WO2013084961A1 - 半導体レーザ素子及びレーザビーム偏向装置 - Google Patents
半導体レーザ素子及びレーザビーム偏向装置 Download PDFInfo
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/11—Comprising a photonic bandgap structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0425—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure
- H01S5/04254—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the shape
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
- H01S5/062—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium by varying the potential of the electrodes
- H01S5/06233—Controlling other output parameters than intensity or frequency
- H01S5/06243—Controlling other output parameters than intensity or frequency controlling the position or direction of the emitted beam
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/12—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region the resonator having a periodic structure, e.g. in distributed feedback [DFB] lasers
- H01S5/1206—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region the resonator having a periodic structure, e.g. in distributed feedback [DFB] lasers having a non constant or multiplicity of periods
- H01S5/1215—Multiplicity of periods
- H01S5/1218—Multiplicity of periods in superstructured configuration, e.g. more than one period in an alternate sequence
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/32—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures
- H01S5/323—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/40—Arrangement of two or more semiconductor lasers, not provided for in groups H01S5/02 - H01S5/30
- H01S5/4025—Array arrangements, e.g. constituted by discrete laser diodes or laser bar
- H01S5/4031—Edge-emitting structures
- H01S5/4056—Edge-emitting structures emitting light in more than one direction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/1082—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region with a special facet structure, e.g. structured, non planar, oblique
- H01S5/1085—Oblique facets
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/34—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers
- H01S5/343—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/34313—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser with a well layer having only As as V-compound, e.g. AlGaAs, InGaAs
Definitions
- An aspect of the present invention relates to an edge-emitting semiconductor laser element having a photonic crystal and a laser beam deflection apparatus using the same.
- the present inventors have proposed a semiconductor laser element using a photonic crystal (Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 1).
- a surface-emitting type semiconductor laser device has an epoch-making feature that laser beams can be emitted simultaneously in two directions at a time.
- a driving current to the driving electrodes divided into a plurality, it is possible to emit a laser beam in two directions for each driving electrode. If the period of the photonic crystal located directly under each drive electrode is made different, the emission angle of the laser beam pair will be different for each drive electrode.
- continuous beam direction control can be performed by providing subdivided drive electrodes, allowing current to flow simultaneously through a plurality of drive electrodes, and changing the current balance.
- the semiconductor laser element that simultaneously emits laser beams in two directions.
- the drive current supplied to each drive electrode is switched.
- the laser beam can be scanned by changing the drive current balance.
- the semiconductor laser element can be applied to various conventionally used laser beam deflecting devices. If the number of laser beams is increased, the laser beam deflecting device can constitute a high-definition laser beam scanning device.
- An aspect of the present invention has been made in view of such a problem.
- a semiconductor laser element and a laser beam deflecting device that emit a laser beam only in one direction and can change the emitting direction are provided. The purpose is to provide.
- a semiconductor laser device is an edge-emitting semiconductor laser device, which includes a lower cladding layer formed on a substrate, an upper cladding layer, and the lower cladding layer.
- An active layer interposed between the active layer and the upper cladding layer, a photonic crystal layer interposed between the active layer and at least one of the upper and lower cladding layers, and a first region of the active layer
- the region corresponding to the first region of the photonic crystal layer is inclined and has first and second periodic structures having different arrangement periods of different refractive index portions having different refractive indexes from the surroundings.
- 2 or more laser beams are generated inside the semiconductor laser element, and one of these laser beams toward the light emitting end face is set to have a refraction angle of less than 90 degrees with respect to the light emitting end face. Further, at least one of the light emitting end faces is set so as to satisfy a total reflection critical angle condition with respect to the light emitting end face.
- the incident angle of the one laser beam inside the laser element to the light emitting end face is set to be equal to or greater than the total reflection critical angle.
- the laser beam can be prevented from being output to the outside. Since the refraction angle of the other laser beam is less than 90 degrees, the laser beam can be output to the outside through the light emitting end face.
- the semiconductor laser device further includes a second drive electrode for supplying a drive current to the second region of the active layer, and the longitudinal direction of the second drive electrode is the semiconductor laser device.
- the semiconductor laser device When viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor laser device, the semiconductor laser device is inclined with respect to the normal line of the light emitting end face, and the region corresponding to the second region of the photonic crystal layer has a periphery and a refractive index.
