WO2013138877A1

WO2013138877A1 - Irrigation systems used in plantations of mahogany trees and in forestry in general

Info

Publication number: WO2013138877A1
Application number: PCT/BR2012/000076
Authority: WO
Inventors: Paulo Roberto SIBIN
Original assignee: Sibin Paulo Roberto
Priority date: 2012-03-23
Filing date: 2012-03-23
Publication date: 2013-09-26

Abstract

Irrigation systems used in plantations of mahogany trees and in forestry in general, comprising a system for irrigation on a plantation of mahogany trees and in forestry in general, which comprises an irrigation hose made from synthetic resin, it being possible for there to be one or two hoses that form elongate irrigation lines, each line comprising a separate passage for water adapted for individual or collective communication with a water-supply source, and a series of spaced irrigation holes, each hole being associated with an irrigation emitter and there being a self-propelled system of winding-reel type, which is a mechanized system that irrigates areas of different formats and gradients, and the equipment is composed of a suction pipe, a motorized pump unit, a principal line, a winding reel and an irrigator carriage, containing a cannon-type sprinkler or an irrigator bar.

Description

"IRRIGATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO MOGNOS PLANTS AND FORESTRY IN GENERAL".

This patent application refers to "IRRIGATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO MOGNOS PLANT AND FORESTRY IN GENERAL", which has been developed for the purpose of providing irrigation in mahogany planting areas through a technique that increases productivity. and ensures plant quality, especially in periods without rain when the plant stalls its growth, with the drip irrigation system being.

Irrigation is a millennial technique that blends with the development and economic prosperity of the people, as many ancient civilizations developed in arid regions where production was only possible thanks to irrigation. History shows that irrigation has always been a factor of wealth, prosperity and hence safety.

With the advancement of irrigation technologies and the increasing demand for water for human activities, the search for more efficient methods that consume less resources and provide better results in productivity and quality has increased.

Irrigation of soils that do not directly support plant growth is a waste of water. Other forms of loss include evaporation, which varies depending on climate, temperature and relative humidity. In arid regions, these losses are substantial, leading to increased irrigation costs.

There is therefore a need for an irrigation system that supplies water substantially only to crop plants in the field while reducing the amount of water lost through evaporation. Being a benefit of the irrigation system if it collected and directed the coincident moisture.

Several methods can be used to apply water to plants and must be adapted to suit the different situations that may occur in practice. What is certain is that there is no ideal method. Each particular situation should be studied, suggesting solutions where the inherent advantages can outweigh the natural limitations of irrigation methods.

Mahogany is one of the most valuable timber species in the Amazon. According to Ribeiro et al. (1999), the species, belongs to the Meliaceae family and is predominantly tropical. The wood is considered easy to work with and the finish produces an exceptionally smooth, shiny and durable surface, making it one of the most valuable woods in the Amazon region. The high price of its wood in the national and international market, has caused its extraction for decades, under great pressure in all its natural extension, from Mexico to Brazil. Omogno is still one of the most exploited species in the country, and is therefore threatened with extinction because there is no renewal of stocks in the same proportion as exploitation of the resource (Tucci & Pinto, 2003). The need to invest efforts in developing research on mahogany seedling production for reforestation purposes is unquestionable.

The wood is moderately heavy, hard, with a brownish to dark brown heartwood, yellowish white sapwood and fine to medium texture. It is used in turned parts, decorative objects, precision scientific instruments, musical instruments, sculptures, carvings, furniture, cutlery, laminate, plywood, carpentry, shipbuilding and aviation industry. The tree is ornamental and can be used in squares and in landscaping.

Shell: up to 25 mm thick. The surface of the outer bark or rhytidome is rough, dark reddish-brown to light brown, with flat scales separated by deep fissures. When young - for example 6 years - the bark is thin, brown, with whitish spots and has a large number of lenticels and scars left by the fallen leaves. The inner bark is pink or reddish. When cut, it tastes very bitter and astringent.

