution having protease activity and collagenase activity (for example, Accutase (TM) and Accumax (TM)) or a dissociation solution having only collagenase activity is used.
- the dissociation method that was used.
- a method of dissociating cells using a dissociation solution having protease activity and collagenase activity is used.
- An uncoated culture vessel means a cell culture dish, plate or flask that is commonly used by those skilled in the art, and the shape of the vessel is not particularly limited. It is a container that has not passed through.
- a culture vessel made of polystyrene is preferable.
- the coating agent include matrigel (BD), collagen, gelatin, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and entactin. In this step, it is preferable to use a culture vessel that is not treated with at least these coating agents. .
- a culture solution containing the same neurotrophic factor as described above can be used.
- the culture period is not particularly limited because long-term culture does not cause any particular problems, but it is not limited to 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30 days, 35 days, 40 days
- the number of days is 45 days or more, 50 days or more, or more. Preferably, it is 30 days or longer.
- the obtained cells are further dissociated, and a culture solution containing no factor selected from the group consisting of GDNF, BDNF, and NT-3 using a culture vessel that is not coated is used.
- Adhesive culture may be performed in the medium.
- Dissociation of cells can be performed using the same method as described above, and it is desirable to use a dissociation solution having protease activity and collagenase activity.
- a culture solution not containing a factor selected from the group consisting of GDNF, BDNF and NT-3 can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as a basal medium.
- basal media include IMDM medium, MediumMedi199 medium, Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) medium, ⁇ MEM medium, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) medium, Ham's F12 medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer Life's medium, Neurosal's medium And a mixed medium thereof.
- EMEM Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium
- DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium
- Ham's F12 medium RPMI 1640 medium
- Fischer Life's medium Neurosal's medium
- Neurobasal Medium may contain serum or may be serum-free.
- the medium can be, for example, albumin, transferrin, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (serum substitute for FBS during ES cell culture), N2 supplement (Invitrogen), B27 supplement (Invitrogen), fatty acid, insulin, collagen It may contain one or more serum substitutes such as precursors, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3'-thiolglycerol, lipids, amino acids, L-glutamine, Glutamax (Invitrogen), non-essential amino acids, vitamins, It may also contain one or more substances such as growth factors, small molecule compounds, antibiotics, antioxidants, pyruvate, buffers, inorganic salts.
- a preferred medium not containing a factor selected from the group consisting of GDNF, BDNF and NT-3 is DMEM / F12 containing N2 supplement and Glutamax or DMEM / F12 containing serum and Glutamax.
- This process is not particularly limited because long-term culture does not cause any particular problem, but it is not limited to 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30 days, 30 days, 35 days, 40 days
- the number of days is 45 days or more, 50 days or more, or more.
- it is 20 days or more or 30 days or more.
- the culture temperature is not limited to the following, but is about 30 to 40 ° C., preferably about 37 ° C.
- the culture is performed in an atmosphere of CO 2 -containing air, and the CO 2 concentration is preferably Is about 2-5%.
- the step of dissociating and culturing the present cell is preferably performed at least once in order to further increase the efficiency of obtaining astrocytes. For example, 2 times or more, 3 times or more, 4 times or more, or 5 times or more can be mentioned. More preferably 3 times.
- the method includes the step of separating the cells and the step of culturing using a culture vessel that is not coated.
- the present invention relates to an iPS cell-derived neural cell (nerve cell or astrocyte) obtained as described above in contact with a test substance, and using each index, Alzheimer 's screening method
- a preferred iPS cell used in the present invention is an iPS cell derived from an Alzheimer's disease patient or an iPS cell into which an exogenous mutant APP has been introduced, and APP mutation or mutant APP refers to APP's 693 glutamic acid. This is an iPS cell having a deficient mutation.
- the iPS cell used in the present invention is desirably an iPS cell in which accumulation of A ⁇ oligomers is confirmed in a nervous system cell prepared from the iPS cell.
- examples of such iPS cells include iPS cells derived from sporadic Alzheimer's patients, iPS cells having mutations in endogenous APP, or iPS cells into which exogenous mutant APP has been introduced.
- a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease when the amount of A ⁇ is used as an indicator, can be screened by a method comprising the following steps; (A) a step of bringing a candidate substance into contact with iPS cell-derived neural cells (neuronal cells or astrocytes); (B) a step of measuring the amount of A ⁇ oligomer in the nerve cell, and (c) when the amount is decreased compared to the case where the amount is not contacted with a candidate substance, the candidate substance is treated with Alzheimer's disease or The process of selecting as a preventive drug.
- Examples of a method for measuring the amount of A ⁇ oligomers in nerve cells include a method in which the obtained cells are washed and then measured using a cell lysate obtained using an arbitrary lysate. At this time, it can measure using an immunoassay.
- Immunological assays include, for example, ELISA, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, slot or dot blot assay, immunohistochemical staining, radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluorescent immunoassay, immunoassay using avidin-biotin or streptavidin-biotin system, etc. Including but not limited to.
- it is ELISA, for example, sandwich ELISA.
- Examples of methods for measuring the amount of A ⁇ oligomers in other neurons include a method in which the obtained cells are subjected to immunohistochemical staining using an antibody against A ⁇ oligomers, and the stained area is measured using a cell image analyzer.
- the An example of the cell image analyzer is an in-cell analyzer.
- any test substance can be used as a candidate substance, and any known compound and novel compound may be used.
- cell extracts, cell culture supernatants, microbial fermentation products, marine organisms Examples include extracts derived from plants, plant extracts, purified or crude proteins, peptides, non-peptide compounds, synthetic low-molecular compounds, natural compounds, and the like.
- the test substance is also (1) biological library method, (2) synthetic library method using deconvolution, (3) “one-bead one-compound” live Can be obtained using any of a number of approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including rally methods, and (4) synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography sorting.
- Biological library methods using affinity chromatography sorting are limited to peptide libraries, but the other four approaches can be applied to small molecule compound libraries of peptides, non-peptide oligomers, or compounds (Lam (1997) Anticancer Drug Des. 12: 145-67).
- Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art (DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6909-13; Erb et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11422-6; Zuckermann et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37: 2678-85; Cho et al.
- the screening method comprises comparing the amount of A ⁇ oligomers in neural cells when not contacted with a test substance and the amount of A ⁇ oligomers in neural cells when contacted with a test substance.
- the test substance is selected as a candidate substance for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease when the amount of A ⁇ oligomer upon contact is further reduced.
- a method comprising the following steps: Drugs or prophylactics can be screened; (A) a step of bringing a candidate substance into contact with iPS cell-derived neural cells (neuronal cells or astrocytes); (B) measuring at least one index selected from the group consisting of the amount of ER stress, the activity of caspase 4, the amount of transgelin and the amount of oxidative stress in the nerve cells, and (c) the amount contacts with a candidate substance A step of selecting the candidate substance as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease when the amount is decreased as compared with the case where it is not.
- endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress means an adverse effect caused by accumulation of denatured protein that does not have a normal folding structure in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the amount of ER stress is the degree of endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
- the endoplasmic reticulum stress response means decreasing the expression of a protein causing a denatured protein or increasing the amount of a molecular chaperone. Therefore, the amount of ER stress is measured, for example, by measuring the amount of ER stress marker such as molecular chaperone.
- ER stress markers include, for example, BiP (Binding Immunoglobulin Protein), XBP-1 (X Box-binding Protein 1), eIF2A (Eukaryotic translation Initiation Factor 2 A), XIAP (X-chromosome-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis) , ATF4 (Activating Transcription Factor 4), IRE1 (Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1), PERK (PKR-Like ER Kinase) and ATF6 (Activating Transcription Factor 6).