- the third and fourth periodic structures having different arrangement periods of different refractive index portions are different from each other, and the semiconductor according to a difference between the reciprocals of the arrangement periods in the third and fourth periodic structures
- two or more laser beams forming a predetermined angle with respect to the longitudinal direction of the second drive electrode are generated inside the semiconductor laser element, and among the laser beams, Light One facing toward the end face is set to have a refraction angle of less than 90 degrees with respect to the light exit end face, and at least one other toward the light exit end face satisfies the total reflection critical angle condition with respect to the light exit end face.
- the difference between the reciprocals of the array periods in the first and second periodic structures is different from the difference between the reciprocals of the array periods in the third and fourth periodic structures.
- the incident angle of the one laser beam inside the laser element to the light emitting end face is set to be equal to or greater than the total reflection critical angle.
- the laser beam can be prevented from being output to the outside. Since the refraction angle of the other laser beam is less than 90 degrees, the laser beam can be output to the outside through the light emitting end face.
- the difference in the reciprocal of the arrangement period of the different refractive index portions (exit direction determining factor) is different.
- the difference value determines the laser beam emission direction. Therefore, since the value of the difference (exiting direction determining factor) is different in both regions, the emitting direction of the laser beam is different in the region corresponding to the first drive electrode and the region corresponding to the second drive electrode. Become. One of the pair of laser beams generated in each region is incident on the light emitting end face with a total reflection critical angle or more, and thus is not emitted to the outside. Therefore, by switching the supply of the drive current to each drive electrode, it becomes possible to output only one direction of laser beam in different directions.
- the different refractive index portion in the photonic crystal layer is disposed at a lattice point position of the lattice structure, and the direction of the basic translation vector of the lattice structure is The direction parallel to the light emitting end face is different.
- one laser beam can satisfy the total reflection critical angle condition.
- the lattice structure of the photonic crystal layer when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor laser element, is a square lattice and a rectangular lattice, a rectangular lattice and a rectangular lattice, a triangular lattice and a face-centered rectangular lattice, a face center.
- a rectangular lattice, a face-centered rectangular lattice, or the like, such as a square lattice, a rectangular lattice, a triangular lattice, or a combination of face-centered rectangular lattices can be used.
- the lattice structure of the photonic crystal layer two or more lattices including a case of overlapping selection are selected and combined from a lattice group consisting of a square lattice, a rectangular lattice, a triangular lattice, and a face-centered rectangular lattice. It is constituted by. That is, it is possible to configure a single grating as described above by combining gratings having different pitches in one direction.
- the photonic crystal layer includes a tetragonal lattice and a tetragonal lattice crystal structure, and the period of one axial direction of the hole lattice is a1, and the period of the axial direction orthogonal to the one axis is b1.
- the period in one axial direction of the rectangular lattice is a2
- the period in the axial direction orthogonal to the one axis is b2
- a1 b1, a1 ⁇ a2
- b1 b2.
- a standing wave state is formed in the photonic crystal layer surface by oblique light waves that are not orthogonal to each other, and the angle formed by the oblique light waves changes according to the difference between a1 and a2.
- the photonic crystal layer includes a crystal structure of first and second rectangular lattices, and a period in one axial direction of the first rectangular lattice is a1, which is orthogonal to the one axis.
- a period in the axial direction is b1
- the period in one axial direction of the second rectangular lattice is a2
- the period in the axial direction orthogonal to the one axis is b2
- a standing wave state is formed in the photonic crystal layer surface by oblique light waves that are not orthogonal to each other, and the angle formed by the oblique light waves changes according to the difference between a1 and a2.
- a standing wave state is formed in the photonic crystal layer surface by oblique light waves that are not orthogonal to each other, and the angle formed by the oblique light waves changes according to the difference between a1 and a2.
- the first face-centered rectangular lattice can be a triangular lattice.
- the triangular lattice is a special case in which the angle formed by the basic translation vectors forming the lattice of the face-centered rectangular lattice is 60 degrees.
- a standing wave state is formed in the photonic crystal layer surface by oblique light waves that are not orthogonal to each other, and the angle formed by the oblique light waves changes according to the difference between a1 and a2.
- the semiconductor laser device includes: the different refractive index portion of the photonic crystal layer corresponding to the first region of the active layer; and the photonic crystal layer corresponding to the second region of the active layer.
