WO2013121607A1 - ポリマー担持銅触媒およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
ポリマー担持銅触媒およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013121607A1 WO2013121607A1 PCT/JP2012/071767 JP2012071767W WO2013121607A1 WO 2013121607 A1 WO2013121607 A1 WO 2013121607A1 JP 2012071767 W JP2012071767 W JP 2012071767W WO 2013121607 A1 WO2013121607 A1 WO 2013121607A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- copper catalyst
- polymer
- vinyl monomer
- catalyst
- Prior art date
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000006376 (C3-C10) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000006719 (C6-C10) aryl (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000719 pyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004306 triazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 24
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- -1 azide compound Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 10
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 6
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 150000001540 azides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000010378 sodium ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960005055 sodium ascorbate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RKJRWTFHSA-M sodium ascorbate Substances [Na+].OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RKJRWTFHSA-M 0.000 description 3
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M sodium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [Na+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004423 acyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- COCAUCFPFHUGAA-MGNBDDOMSA-N n-[3-[(1s,7s)-5-amino-4-thia-6-azabicyclo[5.1.0]oct-5-en-7-yl]-4-fluorophenyl]-5-chloropyridine-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C=1C=C(F)C([C@@]23N=C(SCC[C@@H]2C3)N)=CC=1NC(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=N1 COCAUCFPFHUGAA-MGNBDDOMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OSSNTDFYBPYIEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenylimidazole Chemical compound C=CN1C=CN=C1 OSSNTDFYBPYIEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTOVVHWKPVSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 BTOVVHWKPVSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021594 Copper(II) fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006887 Ullmann reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000026 X-ray photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005073 adamantyl group Chemical group C12(CC3CC(CC(C1)C3)C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005456 alcohol based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005575 aldol reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005808 aromatic amination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002029 aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ODWXUNBKCRECNW-UHFFFAOYSA-M bromocopper(1+) Chemical compound Br[Cu+] ODWXUNBKCRECNW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MPMBRWOOISTHJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MPMBRWOOISTHJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012650 click reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Cu+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O JZCCFEFSEZPSOG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GWFAVIIMQDUCRA-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Cu+2] GWFAVIIMQDUCRA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- SBTSVTLGWRLWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) triflate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F SBTSVTLGWRLWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diiodide Chemical compound I[Cu]I GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006352 cycloaddition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004210 cyclohexylmethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006547 cyclononyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000640 cyclooctyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004851 cyclopentylmethyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC1)C* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000724 energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000003453 indazolyl group Chemical group N1N=C(C2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003387 indolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003406 indolizinyl group Chemical group C=1(C=CN2C=CC=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004594 isoindolinyl group Chemical group C1(NCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002183 isoquinolinyl group Chemical group C1(=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001786 isothiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002757 morpholinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- QNILTEGFHQSKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propan-2-ylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(C)NC(=O)C=C QNILTEGFHQSKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004593 naphthyridinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CN=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002896 organic halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000286 phenylethyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229930015698 phenylpropene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000004344 phenylpropyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004592 phthalazinyl group Chemical group C1(=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000561 purinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=C2N=CNC2=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001174 sulfone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
- C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
- C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
- C07H19/056—Triazole or tetrazole radicals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/165—Polymer immobilised coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes
- B01J31/1658—Polymer immobilised coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups, e.g. on Wang or Merrifield resins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
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- C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
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- C07J43/00—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
- C07J43/003—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton not condensed
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- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/90—Regeneration or reactivation
- B01J23/94—Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts comprising metals, oxides or hydroxides of the iron group metals or copper
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel polymer-supported copper catalyst having higher catalytic activity than conventional ones and high reusability.
- Non-Patent Document 1 and 2 Based on 2002, Meldal and Sharpless independently reported a 1,3-dipolar cyclization reaction (Husgen cyclization) between an alkyne and an organic azide compound using a water-soluble copper catalyst (Non-Patent Document 1 and 2). This reaction is an important reaction for pharmaceutical synthesis and chemical synthesis. However, since a homogeneous catalyst is used, it is difficult to recover and reuse the catalyst, and there is a problem that copper derived from the catalyst remains in the reaction product.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a copper catalyst that has higher catalytic activity than the conventional one, can be easily recovered, and can be reused repeatedly.
- the present inventors have added a copper salt to a polymer solution obtained by polymerizing at least a monomer containing an amphiphilic vinyl monomer and a vinyl monomer having a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group.
- a polymer-immobilized copper catalyst having a high catalytic activity not seen in the past and having a shape that can be easily recovered and reused after use is obtained.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- a monovalent or divalent copper is supported in a polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer containing at least an amphiphilic vinyl monomer A and a vinyl monomer B having a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group.
- a polymer-supported copper catalyst is
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl, C Selected from 6-10 aryl and C 6-10 aryl-C 1-6 alkyl, provided that R 1 and R 2 are not H at the same time]
- the copper catalyst as described in (1) selected from the compound represented by these.
