WO2013099783A1 - Câble - Google Patents

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Publication number
WO2013099783A1
WO2013099783A1 PCT/JP2012/083182 JP2012083182W WO2013099783A1 WO 2013099783 A1 WO2013099783 A1 WO 2013099783A1 JP 2012083182 W JP2012083182 W JP 2012083182W WO 2013099783 A1 WO2013099783 A1 WO 2013099783A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
conductive layer
cable
signal line
signal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2012/083182
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
勝雄 下沢
裕 松原
和年 嘉代
Original Assignee
株式会社 潤工社
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 株式会社 潤工社 filed Critical 株式会社 潤工社
Publication of WO2013099783A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013099783A1/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00—Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/18—Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor
    • H01B11/1808—Construction of the conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00—Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/02—Cables with twisted pairs or quads
    • H01B11/06—Cables with twisted pairs or quads with means for reducing effects of electromagnetic or electrostatic disturbances, e.g. screens
    • H01B11/10—Screens specially adapted for reducing interference from external sources
    • H01B11/1008—Features relating to screening tape per se
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00—Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/18—Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor
    • H01B11/20—Cables having a multiplicity of coaxial lines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a cable having a shield layer.
  • the high-speed differential cable includes two signal lines having an inner conductor and an insulator layer disposed on the outer periphery of the inner conductor and disposed in parallel; a drain line disposed adjacent to the signal line; And a shield layer formed so as to spirally wind the signal line and the drain line.
  • a shield layer a member such as an aluminum polyester tape formed by adhering a thin metal plate formed by rolling and an insulating resin member is used. Loss characteristics of transmission lines such as high-speed differential cables are evaluated using eye patterns. The eye pattern is obtained by synchronizing and displaying pulse signals having a predetermined frequency that have passed through the transmission line.
  • a high-speed differential cable having a signal line formed so as to attenuate a low-frequency component of a pulse signal is known (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2010). -73463).
  • the signal line of the high-speed differential cable described in this document has an inner conductor and a dielectric layer disposed on the outer periphery of the inner conductor.
  • the inner conductor has a core material made of a magnetic material having a relatively large specific resistance, and a highly conductive coating layer formed around the core material.
  • the high-speed differential cable described in the above document shows a relatively good eye pattern and can transmit a high-frequency pulse signal with high quality.
  • the cable disclosed in the embodiment is configured such that a signal line having an inner conductor and a dielectric layer disposed on the outer periphery of the inner conductor is at least partially in contact with the outer periphery of the signal line.
  • the shield layer has an insulator layer and a conductive layer, and the thickness of the conductive layer is 2.0 ⁇ m or less. According to the disclosed cable, since the thickness of the conductive layer of the shield layer is 2.0 ⁇ m or less, it is possible to provide a cable having good transmission characteristics.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a cable according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating another example of the cable according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing insertion loss characteristics of the cable shown in FIG. 1 and other cables to be compared.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of eye pattern characteristics of a cable according to an embodiment of the present invention and another cable to be compared.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing another example of eye pattern characteristics of the cable according to the embodiment of the present invention and another cable to be compared.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing another example of eye pattern characteristics of the cable according to the embodiment of the present invention and another cable to be compared.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing another example of eye pattern characteristics of the cable according to the embodiment of the present invention and other cables to be compared.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing another example of the cable according to the embodiment of the present invention.
  • the thickness of the conductive coating is suppressed to about the skin depth, so that the low frequency component is attenuated, but there is a relatively thick conductive substrate, Eventually, the presence of low-frequency components flowing through them proved that the attenuation of the low-frequency components was not perfect. Therefore, in the present invention, in order to attenuate the low frequency component to the limit, the conductive layer corresponding to the conductive coating is made extremely thin, and a conductive substrate (for example, iron, nickel) is not used. When the body layer was provided, the excellent high frequency transmission characteristics described later were confirmed.
  • FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view showing the cable 1.