Leaves: They are composed, arranged in a spiral in the branches, paripinadas, measuring from 25 to 45 cm in length. It has 8 to 12 leaflets measuring 7 cm to 15 cm long by 3.5 cm to 6 cm wide. These leaflets are opposite, sometimes alternate, oblong-elliptical or oblong-ovate, glabrous, wavy, full margin (with the filamentous apex being of membranous or subcoriacea consistency, acuminate), strongly asymmetrical at the base (which is more or less rounded) , without stipulations. When dry, they are bluish black. Above, they are olive, sharp and slightly cross-linked. Underneath, they are brownish and with obsolete lattice. The petiole measures from 1 cm to 2 cm in length and the petiole, 7 cm to 9 cm.

Fruit and seed dispersal: seed fall occurs during the middle and end of the dry season. The seed rain takes on a parabolic shape from the tree it is bearing. The dispersion distance may be longer where winds are common.

Mahogany withstands well under normal drought conditions (about four to six months), during which the plant stalls its growth. With supplementary irrigation, the species emits new shoots even in the colder months of the year. Grows best in well-structured soils, but withstands well conditions where clay contents reach up to 68% and brief periods of flooding. Under shading conditions, the growth of the species presents reductions of up to 60% of height in relation to planting in full sun.

In dry regions where rainfall is very scarce, mahogany can take more than 30 years to reach the cutoff point. In conventional planting, development is slow, because the dry season in these regions can reach up to six months of the year, with this the plants lose their leaves and stop growing to support the lack of water.

The reforestation activity has gained economic impetus in recent years, due to the increase of ecological awareness, as well as the preservation of the environment. Reforestation is known to have the purpose of replacing the felled trees for energy purposes (firewood) or to supply raw materials for the construction and furniture industry.

In the agronomic activity of reforestation, both planting and development of seedlings are intensive in operations and in the occupation of labor. One of the critical activities of reforestation is the irrigation of seedlings, considering the fragility of the plant. It is common knowledge that in large planted areas, such as reforestation, activities should be mechanized whenever possible. However, due to the rapid growth of the seedlings and the height they reach in a short time, the usual irrigation techniques do not adapt. Also manual irrigation proves to be less productive and exhaustive to humans. The kite car irrigation technique does not It is shown to be adequate due to the strong water jet produced and which causes severe damage to the fragile branches of the plant.

Drip irrigation is a relatively new technology that can save water, energy and increase profits. So drip irrigation can help solve three of the most important problems with irrigated sugarcane - water scarcity, increased pumping (energy) costs and falling farm profits.

Drip irrigation is defined as a frequent, slow and accurate application of water through line or point emitters over the below surface of the at a small operating pressure (20 - 200 kPa) and at a low discharge rate (0.6 to 20 LPH), resulting in partial wetting of the soil surface.

In literature, "localized" is used interchangeably with "drip". The most popular versions of drip used in sugarcane are surface and underground drip.

Surface Drip: The application of water to the soil surface as drops or small flow through emitters placed at a predetermined distance along the side of the drip is called surface drip irrigation (Fig. 14). It can be of two types - online or integral surface drip system. The full drip line is recommended for sugar cane.

Underground Drip (SDI): The application of water below the surface through emitters mounted on the inner wall of the (1.0 - 3.0 LPH) discharge ratio drip line generally has the same range as full surface drip irrigation. This water application method is different and should not be confused with the method where the root area is irrigated by water table control, referred to herein as sub-irrigation. The integral drip line (thin or thick wall) is installed at a predetermined depth in the soil depending on soil type and crop needs. There are two main types of SDI - "mono cultivation" and "multicultural".

5 Adoption of the drip irrigation system (surface or underground) is technically easy, economically viable and benefits in several ways:

- Uniformity of water application may; r

- Decreased energy costs due to reduced pumping time to irrigate a given area;

Water savings of 45 to 50% contributing to more efficient water use

- Savings on fertilizer (25 to 30%) because of fertigation and consequently efficiency of improved fertilizer use. Ex:

Agronomic, physiological efficiency and apparent cover fraction;

- Lower weed growth and labor savings due to lower weed control, fertigation and plant protection operations,

- Lower incidence of pests and diseases because of better field cleaning;

- Optimum soil, water and air ratios contribute to better sprouting, uniform field emergence and optimal maintenance of the plant population;

- Harvest earlier;

25 - Irrigation schedule day / night is possible;

- Facilitates cultivation on marginal soils because of frequent irrigation and fertigation; - High frequency irrigation, micro-leaching and high soil water potential allow the use of saltwater for irrigation.

