WO2013139021A1 - 一种航空专用位移传感器的测量方法 - Google Patents

一种航空专用位移传感器的测量方法 Download PDF

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WO2013139021A1
WO2013139021A1 PCT/CN2012/072799 CN2012072799W WO2013139021A1 WO 2013139021 A1 WO2013139021 A1 WO 2013139021A1 CN 2012072799 W CN2012072799 W CN 2012072799W WO 2013139021 A1 WO2013139021 A1 WO 2013139021A1
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value
lookup table
sensor
delay time
fixed delay
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PCT/CN2012/072799
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English (en)
French (fr)
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邵志标
郭一欣
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西安交通大学
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Priority to US14/386,817 priority Critical patent/US10996044B2/en
Priority to PCT/CN2012/072799 priority patent/WO2013139021A1/zh
Publication of WO2013139021A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013139021A1/zh

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01BMEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B7/00Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
    • G01B7/003Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring position, not involving coordinate determination
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/243Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the phase or frequency of ac
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R27/00Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
    • G01R27/02Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
    • G01R27/26Measuring inductance or capacitance; Measuring quality factor, e.g. by using the resonance method; Measuring loss factor; Measuring dielectric constants ; Measuring impedance or related variables
    • G01R27/2611Measuring inductance

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of sensors, and relates to a driving and detecting method of a passive sensor, in particular to a driving and detecting method of a passive inductive non-contact displacement sensor (Aerospace Inductive Proximity Sensors) in the aviation field, and a use of a look-up table
  • the method for calculating the inductance value is especially suitable for the lookup table compression of the sampling and calculation of the rL circuit charge and discharge curve by the look-up table method.
  • non-contact displacement sensors have higher reliability and MTBF (mean time between failures) than mechanical displacement switches, they are increasingly used in electromechanical systems in the aerospace industry. Includes landing gear for all types of aircraft, passenger and cargo doors, ailerons, thrust reversers, etc. The types of aircraft involved include large passenger airliners, transport aircraft, etc.
  • the non-contact displacement sensor used in the industrial field is usually active, large in volume, thick in coil winding, detected by strong current driving, and externally outputting digital switching signals, which is relatively convenient to use.
  • the sensor's high current drive and control method cannot meet the electromagnetic compatibility standards common in the aviation field.
  • Industrial sensors are not available in the aerospace sector.
  • the main components of the non-contact displacement sensors currently used in the aerospace sector are supplied by two companies, Crane (USA) and Crouzet (France). Their product principle and internal structure are the same, and the main parameter indicators are similar.
  • the sensor is a passive sensor whose internal circuit structure is simple and is wound by a set of coils.
  • the equivalent circuit model of the proximity displacement sensor is composed of pure resistance / "inductor L series. Its inductance value and coil current capacity are much smaller than industrial sensors, the maximum inductance does not exceed 10mH, the coil The flow does not exceed 20mA.
  • the analog measurement method is to test the inductance by applying a pulse excitation to the sensor coil and comparing the R-L discharge curve threshold with a comparator. Further, by judging the inductance value, it is judged whether or not the target object is close to the vicinity of the sensor.
  • This approach is currently the most commonly used method in the industry, and the circuit is simple and reliable. However, due to the large temperature drift of the internal resistance of the sensor, the operating temperature range of the measuring system is small, and the contradiction between the working temperature and the measurement accuracy needs to be solved.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the above disadvantages of the prior art and to provide a method for measuring a digital-analog hybrid aviation-specific displacement sensor, which is compatible with the advantages of two conventional measurement methods: ensuring that the system is within the military temperature range Work, while improving the stability, reliability and real-time performance of the system measurement, and there is no floating-point operation, eliminating the CPU or MCU hardware resources.
  • the present invention designs a specific method for calculating a two-dimensional look-up table, a method for evaluating the quantization error of the look-up table method, and a method for greatly compressing the size of the look-up table.
  • a method for measuring an aviation-specific displacement sensor according to the following steps:
  • the magnetic induction sensor is composed of the internal resistance r and the inductance L, wherein the internal resistance r changes with the change of the ambient temperature, and the inductance L is related to the proximity of the metal target near the sensor; the current limiting resistor R and the magnetic induction sensor are connected in series
  • the controlled switch constitutes a displacement sensor measuring circuit; an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is provided at a voltage measuring node between the current limiting resistor R and the internal resistance r.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • the controlled switch is turned on between the first fixed delay time T1 and the second fixed delay time ⁇ 2, and the inductor L is slowly discharged through the internal and external resistors; the initial time TO controlled switch is closed, After the inductor L starts charging, its current is:
  • the voltage at the R + r voltage measurement node is:
  • First fixed delay time T1 and second fixed delay time ⁇ 2 controls the ADC to sample, and the corresponding first voltage measurement value m and second voltage measurement value m are:
  • the numerical solution of [L,r] can be obtained by using equation (6). By traversing all the ranges of the sampled values [ ⁇ ?, ⁇ /2], the numerical solutions of [L, r] corresponding to each [ , t / 2] are sequentially obtained, and a lookup table is obtained.