- BiP BiP
- BiP BiP
- XBP-1 X Box-binding Protein 1
- eIF2A Eukaryotic translation Initiation Factor 2 A
- XIAP X-chromosome-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis
- ATF4 Activating Transcription Factor 4
- IRE1 Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1
- PERK PRR-Like
- the amount of ER stress can be measured using, for example, an immunological measurement method.
- Immunological assays include, for example, ELISA, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, slot or dot blot assay, immunohistochemical staining, radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluorescent immunoassay, immunoassay using avidin-biotin or streptavidin-biotin system, etc. Including but not limited to.
- it is ELISA, for example, sandwich ELISA.
- Other methods for measuring the amount of ER stress include a method in which the obtained cells are subjected to immunohistochemical staining using an antibody against an ER stress marker, and the stained region is measured using a cell image analyzer.
- An example of the cell image analyzer is an in-cell analyzer.
- test substance thus screened can be used as a preventive and therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
- the activity of caspase 4 can be quantified by measuring the amount of active caspase 4.
- the active caspase 4 is cleaved and has cysteine protease activity.
- the active caspase 4 can be measured using an immunological assay using a cleavage site-specific antibody.
- the activity can be measured using a commercially available fluorescent caspase substrate.
- Transgelin is a gene represented by NCBI Accession NO. NM_001001522 or NM_003186, and its amount can be recognized in the form of mRNA or protein. Further, at this time, it may be an amount recognized by only a part of the gene. In the case of protein, it is sufficient to recognize a sequence having at least 3 to 6 amino acids in length.
- Transgelin of the present invention When measuring the amount of Transgelin of the present invention in the form of mRNA, specific genes such as Northern blotting, Southern blotting, quantitative RT-PCR, real-time PCR, in situ hybridization, etc., mRNA and cDNA In a known method for specifically recognizing and detecting, it can be carried out using a primer or a probe according to a conventional method. Furthermore, when measuring the amount of Transgelin in the form of protein, it can be measured using an immunoassay.
- oxidative stress means a phenomenon in which proteins, lipids or DNA are damaged by reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS).
- the amount of oxidative stress is the amount of oxidatively modified group, expression It can be quantified by measuring the amount of enhanced oxidative stress-eliminating enzyme, RNS or ROS.
- examples of the oxidative modification include phosphorylation, hydroxylation, nitration and carbonylation.
- the oxidative stress-eliminating enzyme is an enzyme having a function of protecting cells against oxidative stress, and examples thereof include oxidoreductase, peroxidase, and a protein having peroxiredoxin activity.
- the amount of oxidative stress is measured by, for example, DNA cleavage amount, 8-hydroxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, 8-isoprostan, PRDX1 (NCBI Accession NO. NM_002574), PRDX4 (NCBI Accession NO.NM_006406 ), PRDX5 (NCBI Accession NO.NM_012094), PXDN (NCBI Accession NO.NM_004528), MGST3 (NCBI Accession NO.
- NM_004528 NM_004528
- MED31 NCBI Accession NO.NM_016060
- RNS eg, nitric oxide
- ROS eg, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical or hydroxy radical
- a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease when the number of iPS cell-derived neurons is used as an indicator, can be screened by a method comprising the following steps; (A) contacting a candidate substance with a neuron derived from iPS cells, (B) a step of measuring the number of viable cells of the nerve cell or a substitute value thereof, and (c) the candidate when the number of the viable cells or the substitute value thereof is increased compared to a case where the number of viable cells or the substitute value thereof is not contacted with a candidate substance. Selecting a substance as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
- the number of nerve cells in order to significantly detect the decrease in the number of nerve cells, may be measured after culturing the nerve cells in a culture solution containing no neurotrophic factor.
- the number of nerve cells may be measured after adding hydrogen peroxide to the culture medium and culturing.
- the hydrogen peroxide used at this time may be, for example, a concentration of 50 ⁇ M to 500 ⁇ M, preferably 100 ⁇ M to 400 ⁇ M, and more preferably, 200 ⁇ M.
- measurement may be performed after specifically staining nerve cells, for example, BF1, ⁇ III tubulin, TuJ1, NeuN, 160 kDa neurofilament protein, MAP2ab , Glutamate, synaptophysin, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase, GABA, serotonin, Synapsin I, TBR1, CTIP2, and SATB2 may be used for staining.
- these genes may not be directly stained, but may be stained with a marker gene induced by a promoter that expresses these genes. Examples of the marker gene include a gene encoding a protein exhibiting fluorescence such as GFP, RFP, and YFP.
- the method for measuring the number of living cells may be performed by visually measuring the nerve cells obtained in step (a) using a microscope or the like. Viable cells may be stained and counted by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, an automatic cell counting device or the like may be used. Moreover, you may use reciprocal numbers, such as the number of dead cells, such as LDH and trypan blue, as an alternative value of the number of living cells.
- a kit for screening Alzheimer's disease prophylactic and therapeutic drugs comprises: (A) neuron or astrocyte derived from iPS cell having mutant APP, and / or (b) at least selected from the group consisting of A ⁇ oligomer, ADAM17, BACE1, BiP, cleaved caspase 4, PRDX4 and reactive oxygen species Reagents for measuring one index are included.
- the kit for screening for preventive and therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease comprises (a) iPS cells having mutant APP, (b) differentiation induction of neural cells (neuronal cells or astrocytes). And (c) a reagent for measuring the amount of A ⁇ and / or the amount of ER stress and / or the amount of Transgelin and / or the number of nerve cells.
- the screening kit for a prophylactic and therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease comprises (a) a somatic cell having a mutant APP, (b) a reprogramming substance for producing an iPS cell, (c) a nerve.
- a reagent for inducing differentiation of a cell line nerve cell or astrocyte
- a reagent for measuring the amount of A ⁇ and / or ER stress and / or the amount of Transgelin and / or the number of neurons comprises
- the APP mutation is a mutation that can cause Alzheimer's disease, such as the E693 ⁇ mutation.
- the reprogramming substance for producing iPS cells the reprogramming substance of the iPS cell production method described above can be used.
- the reprogramming substance includes at least one factor selected from the group consisting of the OCT family, MYC family, KLF family, and SOX family.
- the reagent for inducing differentiation of nerve cells or astrocytes As the reagent for inducing differentiation of nerve cells or astrocytes, the reagents described in the above differentiation induction method can be used.
- the reagent for measuring the amount of A ⁇ oligomer, BiP, cleaved caspase 4, PRDX4, or ROS may be any substance that can recognize the index used in each measurement method. In some cases, it is a specific antibody, and in the case of ROS, a fluorescent probe that captures reactive oxygen species is exemplified.
- the Alzheimer's disease prevention and treatment drug screening kit may contain any of the above test substances.
- the screening kit for a preventive and therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease may further include a document or instructions describing the iPS cell production procedure and the differentiation induction procedure.
- Example 1 Establishing iPS cells (iPSCs) Alzheimer's disease patients with E698 deletion mutation (E693 ⁇ ) in APP, Alzheimer's disease patients with 717th valine substitution mutation (V717L) and 2 sporadic cases
- Skin fibroblasts (HDF) were prepared from explants obtained by 3 mm skin biopsy with the consent of Alzheimer's disease patients. After 1-2 weeks, fibroblasts grown from explants were passaged. The episomal vector was then used to introduce human cDNAs (SOX2, KLF4, OCT4, L-MYC, LIN28) as reprogramming factors and shRNA for p53 into HDF (Okita et al., Nat Methods. May; 8 (5): 409-12.2011).