- the vinyl monomer B has the formula (II)
- R 3 is selected from pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl and triazinyl, and n is an integer of 0 to 3]
- the copper catalyst as described in (1) or (2) selected from the compound represented by these.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a copper catalyst having higher catalytic activity than a conventionally known immobilized copper catalyst. Since the copper catalyst of the present invention is an insoluble solid, it can be easily recovered after use, and copper is not mixed into the product obtained by using the catalyst. Furthermore, the copper catalyst of the present invention can maintain high catalytic activity even when used repeatedly.
- the copper catalyst of the present invention is very useful for green chemistry for producing a target product without emitting pollutants in fields such as organic synthetic chemistry.
- the polymer-supported copper catalyst of the present invention is supported by monovalent or divalent copper in a polymer obtained by polymerizing at least a monomer containing an amphiphilic vinyl monomer A and a vinyl monomer B having a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group. It is characterized by being.
- Vinyl monomer A is amphiphilic and is soluble in both polar and nonpolar solvents.
- Specific examples of the vinyl monomer A include compounds having a structure represented by the following formula (I).
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently H, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1-10 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl , C 6-10 aryl and C 6-10 aryl-C 1-6 alkyl. However, R 1 and R 2 are not H at the same time.
- Other specific examples of the vinyl monomer A include styrene having a hydrophilic group (for example, styrene having a hydrophilic group such as hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, and sulfone group on the benzene ring, or hydrophilicity thereof.
- the vinyl monomer A a compound represented by the above formula (I) is particularly preferable.
- one of R 1 and R 2 is H and the other is C 1-10 alkyl, particularly C 1-6 alkyl.
- the vinyl monomer A that is amphiphilic may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- C 1-10 alkyl a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl Hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl and decyl.
- C 1-6 alkyl likewise denotes a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- C 3-10 cycloalkyl an aliphatic cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl and adamantyl.
- C 6-10 aryl an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, such as phenyl, tolyl and naphthyl.
- C 3-10 cycloalkyl-C 1-6 alkyl C 1-6 alkyl having C 3-10 cycloalkyl.
- C 6-10 aryl-C 1-6 alkyl C 1-6 alkyl having C 6-10 aryl.
- a target group is a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I), a hydroxyl group, a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C 1-4 alkyl), 1 to Alkoxy group having 4 carbon atoms (C 1-4 alkoxy), acyloxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms (C 1-5 acyloxy), carboxyl group, alkoxycarbonyl having 2 to 5 carbon atoms It means substituted or unsubstituted with a substituent such as a group (C 2-5 alkoxycarbonyl), cyano group, nitro group and the like.
- a halogen atom F, Cl, Br, I
- a hydroxyl group a saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C 1-4 alkyl), 1 to Alkoxy group having 4 carbon atoms (C 1-4 alkoxy), acyloxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms (C 1-5 acyloxy), carboxyl group, alkoxycarbonyl
- Vinyl monomer B has at least one nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group.
- the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group that the vinyl monomer B has is a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic or aromatic heterocyclic group having 4 to 12 ring members and having at least one nitrogen atom. Is mentioned.
- nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups include, for example, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolinyl, indolinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolidinyl , Isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, morpholinyl and the like.
- the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group has 4 to 6 ring members and has only nitrogen as a hetero atom, such as pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, Selected from triazinyl.
- a hetero atom such as pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, Selected from triazinyl.
- the vinyl monomer B preferably has a structure represented by the following formula (II).
- R 3 represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group as described above.
- n is an integer of 0 to 3, preferably 0, 1 or 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and most preferably 0.
- the vinyl monomer B having a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the polymerization of vinyl monomer A and vinyl monomer B is performed by a conventionally known method, for example, by dissolving both monomers in a suitable solvent such as toluene and then adding a polymerization initiator such as azobisisobutyronitrile to the solution. It can be carried out.
- the mixing ratio of vinyl monomer A and vinyl monomer B may be in the range of 1:20 to 20: 1, in particular in the range of 1:10 to 10: 1, in particular in the range of 1: 5 to 5: 1. preferable.
- the polymer used for the polymer-supported copper catalyst of the present invention may be prepared using a different type of monomer (monomer C).
- monomer C examples include olefinic hydrocarbons having at least one double bond and 2 to 6 carbon atoms (C 2-6 alkene: for example, ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, etc.
- C 6-10 aryl groups substituted by olefinic hydrocarbon groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms C 2-6 alkenyl-C 6-10 aryl: eg styrene, methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, dimethyl Styrene, allylbenzene, allylmethylbenzene, allylethylbenzene, allyldimethylbenzene, etc.).
- the mixing ratio (A + B: C) of monomer C to the sum of vinyl monomer A and vinyl monomer B during polymer preparation is in the range of 50:50 to 100: 0, particularly in the range of 70:30 to 100: 0, especially 90: A range of 10 to 100: 0 is preferable.
- a polymer obtained by polymerizing vinyl monomer A and vinyl monomer B, and optionally monomer C, is soluble in water or a polar organic solvent, and has a structure in which each monomer is linearly polymerized without being substantially crosslinked. It is preferable to have. Therefore, it is preferable that both vinyl monomers A and B and monomer C do not have a group capable of forming a crosslinked structure by polymerization other than the vinyl group.