  • FIG.1 (b) is the elements on larger scale of the part enclosed with the broken line shown by the arrow A of the cable 2 shown to Fig.1 (a).
  • the cable 1 includes a first signal line 10, a second signal line 20, a shield layer 30, a drain line 40, and a jacket 50.
  • the first signal line 10 includes an inner conductor 11 and a dielectric layer 12 disposed on the outer periphery of the inner conductor 11.
  • the inner conductor 11 is formed of a core material made of a magnetic material having a relatively large specific resistance such as iron, and a highly conductive metal having a relatively small specific resistance such as silver, copper, gold, or aluminum and around the core material. And a coating layer disposed on the substrate.
  • the dielectric layer 12 is made of a fluororesin such as porous polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE).
  • the second signal line 20 includes an inner conductor 21 corresponding to the inner conductor 11 and the dielectric layer 12 of the first signal line 10, and a dielectric layer 22.
  • the shield layer 30 is spirally wound and disposed so that at least a part thereof is in contact with the outer periphery of the first signal line 10 and the second signal line 20.
  • the shield layer 30 includes a conductive layer 31 and an insulator layer 32 disposed inside the conductive layer 31.
  • the thickness of the conductive layer 31 is a thickness that attenuates a signal component having a frequency lower than a predetermined frequency.
  • the thickness of the conductive layer 31 is a thickness corresponding to the skin depth ⁇ determined based on the frequency f of the transmitted signal and the specific resistance ⁇ of the material forming the conductive layer 31. It is formed.
  • Expression (1) is an expression indicating the skin depth ⁇ [mm].
  • ⁇ is a specific resistance [ ⁇ ⁇ cm] of the material forming the conductive layer 31
  • f is a frequency [MHz] of a signal transmitted through the first and second signal lines 10 and 20
  • ⁇ 0 is the vacuum magnetic permeability, that is, 4 [pi] ⁇ 10 -7 [H / m]
  • the mu r is the relative permeability.
  • Table 1 shows specific resistances of various metals at a temperature of 20 ° C., that is, volume specific resistance, relative magnetic permeability ⁇ r and density.
  • Equation (1) and Table 1 the relationship between the frequency f of the signal to be transmitted, the specific resistance ⁇ of the material forming the conductive layer 31, and the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 corresponding to the skin depth ⁇ . Is calculated.
  • silver is used as a material for forming the conductive layer 31, and the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is 1 [ ⁇ m].
  • the frequency f calculated from the equation (1) and Table 1 is the fundamental frequency 4.1 [GHz].
  • a signal having a fundamental frequency of 4.1 [GHz] corresponds to a signal having a bit rate of 8.2 [Gbps].
  • the attenuation amount of the signal component having a frequency of 8.2 [Gbps] or more can be made substantially equal to that of the conventional cable having a conductive layer having a thickness of about 10 [ ⁇ m], while 8.2 [Gbps].
  • the amount of attenuation of signal components having the following bit rates can be made relatively large. Since the shield layer has such a configuration, the attenuation of a signal component having a bit rate of 8.2 [Gbps] or less can be made relatively large, so that the signal is transmitted at a bit rate of 8.2 [Gbps]. The transmission characteristics of the signal will be improved.
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to 1. It is set to about 65 [ ⁇ m].
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 shall be about 1.70 [micrometers].
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to about 2.13 [ ⁇ m].
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is 1.17. About [ ⁇ m].
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to about 1.20 [ ⁇ m].
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to about 1.50 [ ⁇ m].
  • silver is used as a material for forming the conductive layer 31, and the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to 0.91.
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to about 0.93 [ ⁇ m]. Further, when aluminum is used as a material for forming the conductive layer 31, the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to about 1.16 [ ⁇ m]. Further, in order to improve the transmission characteristics of a signal transmitted at a bit rate of 20.0 [Gbps], silver is used as a material for forming the conductive layer 31, and the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to 0.64. About [ ⁇ m]. Further, when copper is used as the material for forming the conductive layer 31, the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to about 0.66 [ ⁇ m].
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is set to about 0.82 [ ⁇ m]. In this way, the transmission characteristics of signals transmitted at a bit rate of 3.0 to 20.0 [Gbps] are improved by using any one metal of silver, copper or aluminum as a material for forming the conductive layer 31.
  • the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 is preferably about 2.00 [ ⁇ m] or less.
  • reducing the thickness d of the conductive layer 31 increases the electrical resistance of the conductive layer 31, which may deteriorate the signal transmission characteristics. Therefore, it is desirable to set it to 0.50 [ ⁇ m] or more.
  • the insulator layer 32 is disposed so that at least a part thereof is in contact with the outer periphery of the dielectric layer 12 of the signal line 10 and the dielectric layer 22 of the signal line 20.