- fibroblasts were collected and replated on the SNL feeder cell layer. The next day, the medium was replaced with a medium for primate embryonic stem cells (Reprocell, Kanagawa, Japan) supplemented with 4 ng / ml bFGF (Wako Chemicals, Osaka, Japan). The medium was changed every other day. 30 days after introduction, iPS cell colonies were removed (AD (E693 ⁇ ) -1, AD (E693 ⁇ ) -2, AD (E693 ⁇ ) -3, AD (V717L) -1, AD (V717L) -2, AD, respectively) (Referred to as (V717L) -3, AD (sporadic) -1 and AD (sporadic) -2).
- AD embryonic stem cells
- One of the three control iPSC strains that do not have a mutation in the APP gene used in the present invention is an iPS cell prepared so far (Control-3 (409B2)) (Okita et al ., Nat Methods. May; 8 (5): 409-12.2011), two types were prepared with the consent of the non-AD person in the same manner as described above (Control-1 and 2). The properties of these iPS cells were confirmed by the method shown below.
- Fluorescence images were obtained with FV1000 confocal laser microscope (OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan), LSM710 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany) or Delta Vision (Applied Precision, Issaquah, WA).
- anti-NANOG antibody (1:10; R & D Systems) was used as a primary antibody.
- iPSCs derived from control and AD patients expressed endogenous pluripotency markers (FIGS. 1A and 2A).
- Example 2 Induction of differentiation-induced iPS cell-derived cerebral cortical neurons into cerebral cortical neurons (neuronal cells) of previously reported methods (Nat Biotechnol. 2009; 27: 275-280 and PLoS One. 2009; 4: e6722) A variation was used. Briefly, it is the following method.
- the iPSCs obtained by the above method were dissociated to single cells, and contained 2 ⁇ M dorsomorphin and SB431542 in a U-type 96-well plate (Greiner bio-one) coated with Pluronic F-127 (Sigma-Aldrich).
- EB Embryo by reaggregation in% DFK medium (DMEM / Ham's F12 (Gibco), 5% KSR (Gibco), NEAA (Invitrogen), L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol (Invitrogen))
- DMEM DMEM / Ham's F12 (Gibco), 5% KSR (Gibco), NEAA (Invitrogen), L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol (Invitrogen))
- EB Embryo by reaggregation in% DFK medium (DMEM / Ham's F12 (Gibco), 5% KSR (Gibco), NEAA (Invitrogen), L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol (Invitrogen))
- EB Embryo by reaggregation in% DFK
- the obtained EB was transferred to a 6-well plate coated with Matrigel (Becton Dickinson), and DF medium (DMEM / Ham's F12, NEAA, L-glutamine, 0.1 containing 2 ⁇ M dorsomorphin, SB431542 and N2 supplement (Invitrogen)) M 2-mercaptoethanol) (patterning stage (P2): 8 to 24 days).
- DF medium DMEM / Ham's F12, NEAA, L-glutamine, 0.1 containing 2 ⁇ M dorsomorphin, SB431542 and N2 supplement (Invitrogen)
- P2 patterning stage
- cerebral cortical neurons (hereinafter also referred to as nerve cells) induced by differentiation from iPSCs derived from control and AD (E693 ⁇ ) patients, cortical neuron subtype markers TBR1, CTIP2, and SATB2 Expression was observed, confirming that each iPSCs differentiated into cerebral cortical neurons (FIGS. 1E and F).
- Example 3 Induction of differentiation into astrocytes (1) Induction of neural progenitor cells
- the iPSCs obtained by the above method were dissociated by Accutase (Innovative Cell Technologies). Dissociated iPSCs were added to DFK 5% medium (5% KSR (Invitrogen), L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.1M 2-mercaptoethanol (Invitrogen) supplemented with 2 ⁇ M Dorsomorphin (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 ⁇ M SB431542 (Cayman Chemical).
- DMEM / Ham's F12 Gib's F12 (Gibco) supplemented with ethanol and seeded into U-bottom 96-well plates coated with 2% Pluronic F-127 (Sigma-Aldrich) ethanol solution to form embryoid bodies (EB) And cultured for 8 days by suspension culture. Subsequently, the obtained EB was transferred to a 6-well plate coated with Matrigel (BD), and cultured for 16 days in DFK 5% medium supplemented with 1 ⁇ N2 supplement (Invitrogen), 2 ⁇ M Dorsomorphin and 10 ⁇ M SB431542 ( For 24 days in total, neural progenitor cells were obtained.
- BD Matrigel
- the obtained neural progenitor cells were dissociated by Accutase (Innovative Cell Technologies), and using a Matrigel-coated 12-well plate, 1x B27 without Vitamin A (Invitrogen), 1x Glutamax (Invitrogen), The cells were cultured for 66 days by adhesion culture in Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10 ng / ml BDNF, 10 ng / ml GDNF and 10 ng / ml NT-3 (90 days in total).
- the obtained cells were dissociated using Accutase, transferred to an uncoated 6-cm dish, 1x B27 without Vitamin A, 1x Glutamax, 10 ng / ml BDNF, 10 ng / ml GDNF and 10 ng / ml
- the cells were cultured in Neurobasal medium supplemented with NT-3 for 30 days by adhesion culture (120 days in total). At this time, cells that did not adhere were killed by anoikis.
- the adherent cells were dissociated by Accutase, transferred to an uncoated 6-cm dish, and cultured in DMEM / F12, Glutamax (Invitrogen) supplemented with 1x N2 supplement for 30 days (total 150). Days).
- the cells obtained twice were dissociated and cultured under the same conditions for 30 days to obtain GFAP-positive astrocytes (total 200 days).
- Example 4 To test the previous hypothesis that A ⁇ -secreting extracellular A ⁇ in AD-iPSCs-derived neurons can be reduced in AD-iPSCs-derived neurons, we determined the amount of extracellular A ⁇ 40 and A ⁇ 42 in neurons and astrocytes. Analyzed. The amount of extracellular A ⁇ 40 and A ⁇ 42 was determined as described previously (Yahata et al., PLoS One. 6 (9): e25788. 2011) by collecting the culture supernatants cultured for 2 days and the midpoint of A ⁇ Sample supernatants were measured by sandwich ELISA (Wako) using a combination of a monoclonal antibody specific for A ⁇ 40 and a monoclonal antibody specific for the C-terminus of A ⁇ 40 or A ⁇ 42.
- AD extracellular A ⁇ 40 and A ⁇ 42 were significantly decreased in AD (E693 ⁇ ) -iPSCs-derived neurons and astrocytes (FIGS. 3A and B).
- AD extracellular A ⁇ 40
- a ⁇ 42 / A ⁇ 40 at this time was calculated, no change was observed in the nerve cells, and in the astrocytes, there was a decrease in the nerve cells derived from AD (E693 ⁇ ) -iPSCs.
- AD (V717L) -iPSCs-derived neurons it was confirmed that the amount of A ⁇ 42 secreted increased significantly.