  • the step (3) is: In order to make the present invention practicable, it is necessary to make full use of the sampled values [ ⁇ ?, ⁇ /2] to be subjected to various constraints of the physical model of the measurement circuit, and to compress the lookup table.
  • the above constraints include:
  • [L, r] is the distribution parameter in the actual physical model and can only be a positive real number. It can be shown that under the constraint of equation (1), mapping from the positive real number [W, t/2] space to the [L, r] space will cause [L, r] to contain negative or even complex numbers. These combinations of [ ⁇ ?, ⁇ /2] will not appear in actual sampling.
  • the traversal method is used to determine the range of [ ⁇ ?, ⁇ /2].
  • the method is as follows: In the actual case, /" is the distributed resistance of the wire that changes with the temperature change, and it is allowed to work in the system.
  • the minimum value in the range is substituted ( ⁇ 2) to determine the minimum possible value of the sampled value.
  • the above formula is regarded as a function of m min on r, and the range of the range of m min corresponding to the range of the distribution resistance r is obtained.
  • [ ⁇ ⁇ 2] is a positive integer obtained by ADC sampling, and repeatedly obtains m min , Ul min + ⁇ , Ul min +2, Ul min +3... until (2" - 1) respectively using the above method.
  • the compressed lookup table is obtained by substituting the points in the definition field of the lookup table into equation (6) and solving the corresponding solution [L, r]. Points outside the scope of the lookup table's domain are not taken in the actual sample, so no records are needed.
  • the size of the look-up table after compression at 77 ⁇ 2 is mainly related to the value of the voltage-dividing resistor R and the variation of the distribution resistance r within the effective working range of the system.
  • the object to be measured is an inductor wound with a metal wire, and the temperature drift coefficient of the distributed resistance r is large, which results in a large value range, which is not conducive to lookup table compression.
  • the value of r is usually not very large, and a high-precision, low-temperature ticket divider resistor R that is much larger than /" can be selected to obtain a good look-up table compression ratio.
  • a high-precision, low-temperature ticket divider resistor R that is much larger than /" can be selected to obtain a good look-up table compression ratio.
  • the invention is used for various types of aircraft, spacecraft landing gear, passenger and cargo hatch, aileron, thrust reverser and the like. With the gradual opening of the civil aviation and military markets, the invention is widely used and has great economic and social benefits. Compared with the prior art and products, the invention has the technical advantage, improves the number of trouble-free working hours, and can improve the market share of the non-contact displacement sensor products and the secondary development products thereof. At the same time, the multi-dimensional lookup table compression method can effectively reduce the scale and cost of the relevant control detection system and improve system stability. The application prospect is wide, and the economic and social benefits are large. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
  • Figure 1 is a model diagram of a sensor equivalent circuit
  • Figure 2 is a block diagram of the sensor driving and detecting module
  • Figure 3 is a waveform diagram of the output signal of the sensor driving circuit
  • Figure 4 is a response waveform diagram of the sensor when it is close to the target
  • Figure 5 is a response waveform diagram of the sensor when it is away from the target
  • Figure 6 is a response waveform diagram of the sensor when the distance is from the target lmm ⁇ 2mm;
  • Figure 7 is a discharge curve diagram
  • Figure 8 passes all the curves of the (U1, T1) point
  • Figure 9 passes all the curves of the (U2, T2) point
  • the sensor of the present invention has a simple internal circuit structure and is wound only by a set of metal coils.
  • the equivalent circuit model consists of an internal resistance r and an inductance L in series in the inductor (parasitic capacitance is negligible).
  • the internal resistance r varies with the ambient temperature; the inductance L is related to the proximity of the metal target near the sensor. If the metal target is close to the sensor, the electromagnetic field distribution in the vicinity of the sensor changes significantly, and the equivalent inductance of the sensor increases. By driving and detecting the inductance value, it can be judged whether there is a metal target close to the outside.
  • the inductance change value is 4.5mH (away) to 5.5mH (near), and basically does not change with temperature.
  • the resistance varies with temperature and the reference range is 10 ⁇ to 15 ⁇ , which does not change substantially with the degree of proximity.
  • Driving the sensor and detecting the inductive reactance of its equivalent inductance determines the proximity of the sensor.
  • the driving and detecting methods require:
  • the peak value of the driving current does not exceed 15mA, which is too strong to meet the requirements of the industry EMC test; It should not be less than 10 mA, too weak to be easily interfered by the external electromagnetic environment;
  • the sensor mutual inductance change rate is 2%, which requires 5% of the quantitative measurement index, and the system inductance detection accuracy is required to be 0.1%;
  • the basic test principle of the present invention is shown in FIG.
  • the FPGA control drive circuit outputs a pulse signal of 0 to 5V.
  • the driving circuit outputs a driving signal with amplitudes of 0 ⁇ 5V, positive bandwidth of 2ms, and period of 200Hz, as shown in Figure 3.