- the degree of polymerization of the polymer is preferably in the range of 5000 to 500,000, and more preferably in the range of 5000 to 50000.
- the polymer-supported copper catalyst of the present invention has a structure in which monovalent or divalent copper is dispersed and supported in the polymer obtained as described above.
- the polymer-supported copper catalyst of the present invention can be obtained by adding a monovalent or divalent copper salt to a solution of the polymer. Therefore, in another aspect, the present invention provides a polymer solution in which a monomer containing at least a vinyl monomer A that is amphiphilic and a vinyl monomer B having a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group is polymerized (preferably linearly).
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a polymer-supported copper catalyst, which comprises adding a valent or divalent copper salt.
- Examples of the monovalent or divalent copper salt include copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper iodide, copper bromide, copper fluoride, copper acetate, copper nitrate, copper oxide, and copper trifluoromethanesulfonate.
- the solvent for dissolving the polymer when adding the copper salt is an inert solvent that does not reduce monovalent or divalent copper, such as chloroform, water, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, ethyl acetate, t-butyl. It is desirable to use alcohol and mixed solvents thereof.
- the polymer-supported copper catalyst When a copper salt is added to the polymer solution, aggregation of the dissolved polymer occurs, and the polymer-supported copper catalyst is obtained as an insoluble precipitate. This is considered to be due to the fact that the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group portion in the polymer is coordinated to monovalent or divalent copper (Cu + or Cu 2+ ) by adding a copper salt.
- the polymer-supported copper catalyst thus obtained has a structure in which monovalent or divalent copper is uniformly dispersed and supported in a sponge-like lump made of a polymer.
- monovalent or divalent copper does not form a nanoparticle by solidifying a certain number of atoms, but is uniformly dispersed in the polymer at the atomic level.
- the monovalent or divalent copper so coordinated and immobilized does not easily fall off from the polymer.
- the polymer-supported copper catalyst of the present invention can be used for various reactions using a copper catalyst.
- examples of such reaction include aldol reaction, Ullmann reaction, Gracer reaction, Huesgen cyclization reaction, oxidation of alcohol or alkene, and aromatic amination.
- the polymer-supported copper catalyst of the present invention exhibits a remarkably high catalytic activity in the Hüsgen cyclization reaction.
- the Hüsgen cyclization reaction is a kind of [3 + 2] dipole cycloaddition reaction, which is also called “click reaction”, and produces triazole from alkyne and azide with very high functional group selectivity.
- the present invention relates to a Hüsgen cyclization reaction using the polymer-supported copper catalyst described above.
- the polymer-supported copper catalyst of the present invention for example, an arbitrary alkyne and an organic azide compound are added to an appropriate solvent (for example, t-butanol, water, etc.), and the polymer-supported copper catalyst is added to the divalent valence.
- the copper can be added together with sodium ascorbate having the effect of reducing the copper to monovalent copper and heated as necessary.
- the same reaction can be performed using alkyne, an organic halogen compound and sodium azide.
- the catalyst maintains a lump shape after being used for the reaction, and the catalyst can be easily recovered without using a large-scale filtration device or the like. Further, the recovered catalyst can be reused, and even if it is repeatedly used (for example, about 10 times), its catalytic activity hardly decreases.
- the concentration of the copper catalyst is, for example, 0.25 mol% or less, 0.1 mol% or less, 0.0 or less as the concentration of monovalent or divalent copper with respect to alkyne.
- the target product can be obtained in high yield even when the concentration is not more than 05 mol%, not more than 0.01 mol%, not more than 0.005 mol%, and in some cases even if the concentration of the copper catalyst is not more than 0.0005 mol%.
- FIG. 1 is an energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of the obtained copper catalyst 3. From this spectrum, it can be seen that copper and sulfur derived from copper sulfate are present.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the obtained copper catalyst 3. Cu 2p 3/2 and S 2p 3/2 have peaks at 934.8 eV and 167.9 eV, respectively, and they correspond to Cu (II) and S (IV) derived from copper sulfate. Identified.
- Table 1 summarizes the results of reactions using various alkynes 4 and organic azides 5.
- the target product could be obtained in high yield despite the catalyst concentration as low as 0.25 mol%.
- the copper catalyst 3 is reused sequentially (ie, the catalyst recovered after the reaction of entry 1 is used in entry 2, the catalyst recovered after the reaction of entry 2 is used in entry 3, and so on).
- the catalytic activity did not decrease and a high yield could be maintained.
- Table 2 summarizes the results of reactions using various alkynes 4 and organic halides 7.
- the target product could be obtained in high yield despite the catalyst concentration as low as 0.25 mol%.
- the reaction was carried out by sequentially reusing the copper catalyst 3, but in the reaction of entry 5 in which the catalyst was reused four times, the catalytic activity was not lowered and the high yield was maintained. I was able to.