- AD ⁇ -secretase inhibitor IV
- Example 5 Accumulation of A ⁇ oligomers in AD-iPS cell-derived neurons and astrocytes
- an A ⁇ oligomer-specific antibody NU-1 (Gong Y et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 100: 10417-22.2003) or 11A1
- immunocytochemical analysis of iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes revealed that A ⁇ oligomers exist
- AD-iPSCs-derived neurons This increase in A ⁇ oligomers in AD-iPSCs-derived neurons was shown to be suppressed to the same level as the control by treatment with BSI. Further, when dot blot analysis was similarly performed on neurons and astrocytes derived from control iPSCs, AD (E693 ⁇ ) -iPSCs, AD (V717L) -iPSCs and sporadic AD-iPSCs, all AD (E693 ⁇ ) ⁇ It was confirmed that the amount of A ⁇ oligomer was significantly increased in neurons and astrocytes derived from iPSCs and one case of sporadic AD-iPSCs (FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C).
- Example 6 Search for other specific markers of Alzheimer's disease APP processing by ⁇ - and ⁇ -secretase activities is known to proceed primarily within the vesicular endosomal fraction. Therefore, we confirmed the presence of A ⁇ oligomer-positive punctate structures in intracellular organelles and vesicle fractions in AD (E693 ⁇ ) -iPSCs-derived neurons. ) Co-stained with the marker BiP, the early endosomal marker EEA1 and the lysosomal marker LAMP2 (FIG. 6A).
- BiP and active caspase 4 protein which is an ER stress marker
- BiP and active caspase 4 were expressed at higher levels in AD (E693 ⁇ ) -iPSCs-derived neurons than in the control.
- BSI ⁇ -secretase inhibitor
- the expression of these ER stress markers was suppressed in neurons derived from AD-iPSCs (FIGS. 6B, 6C and FIG. 8). Based on the above, it is considered that ER stress is caused by APP-E693 ⁇ type mutant A ⁇ .
- Example 7 Gene expression analysis using DNA microarray
- AD E693 ⁇
- iPSCs oxidative stress-related categories including peroxiredoxin activity, oxidoreductase activity, and peroxidase activity were enhanced in neurons derived from AD (E693 ⁇ ) -iPScs.
- glycosylation-related categories were diminished, suggesting that endoplasmic reticulum / Golgi function is unstable in Alzheimer's disease neurons.
- PRDX4 peroxiredoxin-4
- PRDX4 peroxiredoxin-4
- FIG. 7B the expression level of PRDX4 was measured by Western blotting, it was found to be increased 3-fold in AD-iPScs-derived neurons (FIGS. 7C, 7D and FIG. 8). Since this increase was attenuated by the addition of BSI, oxidative stress is thought to be caused by the formation of A ⁇ oligomers.
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- Example 8 After addition the effect of DHA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Nacalai) 1 ⁇ M, to the culture medium at a concentration of 5 ⁇ M and 15 ⁇ M, AD (E693 ⁇ ) BiP protein in -iPSCs derived neural cells, the expression level of activated caspase-4 and PRDX4 As a result, it was confirmed that the expression level was decreased as compared with the non-addition group (DMSO) (FIGS. 12A, 12B, 12C and 12D). Furthermore, when 5 ⁇ M DHA was added to iPSCs-derived neurons and cultured, it was confirmed that the expression of ROS was reduced in neurons derived from AD (E693 ⁇ ) -iPSCs (FIGS.
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- EGFP-positive neurons in which a vector expressing EGFP (Synapsin :: EGFP) by the Synapsin I promoter was introduced using a lentivirus in neurons 65 days after induction. It was broken. Briefly, B27 and neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF and NT-3) 5 days after iPSCs-derived neurons with EGFP (Synapsin :: EGFP) induced by the Synapsin I promoter were transferred onto Matrigel coat. The medium was replaced with a medium containing or not containing DHA, and the number of EGFP positive neurons was measured using an INCELL Analyzer 2000 every 48 hours thereafter (FIGS. 14A and 14B).
- BDNF neurotrophic factors
- LDH lactate dehydrogenase
- DHA is effective against cell death caused by hydrogen peroxide.
- Table 1 below. That is, when A ⁇ oligomer is used as an index, DHA cannot be selected, but at least BSI can be selected as a drug candidate. Based on the above, BSI or DHA, which is a potential therapeutic and / or prophylactic agent for Alzheimer's disease, is added in the amount of A ⁇ oligomers, BiP or active caspase 4 as an ER stress marker, PRDX4 or peroxidexin activity-related gene It was confirmed that it was found that ROS was used as an index.
- the present invention is based on the fact that the state of Alzheimer's disease can be reproduced in nerve cells that have been induced to differentiate from somatic cell-derived iPS cells of Alzheimer's disease patients. Therefore, it is possible to screen for therapeutic or preventive agents for Alzheimer's disease using the cells.
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Abstract
Description
[1] アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下の工程:
(a)候補物質を、アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞から作製された人工多能性幹(iPS)細胞または693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異APPを導入したiPS細胞由来の神経細胞もしくはアストロサイトと接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞内またはアストロサイト内のAβオリゴマーの量を測定する工程、および