  • Figure 3 shows the sensor driver circuit output signal waveform output signal through the voltage divider circuit, filter, sensor, grounded via the filter.
  • the measured waveform at the measurement node is shown in Figure 4. If the sensor is far away from the target, the measured waveform on the measurement node is shown in Figure 5. If the sensor is lmm ⁇ 2mm away from the target, the measured waveform on the measurement node is shown in Figure 6.
  • the controlled switch is turned on between the two measurements, and the inductor L is slowly discharged through the internal and external resistors.
  • the switch is closed, and then the inductor L starts to charge.
  • the current is:
  • the voltage at the R + r voltage measurement node is:
  • R + r ⁇ and T2 control the ADC for sampling at the moment, and the corresponding voltages m and m are:
  • the range of the inductance L is [4.5, 5.5] mH; the range of the internal resistance r is [10, 15] ⁇ .
  • the values sampled with the 12-bit ADC represent ⁇ ⁇ and t/ 2 , and U is 4095.
  • the current limiting resistor R has a value of 230 ⁇ .
  • a discharge curve is established by taking the range of the internal resistance r and the middle of the inductance L range.
  • T1 When the inductance L is discharged to 30%, it is T1, and when it is discharged to 60%, it is ⁇ 2. 7 is 10.284 s, and ⁇ 2 is 24.287 s.
  • U(R, T, r , L) is a monotonically decreasing function for R and ⁇ , and is also a monotonically increasing function for r and L.
  • equation (4) has a solution.
  • Equation (4) becomes the constraint relationship of / "and L.
  • ⁇ space the set of (/p,Lp) that can make the curve of the function UT pass the point (WJ7), As shown in Figure 8.
  • P space and q space are drawn in r-L coordinates, as shown in Figure 10.
  • the U-T curve corresponding to the intersection of the two curves can pass through the point (W, 77) and the point ([/2, ⁇ 2), which is the solution of the equation.
  • L(r) is monotonic, and there is only one intersection point at most, that is, the equation group (4) has at most one solution.
  • equation (4) has one and only unique solutions.
  • the equation is the group (4) is the transcendental equation, and it is not easy to get the calculation formula of the arithmetic solution. However, since it is proved that it has only one solution, iterative calculation method can be used to obtain the numerical solution that satisfies the engineering precision.
  • St2 L>0 traverses all the ranges of the sampled values [ ⁇ ?, ⁇ /2], and finds the numerical solution of [L, r] corresponding to each [ , t / 2 ] in turn, and obtains the lookup table.
  • the L value is detected by Ul and U2, and the state of the target sensor can be determined.
  • Compressed lookup table Taking a 12-bit ADC as an example, the complete two-dimensional lookup table size is 2 12 X2 12 , and the storage capacity is 16M units, which is practically difficult. A valid compression path to the lookup table must be found to make the method practical. Make full use of the sampling characteristics of the actual circuit [ ⁇ ?, ⁇ /2 distribution feature to effectively compress the lookup table.
  • Figure 13 the nature of the table lookup calculation, is the process of U1-U2 coordinate system to ! coordinate system mapping.
  • the A process is a physical sampling process. All points in the r-L coordinate system can be mapped to the U1-U2 coordinate system.
  • the B process is a process of looking up the table calculation. Some points in the U1-U2 coordinate system can be mapped back into the r-L coordinate system. There is a part of the point in the U1-U2 coordinate system! Coordinate system mappings may fall into other quadrants (with negative numbers) or expand into four-dimensional complex spaces.
  • r belongs to [10,15] ⁇ ;
  • L belongs to [4.5,5.5]mH, and the mapping relationship is as shown in Figure 14:
  • the lookup table unit has been reduced from 4096*4096 to 9360, and the table has been compressed by 1792 times.
  • the domain is defined according to Fig. 15 (W, t/2), and the corresponding L is sequentially obtained by the equation (4) to establish a lookup table. Plot L as the Z axis to get an image of the function L( , t/2) within the domain, as shown in Figure 16.
  • a drive and detection system for a non-contact displacement sensor was developed.
  • the test system was in the range of -55 ° C to 125 ° C with a total measurement error of 1 %.