Effective drip technology requires more intensive application of crop, soil, climate, engineering, and economic factors than flood irrigation typically does. New management perspectives and skills are required for planting configuration, land preparation, drip design characteristics, irrigation scheduling, fertigation, operation & system maintenance.

New management practices induced with drip technology seem to have significantly helped to increase planting results. Planting configuration and drip design characteristics will be mentioned in this section while others will be mentioned in other sections.

The filtration system is the assembly of independently controlled physical components used to remove suspended solids from irrigation water. Irrigation water filtration is vital for drip irrigation schemes to prevent blocking of emitters as the internal passages of the emitters are very small.

The choice of filter depends mainly on the type of impurities found in the water and the level of filtration required by the emitter. Filtration system design recommendations should include location, size, specification of available suspended material sizes, filter types, and maintenance requirements.

· Location: A primary filter should be placed after the pump and fertigation unit to remove fine and large particles from the stream. Secondary filters can be used from the primary filter to Remove any particles that may pass through the primary filter during normal or cleaning operations. When secondary filters are used, the size of the openings is usually larger than the primary filter to minimize the attention required.

• Size: The filter flow openings should be small enough to prevent unwanted particles from entering the system. The size of the filter should be based on the diameter of the emitter opening or the type and size of contaminants to be filtered. The filter capacity must be large enough to allow a nominal flow without frequent cleaning. Filters that are manually cleaned should require more than daily maintenance. Sizes should be the most economical with the lowest friction losses ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 bars.

• Types: Filtering should be done using different types of filters; screen (for inorganic impurities and water of moderate quality or following primary filtration with sand and disc filters) disc (for removal of impurities of organic and inorganic origin, algae included), hydrocyclones (for separation of sand or silt from water well or river filters) and sand or medium filters (for open wells, open reservoirs, streams, etc.).

In most drip irrigation systems it is driven from the easel assembly to a secondary line to which the drip lines are connected. Although there are several types of dripperlines that are used, they are all designed to distribute water evenly over the entire design area of a given field block. A variation in the discharge rate of the dripperline emitters that is acceptable is on the order of 8 - 10%. Drip lines vary in sender design, quality, discharge uniformity, and cost. From the outside, most integral drip lines look alike. Even so, there are differences between products, particularly emitters. Consistency and superior performance of an integral dripper line depend on the quality of its emitter. Several years of experience have shown that the following factors must be considered when selecting the line of drippers that should be on the surface or buried throughout a complete crop life cycle.

Dripper lines come in a wide range of wall thickness. Construction and thickness of the dripperline should be sufficient to reduce the risk of the pipe being bent or caught by traffic in the field such as mechanical loaders, farm machinery, etc.

- Flap mechanism to prevent the risk of suction of fine soil material to drip line emitters leading to clogging.

- Nominal diameters are 16 mm and 22 mm. A larger diameter will allow water to be supplied to a larger length of dripperline before pressure drops below design requirements. This results in cost savings of secondary lines.

- Availability of machinery to retrieve dripperlines at the end of the cycle and use them for a second cycle if possible after refurbishment.

Self-propelled sprinkler irrigation system. The mobile or self-propelled sprinkler irrigation system is powered by hydraulic energy, consisting of a hydraulic cannon (sprinkler cannon), mounted under a platform,. that moves over the ground while irrigating simultaneously. It requires a propulsion engine, a cannon-type sprinkler, a high-pressure hose (up to 500m), a wire rope or a coiled spool (depending on the type of movement) and a platform for installation. Normally the sprinkler's angle of rotation is 330 °, to keep the moving range of the car or sprinkler dry as will be shown later. There are basically two types of self-propelled on the market, according to their moving agent, which will be detailed below. Self-Propelled System Cable Type.