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Abstract
本発明は、従来のものよりも触媒活性が高く、かつ容易に回収でき、繰り返し再利用することができる銅触媒を提供することを課題とする。本発明は、両親媒性であるビニルモノマーAと含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーBを少なくとも含むモノマーが重合してなるポリマー中に1価または2価の銅が担持されていることを特徴とするポリマー担持銅触媒に関する。本発明の銅触媒は不溶性の固体であるため、使用後の回収が容易であり、該触媒を使用して得られる生成物に銅が混入することもない。さらに、本発明の銅触媒はくり返し使用しても高い触媒活性を維持することができる。
Description
本発明は、従来のものよりも高い触媒活性を有し、かつ再利用性が高い、新規なポリマー担持銅触媒に関する。
2002年にMeldalとSharplessがそれぞれ独立に、水溶性の銅触媒を用いるアルキンと有機アジド化合物との1,3-双極子環化反応(ヒュスゲン環化)を報告している(非特許文献1および2)。この反応は医薬品合成や化成品合成に重要な反応である。しかし、均一系触媒を用いるため、触媒の回収および再利用が難しく、反応生成物に触媒由来の銅が残留する問題がある。
そのような問題を解決するため、銅を高分子化合物などの担体で固定化した固定化銅触媒の調製が試みられている。しかし、調製された固定化銅触媒はいずれも触媒活性が低く、数モル%の触媒量を必要とするものしか得られていなかった。また、触媒の再利用性も低いのが現状であった。(非特許文献3~13)
C. W. Tornoe, C. Christensen, M. Meldal, J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, pp.3057-3064
V. V. Rostovtsev, L. G. Green, V. V. Fokin, Sharpless, K. B., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, pp.2596-2599
A. Coelho, P. Diz, O. Caamano, E. Sotelo, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2010, 352, pp.1179-1192
C. Girard, E. Oenen, M. Aufort, S. Beauviere, E. Samson, J. Herscovici, Org. Lett. 2006, 8, pp.1689-1692
I. S. Park, M. S. Kwon, Y. Kim, J. S. Lee, J. Park, Org. Lett. 2008, 10, pp.497-500
B. H. Lipshutz, B. R. Taft, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, pp.8235-8238
S. Chassaing, A. S. S. Sido, A. Alix, M. Kumarraja, P. Pale, J. Sommer, Chem. Eur. J. 2008, 14, pp.6713-6721
S. Chassaing, M. Kumarraja, A. S. S. Sido, P. Pale, J. Sommer, Org. Lett. 2007, 9, pp.883-886
K. Namitharan, M. Kumarraja, K. Pitchumani, Chem. Eur. J. 2009, 15, pp.2755-2758
A. Megia-Fernandez, M. Ortega-Munoz, J. Lopez-Jaramillo, F. Hernandez-Mateo, F. Santoyo-Gonzaleza, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2010, 352, pp.3306-3320
Y. Wang, J. Liu, C. Xia, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, pp.1534-1542
M. Liu, O. Reiser, Org. Lett. 2011, 13, pp.1102-1105
F. Alonso, Y. Moglie, G. Radivoy, M. Yus, Adv. Synth. Catal. 2010, 352, pp.3208-3214
本発明は、従来のものよりも触媒活性が高く、かつ容易に回収でき、繰り返し再利用することができる銅触媒を提供することを目的とする。
本発明者らは上述したような問題を検討した結果、両親媒性であるビニルモノマーと含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーを少なくとも含むモノマーが重合してなるポリマーの溶液に銅塩を加えることにより、従来にみられなかったような高い触媒活性を有し、かつ使用後の回収および再利用が容易な形状を有するポリマー固定化銅触媒が得られることを見出した。本発明の要旨は以下のとおりである。
(1)両親媒性であるビニルモノマーAと含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーBを少なくとも含むモノマーが重合してなるポリマー中に1価または2価の銅が担持されていることを特徴とするポリマー担持銅触媒。
[式中、R1とR2はそれぞれ独立して、H、ならびに置換または非置換のC1-10アルキル、C3-10シクロアルキル、C3-10シクロアルキル-C1-6アルキル、C6-10アリールおよびC6-10アリール-C1-6アルキルから選択され、ただしR1とR2が同時にHとなることはない]
で表される化合物から選択される、(1)に記載の銅触媒。
で表される化合物から選択される、(1)に記載の銅触媒。
(3)ビニルモノマーBが、式(II)