(c)前記Aβオリゴマーの量が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して減少した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程、を含む、方法。
[2]
前記神経細胞またはアストロサイトが、Aβオリゴマーを蓄積する細胞である、[1]に記載の方法。
[3] 前記アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞が、APPの693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異を有する体細胞である、[1]または[2]に記載の方法。
[4] アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下の工程:
(a)候補物質を、アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞から作製されたiPS細胞または693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異APPを導入したiPS細胞由来の神経細胞またはアストロサイトと接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞内またはアストロサイト内のERストレス量、カスパーゼ4活性、Transgelin量および酸化ストレス量から成る群から選択される少なくとも一つの指標を測定する工程、および
(c)前記量または活性が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して減少した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程、を含む、方法。
[5] 前記ERストレス量の測定が、ERストレスマーカー量の測定により行われる、[4]に記載の方法。
[6] 前記ERストレスマーカーが、免疫グロブリン結合タンパク質(BiP)である、[5]に記載の方法。
[7] 前記カスパーゼ4活性の測定が、切断カスパーゼ4の量を測定することにより行われる、[4]に記載の方法。
[8] 前記酸化ストレス量の測定が、PRDX4または活性酸素種の量を測定することにより行われる、[4]に記載の方法。
[9] 前記神経細胞またはアストロサイトが、Aβオリゴマーを蓄積する細胞である、[4]に記載の方法。
[10] 前記アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞が、APPの693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異を有する体細胞である、[4]~[9]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[11] アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下の工程:
(a)候補物質を、アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞から作製された人工多能性幹(iPS)細胞または693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異APPを導入したiPS細胞由来の神経細胞と接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞の生細胞数またはその代替値を測定する工程、および
(c)前記生細胞数またはその代替値が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して増加した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
[12] 前記iPS細胞由来の神経細胞が、Aβオリゴマーを蓄積する細胞である、[11]に記載の方法。
[13] 前記アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞が、APPの693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異を有する体細胞である、[11]または[12]に記載の方法。
[14] 変異型APPを有するiPS細胞由来の神経細胞および/またはアストロサイトを含む、アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングするためのキット。
[15] Aβオリゴマー、BiP、切断カスパーゼ4、Transgelin、PRDX4および活性酸素種からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの指標を測定するための試薬さらに含む、[14]に記載のキット。
[16] 前記APPの変異が、693番目のグルタミン酸の欠損変異である、[14]または[15]に記載のキット。
を提供するものである。
本発明において、iPS細胞は、ある特定の核初期化物質を、DNAまたはタンパク質の形態で体細胞に導入することまたは薬剤によって当該核初期化物質の内在性のmRNAおよびタンパク質の発現を上昇させることによって作製することができる、ES細胞とほぼ同等の特性、例えば分化多能性と自己複製による増殖能、を有する体細胞由来の人工の幹細胞である(K. Takahashi and S. Yamanaka (2006) Cell, 126: 663-676、K. Takahashi et al. (2007) Cell, 131: 861-872、J. Yu et al. (2007) Science, 318: 1917-1920、M. Nakagawa et al. (2008) Nat. Biotechnol., 26: 101-106、国際公開WO 2007/069666および国際公開WO 2010/068955)。核初期化物質は、ES細胞に特異的に発現している遺伝子またはES細胞の未分化維持に重要な役割を果たす遺伝子もしくはその遺伝子産物であればよく、特に限定されないが、例えば、Oct3/4, Klf4, Klf1, Klf2, Klf5, Sox2, Sox1, Sox3, Sox15, Sox17, Sox18, c-Myc, L-Myc, N-Myc, TERT, SV40 Large T antigen, HPV16 E6, HPV16 E7, Bmil, Lin28, Lin28b, Nanog, Esrrb, EsrrgまたはGlis1が例示される。これらの初期化物質は、iPS細胞樹立の際には、組み合わされて使用されてもよい。例えば、上記初期化物質を、少なくとも1つ、2つもしくは3つ含む組み合わせであり、好ましくは4つを含む組み合わせである。
遺伝子名 マウス ヒト
L-Myc NM_008506 NM_001033081
Lin28 NM_145833 NM_024674
Lin28b NM_001031772 NM_001004317
Esrrb NM_011934 NM_004452
Esrrg NM_011935 NM_001438
Glis1 NM_147221 NM_147193
前述のiPS細胞から、神経幹細胞を分化誘導する方法として、特に限定されないが、線維芽細胞フィーダー層上で高密度培養による分化誘導法(特開2008-201792)、ストローマ細胞との共培養による分化誘導法(SDIA法)(例えば、WO2001/088100、WO/2003/042384)、浮遊培養による分化誘導法(SFEB法)(WO2005/123902)およびその組み合わせによる方法を利用することができる。
(段階1)MPCポリマーによるコーティング処理した培養皿上で、2μM dorsomorphin、SB431542および5% KSRを含有するDMEM/Ham's F12で、EBを形成させる、
(段階2)マトリゲルをコーティングした培養皿上で、2μM dorsomorphin、SB431542およびN2-サプリメントを含有するDMEM/Ham's F12で、接着培養する、
(段階3)Accutaseにより細胞を分離し、マトリゲルをコーティングした培養皿上で、B27-サプリメント(ビタミンA不含)、10 ng/ml BDNF、10 ng/ml GDNFおよび10 ng/ml NT-3を含有するneurobasal培地中で培養する。
本発明において、iPS細胞から、アストロサイトを分化誘導する方法として、(1)iPS細胞から神経前駆細胞を製造する工程、(2)得られた神経前駆細胞を神経栄養因子を含有する培養液中で培養する工程、(3)得られた細胞を解離させる工程、および(4)得られた細胞をコーティング処理されていない培養容器を用いて神経栄養因子を含有する培養液中で接着培養する工程を含む方法が例示される。
本発明において、iPS細胞から神経前駆細胞への分化誘導は、当業者に周知の方法を用いてもよく、特に限定されないが、例えば、(1)無血清培地中で胚様体を形成させて分化させる方法(SFEB法)(Watanabe K, et al. Nat Neurosci. 8:288-96, 2005)、(2)ストローマ細胞上でES細胞を培養して分化させる方法(SDIA法)(Kawasaki H, et al. Neuron. 28:31-40, 2000)、(3)マトリゲル上に薬剤を添加して培養する方法(Chambers SM, et al. Nat Biotechnol. 27:275-80, 2009)などが挙げられる。iPS幹細胞から神経前駆細胞への好ましい分化誘導方法は、iPS細胞をBMP阻害剤およびTGFβ阻害剤を含有する培養液中で培養する工程を含む方法を用いることができる。
本発明の神経前駆細胞を培養する工程において用いる培養液は、動物細胞の培養に用いられる培地を基礎培地として調製することができる。基礎培地としては、例えばIMDM培地、Medium 199培地、Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM)培地、αMEM培地、Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)培地、Ham's F12培地、RPMI 1640培地、Fischer's培地、Neurobasal Medium(ライフテクノロジーズ)およびこれらの混合培地などが包含される。好ましくは、Neurobasal Mediumである。培地には、血清が含有されていてもよいし、あるいは無血清でもよい。必要に応じて、培地は、例えば、アルブミン、トランスフェリン、Knockout Serum Replacement(KSR)(ES細胞培養時のFBSの血清代替物)、N2サプリメント(Invitrogen)、B27サプリメント(Invitrogen)、脂肪酸、インスリン、コラーゲン前駆体、微量元素、2-メルカプトエタノール、3'-チオールグリセロールなどの1つ以上の血清代替物を含んでもよいし、脂質、アミノ酸、L-グルタミン、Glutamax(Invitrogen)、非必須アミノ酸、ビタミン、増殖因子、低分子化合物、抗生物質、抗酸化剤、ピルビン酸、緩衝剤、無機塩類などの1つ以上の物質も含有し得る。好ましい培地は、B27サプリメントおよびGlutamaxを含有するNeurobasal Mediumである。
細胞を解離させる工程においては、互いに接着して集団を形成している細胞を個々の細胞に解離(分離)させる。細胞を解離させる方法としては、例えば、力学的に解離する方法、プロテアーゼ活性とコラゲナーゼ活性を有する解離溶液(例えば、Accutase(TM)およびAccumax(TM)など)またはコラゲナーゼ活性のみを有する解離溶液を用いた解離方法が挙げられる。好ましくは、プロテアーゼ活性とコラゲナーゼ活性を有する解離溶液(特に好ましくは、Accutase(TM))を用いて細胞を解離する方法が用いられる。