- the different refractive index portion means that the individual angles when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor laser element are different so that the refraction angles of the laser beams output from the first and second regions are different and the intensities match.
- the intensity is the same, application to an electronic device such as a laser printer or a radar is easy.
- the dimension of the different refractive index portion along the direction in which the arrangement period of the different refractive index portions in the first and second periodic structures is different is at a position along the different direction.
- the dimension of the different refractive index portion along the direction in which the arrangement periods of the different refractive index portions in the third and fourth periodic structures are different is different depending on the position along the different direction. And thereby, the oscillation threshold value can be reduced.
- the semiconductor laser device has a diffraction grating structure that contributes to resonance by coupling the laser beam reflected by the light emitting end face to the laser beam that resonates inside the active layer by satisfying the total reflection critical angle condition. (Diffraction grating layer of FIGS. 19 and 22) is further provided. In this case, energy use efficiency can be increased.
- a laser beam deflection apparatus including the above-described semiconductor laser element, a drive current supply circuit that selectively supplies a drive current to an electrode group including the first drive electrode and the second drive electrode, It is characterized by providing. By switching the drive current, it is possible to output only one direction of the laser beam in different directions. This means that the laser beam is deflected in a pseudo manner.
- the number of drive electrodes is not limited to two, and if the number is three or more, a structure in which a laser beam is scanned at a narrow pitch can be used.
- the drive current supply circuit further includes means for changing a ratio of drive current supplied to each electrode of the electrode group.
- the beam can be continuously deflected by changing the balance of the drive current supplied to the electrode group including the first drive electrode and the second drive electrode.
- the period along the basic translation vector in the first periodic structure changes continuously as it approaches the third periodic structure. In this case, there is an effect that reflection can be prevented from occurring at the interface between the photonic crystals having different periods.
- B 0 is a reference period with respect to the B direction (lattice point alignment direction (alignment direction of different refractive index portions))
- ⁇ is the inclination of the entire photonic crystal, that is, ⁇ is in the direction perpendicular to the light emitting end face.
- ⁇ 3 is the laser beam emission angle
- n dev is the effective refractive index of light in the semiconductor laser element.
- a single condensing element arranged close to the light emitting end face is provided.
- the divergence angle is suppressed and the laser beam is transmitted to a long distance, or the laser beam can be condensed close by depending on the setting of the focal position.
- the condensing element is a cylindrical lens, and the central axis of the cylindrical lens is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the active layer and parallel to the light emitting end face.
- the cylindrical lens is suitable for condensing the point light sources arranged in such a bar shape, and can condense under the same conditions regardless of the position.
- the condensing element is a convex lens, and one axis passing through the center of curvature of the convex lens is perpendicular to the thickness direction of the active layer and parallel to the light emitting end face, and the radius of curvature around the axis is It is characterized in that it is smaller than the radius of curvature around the axis perpendicular to this. Even if a convex lens is used instead of the cylindrical lens, the same function can be achieved.
- the semiconductor laser element and the laser beam deflection apparatus it is possible to emit a laser beam in only one direction and change the emission direction.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a semiconductor laser device.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of the semiconductor laser element.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the inside of the device for explaining the progress of the laser beam inside the semiconductor laser device.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of a photonic crystal region having a single periodic structure.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view of a photonic crystal region having a single periodic structure.
- FIG. 6 is a plan view of a photonic crystal region having a plurality of periodic structures.
- FIG. 7 is a plan view of a photonic crystal region group having a plurality of photonic crystal layer regions having a plurality of periodic structures.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view of a photonic crystal layer having a photonic crystal region group.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the incident angle and the outgoing angle of the laser beam with respect to the deflection angle ⁇ from the reference direction (depending on the difference in the reciprocal of the period in each photonic crystal region).
- FIG. 10 is a plan view of various refractive index portions (structures) having various shapes.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the configuration of the laser beam deflection apparatus.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing a semiconductor laser element.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing a semiconductor laser element.
- FIG. 14 is a longitudinal sectional view of the semiconductor laser device.
- FIG. 15 is a plan view of the inside of the semiconductor laser device.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing a vector from the origin O to the point P ( ⁇ x, ⁇ y) in the xy coordinate system.
- FIG. 17 is a graph showing the directions of main light waves in the xy coordinate system.
- FIG. 18 is a plan view of the inside of the element for explaining main light waves in the active layer 3B.