The equipment moves by retracting a wire rope. The water that is pumped for irrigation turns a turbine, which drives a gear system, promoting the displacement of the platform (trolley with sprinkler) and its withdrawal by the anchored steel cable. It is mainly used for irrigation of pastures, sugar cane, orchards and coffee plantations. Experiences regarding the use of this equipment worldwide indicate that its feasibility is for irrigation of regions with less severe water deficit, where irrigation is important but not necessary for a long period of the year. The main advantage of the system is that it allows irrigate multiple areas with just one piece of equipment. Generally, you need machinery to wrap the hose after on-site irrigation. The limitations of this type of equipment mainly boil down to a high energy consumption due to the loss of loads in the movement of the equipment, the length of the hose and the operation of the cannon, and the high flow rate. And the oldest and lowest cost, being its main limitation the low durability of the hose; It was widely used in the past and is now replaced by the winding reel. Self-Propelled Reel Winder System is a mechanized system that irrigates areas of different shapes and slopes, with low labor requirements. The equipment consists of a suction pipe, a pump set, a main line, a winding spool and an irrigation carriage, containing a cannon-type sprinkler or a sprinkler bar. The spool reel is formed by the drive assembly and reel with polyethylene hose, mounted on chassis with two to six wheels and coupling to the tractor drawbar. The drive assembly consists of a hydraulic turbine and a speed reduction box, which winds the hose to the spool with the irrigation carriage at the other end of the hose, with track irrigation occurring as the hose is coiled. The sprinkler, mounted on two wheels in the irrigation car, travels at a predetermined constant speed on various models via a computerized electronic panel, irrigating up to 115 m wide for up to 650 m at a time. of lenght. After irrigating a particular strip, the assembly is easily moved to irrigate adjacent strips.

The self-propelled winding reel advantageously replaces the old self-propelled systems, where the entire drive assembly moved along with the sprinkler along the irrigated track by dragging a flexible hose. Advantages include improved irrigation carriage speed control and smaller cannon droplet size today. The irrigation bar can replace the cannon-type sprinkler in smaller slopes with the advantage of better water distribution uniformity and smaller droplets. The bar, which can be longer than 50 m, is equipped with sprays with working pressure between 1 and 3 kgf cm2. Reduces power consumption. In this case, the bar is mounted on a four-wheeled carriage, which allows the height of the bar to be adjusted and uses the same reel-reel system.

The present invention has as its object "Irrigation Systems Applied to Grassland Plants and Forestry in General" which consists of an irrigation where water is applied punctually through drops directly to the soil. These drops, upon infiltration, form a moistening pattern called a "wet bulb". These bulbs may or may not meet with irrigation continuity and form a wet strip.

According to the present invention there is provided an irrigation system comprising an irrigation hose made of synthetic resin, which may have one or two hoses forming elongate irrigation lines, each line comprising a separate waterway adapted for individual communication or with a water supply, and a succession of spaced irrigation holes, each hole associated with an irrigation emitter.

The emitters used in the irrigation hose of the present invention may be of any suitable design, for example they may be drip irrigation emitters or mini sprinklers. Drip emitters are mounted within the irrigation lines so that their irrigation points are concentric to the holes. When the line is formed by two hoses, the holes of each hose can have different diameters.

The arrangement of the emitter irrigation outlet holes can be obtained in different ways. An example according to the present invention is forming irrigation lines with holes in the two hoses aligned, so that when one side is irrigating the other side of the plant does not receive water allowing the soil to dry, and can also be mounted on central or linear pivot aerial dispersers.

According to the present invention it is characterized by one or more hoses (1) forming irrigation lines (2) that form water passages (3) and (4) can have any diameter, which can act in isolation or communicating, which are connected to a water supply whose valve is capable of providing water supply at predetermined time intervals, each of the irrigation lines (2) having equidistantly arranged outlet holes (5) which receive mounting of internal irrigation emitters.

In order to obtain a perfect understanding of what has been developed, drawings are attached to which numerical references are made together with a detailed description:

Figure 1 shows the plantation with a central irrigation line.

Figure 2 shows the plantation with two central irrigation lines.

Figure 3 shows a view of the irrigation hose.

Given the above and illustrated, we can see that the "Irrigation Systems Applied in Mogno Plantations and Forestry in General" has enormous advantages, since drip irrigation involves the application of small amounts of water directly in the root of the coffee plant, through point source or drip line above or below ground with operating pressures.