[式中、R3はピロリル、ピロリジニル、イミダゾリル、ピラゾリル、トリアゾリル、テトラゾリル、ピリジニル、ピラジニル、ピリミジニル、ピリダジニルおよびトリアジニルから選択され、nは0~3の整数である]
で表される化合物から選択される、(1)または(2)に記載の銅触媒。
で表される化合物から選択される、(1)または(2)に記載の銅触媒。
(4)ヒュスゲン環化反応に用いる、(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載の銅触媒。
(5)両親媒性であるビニルモノマーAと含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーBを少なくとも含むモノマーが重合してなるポリマーの溶液に1価または2価の銅塩を加えることを含む、(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の銅触媒の製造方法。
(6)(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の銅触媒を用いるヒュスゲン環化反応。
本発明によれば、従来知られた固定化銅触媒よりも触媒活性が高い銅触媒を提供することができる。本発明の銅触媒は不溶性の固体であるため、使用後の回収が容易であり、該触媒を使用して得られる生成物に銅が混入することもない。さらに、本発明の銅触媒はくり返し使用しても高い触媒活性を維持することができる。本発明の銅触媒は有機合成化学などの分野において、汚染物質を排出することなく目的生成物を製造するグリーンケミストリーに非常に有用である。
本明細書は、本願の優先権の基礎である特願2012-029732号の明細書、特許請求の範囲および図面に記載された内容を包含する。
本発明のポリマー担持銅触媒は、両親媒性であるビニルモノマーAと含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーBを少なくとも含むモノマーが重合してなるポリマー中に1価または2価の銅が担持されていることを特徴とする。
式(I)において、R1とR2はそれぞれ独立して、H、ならびに置換または非置換のC1-10アルキル、C3-10シクロアルキル、C3-10シクロアルキル-C1-6アルキル、C6-10アリールおよびC6-10アリール-C1-6アルキルから選択される。ただしR1とR2が同時にHとなることはない。また、その他のビニルモノマーAの具体例としては、親水性基を有するスチレン(例えばベンゼン環上にヒドロキシル基、カルボキシル基、アミノ基、スルホン基などの親水性基を有するスチレン、あるいはそれらの親水性基を有するC1-6アルキル基などを少なくとも1個ベンゼン環上に有するスチレン)、アクリロニトリル、C1-6アルキルビニルエーテルなどが挙げられる。ビニルモノマーAとしては、上記の式(I)で表される化合物が特に好ましい。また、式(I)において、R1とR2の一方がHであり、他方がC1-10アルキル、特にC1-6アルキルであることが好ましい。両親媒性であるビニルモノマーAは1種のみを用いても、2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。
ここで、本明細書において各用語は以下に示す意味を有する。
C1-10アルキル:1~10個の炭素原子を有する飽和炭化水素基、例えばメチル、エチル、n-プロピル、イソプロピル、n-ブチル、イソブチル、sec-ブチル、tert-ブチル、n-ペンチル、イソペンチル、ヘキシル、2-エチルヘキシル、ヘプチル、オクチル、ノニルおよびデシルなど。C1-6アルキルは、同様に1~6個の炭素原子を有する飽和炭化水素基を意味する。
C3-10シクロアルキル:3~10個の炭素原子を有する脂肪族環式飽和炭化水素基、例えばシクロプロピル、シクロブチル、シクロペンチル、シクロへキシル、シクロヘプチル、シクロオクチル、シクロノニル、シクロデシルおよびアダマンチル。
C6-10アリール:6~10個の炭素原子を有する芳香族炭化水素基、例えばフェニル、トリルおよびナフチル。
C3-10シクロアルキル-C1-6アルキル:C3-10シクロアルキルを有するC1-6アルキル。例えばシクロペンチルメチル、シクロペンチルエチル、シクロペンチルプロピル、シクロヘキシルメチル、シクロヘキシルエチルおよびシクロヘキシルプロピル。
C6-10アリール-C1-6アルキル:C6-10アリールを有するC1-6アルキル。例えばベンジル、フェニルエチル、フェニルプロピル、ナフタレニルメチル、ナフタレニルエチルおよびナフタレニルプロピル。
置換または非置換の:対象とする基が、ハロゲン原子(F、Cl、Br、I)、ヒドロキシル基、1~4個の炭素原子を有する飽和炭化水素基(C1-4アルキル)、1~4個の炭素原子を有するアルコキシ基(C1-4アルコキシ)、1~5個の炭素原子を有するアシルオキシ基(C1-5アシルオキシ)、カルボキシル基、2~5個の炭素原子を有するアルコキシカルボニル基(C2-5アルコキシカルボニル)、シアノ基、ニトロ基などの置換基により置換されている、あるいは非置換であることを意味する。
ビニルモノマーBは、少なくとも1個の含窒素複素環式基を有する。ビニルモノマーBが有する含窒素複素環式基としては、環員数が4~12であり、少なくとも1個の窒素原子を有する、単環式または多環式の、脂肪族または芳香族複素環式基が挙げられる。そのような含窒素複素環式基の具体例としては、例えば、ピロリル、ピロリジニル、イミダゾリル、ピラゾリル、トリアゾリル、テトラゾリル、ピリジニル、ピラジニル、ピリミジニル、ピリダジニル、トリアジニル、インドリジニル、イソインドリニル、インドリニル、インダゾリル、プリニル、キノリジニル、イソキノリニル、キノリニル、フタラジニル、ナフチリジニル、キノキサリニル、キナゾリル、オキサゾリル、イソオキサゾリル、チアゾリル、イソチアゾリル、モルホリニルなどが挙げられる。好ましくは、含窒素複素環式基は、環員数が4~6であり、複素原子として窒素のみを有する基、例えばピロリル、ピロリジニル、イミダゾリル、ピラゾリル、トリアゾリル、テトラゾリル、ピリジニル、ピラジニル、ピリミジニル、ピリダジニル、トリアジニルから選択される。