- FIG. 19 is a plan view (A) of the diffraction grating layer 4 ′ having a periodic structure, and a sectional view (B) in the XZ plane.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing the relationship between the laser beam emission angle (refraction angle) ⁇ 3, the strap angle ⁇ , and the period ⁇ .
- FIG. 21 is a chart showing data used for the graph.
- FIG. 22 is a sectional view of a partial region of the semiconductor laser element.
- FIG. 23 is a plan view of the photonic crystal layer.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a semiconductor laser element
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of the semiconductor laser element.
- the semiconductor laser device 10 includes a lower clad layer 2, a lower light guide layer 3 A, an active layer 3 B, an upper light guide layer 3 C, a photonic crystal layer 4, an upper clad layer 5, and a contact layer 6 that are sequentially formed on a semiconductor substrate 1. It has. On the back side of the semiconductor substrate 1, an electrode E ⁇ b> 1 is provided on the entire surface, and on the contact layer 6, a plurality of drive electrodes E ⁇ b> 2 are provided. In the drawing, five drive electrodes E ⁇ b> 2 are simply shown, but actually more drive electrodes E ⁇ b> 2 are provided on the contact layer 6.
- the surface on the contact layer 6 other than the formation region of the drive electrode E2 is covered with the insulating film SH.
- the insulating film SH can be formed from, for example, SiN or SiO 2 .
- the materials / thicknesses of these compound semiconductor layers are as follows. Note that an intrinsic semiconductor having an impurity concentration of 10 15 / cm 3 or less has no conductivity type. Note that the concentration when impurities are added is 10 17 to 10 20 / cm 3 . Further, the following is an example of the present embodiment. If the configuration includes the active layer 3B and the photonic crystal layer 4, the material system, film thickness, and layer configuration are flexible.
- the upper light guide layer 3C is composed of two layers, an upper layer and a lower layer.
- Contact layer 6 P-type GaAs / 50 to 500 nm
- Upper clad layer 5 P-type AlGaAs (Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 As) /1.0 to 3.0 ⁇ m
- Photonic crystal layer 4 Basic layer 4A: GaAs / 50 to 200 nm Buried layer (different refractive index portion) 4B: AlGaAs (Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 As) / 50 to 200 nm
- Upper light guide layer 3C Upper layer: GaAs / 10-200nm
- Lower layer p-type or intrinsic AlGaAs / 10 to 100 nm
- Active layer 3B (multiple quantum well structure): AlGaAs / InGaAs MQW / 10-100nm
- Lower light guide layer 3A AlGaAs / 0 to 300 nm
- Lower clad layer 2 N-type AlGaAs / 1.0 to 3.0 ⁇ m
- Semiconductor substrate 1 N-type GaAs / 80 to 350 ⁇ m
- AuGe / Au can be used as the material of the electrode E1
- Cr / Au or Ti / Au can be used as the material of the electrode E2.
- the light guide layer can be omitted.
- the growth temperature of AlGaAs by MOCVD is 500 ° C. to 850 ° C., and 550 to 700 ° C. is adopted in the experiment.
- (Trimethylgallium) and TEG (triethylgallium), AsH 3 ( arsine) as the As source, Si 2 H 6 (disilane) as the source for the N-type impurity, and DEZn (diethylzinc) as the source for the P-type impurity be able to.
- the planar shape of the semiconductor laser element is a rectangle.
- the thickness direction is the Z axis
- the width direction is the X axis
- the direction perpendicular to the light emitting end face LES is the Y axis.
- the extending longitudinal direction of each drive electrode E2 forms an angle ⁇ with respect to a straight line parallel to the Y axis. That is, the longitudinal direction of the drive electrode E2 is inclined with respect to the normal line (Y axis) of the light emitting end face LES of the semiconductor laser element when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor laser element.
- the drive electrode E2 extends from the position of the light emitting end face LES toward the opposite end face, but is interrupted halfway without completely traversing the semiconductor laser element.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the inside of the device for explaining the progress of the laser beam inside the semiconductor laser device.
- the laser beam is generated in the active layer 3B, but the light oozed out from the active layer 3B is affected by the adjacent photonic crystal layer 4.
- a periodic refractive index distribution structure is formed in the photonic crystal layer 4.
- a laser beam indicated by wave number vectors k1 to k4 is generated inside the active layer 3B.