The system allows higher yields because it irrigates a part of the soil where the roots of the plant are very precisely, constant and without expelling all air from this soil. Thus, roots always have readily available water, nutrients (fertigation) and oxygen as they breathe to carry out their metabolic and growth processes. At the wetland / bulb site, there is then a large increase in the volume and activity of rootlets, thin roots whose sole function is to absorb water and nutrients. The drip practically does not affect the supporting roots, which are thick and suberinized, that is, they are impermeable and do not absorb water and nutrients.

Thus, drip crops have higher root activity (root), deep roots, and therefore greater productivity and ability to be manipulated more easily, as these root in the wetland are the perfect target for hormone treatments, systemic pesticide application or induction. water stress (water deficit).

The main characteristic of drip irrigation reflects the efficiency gains of the previous characteristics, since a localized application of water, stimulating a dense and active root structure and a high uniformity of irrigation imply a great efficiency gain in chemigation, which is the application of chemicals in irrigation systems.

This efficiency is first observed in the gains with the use of fertigation, since the installment improves the rationality of the application versus the need of the plant, decreases the leaching / fixation losses and improves the application uniformity, since it is determined by the uniformity of the system irrigation.

Advantages compared to drip over traditional irrigation:

- Limited Cost - No need for flat topographies (self-compensating system)

- Reduction of water expenditure (more than 50%)

- Allows fertilization by decreasing fertilizer use

- adapt to different cultures

- Increases crop productivity

- Increased efficiency in irrigation control

- Decreases soil erosion

- Greater potential for uniformity of water distribution

- Decreases weed infestation

- Decreases labor

- Increases water and energy savings by paying higher investment costs in the short term

Forestry irrigation can occur by cannon, which has a lower implementation cost compared to central pivot irrigation and sprinkling has been losing ground due to some operational cost as it requires engines with greater power to distribute water over long distances. It is also the system with the highest water consumption and the most affected by wind and evaporation. However, due to mobility, the reel-barreled cannon irrigation system is widely used.

Because it is innovative and hitherto not understood in the state of the art it fits perfectly within the criteria that define the invention patent. The following are their claims.

Claims

CLAIM

1 - "IRRIGATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO MOGNOS PLANTS AND FORESTRY IN GENERAL" characterized by an irrigation system applied to maize and silviculture in general, which comprises an irrigation hose made of synthetic resin, and may also be made of other materials. conducting water, having one, two or more hoses forming elongated irrigation lines, each line comprising a separate waterway adapted for individual or collective communication with a water supply, and a succession of spaced irrigation holes, each hole associated with an irrigation emitter.

2 - "IRRIGATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO MOGNOS PLANTS AND FORESTRY IN GENERAL" characterized by one or more hoses (1) forming irrigation lines (2) forming water passages (3) and (4) can have any diameter, which they may act in isolation or communicating, which are connected to a water supply, whose valve is capable of promoting water supply at predetermined time intervals, each of the irrigation lines (2) having outlet holes (5) Equidistantly arranged, which receive the mounting of the internal irrigation emitters.

3 - "IRRIGATION SYSTEMS APPLIED IN MOGNOS PLANTING AND FORESTRY IN GENERAL" characterized by irrigation being carried out by the mobile or self-propelled sprinkler system.

4 - "IRRIGATION SYSTEMS APPLIED IN MOGNOS PLANTING AND FORESTRY IN GENERAL" characterized Irrigation is carried out by the self-propelled, winding-reel system, which is a mechanized system that irrigates areas of different shapes and slopes. containing a cannon-type sprinkler or irrigating bar.

5 - "IRRIGATION SYSTEMS APPLIED IN MOGNOS PLANTING AND FORESTRY IN GENERAL" characterized by irrigation being carried out by the central pivot sprinkler system, using various types of nozzles, applied over the planting line.

6 - "IRRIGATION SYSTEMS APPLIED IN MOGNOS PLANTING AND FORESTRY IN GENERAL" characterized by irrigation being carried out by the two or four wheel linear sprinkler system.