式(II)において、R3は上述したような含窒素複素環式基を表す。nは0~3の整数であり、好ましくは0、1または2、より好ましくは0または1、最も好ましくは0である。含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーBは1種のみを用いても、2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。
ビニルモノマーAとビニルモノマーBの重合は、従来知られた方法、例えば両モノマーをトルエンなどの適切な溶媒に溶解させた後、溶液にアゾビスイソブチロニトリルなどの重合開始剤を加えることにより行うことができる。ビニルモノマーAとビニルモノマーBの混合比は、モル比で1:20~20:1の範囲、特に1:10~10:1の範囲、とりわけ1:5~5:1の範囲とすることが好ましい。
本発明のポリマー担持銅触媒に用いるポリマーは、ビニルモノマーAおよびビニルモノマーBに加えて、それらとは異なる種のモノマー(モノマーC)を用いて調製されていてもよい。そのようなモノマーとしては、例えば少なくとも一つの二重結合を有し、かつ2~6個の炭素原子を有するオレフィン系炭化水素(C2-6アルケン:例えばエチレン、プロピレン、ブテン、ペンテン、ヘキセンなど)、および2~6個の炭素原子を有するオレフィン系炭化水素基により置換されたC6-10アリール基(C2-6アルケニル-C6-10アリール:例えばスチレン、メチルスチレン、エチルスチレン、ジメチルスチレン、アリルベンゼン、アリルメチルベンゼン、アリルエチルベンゼン、アリルジメチルベンゼンなど)が挙げられる。ポリマー調製時におけるビニルモノマーAとビニルモノマーBの和に対するモノマーCの混合比(A+B:C)は、50:50~100:0の範囲、特に70:30~100:0の範囲、とりわけ90:10~100:0の範囲であることが好ましい。
ビニルモノマーAとビニルモノマーB、および場合によりモノマーCとを重合させて得られるポリマーは、水または極性有機溶媒に可溶性であり、各モノマーが実質的に架橋することなく直鎖状に重合した構造を有することが好ましい。従って、ビニルモノマーAおよびB、ならびにモノマーCは、いずれもビニル基以外に重合して架橋構造を構成し得る基を有しないことが好ましい。ポリマーの重合度は、5000~500000の範囲、特に5000~50000の範囲であることが好ましい。
本発明のポリマー担持銅触媒は、上述のようにして得られるポリマー中に1価または2価の銅が分散して担持された構造を有する。本発明のポリマー担持銅触媒は、該ポリマーの溶液中に1価または2価の銅塩を加えることにより得ることができる。従って、本発明は別の側面において、両親媒性であるビニルモノマーAと含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーBを少なくとも含むモノマーが(好ましくは直鎖状に)重合したポリマーの溶液に1価または2価の銅塩を加えることを含む、ポリマー担持銅触媒の製造方法に関する。
1価または2価の銅塩としては、例えば硫酸銅、塩化銅、ヨウ化銅、臭化銅、フッ化銅、酢酸銅、硝酸銅、酸化銅、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸銅、などが挙げられる。また、銅塩を加える際にポリマーを溶解させておく溶媒は、1価または2価の銅を還元させることがない不活性な溶媒、例えばクロロホルム、水、テトラヒドロフラン、アセトン、酢酸エチル、t-ブチルアルコールおよびそれらの混合溶媒を使用することが望ましい。
ポリマーの溶液中に銅塩を加えると、溶解していたポリマーの凝集が起こり、ポリマー担持銅触媒が不溶性の沈殿物として得られる。これは、銅塩を加えたことにより、ポリマー中の含窒素複素環式基部分が1価または2価の銅(Cu+またはCu2+)に配位することによるものと考えられる。そうして得られるポリマー担持銅触媒は、ポリマーからなるスポンジ状の塊中に、1価または2価の銅が均一に分散して担持された構造を有する。ここで、1価または2価の銅は、一定数の原子が固まってナノ粒子を形成しているのではなく、原子レベルで均一にポリマー中に分散している。そのように配位され固定化された1価または2価の銅は、ポリマーから容易に脱落することがない。
本発明のポリマー担持銅触媒は、銅触媒を利用する様々な反応に用いることができる。そのような反応としては、例えばアルドール反応、ウルマン反応、グレーサー反応、ヒュスゲン環化反応、アルコールまたはアルケンの酸化、芳香族アミノ化が挙げられる。中でも、本発明のポリマー担持銅触媒は、ヒュスゲン環化反応において顕著に高い触媒活性を示す。ヒュスゲン環化反応は、別名クリック反応とも呼ばれる[3+2]双極子付加環化反応の一種であり、アルキンとアジドから極めて高い官能基選択性でトリアゾールを生成する反応である。本発明は、別の側面において、上述したポリマー担持銅触媒を用いるヒュスゲン環化反応に関する。
本発明のポリマー担持銅触媒を用いたヒュスゲン環化反応は、例えば任意のアルキンと有機アジド化合物を適切な溶媒(例えばt-ブタノール、水など)に加え、そこにポリマー担持銅触媒を、2価の銅を1価の銅に還元する作用を有するアスコルビン酸ナトリウムと共に加え、必要に応じて加熱することにより行うことができる。あるいは、アルキン、有機ハロゲン化合物およびナトリウムアジドを用いても同様の反応を行うことができる。なお、反応に使用した後も触媒は塊状の形状を維持しており、大掛かりな濾過装置などを使用しなくても触媒は容易に回収することができる。また、回収した触媒は再利用が可能であり、繰り返し使用しても(例えば10回程度)その触媒活性は殆ど低下することがない。
本発明のポリマー担持銅触媒を用いたヒュスゲン環化反応において、銅触媒の濃度は、アルキンに対する1価または2価の銅の濃度として、例えば0.25mol%以下、0.1mol%以下、0.05mol%以下、0.01mol%以下、0.005mol%以下としても、さらに場合によっては銅触媒の濃度を0.0005mol%以下としても、目的生成物を高い収率で得ることができる。
以下、実施例を用いて本発明をより詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されるものではない。
(1)ポリマーの調製