コーティング処理されていない培養容器とは、当業者が汎用的に用いている細胞培養用ディッシュ、プレートまたはフラスコを意味し、その形状は特に限定されない容器であり、培養に際して、別途コーティング剤による処理工程を経ていない容器である。好ましくは、ポリスチレン製の培養容器である。コーティング剤としては、例えば、マトリゲル(BD)、コラーゲン、ゼラチン、ラミニン、ヘパラン硫酸プロテオグリカン、またはエンタクチンが挙げられ、本工程では、少なくともこれらのコーティング剤にて処理を行わない培養容器を用いることが好ましい。
本発明では、アストロサイトを製造するにあたり、さらに得られた細胞を解離させ、コーティング処理されていない培養容器を用いてGDNF、BDNFおよびNT-3から成るグループより選択される因子を含有しない培養液中で接着培養しても良い。細胞の解離は、上記と同様の方法を用いて行うことができ、プロテアーゼ活性とコラゲナーゼ活性を有する解離溶液を用いて行うことが望ましい。
上述した神経前駆細胞を神経栄養因子を含有する培養液中で培養する工程後には、アストロサイトに加えニューロンも同時に製造され得る。しかしながら、アストロサイトはニューロンなどと比較して、コーティング処理されていない培養容器に接着しやすいので、この方法を用いると、アストロサイトとニューロンが混在する細胞群から高効率でアストロサイトを選択的に得ることができる。詳細には、上述した細胞を分離する工程およびコーティング処理されていない培養容器を用いて培養する工程を含む方法である。
本発明は、前述のように得られたiPS細胞由来の神経系細胞(神経細胞またはアストロサイト)と試験物質とを接触させ、各指標を用いて、アルツハイマー病の予防および治療薬の候補物質をスクリーニングする方法を提供する。本発明において使用される、好ましいiPS細胞は、アルツハイマー病患者由来のiPS細胞または外来性の変異型APPを導入されたiPS細胞であり、APPの変異または変異型APPとは、APPの693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異を有するiPS細胞である。
(a)候補物質を、iPS細胞由来の神経系細胞(神経細胞またはアストロサイト)と接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞内のAβオリゴマーの量を測定する工程、および
(c)前記量が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して減少した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
(a)候補物質を、iPS細胞由来の神経系細胞(神経細胞またはアストロサイト)と接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞内のERストレス量、カスパーゼ4の活性、Transgelin量 および酸化ストレス量から成る群から選択される少なくとも一つの指標を測定する工程、および
(c)前記量が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して減少した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
(a)候補物質を、iPS細胞由来の神経細胞と接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞の生細胞数またはその代替値を測定する工程、および
(c)前記生細胞数またはその代替値が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して増加した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
本発明に係るアルツハイマー病の予防および治療薬のスクリーニング用キットは、
(a)変異型APPを有するiPS細胞由来の神経細胞またはアストロサイト、および/または
(b)Aβオリゴマー、ADAM17、BACE1、BiP、切断カスパーゼ4、PRDX4および活性酸素種からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの指標を測定するための試薬を含む。
iPS細胞(iPSCs)の樹立
APP内にE698の欠損型変異(E693Δ)を有するアルツハイマー病患者、717番目のバリンがロイシンへ置換された変異(V717L)を有するアルツハイマー病患者および2名の孤発性アルツハイマー病患者より同意を得て3 mmの皮膚生検で得られた外植片から皮膚線維芽細胞(HDF)を作製した。1-2週間後、外植片から増殖させた線維芽細胞を継代した。次いで、エピソーマルベクターを用いて、初期化因子としてのヒトcDNAs(SOX2、KLF4、OCT4、L-MYC、LIN28)およびp53についてのshRNAをHDFに導入した(Okita et al., Nat Methods. May;8(5):409-12.2011)。導入の数日後、線維芽細胞を回収し、SNLフィーダー細胞層上に再播種した。翌日、培地を4 ng/ml bFGF (Wako Chemicals, Osaka, Japan)を補充した霊長類胚性幹細胞用培地(Reprocell, Kanagawa, Japan)で置換した。一日おきに培地を交換した。導入の30日後、iPS細胞コロニーを取り出した(それぞれ、AD(E693Δ)-1、AD(E693Δ)-2、AD(E693Δ)-3、AD(V717L)-1、AD(V717L)-2、AD(V717L)-3、AD(sporadic)-1およびAD(sporadic)-2と称す)。
4%パラホルムアルデヒド(pH 7.4)中、室温で30分間細胞を固定し、PBSで洗浄した。 0.2% Triton X-100を含むPBS中、室温で10分間細胞を透過処理し、PBSで洗浄した。10%ロバ血清を含むPBSを用いて、室温で60分間非特異的結合をブロックした。一次抗体を用いて、4℃で一晩細胞をインキュベートし、次いで、適当な蛍光タグ化二次抗体で標識した。核を標識するために、DAPI (Life Technologies)を用いた。FV1000共焦点レーザー顕微鏡(OLYMPUS, Tokyo, Japan)、LSM710顕微鏡(Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany)またはDelta Vision (Applied Precision, Issaquah, WA)により蛍光像を得た。この時、一次抗体として、 抗NANOG抗体 (1:10; R&D Systems)を用いた。その結果、対照およびAD患者由来のiPSCsはいずれも内因性の多能性マーカーを発現していることが確認された(図1Aおよび図2A)。
核型分析は、以前に示された方法により行われた。その結果、いずれのiPSCsも正常な核型を示した。一方、APP単一ヌクレオチド突然変異の遺伝子型解析は、ゲノムDNAのPCR増幅により行われ、直接塩基配列を決定することで行われた(3100 Genetic Analyzer, Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies, CA)。その結果、AD患者由来の2種類のiPSCsにおいて、APP内に変異(E693ΔおよびV717L)を有していることが確認された(図1Bおよび図2B)。
未分化なiPSCsをCTK溶液により解離させ回収し、沈殿物をDMEM/F12に懸濁した。細胞をNOGマウス(Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan)の皮下に移植した。移植の8週間後、腫瘍を切り出し、4%ホルムアルデヒドを含むPBSで固定した。パラフィン包理組織を薄切し、ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシンで染色した。その結果、本実施例で用いたiPSCsはいずれも三胚葉への分化(テラトーマ)を示し、多能性において区別できない程類似していた(一部の結果を図1Cに示す)。
誘導された対照iPSCsおよびAD-iPSCsをCTK溶液により解離させ回収し、細胞塊を、20%ノックアウト血清代替物(KSR, Life Technologies)、2 mM L-グルタミン、0.1M非必須アミノ酸、0.1 M 2-メルカプトエタノール(Life Technologies)、ならびに0.5%ペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシンを含有するDMEM/F12の入ったペトリ皿に移し、胚葉体(EB)を形成させた。この時、一日おきに培地を交換した。8日間培養後、分化を進行させるために、ゼラチン被覆カバーガラス上へ播種し、さらに8日間、 DMEM + 10%ウシ胎児血清中で培養した。その結果、本実施例で用いたiPSCsはいずれも三胚葉への分化を示し、多能性において区別できない程類似していた(一部の結果を図1Dに示す)。
重亜硫酸塩修飾のためiPSCからのゲノムDNA (1μg)を、EZ DNAメチル化Gold Kit (Zymoresearch, Irvine, CA)を用いて処理した。続いて、Oct-4プロモーター中に保存された1つのCpG領域およびNanogプロモーター中に保存された1つのCpG領域をExTaq Hot start version (TaKaRa BIO, Shiga, Japan)を用いてPCRにより増幅した。得られたPCR産物をpCR4ベクター(Life Technologies)にサブクローン化し、各10個のクローンを、Sp6ユニバーサルプライマーを用いて塩基配列決定を行うことにより確認した。その結果、本実施例で用いたiPSCsは、測定されたOct-4およびNanogプロモーターの各領域において高度に脱メチル化されていることが確認された。
大脳皮質ニューロン(神経細胞)への分化誘導
iPS細胞由来大脳皮質ニューロンを得るために、以前に報告された方法(Nat Biotechnol. 2009;27:275-280およびPLoS One. 2009;4:e6722)の変法を用いた。簡潔には、次の方法である。上記の方法で得られたiPSCsを単一細胞まで解離させ、Pluronic F-127(Sigma-Aldrich)をコーティングしたU型96ウェルプレート(Greiner bio-one)にて、2μM dorsomorphinおよびSB431542を含有する5% DFK培地(DMEM/Ham's F12 (Gibco), 5% KSR (Gibco), NEAA (Invitrogen), L-glutamine (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol (Invitrogen))中で再凝集させることで胚様体(EB)形成させた(神経誘導段階(P1):0 dayから8 day)。
続いて、得られたEBをマトリゲル(Becton Dickinson)をコーティングした6ウェルプレートへ移し、2μM dorsomorphin、SB431542およびN2 supplement(Invitrogen)を含有するDF培地(DMEM/Ham's F12, NEAA, L-glutamine, 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol)中で培養した(パターニング段階(P2):8 dayから24 day)。この時、多くの神経前駆細胞(Nestin陽性細胞)が確認された。 さらに、Accutase(Innovative Cell Technologies, Inc.)を用いて分離し、マトリゲルをコーティングした24ウェルプレートへ移し、B27(Vitamin A不含) (Gibco)、10 ng/ml BDNF、10 ng/ml GDNFおよび10 ng/ml NT-3を含有するneurobasal(Gibco)培地中で、培養した(神経成熟段階(P3):24 dayから56 dayまたは24 dayから72 day)。