  • all detection and calculation work directly through the programmable logic device to control sampling, avoiding hardware such as CPU or DSP, and retrieve a 10K lookup table; at the same time the system has been in accordance with the national standard GJB151A-97, GJB152A-97
  • GJB151A-97 GJB152A-97

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种航空专用位移传感器的测量方法,按照如下步骤:(1)建立测量电路:磁感应传感器由内阻r和电感L构成;(2)建立查找表:使用ADC分别两个固定延迟时间T1T2对应的电感放电电压值U1U2;得到r-L电路的放电电压方程U1(T1,R,r,L)U2(T2,R,r,L);(3)压缩查找表,利用压缩后的查找表进行位移传感器的测量。本发明的测量方法确保系统在军标温度范围内工作,同时提高系统测量的稳定性、可靠性和实时性,且不存在浮点运算,省去了CPU或MCU硬件资源。

Description

说明书 一种航空专用位移传感器的测量方法 技术领域:
本发明属于传感器领域, 涉及一种无源传感器的驱动和检测方法, 尤其是 一种航空领域的无源电感性非接触式位移传感器 (Aerospace Inductive Proximity Sensors)的驱动和检测方法, 以及使用查表法计算电感值的优化方法, 尤其适用 于以查表法进行 r-L电路充放电曲线进行采样计算的查找表压縮。 背景技术:
由于非接触式位移传感器具备比机械位移开关更高的可靠性和 MTBF (平均 无故障工作小时数), 被越来越多地应用于航空领域的机电系统中。 包括各类航 空器的起落架、 客货舱门、 副翼、 推力反向器等。 涉及的航空器类型包括大型民 航客机、 运输机等。
工业领域中使用的非接触式位移传感器通常是有源的,体积大,线圈绕线粗, 通过强电流驱动进行检测, 对外输出数字开关信号, 使用相对方便。然而该传感 器大电流的驱动和控制方式无法满足航空领域通用的电磁兼容标准。航空领域中 无法采用工业领域的传感器。
目前航空领域使用的非接触式位移传感器的主要器件由两家公司提供,分别 是 Crane (美国) 和 Crouzet (法国)。 他们的产品原理和内部结构相同、 主要参 数指标相似。传感器是无源传感器,其内部电路结构简单, 由一组线圈绕制而成。 如图 1所示,接近式位移传感器的等效电路模型是由纯电阻 /"和电感 L串联构成。 其电感值和线圈通流能力都远小于工业用传感器, 电感最大值不超过 10mH、 线 圈通流不超过 20mA。
目前业界流行的无源电感性非接触式位移传感器的驱动和检测方法主要有 两种: 模拟测量法和数字测量法。
模拟测量法是对传感器线圈施加脉冲激励后,通过比较器对比 R-L放电曲线 阈值从而实现对电感量的测试。进一步通过对电感量值的判断判断出传感器附近 是否有目标物体接近。 这种做法是目前业界最常用的手段, 电路简单、 可靠。 但 是由于传感器内部电阻温漂大, 导致测量系统工作温度范围小, 有待解决工作温 度与测量精度之间的矛盾。
数字测量法通常对传感器电路施加正弦波激励, 通过对电压和电流波形采 样, 利用快速傅里叶变换 (FFT)算法求出电压和电流相位差, 算出传感器的电 感量 L。 通过计算消除传感器内阻的温漂, 消除环境温度带来的测量误差, 扩 展工作温度范围。 但是该方法测量稳定性差、 易受外界电磁烦扰、 实时性差。 发明内容:
本发明的目的在于克服上述现有技术的缺点, 提供一种数模混合的航空专 用位移传感器的测量方法, 该方法兼容了两种传统测量方法测量法的优点: 确保 系统在军标温度范围内工作, 同时提高系统测量的稳定性、 可靠性和实时性, 且 不存在浮点运算, 省去了 CPU或 MCU硬件资源。 为了保证以上方法的准确实 施,本发明设计了计算二维查找表的具体方法、查找表法量化误差的评估方法以 及大幅度压縮查找表尺寸的方法。
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案来解决的: 一种航空专用位移传感器的测量方法, 按照如下步骤:
(1)建立测量电路: 磁感应传感器由内阻 r和电感 L构成, 其中内阻 r随环 境温度变化而变化, 电感 L和传感器附近金属目标接近程度有关;用串联的限流 电阻 R、磁感应传感器、 受控开关构成位移传感器测量电路; 在限流电阻 R和内 阻 r之间的电压测量节点处设置模数转换器 (ADC)。
(2)建立查找表: 使用 ADC测量第一固定延迟时间 T1对应的第一电压测量 值 ?; 使用 ADC测量第二固定延迟时间 Γ2对应的第二电压测量值 [/2; 得到 r-L电路的放电电压方程 W(n,R,r,L)和 U2(T2,R,r,L); 其中 T1,T2,R都是常数, 联立两个方程建立内阻 r和电感 L关于放电电压采样值 U1和 U2的查找表。