  • the insulator layer 32 is formed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or the like.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the drain line 40 is arranged in parallel with the shield layer 30 so that one end of the outer periphery of the conductive layer 31 is in contact.
  • the drain wire 40 is formed of a silver plated annealed copper wire.
  • the jacket 50 is composed of a tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer, FEP), an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (TFE), and a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (TFE).
  • a tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer, FEP)
  • ETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene
  • ETFE tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer
  • TFE tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer
  • Copolymer, PFA) or other fluororesin, polyester or polyester tape winding Next, a method for manufacturing the cable 1 will be described. First, a method for manufacturing the inner conductors 11 and 21 of the first signal line 10 and the second signal line 20 will be described. The internal conductors 11 and 21 are manufactured by forming a coating layer around the core made of a magnetic material by plating or the like. Next, the dielectric material is extruded in an extruder (not shown), and the outer circumferences of the inner conductors 11 and 21 are covered with the dielectric layers 12 and 22, respectively, and the first signal line 10 and the second signal line 20 are formed. Each is formed.
  • the shield layer 30 is formed by depositing a metal that forms the conductive layer 31 on one surface of the insulator layer 32.
  • a conductive layer metal material formed by rolling is used as the conventional conductive layer having a thickness of about 5 to 10 [ ⁇ m].
  • a conductive layer metal material formed by rolling is used.
  • PVC polyvinyl chloride
  • This metal tape is generally also referred to as Alpet.
  • the shield layer 30 is formed by vapor-depositing a metal on the insulator layer 32.
  • the shield layer 30 is spirally wound around the outer periphery of the dielectric layers 12 and 22 of the first signal line 10 and the second signal line 20 so that the conductive layer 31 is outside the insulator layer 32.
  • the jacket 50 is covered outside the shield layer 30 and the drain line 40 so that the central axes of the first signal line 10 and the second signal line and the central axis of the drain line 40 are located on the same plane.
  • An extruder (not shown) is used for covering the jacket 50.
  • FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view showing the cable 2.
  • the 2B is a partially enlarged view of a portion surrounded by a broken line indicated by an arrow B of the cable 2 shown in FIG.
  • the cable 2 includes a first signal line 10, a second signal line 20, a shield layer 30, and a drain line 40.
  • the shield layer 30 includes a conductive layer 31 and an insulator layer 32 disposed outside the conductive layer 31.
  • the conductive layer 31 is arranged in parallel with the drain line 40 so that one end of the outer periphery is in contact with the drain line 40.
  • the thickness of the conductive layer 31 is a thickness that attenuates a signal component having a frequency lower than a predetermined frequency, and is formed to have a thickness corresponding to the skin depth ⁇ .
  • the insulator layer 32 is disposed so that at least a part thereof is in contact with the outer periphery of the dielectric layer 12 of the signal line 10.
  • the cable 2 shown in FIG. 2 shows that the drain line 40 is arranged adjacent to the first signal line 10 and the second signal line 20 and that the conductive layer 31 is arranged inside. Different from the cable 1 shown. In the cable 2, the drain line 40 in which a low-frequency signal component easily flows is disposed adjacent to the first signal line 10 and the second signal line 20, and thus the low-frequency signal component is transmitted through the drain line 40. It becomes easy to flow. For this reason, in the cable 2, the attenuation amount of the low frequency signal component is smaller than the attenuation amount of the low frequency signal component in the cable 1 shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating insertion loss characteristics of the cable 1 and other cables to be compared.
  • 4 to 7 are diagrams showing other examples of eye pattern characteristics of the cable 1 and other cables to be compared.
  • Samples 1 to 4 are all 2-core cables having two signal lines with a diameter of 0.98 [mm].
  • the diameters of the inner conductors of the signal lines of Samples 1 to 4 are all 0.404 [mm].
  • the drain wires and jackets of Samples 1 to 4 were all formed of the same material having the same diameter. Specifically, the diameter of the drain wire is 0.254 [mm], and the material is silver-plated annealed copper. Further, the thickness of the jacket is 0.08 [mm], and the material is FEP. Table 2 shows the configuration of the inner conductor and the shield layer of Samples 1 to 4 used in the test. In sample 1, the inner conductor is made of silver-plated annealed copper, and the shield layer is made of aluminum polyester containing aluminum having a thickness of 10 [ ⁇ m]. In Sample 2, the inner conductor is formed of silver-plated annealed copper, and the shield layer is formed of copper-deposited polyester containing copper having a thickness of 1 [ ⁇ m].
  • the inner conductor is formed of silver-plated iron wire plated with silver having a thickness of 1.5 [ ⁇ m]
  • the shield layer is formed of aluminum polyester containing aluminum having a thickness of 10 [ ⁇ m].
  • the inner conductor is formed of a silver-plated iron wire plated with silver having a thickness of 1.5 [ ⁇ m]
  • the shield layer is formed of copper-deposited polyester containing copper having a thickness of 1 [ ⁇ m]. Is done.