トルエン(40mL)中のN-ビニルイミダゾール(1g、10.62mmol)とN-イソプロピルアクリルアミド(6.01g、53.13mmol)をアルゴン雰囲気下で30分間脱ガスした。アゾビスイソブチロニトリル(16.4mg、0.1mmol)を反応混合物に加え、アルゴン雰囲気下でさらに30分間脱ガスした。次いで溶液を70℃で12時間加熱したところ、その間に無色の粉末が析出した。ガラスフィルターを用いて析出物を濾過し、トルエンで洗浄した。得られた固体を減圧下で乾燥させ、目的のポリマーを収率83%で得た。
トルエン(40mL)中のN-ビニルイミダゾール(1g、10.62mmol)とN-イソプロピルアクリルアミド(6.01g、53.13mmol)をアルゴン雰囲気下で30分間脱ガスした。アゾビスイソブチロニトリル(16.4mg、0.1mmol)を反応混合物に加え、アルゴン雰囲気下でさらに30分間脱ガスした。次いで溶液を70℃で12時間加熱したところ、その間に無色の粉末が析出した。ガラスフィルターを用いて析出物を濾過し、トルエンで洗浄した。得られた固体を減圧下で乾燥させ、目的のポリマーを収率83%で得た。
1H NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz):δ= 7.18-6.93 (m, 3 H), 4.12-3.81 (m, 5 H), 2.92 (m, 5 H), 2.09 (m, 5H), 1.85-1.30 (m, 13 H), 1.12 (m, 30 H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 125 MHz) δ = 174.2, 129.7, 129.0, 128.2, 42.5, 41.3, 27.5, 22.6; IR (KBr) 3294, 2971, 2932, 2878, 1650, 1543, 1458, 1386, 1367, 1228, 1173, 1131, 1079, 915, 816, 667 cm-1; Anal. Calcd for C35H61N7O5・2H2O: C, 60.40; H, 9.41; N, 14.09. Found: C, 60.73, H, 9.38, N, 13.55.
(2)銅触媒の調製
(2)銅触媒の調製
上記(1)で得られたポリマー1(1g、1.51mmolのイミダゾールを含有)のクロロホルム溶液(10mL)に、硫酸銅五水和物の水溶液(189mg、0.757mmol;10mL)を25℃でゆっくり加えたところ、青い沈殿物が生成した。その懸濁液を70℃で12時間加熱した。室温に冷却後、ガラスフィルターを用いて沈殿物を濾過した。得られた生成物をクロロホルムと水で洗浄し、減圧下で乾燥させ、目的の銅触媒3を収率80%(950mg)で得た。
Anal. Calcd for C105H183N21O19CuS・2H2O: C, 57.97; H, 8.66; N, 13.52; Cu, 2.92; S, 1.47. Found: C, 57.75; H, 8.59; N, 13.92; Cu, 2.66; S, 1.32. IR (KBr): 3303, 2971, 2940, 2873, 1645, 1537, 1457, 1387, 1367, 1234, 1172, 1131, 1037, 835, 667 cm-1
図1は、得られた銅触媒3のエネルギー分散X線分光スペクトルである。このスペクトルから、硫酸銅に由来する銅と硫黄が存在することがわかる。図2は、得られた銅触媒3のX線光電子分光スペクトルである。Cu 2p3/2とS 2p3/2がそれぞれ934.8eVと167.9eVにピークを示しており、それらは硫酸銅に由来するCu(II)とS(IV)に相当するものであると同定された。
ポリマー1と銅触媒3のそれぞれについて赤外線吸収スペクトルを測定したところ、ポリマー1では1543cm-1に、銅触媒3では1537cm-1にそれぞれC-N伸縮振動に帰属されるピークがみられた。このことは、銅触媒3ではポリマー1におけるイミダゾールユニットが硫酸銅に配位した構造が形成されていることを示唆していると考えられる。
上記(2)で調製した銅触媒3(3mg、0.25mol%)、アルキン4(0.50mmol)、有機アジド5(0.50mmol)、アスコルビン酸ナトリウム(10mol%)、t-ブチルアルコール(0.5mL)、水(1.5mL)をガラス容器に入れ、50℃で1.5時間振盪した。この間に無色の沈殿物が生じた。反応液を酢酸エチルと水により希釈し、銅触媒3をピンセットでつまみ上げて回収した。反応液から有機相を分離した後、水相を酢酸エチルで抽出した(2mLで3回)。有機相を合わせ、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させた後、濃縮および乾燥させることにより、目的のトリアゾール6を得た。得られた生成物は、酢酸エチル/ヘキサンで再結晶させて精製した。
表1に種々のアルキン4と有機アジド5を用いて反応を行った結果をまとめた。いずれの反応においても、0.25mol%という低い触媒濃度にもかかわらず、高い収率で目的生成物を得ることができた。エントリー1~5の実験は銅触媒3を順次再利用して(すなわちエントリー2ではエントリー1の反応後に回収した触媒を使用、エントリー3ではエントリー2の反応後に回収した触媒を使用、以下同様)反応を行ったが、4回の触媒再利用を繰り返したエントリー5の反応においても触媒活性は低下せず、高い収率を維持することができた。
なお、エントリー1と同様の反応を、銅触媒3の濃度を45mol ppm(0.0045mol%)とし、振盪時間を18時間にして行ったところ、目的生成物の収率は95%であった。また、銅触媒3の濃度を4.5mol ppm(0.00045mol%)とし、振盪時間を31時間にして行ったところ、目的生成物の収率は94%であった。