- the wave vector is a vector whose direction is the normal direction of the wave front (that is, the wave propagation direction) and whose magnitude is the wave number.
- the laser beams with wave number vectors k1 and k2 are directed toward the light emitting end face LES, and the laser beams with wave number vectors k4 and k3 are directed in the opposite direction.
- the laser beams of wave number vectors k1 and k2 travel at an angle of ⁇ ⁇ , respectively, with respect to a B direction that forms an angle ⁇ with a straight line parallel to the Y axis in the XY plane.
- the B direction is the direction in which the drive electrode E2 extends.
- the A direction is a direction perpendicular to the B direction in the XY plane.
- a coordinate system obtained by rotating the XYZ orthogonal coordinate system by ⁇ around the Z axis is defined as an xyz orthogonal coordinate system. In this case, the A direction coincides with the positive x-axis direction, and the B direction coincides with the negative y-axis direction.
- the laser beams of the wave number vectors k1 and k2 enter the light emission end face LES and attempt to exit to the outside.
- the incident angles are ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2, respectively.
- the refraction angle of the laser beam having the wave vector k1 is ⁇ 3.
- ⁇ 3 is smaller than 90 degrees. That is, the incident angle ⁇ 2 of the laser beam having the wave number vector k2 is equal to or greater than the total reflection critical angle, and total reflection occurs at the light emitting end face LES and is not output to the outside.
- the incident angle ⁇ 1 of the laser beam with the wave vector k1 is less than the total reflection critical angle, and is transmitted to the outside through the light emitting end face LES.
- ⁇ 4 is an angle formed by the traveling direction of the laser beam totally reflected on the light emitting end face LES and the negative Y-axis direction, and is 90 degrees or more.
- the photonic crystal layer 4 is formed by a plurality of photonic crystal regions 4R being gathered.
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of the photonic crystal region 4R having a single periodic structure.
- a photonic crystal is a nanostructure whose refractive index changes periodically, and can strengthen or diffract light of a specific wavelength in a specific direction according to the period. By using this diffraction for light confinement and as a resonator, a laser can be realized.
- the photonic crystal layer 4 of the present embodiment includes a basic layer 4A and a buried layer (different refractive index portion) 4B periodically embedded in the basic layer 4A.
- a plurality of holes H are periodically formed in the basic layer 4A made of the first compound semiconductor (GaAs) having the zinc flash structure, and the second compound semiconductor (having the zinc flash structure and having the second compound semiconductor (
- the photonic crystal layer 4 is formed by growing a buried layer 4B made of (AlGaAs).
- the refractive index of the first compound semiconductor is different from that of the second compound semiconductor.
- the refractive index of the second compound semiconductor is lower than that of the first compound semiconductor.
- the refractive index of the first compound semiconductor may be lower than that of the second compound semiconductor.
- the different refractive index portions 4B which are embedded layers, are aligned along the A direction and the B direction to form a two-dimensional periodic structure.
- the pitch between the different refractive index portions 4B in the A direction is a1
- the pitch between the different refractive index portions 4B in the B direction is b1.
- a planar shape of each different refractive index portion 4B in the AB plane a rectangle is shown in the figure, but the planar shape of the different refractive index portion 4B is not limited to this.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view of a photonic crystal region 4R having a single periodic structure different from that in FIG.
- the different refractive index portions 4B which are embedded layers, are aligned along the A direction and the B direction to form a two-dimensional periodic structure.
- the pitch between the different refractive index portions 4B in the A direction is a2
- the pitch between the different refractive index portions 4B in the A direction is b2.
- the relationship of a2> a1 is satisfied.
- a rectangle is also shown in the figure, but the planar shape of the different refractive index portion 4B is not limited to this.
- FIG. 6 is a plan view of the photonic crystal region 4R having a plurality of periodic structures.
- the photonic crystal region 4R includes the periodic structure shown in FIG. 4 and the periodic structure shown in FIG. 5 in a single photonic crystal region 4R, and has a period a1 and a period a2. Yes.
- ⁇ in FIG. 3 is determined according to the difference between the reciprocal number (1 / a1) of the period a1 and the reciprocal number (1 / a2) of a2. That is, by determining the periods a1 and a2, it is possible to determine the traveling direction of the laser beam indicated by the wave number vectors k1 and k2.