  • Aluminum forming the shield layer of Samples 1 and 3 and copper forming the shield layer of Samples 2 and 4 are respectively arranged outside the insulator layer. As shown in Table 2, a conventional shield layer is used for samples 1 and 3, and a shield layer formed by depositing copper is used for samples 2 and 4.
  • Sample 1 and sample 2 use the same configuration signal line, and sample 3 and sample 4 use the same configuration signal line.
  • Table 3 shows the insertion loss characteristics of Samples 1 to 4 having a cable length of 10 [m].
  • Samples 1 to 4 in Table 3 correspond to Samples 1 to 4 in Table 2, respectively.
  • FIG. 3 shows a graph corresponding to Table 3.
  • a curve 101 indicated by a dashed line indicates the insertion loss characteristic of the sample 1
  • a curve 102 indicated by a broken line indicates the insertion loss characteristic of the sample 2
  • a curve 103 indicated by a two-dot broken line indicates the insertion loss characteristic of the sample 3.
  • the curve 104 shown by the solid line shows the insertion loss characteristic of Sample 1.
  • the insertion loss of the sample 2 is larger than that of the sample 1 in the low frequency region. Therefore, the sample 2 has a signal with a lower frequency component attenuated than the sample 1. Further, comparing the insertion loss characteristic of the sample 3 having the signal line having the same configuration with the insertion loss characteristic of the sample 4, the insertion loss of the sample 4 is larger than that of the sample 3 in the low frequency region. Therefore, the sample 4 has a lower frequency component of the signal attenuated than the sample 3.
  • Tables 4 and 5 show the peak-to-peak jitter (PPJi) [ps] and eye height (EyeH) [mV] of the eye patterns of Samples 1 to 4, respectively.
  • the peak-to-peak jitter indicates the width of the intersection in the eye pattern in the time axis direction, and the smaller the peak-to-peak jitter value, the better the loss characteristic.
  • the eye height indicates the width of the opening portion of the eye pattern in the voltage axis direction, and the larger the eye height value, the better the loss characteristics.
  • Table 4 shows experimental results using a cable having a cable length of 5 [m]
  • Table 5 shows experimental results using a cable having a cable length of 10 [m].
  • Tables 4 and 5 items that could not be measured are indicated by “ ⁇ ”. As shown in Tables 4 and 5, when comparing sample 1 and sample 2, regardless of the measurement frequency, the peak-to-peak jitter is smaller in sample 2 than in sample 1, and the eye height is lower than in sample 1. 2 is larger. Further, when comparing the sample 3 and the sample 4, regardless of the magnitude of the measurement frequency, the peak-to-peak jitter is smaller in the sample 4 than in the sample 3, and the eye height is larger in the sample 4 than in the sample 3. 4 to 7, eye patterns corresponding to Tables 4 and 5 are shown. 4 (A) to 4 (C) are patterns of the sample 1 with a cable length of 5 [m], and FIGS.
  • 4 (D) to 4 (F) are the patterns of the sample 2 with a cable length of 5 [m]. It is a pattern.
  • the frequency of the measurement signal is 3.125 [Gbps] in FIGS. 4 (A) and 4 (D), 6.250 [Gbps] in FIGS. 4 (B) and 4 (E), and FIG. ) And 4 (F) are 12.500 [Gbps].
  • 5 (A) to 5 (C) are patterns of the sample 3 with a cable length of 5 [m]
  • FIGS. 5 (D) to 5 (F) are the patterns of the sample 4 with a cable length of 5 [m]. It is a pattern.
  • the frequency of the measurement signal is 3.125 [Gbps] in FIGS. 5 (A) and 5 (D), 6.250 [Gbps] in FIGS.
  • FIGS. 6 (A) to 6 (C) are patterns of the sample 1 with a cable length of 10 [m]
  • FIGS. 6 (D) to 6 (F) are the patterns of the sample 2 with a cable length of 10 [m]. It is a pattern.
  • the frequency of the measurement signal is 3.125 [Gbps] in FIGS. 6 (A) and 6 (D), 6.250 [Gbps] in FIGS. 6 (B) and 6 (E), and FIG. ) And 6 (F) are 12.500 [Gbps].
  • 7A to 7C are patterns of the sample 3 with a cable length of 10 [m], and FIGS.
  • 7D to 7F are the patterns of the sample 4 with a cable length of 10 [m]. It is a pattern.
  • the frequency of the measurement signal is 3.125 [Gbps] in FIGS. 7 (A) and 7 (D), 6.250 [Gbps] in FIGS. 7 (B) and 7 (E), and FIG. ) And 7 (F) are 12.500 [Gbps].
  • the eye pattern of sample 2 is more open than the eye pattern of sample 1
  • the eye pattern of sample 4 is more eye-open than the eye pattern of sample 3. is open.
  • the cable 3 includes a signal line 10, a shield layer 30, a drain line 40, and a jacket 50.
  • the shield layer 30 includes a conductive layer 31 and an insulator layer 32 disposed inside the conductive layer 31.
  • the conductive layer 31 is arranged in parallel with the drain line 40 so that one end of the outer periphery is in contact with the drain line 40.
  • the thickness of the conductive layer 31 is a thickness that attenuates a signal component having a frequency lower than a predetermined frequency, and is formed to have a thickness corresponding to the skin depth ⁇ .
  • the insulator layer 32 is disposed so that at least a part thereof is in contact with the outer periphery of the dielectric layer 12 of the signal line 10.
  • the cable 1 shown in FIG. 1 is a twin cable having two signal lines 10 and 20, and the cable 1 shown in FIG. 8 is a coaxial cable having one signal line 10.
  • the present invention can also be applied to a cable having one or a plurality of signal lines such as a quad cable having four signal lines.
  • the inner conductors 11 and 12 of the first signal lines 10 and 20 are each formed of a core material formed of a magnetic material and a coating layer disposed around the core material. You may form with another conductor.
  • the cable according to the present invention has the drain line 40.
  • the shield layer 30 may be provided along the vertical direction.