上記(2)で調製した銅触媒3(3mg、0.25mol%)、アルキン4(0.50mmol)、有機ハライド7(0.50mmol)、ナトリウムアジド(0.5mmol)、アスコルビン酸ナトリウム(10mol%)、t-ブチルアルコール(0.5mL)、水(1.5mL)をガラス容器に入れ、50℃で2.5時間振盪した。この間に無色の沈殿物が生じた。反応液を酢酸エチルと水により希釈し、銅触媒3をピンセットでつまみ上げて回収した。反応液から有機相を分離した後、水相を酢酸エチルで抽出した(2mLで3回)。有機相を合わせ、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥させた後、濃縮および乾燥させることにより、目的のトリアゾール6を得た。得られた生成物は、酢酸エチル/ヘキサンで再結晶させて精製した。
表2に種々のアルキン4と有機ハライド7を用いて反応を行った結果をまとめた。いずれの反応においても、0.25mol%という低い触媒濃度にもかかわらず、高い収率で目的生成物を得ることができた。エントリー1~5の実験は銅触媒3を順次再利用して反応を行ったが、4回の触媒再利用を繰り返したエントリー5の反応においても触媒活性は低下せず、高い収率を維持することができた。
本明細書中で引用した全ての刊行物、特許および特許出願をそのまま参考として本明細書中にとり入れるものとする。
Claims (6)
- 両親媒性であるビニルモノマーAと含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーBを少なくとも含むモノマーが重合してなるポリマー中に1価または2価の銅が担持されていることを特徴とするポリマー担持銅触媒。
- ヒュスゲン環化反応に用いる、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の銅触媒。
- 両親媒性であるビニルモノマーAと含窒素複素環式基を有するビニルモノマーBを少なくとも含むモノマーが重合してなるポリマーの溶液に1価または2価の銅塩を加えることを含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の銅触媒の製造方法。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の銅触媒を用いるヒュスゲン環化反応。
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JP2002265481A (ja) * | 2001-03-06 | 2002-09-18 | Kuraray Co Ltd | 高分子担持光学活性ホスフィン化合物 |
WO2002072644A1 (fr) * | 2001-03-12 | 2002-09-19 | Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Catalyseurs a base de metaux de transition en phase solide |
JP2003512926A (ja) * | 1999-11-05 | 2003-04-08 | インペリアル・ケミカル・インダストリーズ・ピーエルシー | 固定化イオン性液体 |
WO2005084802A1 (ja) * | 2004-03-09 | 2005-09-15 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | 高分子内包ルイス酸金属触媒 |
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JP2003512926A (ja) * | 1999-11-05 | 2003-04-08 | インペリアル・ケミカル・インダストリーズ・ピーエルシー | 固定化イオン性液体 |
JP2002265481A (ja) * | 2001-03-06 | 2002-09-18 | Kuraray Co Ltd | 高分子担持光学活性ホスフィン化合物 |
WO2002072644A1 (fr) * | 2001-03-12 | 2002-09-19 | Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Catalyseurs a base de metaux de transition en phase solide |
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COELHO, A. ET AL.: "Polymer-Supported 1,5,7- Triazabicyclo [4.4.0] dec-5-ene as Polyvalent Ligands in the Copper-Catalyzed Huisgenl, 3-Dipolar Cycloaddition", ADV. SYNTH. CATAL., vol. 352, no. 7, 26 April 2010 (2010-04-26), pages 1179 - 1192, XP055079600 * |
ROSTOVTSEV, V. V. ET AL.: "A Stepwise Huisgen Cycloaddition Process: Copper(I)-Catalyzed Regioselective ''Ligation'' of Azides and Terminal Alkynes", ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE INTERNATIONAL EDITION, vol. 41, no. 14, 15 July 2002 (2002-07-15), pages 2596 - 2599, XP002331267 * |
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YAMADA, Y.M.A. ET AL.: "Self-Assembled Poly (imidazole-palladium): Highly Active, Reusable Catalyst at Parts per Million to Parts per Billion Levels", J. AM. CHEM. SOC., vol. 134, no. 6, 16 January 2012 (2012-01-16), pages 3190 - 3198, XP055079603 * |
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