(3) 压縮查找表,利用压縮后的查找表进行位移传感器的测量:以 12位 ADC 为例, 完整的二维查找表尺寸为 212 X 212, 存储量 16M个单元。 为使本发明具备 实用性, 必须找到查找表的有效压縮途径才能使本方法具备实用性。充分利用实 际电路中采样值 [ίλ?,ί/2]的分布特征可对查找表进行有效压縮。 所述步骤 (2)是:
在第一固定延迟时间 T1和第二固定延迟时间 Τ2之间受控开关处于开启状 态, 电感 L通过内部和外部电阻进行缓慢放电; 初始时间 TO受控开关闭合, 之 后电感 L开始充电, 其电流为:
U
[1-e L (1)
R + r 电压测量节点的电压为:
U=U -ixR (2) 经而得到:
U,
U [r + RxQ (3)
R + r 第一固定延迟时间 T1和第二固定延迟时间 Γ2控制 ADC进行采样, 相应第 电压测量值 m和第二电压测量值 m分别为:
Figure imgf000005_0001
所述公式 (4)采用最优化方法求解, 过程如下: 建立目标函数: min:^- [^(L, ))2 ^- t/2(L,r))
s.t.\:r>0 (5) s.t.2 :L>0 经而得到: min: (Ul (R + r) ))2+(U2(R + r)-UmiX(r + Rx L 》 s.t.\:r>0 (6) s.t.2 :L>0 其中电压最大值 t/max (即 2n-l, n为所使用 ADC的位数)、 限流电阻 第 -固定延迟时间 T1和第二固定延迟时间 T2为常量。 可以证明,每获得一组 T1和 T2时刻所获得的采样值 [ίλ?,[/2],代入方程 (4), 方程有且只有唯一的解 [L,r]。 利用方程 (6) 可获得 [L,r]的数值解。 遍历采样值 [ίλ?,ί/2]的所有范围,依次求出每个 [ ,t/2]所对应的 [L,r]的数值 解, 就获得了查找表。 所述步骤 (3)是: 为了使本发明具备实用性, 需要充分利用采样值 [ίλ?,ί/2]受到测量电路物理 模型的各种约束, 对查找表进行压縮。 上述约束包括:
1. T1和 Τ2是人为确定的, 所以有 Tl< Τ2的约束条件。 可证明 t/(7是单
调减函数, 所以 W大于 t/2。
2. [L,r]是实际物理模型中的分布参数,只能为正实数。可以证明在方程(1) 的约束下,从正实数 [W,t/2]空间到 [L,r]空间映射会导致 [L,r]包含负数 甚至复数。 这些 [ίλ?,ί/2]的组合在实际采样中是不会出现的。
可以将查找表中 U1小于 m,以及可使得求出的 [L,r]包含负数或复数的点去 掉可以减少查找表规模。
将 ^^^和采样值 l,m和 (ί/2,Γ2) 代入方程 (4) 并做整理得到:
(R + r)xT[
L
U,
log[ (R + r)
"- 1)R
(7)
Figure imgf000006_0001
经而
[ U、 (R + r)--]^ =[ Ul (R + r)--] (8) (2"-l)R R (2"_1)R R 上式中, R、 r是正实数且 77<Γ2, 若解 [L,r]是正实数, 就要满足条件:
1>[ ~ ^ ~ (R + r)--]>[ ~― ~ (R + r)--]>0 (9) (2"-l)R R (2"_1)R R 即:
(10) 根据上式的约束条件, 采用遍历的方法确定 [ίλ?,ί/2]的范围, 方法如下: 实际情况中, /"是导线中跟随温度变化而变化的分布电阻, 取其在系统允许 工作范围内的最小值 代入式(Χ2), 确定采样值 可能出现的最小值
U 1 min
Figure imgf000007_0001
将上式看做是 mmin关于 r的函数,求出分布电阻 r取值范围内所对应的 mmin 的值域范围。
[σ σ2]是经 ADC采样获得的正整数, 反复使用以上方法依次获得 mmin、 Ulmin+\ , Ulmin+2, Ulmin+3......直到 (2" - 1)分别对应的 [/2值域范围。 这些 点的集合就是查找表的定义域范围。
将查找表的定义域中的点依次代入方程 (6 ) 中求解其对应的解 [L,r], 就获 得了压縮后的查找表。查找表的定义域范围外的点不会在实际的采样中得到, 所 以不用记录。
通过对式 (11 ) 进行数学分析可得到如下结论:
在 77 Γ2选定后压縮后的查找表的规模主要和分压电阻 R的取值, 以及分 布电阻 r在系统有效工作范围内的变化大小有关。
在实际应用中, 被测量对象是用金属导线绕制的电感, 其分布电阻 r的温漂 系数较大导致其取值范围较大,不利于查找表压縮。然而 r的数值通常不会很大, 可以选择远大于/"取值范围的高精密、 低温票分压电阻 R, 即可获得良好的查找 表压縮比。 具体数值可参考实施例。
本发明用于各类航空、 航天器的起落架、 客货舱门、 副翼、 推力反向器等系 统。 随着民航和军用市场的逐步开放, 本发明应用广泛, 具备较大的经济效益和 社会效益。相比现有技术和产品,本发明具有技术优势,提高无故障工作小时数, 可以提高非接触式位移传感器类产品及其二次开发产品的市场占有率。 同时, 多 维查找表压縮方法, 可有效降低相关控制检测系统的规模和成本, 提高系统稳定 性。 应用前景广泛, 经济效益和社会效益大。 附图说明:
图 1为传感器等效电路模型图; 图 2为传感器驱动和检测模块原理框图;
图 3为传感器驱动电路输出信号波形图;
图 4为传感器靠近目标时的响应波形图;
图 5为传感器远离目标时的响应波形图;
图 6为传感器距离目标 lmm〜2mm时的响应波形图;
图 7为放电曲线图;
图 8 通过 (U1,T1)点的所有曲线;
图 9 通过 (U2,T2)点的所有曲线;
图 10 r-L约束关系;
图 11 r-U2约束关系;
图 12 与选定 U1的曲线有正实数焦点的 U2的曲线簇;
图 13 坐标系映射;
图 14 坐标系映射;
图 15 有效表格区域;
图 16 函数 L(U1,U2)在有效定义域中的解。
具体实施方式:
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步详细描述:
本发明所涉及的传感器的内部电路结构简单, 仅由一组金属线圈绕制而成。 如图 1所示, 其等效电路模型是由电感线圈中的内阻 r和电感 L串联构成(寄生 电容可以忽略)。 其中内阻 r随环境温度变化而变化; 电感 L和传感器附近金属 目标接近程度有关。如果传感器外部有金属目标靠近, 使其附近电磁场分布显著 变化,传感器等效电感增大, 通过驱动并检测电感值可以判断外部是否有金属目 标接近。
以 Crouzet公司传感器产品为例, 电感变化值是 4.5mH (远离)到 5.5mH (接 近), 基本不随温度变化。 电阻随温度变化, 参考范围是 10Ω到 15Ω, 基本上不 随接近程度变化而改变。
驱动传感器, 并检测出其等效电感的感抗就可以确定该传感器的接近程度。 为了达到本发明的目标效果, 驱动和检测方法要求:
1 ) . 驱动电流峰值不超过 15mA, 过强无法满足行业电磁兼容试验的要求; 也不宜小于 10mA, 过弱容易受到外部电磁环境干扰;
2) .传感器互感变化率为 2%, 需要 5%的定量测量指标, 要求系统电感检测 精度 0.1%;
3) . 传感器内阻在军标温度范围内的变化率超过 60%。 必须考虑温漂对电 感测量的影响;
4) .为了提高系统可靠性, 不使用 CPU、 MCU或 DSP等硬件资源。
本发明基本测试原理如图 2所示。 FPGA控制驱动电路输出 0〜5V的脉冲信 号。 经驱动电路输出幅值 0〜5V、 正频宽 2ms、 周期 200Hz的驱动信号, 如图 3 所示。图 3给出了传感器驱动电路输出信号波形输出信号经过分压电路、滤波器、 传感器, 经由滤波器接地。
如果传感器接近目标,在测量节点上实测波形见图 4。如果传感器远离目标, 在测量节点上实测波形如图 5所示。如果传感器距离目标 lmm〜2mm, 在测量节 点上实测波形如图 6所示。
使用 ADC获得两次固定延迟时间的测量值得到对应固定延迟 T1和 Γ2的两 个电压测量值 U1 和 U2, 得到 r-L 电路的放电电压方程 W(n,R,r,L)和 mT2,R,r, )。 其中 7 ,r2,R (限流电阻)都是常数, 联立两个方程求出内阻 r和电 感
建立方程的过程:
如图 1所示,两次测量之间受控开关处于开启状态, 电感 L通过内部和外部 电阻进行缓慢放电。 TO时刻受控开关闭合, 之后电感 L开始充电, 其电流为:
U
[1-e L (1)
R + r 电压测量节点的电压为:
U=U ixR (2) 经而得到:
U,
U [r + RxQ (3)
R + r τι和 T2时刻控制 ADC进行采样, 相应电压 m和 m分别为:
Figure imgf000009_0001
参数选择:
电感 L的范围是 [4.5,5.5]mH; 内阻 r的范围是 [10,15]Ω。
用 12位 ADC采样的数值表示 ΙΙγ和 t/2, U 就是 4095。
根据限流条件, 限流电阻 R的取值为 230Ω。
如图 7放电曲线所示,取内阻 r范围以及电感 L范围中间值建立一条放电曲 线。当电感 L放电至 30%时为 T1时刻,放电至 60%时为 Γ2时刻。 7 取值为 10.284 s, Γ2取值为 24.287 s。
可以证明方程组 (4) 有且只有唯一解:
经 ADC量化后, 得到:
U(R,T,r,L) = [r + Rxe L ] (5)
R + r
U(R,T,r,L)是关于 R和 Γ的单调减函数, 也是关于 r和 L的单调增函数。
由于 t/(R,r,r,L)连续单调, 就存在相应的反函数, 则方程组 (4) 有解。
给定一组 (ίλ?,7 )数值, 式 (4) 成为/ "和 L的约束关系。 定义 ρ空间为所有 可以使函数 U-T的曲线通过点 (WJ7)的 (/p,Lp)集合, 如图 8。
定义 q空间为所有可以使函数 U-T的曲线通过点 (ί/2,Γ2)的 J )集合, 如 图 9。
将 p空间和 q空间分别在 r-L坐标中画出, 如图 10。两条曲线的交点对应的 U-T曲线能同时通过点 (W,77)和点 ([/2,Γ2), 即为方程解。 L(r)是单调的, 两者最 多只有一个交点, 即方程组 (4) 最多只有一个解。
综上, 方程组 (4) 有且只有唯一解。