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  • Communication Cables (AREA)

Abstract

On a requis de câbles à grande vitesse qu'ils aient des caractéristiques de transmission encore améliorées. Un câble selon la présente invention comporte : des lignes de signal (10, 20) qui comprennent respectivement des conducteurs intérieurs (11, 21) et des couches diélectriques (12, 22) qui sont respectivement agencées sur les circonférences extérieures des conducteurs intérieurs; et une couche de blindage (30) qui est agencée de sorte qu'au moins une partie de la couche de blindage est en contact avec les circonférences extérieures des lignes de signal. La couche de blindage comprend une couche isolante (32) et une couche conductrice (31), et la couche conductrice a une épaisseur inférieure ou égale a 2,0 µm.
PCT/JP2012/083182 2011-12-28 2012-12-17 Câble WO2013099783A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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JP2011287495A JP2013137897A (ja) 2011-12-28 2011-12-28 ケーブル
JP2011-287495 2011-12-28

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WO2013099783A1 true WO2013099783A1 (fr) 2013-07-04

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US9960587B2 (en) * 2014-12-10 2018-05-01 Konnectronix, Inc. Cord reel including a conductive polymeric sheath with a conductive EMI drain

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2003234025A (ja) * 2002-02-08 2003-08-22 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd 伝送用メタルケーブル
JP2005093368A (ja) * 2003-09-19 2005-04-07 Hitachi Cable Ltd 同軸ケーブル、同軸ケーブルの製造装置、及び同軸ケーブルの製造方法
JP2010073463A (ja) * 2008-09-18 2010-04-02 Junkosha Co Ltd 高速差動ケーブル
JP2010287337A (ja) * 2009-06-09 2010-12-24 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd ツイストペアケーブル及びその製造方法

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2003234025A (ja) * 2002-02-08 2003-08-22 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd 伝送用メタルケーブル
JP2005093368A (ja) * 2003-09-19 2005-04-07 Hitachi Cable Ltd 同軸ケーブル、同軸ケーブルの製造装置、及び同軸ケーブルの製造方法
JP2010073463A (ja) * 2008-09-18 2010-04-02 Junkosha Co Ltd 高速差動ケーブル
JP2010287337A (ja) * 2009-06-09 2010-12-24 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd ツイストペアケーブル及びその製造方法

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