56日間培養した結果、対照およびAD(E693Δ)患者由来のiPSCsから分化誘導された大脳皮質ニューロン(以下、神経細胞という場合がある)において、大脳皮質ニューロンサブタイプマーカーであるTBR1、CTIP2およびSATB2の発現が観察され、各iPSCsから大脳皮質ニューロンに分化していることが確認された(図1EおよびF)。
同様に、72日間培養した結果、対照、AD(E693Δ)患者、AD(V717L)患者由来および孤発性AD患者のiPSCsから分化誘導された神経細胞において、TUJ1TBR1、およびSATB2の発現が観察され、各iPSCsから同程度に大脳皮質ニューロンに分化していることが確認された(図2C)。
アストロサイトへの分化誘導
(1)神経前駆細胞の誘導
上記の方法で得られたiPSCsをAccutase(Innovative Cell Technologies)により解離した。解離したiPSCsを、2μM Dorsomorphin(Sigma-Aldrich)および10μM SB431542(Cayman Chemical)を添加したDFK5%培地(5%KSR(Invitrogen)、L-glutamine(Sigma-Aldrich)および0.1M 2-mercaptoethanol(Invitrogen)を添加したDMEM/Ham's F12(Gibco))に懸濁、さらに2% Pluronic F-127(Sigma-Aldrich)ethanol溶液でコートしたU-bottom 96-wellプレートに播種し胚様体(EB)を形成させ、浮遊培養により8日間培養した。続いて、得られたEBを マトリゲル(BD)でコートした6-well プレートへ移し、1x N2 supplement(Invitrogen)、2μM Dorsomorphinおよび10μM SB431542を添加したDFK5%培地にて接着培養により16日間培養し(通算24日間)、神経前駆細胞を得た。
得られた神経前駆細胞をAccutase(Innovative Cell Technologies)により解離させ、マトリゲルコートした12-wellプレートを用いて、1x B27 without Vitamin A(Invitrogen)、1x Glutamax(Invitrogen)、10ng/ml BDNF、10ng/ml GDNFおよび10ng/ml NT-3を添加したNeurobasal medium(Invitrogen)にて接着培養により66日間培養した(通算90日間)。続いて、得られた細胞をAccutaseを用いて解離させ、何もコートしていない 6-cmディッシュへ移し、1x B27 without Vitamin A、1x Glutamax、10ng/ml BDNF、10ng/ml GDNFおよび10ng/ml NT-3を添加したNeurobasal mediumにて接着培養により30日間培養した(通算120日間)。この時、接着しなかった細胞はアノイキスにより死滅した。この接着した細胞をAccutaseにより解離させ、何もコートしていない6-cmディッシュへ移し、1x N2 supplementを添加したDMEM/F12, Glutamax(Invitrogen)にて、接着培養により30日間培養した(通算150日間)。さらに、2度得られた細胞を解離させ同様の条件にて30日間培養し、GFAP陽性のアストロサイトを得た(通算200日間)。
AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞におけるAβ分泌
細胞外AβがAD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞において減少し得るという以前の仮説を検証するために、神経細胞およびアストロサイトの細胞外のAβ40およびAβ42の量を解析した。細胞外のAβ40およびAβ42の量は、以前に記載されたとおり(Yahata et al., PLoS One. 6(9):e25788. 2011)、2日間培養した培養上清を回収し、Aβの中間点に特異的なモノクローナル抗体とAβ40もしくはAβ42のC末端に特異的なモノクローナル抗体の組み合わせを用いて、サンプル上清をサンドウィッチELISA(Wako)により測定された。この結果、細胞外のAβ40およびAβ42の量は共に、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトにおいて有意に減少することが確認された(図3AおよびB)。この時のAβ42/ Aβ40の値を算出したところ、神経細胞においては変化が見られず、アストロサイトにおいてはAD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞において減少していた。一方、AD(V717L)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞では、Aβ42の分泌量が有意に上昇することが確認された。さらに、この神経細胞において1 μMのβ- Secretase inhibitor IV (BSI)を添加してAβの分泌量の変化を確認したところ、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞からのAβ40およびAβ42の分泌量に変化は見られなかったが、対照iPSCs、AD(V717L)-iPSCsおよび孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞ではAβ40およびAβ42の分泌量が減少した。
AD-iPS細胞由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトにおけるAβオリゴマーの蓄積
AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトがAβオリゴマーを内包するか否かを調べるために、Aβオリゴマー特異的抗体であるNU-1 (Gong Y et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100:10417-22.2003)または11A1を用いて、iPSC由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトの免疫細胞化学解析を行ったところ、Aβオリゴマーが点状存在し、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞において著しく増加していることが見出された(図4A)。これらの点状構造は、AD-iPSCs由来のアストロサイトにおいても確認されたが、由来となった線維芽細胞においてはほとんど見出されなかった。さらに、MAP2陽性細胞におけるAβオリゴマーを特異的に染色し定量的に解析を行ったところ、Aβオリゴマー陽性の点状構造が、対照の神経細胞と比較してAD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞培養物において有意に増加していることが明らかとなった(図4B)。Aβに対する他の抗体である11A1を用いた場合にも同様の結果が得られた。続いて、ドットブロット解析を行ったところ、同様にAD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞内に蓄積したAβオリゴマーが増加していることが観察された(図4CおよびD)。このAD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞におけるAβオリゴマーの増加はBSIで処理することにより対照と同等量まで抑制されることが示された。
さらに、対照iPSCs、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs、AD(V717L)-iPSCsおよび孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトにおいて同様にドットブロット解析を行ったところ、全てのAD(E693Δ)-iPSCsおよび1例の孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトにおいて、有意にAβオリゴマー量が増加することが確認できた(図5A、5Bおよび5C)。また、これらの増加はBSIで処理することにより対照と同等量まで抑制されることが示された。
続いて、対照iPSCs由来の神経細胞において変異型APPであるE693Δ型を強制発現させたところ、強制発現しなかったiPSCs由来の神経細胞と比べてAβオリゴマー陽性の点状構造が多いことが確認された(図5D)。このことから、APP-E693Δ変異により、Aβオリゴマーの細胞内での蓄積が引き起こされることが示唆された。
他のアルツハイマー病の特異的マーカーの探索
β-およびγ-セクレターゼ活性によるAPPプロセッシングは、主に小胞エンドソーム画分内で進むことが知られている。そこで、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞中の細胞内小器官および小胞画分におけるにAβオリゴマー陽性点状構造の存在を確認したところ、Aβオリゴマー陽性点状構造は、小胞体(ER)マーカーであるBiP、初期エンドソームマーカーであるEEA1およびリソソームマーカーであるLAMP2と共染色された(図6A)。さらに、ERストレスマーカーであるBiPまたは活性型カスパーゼ4のタンパク質の発現量を確認したところ、BiPおよび活性型カスパーゼ4は、対照よりもAD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞において高発現していた(図6B、6C、6Dおよび図8)。
一方、Aβの産生を抑制するβ-セクレターゼ阻害剤(BSI)により処理したところ、AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞においてこれらのERストレスマーカーの発現が抑制された(図6B、6Cおよび図8)。以上より、APP-E693Δ型の変異AβによりERストレスが引き起こされていると考えられる。
DNAマイクロアレイを用いた遺伝子発現解析
APP-E693Δ型の神経細胞で発現が変化している分子を探索するためDNAマイクロアレイを用いた網羅的解析を行った。その結果。Transglinの発現量がAD(E693Δ)-iPSCsで上昇していることが見出された(図7A)。さらに、遺伝子オントロジー解析によりペルオキシレドキシン活性、オキシドレダクターゼ活性およびペルオキシダーゼ活性を含む酸化ストレス関連のカテゴリーがAD(E693Δ)-iPScs由来の神経細胞で亢進していることが明らかになった。一方、グリコシル化関連カテゴリーは減退しており、小胞体/ゴルジ体の機能がアルツハイマー病の神経細胞で不安定になっていることを示唆された。ここで、ペルオキシレドキシン活性に関与するPRDX4(peroxiredoxin-4)の発現は、対照と比較してAD-iPScs由来の神経細胞において高発現していた(図7B)。ウエスタンブロット法によりPRDX4の発現量を測定したところ、AD-iPScs由来の神経細胞において3倍増加していた(図7C、7Dおよび図8)。この増加は、BSI添加により減弱したことから、酸化ストレスは、Aβオリゴマーの形成により引き起こされると考えられる。