方程为组 (4) 为超越方程, 不易得到算数解的计算公式。 但是既然证明其 有且只有唯一的解, 就可以使用迭代的计算方法得到满足工程精度需要的数值 解。
用最优化方法求解方禾: min: - (L,r))2 + ([/2 - [/2 (L, r))
s.t.l:r>0 (6) s.t.2 :L>0 经而得到: min: (Ul (R + r) O + Wxe— T l)f +(U2(R + r)-UmiX(r + RxQ ~ 2)) s.t.\:r>0
s.t.2 :L>0 遍历采样值 [ίλ?,ί/2]的所有范围,依次求出每个 [ ,t/2]所对应的 [L,r]的数值 解, 就获得了查找表。 实践中通过 Ul、 U2查出 L数值, 即可确定目标传感器的 状态。 压縮查找表: 以 12位 ADC为例, 完整的二维查找表尺寸为 212X212, 存储量 16M个单 元, 实用困难。 必须找到查找表的有效压縮途径才能使本方法具备实用性。 充分 利用实际电路中采样值 [ίλ?,ί/2 的分布特征可对查找表进行有效压縮。
给定 (rjcJ^,由( 7 )计算出唯一的 (t/ , U2x)。而工程应用上由给定的 ( W;c, t/2; 求 (rAL;, 理论上有解且只有唯一解, 但会受到物理模型以及 77< Γ2等条件的 约束。
t/(7是单调减函数, TJ< T2则 UJ大于 U2。 如果给定 ?小于 t/2, 方程的 解中至少包含负数才能改变其单调性, 物理上不合理。
将 (5) 转换为 t/关于 L的反函数:
U r
log[— (R + r)--]
4096R R
(R + r)xT 由上, L的解有可能是复数, 除非满足条件:
[ U (R + r)--]>0 (9) 4096R R
即:
4096r
U >^ (10) R + r
若 (Wc,t/2 给定不当, 解得的 (rc,L^可能包含负数甚至复数。实际上物理采 样的 (W,t/2)必定是合理的。 Ul、 [/2间存在约束关系, 使解得的 (r,L)值都属于正 实数域, 即图 10两条曲线的交点位于实数域坐标系的第一象限。 不符合约束的 (ίλ?,ί/2)在实际采样中不会出现, 也就不用记录。
由采样值 (WJ7) 禾卩 W2,T2) 得:
Figure imgf000012_0001
经而
[^ R + r)-二 ] ) =[^ R + r)-二]
4096R R 4096R R 同时满足 (10) 和 (12) 条件的 (ίλ?,ί/2)的集合使方程有正实数解。
根据 (12), 给定 Ul, r的取值至少要符合一定条件: r"t/1-4096 可确定 rmin。 确定 ?后, 进而得到 [/2 (r) 的约束关系, 如图 11。 t/2(r)是单调函数, 利用 r的定义域确定 U2的值域, 该范围中的 U2与给定
U1的组合, 均使方程有正实数解。 如图 12中所示。
如图 13, 查表计算的本质, 是 U1-U2坐标系到! 坐标系映射的过程。 A过程是物理采样过程。 r-L坐标系中所有点都可以映射到 U1-U2坐标系中。 B过程是查表计算的过程。 U1-U2坐标系中有一部分点可以映射回 r-L坐标 系中。 U1-U2坐标系中有一部分点向! 坐标系映射有可能落入其它象限(有负 数), 或扩展为四维复数空间中。 r属于 [10,15]Ω; L属于 [4.5,5.5]mH, 映射关系如图 14所示:
由式 (13) 得 UJ的范围, 每给定一个 ?数值就可以利用式 (12) 的约束 关系, 求出在 r的物理变化范围内对应 U2的取值区间。 依次求出 U2的范围, 确定图 14中 U1-U2坐标系阴影区域, 得出图 15。
查找表单元从 4096*4096个縮小到 9360个, 表格压縮了 1792倍。
有益效果:
根据图 15(W,t/2)定义域, 利用式 (4)依次求出所对应的 L, 建立查找表。 将 L作为 Z轴绘图, 得到函数 L( ,t/2)在该定义域范围内的图像, 如图 16。
经过遍历, 查找中 L的最大量化误差为: 6.30153uH, 位于 U1 = 2754、 U2 = 1644。 表明 12位 ADC可以达到 1.0%。测量精度。 L属于 [4.5,5.5]mH, 在该范围内 可得到至少 33级有效分辨率。
基于本发明原理, 开发针对非接触式位移传感器的驱动和检测系统, 经测试 系统在 -55°C到 125°C范围内, 总测量误差在 1 %。以下; 所有检测和计算工作直接 通过可编程逻辑器件控制采样, 回避了 CPU或 DSP等硬件, 并检索一个尺寸为 10K的查找表而实现; 同时该系统已经按国标 GJB151A-97、 GJB152A-97 的规 定,进行 CS114、 RE102、 RS103项目测试, 结果满足 GJB151A-97、 GJB152A-97 要求。 以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已, 并非对本发明作任何形式上的限 制, 虽然本发明已以较佳实施例揭露如上, 然而并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉 本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内, 当可利用上述揭示的方法 及技术内容作出些许的更动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例,但凡是未脱离本发 明技术方案的内容, 依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、 等同变化与修饰, 仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。