同様に、AD(V717L)-iPSCsおよび孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトにおいて調べたところ、1例の孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞では、BiPおよびperoxiredoxin-4の発現がAD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞と同様に増加することが確認された(図8)。また、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCsおよび1例の孤発性AD-iPSCs由来のアストロサイトにおいて、BiP、活性型カスパーゼ4およびperoxiredoxin-4の発現に同神経細胞と同じような傾向が見られた(図9)。
続いて、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs、AD(V717L)-iPSCsおよび孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトにおいて活性酸素種(ROS)の量を蛍光染色法(HPF法(Sekisui Medical)およびCellROX法(Invitrogen))により測定したところ、AD(E693Δ)-iPScs由来および1例の孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞およびアストロサイトで増加していることが確認された(図7E、7F、図10A、10B、10Cおよび図11)。このROS量の増加もBSIの添加により減弱したことから、ROSの産生も、Aβオリゴマーの形成により引き起こされていると考えられる。
DHAの効果について
ドコサヘキサエン酸(DHA)(Nacalai)を1μM、5μMおよび15μMの濃度で培地に添加した後、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞におけるBiPタンパク質、活性型カスパーゼ4およびPRDX4の発現量を確認したところ、無添加群(DMSO)と比較してその発現量が減少していることが確認された(図12A、12B、12Cおよび12D)。さらに、5μM のDHAをiPSCs由来の神経細胞に添加して培養したところ、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞においてROSの発現が減少していることが確認された(図12Eおよび12F)。
同様に、1例の孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞においてもDHAの効果を確認したところ、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞と同様に有意にERストレスマーカー(BiPおよびperoxiredoxin-4)の発現量が抑制されることが確認された(図13Aおよび13B)。
一方、DHAの添加では神経細胞におけるAβオリゴマーの蓄積量は変化しなかった(図13C)。
そこで、DHAの効果を調べるため、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCsおよび1例の孤発性AD-iPSCs由来の神経細胞に対する細胞生存率を検討した。細胞生存率の測定は、誘導後65日目の神経細胞において、Synapsin IプロモーターによりEGFP (Synapsin::EGFP)が発現するベクターをレンチウィルスを用いて導入したEGFP陽性神経細胞を測定することによって行われた。簡潔には、Synapsin Iプロモーターにより誘導されるEGFP(Synapsin::EGFP)を有するiPSCs由来の神経細胞をマトリゲルコート上に移した5日後に、B27および神経栄養因子(BDNF、GDNFおよびNT-3)を除いたDHA含有または非含有培地へ交換し、48時間後から各時間において、EGFP陽性神経細胞の数をIN CELL Analyzer 2000を用いて測定した(図14Aおよび14B)。この時、神経細胞死は、EGFPの消失、細胞膜破壊、小疱形成等により決定され得る。神経細胞生存率は、最初の計測数に対する比によって算出した。さらに、細胞生存の検討は、Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)法でも行った。LDH法は、Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (LDH) (Roche Diagnostics)を用いて細胞培養液中のLDH量を計測することによって行われた(図14C)。LDH法では、細胞死数をContorol-1に対する割合にて評価した。その結果、AD(E693Δ)-iPSCs由来の神経細胞は、神経栄養因子不在により引き起こされる細胞死がDHAによって抑制されることが確認された。この他にも、過酸化水素により惹起される細胞死に対してもDHAは有効であることが確認された。
以上の結果を下記表1にまとめる。
以上より、アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬として可能性のあるBSIまたはDHAを、Aβオリゴマー量、ERストレスマーカーであるBiPまたは活性型カスパーゼ4、ペルオキシドキシン活性関連遺伝子であるPRDX4または細胞中のROSを指標とすること見出されることが確認された。
Claims (16)
- アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下の工程:
(a)候補物質を、アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞から作製された人工多能性幹(iPS)細胞または693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異APPを導入したiPS細胞由来の、神経細胞またはアストロサイトと接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞内またはアストロサイト内のAβオリゴマーの量を測定する工程、および
(c)前記Aβオリゴマーの量が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して減少した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程、を含む、方法。 - 前記神経細胞またはアストロサイトが、Aβオリゴマーを蓄積する細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞が、APPの693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異を有する体細胞である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下の工程:
(a)候補物質を、アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞から作製されたiPS細胞または693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異APPを導入したiPS細胞由来の、神経細胞またはアストロサイトと接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞内またはアストロサイト内のERストレス量、カスパーゼ4活性、Transgelin量 および酸化ストレス量から成る群から選択される少なくとも一つの指標を測定する工程、および
(c)前記量又は活性が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して減少した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程、を含む、方法。 - 前記ERストレス量の測定が、ERストレスマーカー量の測定により行われる、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記ERストレスマーカーが、免疫グロブリン結合タンパク質(BiP)である、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記カスパーゼ4の活性の測定が、切断カスパーゼ4の量を測定することにより行われる、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記酸化ストレス量の測定が、PRDX4または活性酸素種の量を測定することにより行われる、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記神経細胞またはアストロサイトが、Aβオリゴマーを蓄積する細胞である、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞が、APPの693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異を有する体細胞である、請求項4~9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法であって、以下の工程:
(a)候補物質を、アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞から作製された人工多能性幹(iPS)細胞または693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異APPを導入したiPS細胞由来の神経細胞と接触させる工程、
(b)前記神経細胞の生細胞数またはその代替値を測定する工程、および
(c)前記生細胞数またはその代替値が候補物質と接触させなかった場合と比較して増加した場合、前記候補物質をアルツハイマー病の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程、を含む、方法。 - 前記神経細胞が、Aβオリゴマーを蓄積する細胞である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記アルツハイマー病患者の体細胞が、APPの693のグルタミン酸の欠損変異を有する体細胞である、請求項11または12に記載の方法。
- 変異型APPを有するiPS細胞由来の神経細胞および/またはアストロサイトを含む、アルツハイマー病の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングするためのキット。
- Aβオリゴマー、BiP、切断カスパーゼ4、Transgelin、PRDX4および活性酸素種からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの指標を測定するための試薬さらに含む、請求項14に記載のキット。
- 前記APPの変異が、693番目のグルタミン酸の欠損変異である、請求項14または15に記載のキット。
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US20170010256A1 (en) | 2017-01-12 |
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US20150064734A1 (en) | 2015-03-05 |
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