Claims

权利要求书
1、 一种航空专用位移传感器的测量方法, 其特征在于, 按照如下步骤:
(1)建立测量电路: 磁感应传感器由内阻 r和电感 L构成, 其中内阻值 r随 环境温度变化而变化, 电感值 L与传感器附近金属目标接近程度有关;用串联的 限流电阻^?、 磁感应传感器、 受控开关构成位移传感器测量电路; 在限流电阻 R 和内阻 r之间的电压测量节点处设置模数转换器 ADC;
(2)建立查找表: 使用模数转换器 ADC测量第一固定延迟时间 T1对应的第 一电压测量值 U1 使用模数转换器 ADC测量第二固定延迟时间 Γ2对应的第二 电压测量值 m', 得到 r-L电路的放电电压方程 W (77, R,r,L)和 U2(T2 ,r, >; 其 中 77、 Γ2、 R都是常数, 联立两个方程建立内阻 r和电感 L关于放电电压采样 值 m和 U2的查找表;
(3) 压縮查找表, 利用压縮后的查找表进行传感器测量过程中的计算。
2、 如权利要求 1所述的测量方法, 其特征在于, 所述步骤 (2)是:
在第一固定延迟时间 T1和第二固定延迟时间 T2之间受控开关处于开启状 态, 电感 L通过内部和外部电阻进行缓慢放电; 初始时间 TO受控开关闭合, 之 后电感 L开始充电, 其电流为:
Figure imgf000014_0001
电压测量节点的电压为:
U = Umax - i x R ( 2) 进而得到:
U = ^≡^[r + R x e ~X ] ( 3 ) R + r 第一固定延迟时间 Tl和第二固定延迟时间 T2控制模数转换器 ADC进行采 样, 相应第一电压测量值 U1和第二电压测量值 U2分别为: U、 =^ r + Rxe—
R + r
(4) U
U, [r + Rxe
R + r 其中电压最大值 t/max、 限流电阻1、第一固定延迟时间 T1和第二固定延迟 时间 T2为常量; 从而计算得到内阻值 r和电感值!^。
3、如权利要求 2所述的测量方法,其特征在于,在证明给定采样值 [ίλ?,[/2], 方程组 (4)有且只有唯一的解 [L,r]的基础上, 采用最优化方法求解, 过程如下: 建立目标函数: min (U, - U, (L, r f + (U2 - U2 (L, r f
s.t.l:r>0 (5) s.t.2 :L>0 进而得到: min (U, (R + r)- (r + Rx e— ))2 + (U2 (R + r)- (r + Rx e—丁 ))2 s.t.\:r>{) (6) s.t.2 :L>0 遍历采样值 [t/ t/2]的所有范围,依次求出每个 [W,t/2]所对应的 [L,r]的数值 解, 就获得了查找表。
4、 如权利要求 3所述的测量方法, 其特征在于, 利用采样值 [ίλ?,ί/2]受到测 量电路模型的各种约束, 对查找表进行压縮, 过程如下:
将 和采样值 (WJ7) 和 ([/2,Γ2) 代入方程 (4) 并整理得到:
(R + r)x7
L
log[ ~ ^ ~ (R + r)--]
5 (2" -l)R R
(7)
(R + r)xT2
L
log[ ~ ^ ~ (R + r)--]
5 (2" -l)R R 进而
Figure imgf000016_0001
上式中, R、 r是正实数且 77<Γ2, 若解 [L,r]是正实数, 则须满足条件:
1>[ ~ ^ ~ (R + r)-—]>[ ~ _ (i? + r)--]>0 (9) (2" -l)R R (2" -l)R R 即:
C2" -IV
(2" -1) >U1 >U2 >- ― (10)
R + r 根据上式约束条件, 采用遍历的方法确定 [ίλ?,ί/2]的范围, 方法如下:
实际情况中, /"是导线中跟随温度变化而变化的分布电阻, 取其在系统允许 工作范围内的最小值 代入式 (10), 确定采样值 W, 可能出现的最小值
U 1 ;
将 代入式 (8) 后可得到:
Figure imgf000016_0002
将上式看做是 mmin关于 r的函数,求出分布电阻 r取值范围内所对应的 mmin 值域范围;
[t/ t/2]是经模数转换器 ADC采样获得的正整数,反复使用以上方法依次获 得 mmin、 uimin+\, uimin+i, uimin+3......直到(2" -l)分别对应的 m值域 范围; 这些点的集合就是查找表的定义域范围。
将查找表的定义域中的点依次代入方程 (6) 中求解其对应的解 [L,r], 就获 得了压縮后的查找表。
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