- , and k 2 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the laser light in the semiconductor laser element
- k is the wave number of the laser light in the semiconductor laser element.
- the inequalities to be satisfied by the parameters ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 and the effective refractive index n dev of the light in the semiconductor laser element are as follows.
- equations to be satisfied by the respective parameters are as follows.
- ⁇ ⁇ sin ⁇ 1 (sin ⁇ 3 / n dev )
- ⁇ k (2 ⁇ / ⁇ 0 ) sin ⁇ sin ⁇ 1 (sin ⁇ 3 / n dev ) ⁇
- a1 1 / ⁇ ( ⁇ k / 2 ⁇ ) + (1 / b1) ⁇
- a2 1 / ⁇ (1 / b2)-( ⁇ k / 2 ⁇ ) ⁇
- B 0 is a reference period with respect to the B direction (the alignment direction of the lattice points (the arrangement direction of the different refractive index portions)), and is about 290 nm, for example.
- ⁇ is the inclination of the arrangement direction (B direction) of the different refractive index portions with respect to the direction perpendicular to the light emission end face LES
- ⁇ 3 is the laser beam emission angle
- n dev is the effective refractive index of the light in the semiconductor laser element
- FIG. 7 is a plan view of a photonic crystal region group 4G having a plurality of photonic crystal layer regions 4R having a plurality of periodic structures.
- the photonic crystal layer regions 4R are arranged in alignment along the A direction.
- the leftmost photonic crystal layer region 4R is the region ⁇ 1, the second photonic crystal layer region 4R is the region ⁇ 2, the second photonic crystal layer region 4R is the region ⁇ 3, and the fourth photonic crystal layer region 4R is The region ⁇ 4 and the fifth photonic crystal layer region 4R are defined as a region ⁇ 5.
- ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 5 also indicate parameters of the reciprocal of the above period.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the A direction so as to satisfy the period a1 and the period a2 shown in FIG. 6, and the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the B direction at the period b2.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the A direction so as to satisfy the cycle a1 and the cycle a3, and the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the B direction at the cycle b2.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the A direction so as to satisfy the cycle a1 and the cycle a4, and the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the B direction at the cycle b2.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the A direction so as to satisfy the cycle a1 and the cycle a5, and the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the B direction at the cycle b2.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the A direction so as to satisfy the period a1 and the period a6, and the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the B direction at the period b2.
- the relationship of a1 ⁇ a2 ⁇ a3 ⁇ a4 ⁇ a5 ⁇ a6 is satisfied.
- region (DELTA) N (N is a natural number) is arranged from left to right in order with small value of N along A direction, and within area
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged so as to satisfy the cycle a (N + 1), and the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged in the B direction at the cycle b2, so that aN ⁇ a (N + 1) is satisfied.
- the laser beam can be emitted in different directions according to the difference in the reciprocal of the cycle.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view of a photonic crystal layer having the photonic crystal region group 4G.
- each region ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 5 are arranged in order along the A direction.
- the longitudinal direction of each region ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 5 coincides with the B direction (longitudinal direction of the drive electrode E2).
- a drive current is selectively supplied to each drive electrode E2 (a drive voltage is applied between the electrode E1 and a specific electrode E2), laser beams are emitted in different directions from the light emission end face LES (FIG. 2).
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the incident angle and the outgoing angle of the laser beam with respect to the deflection angle ⁇ from the reference direction (direction B) (depending on the difference in the reciprocal of the period in each photonic crystal region).
- the effective refractive index n dev of light in the semiconductor laser element was 3.3.
- FIG. 10 is a plan view of various refractive index portions (structures) 4B having various shapes.
- a rectangular (A) shape is shown as the shape in the AB plane (XY plane) of the different refractive index portion 4B, but this may be a square (B), an ellipse or a circle (C), It can also be an isosceles or equilateral triangle (D).
- the base is parallel to the A direction (D)
- the base is parallel to the B direction (E)
- the triangle shown in (D) is rotated 180 degrees (F)
- You can also Any figure can be rotated and the ratio of dimensions can be changed. Note that the distance between the centers of gravity of each figure can be used as the arrangement period of these figures.
- a semiconductor laser element that can output only a beam in a single direction is configured.
- a laser beam deflecting device can be configured.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a configuration of a laser beam deflection apparatus using the semiconductor laser element.
- the laser beam deflecting device includes the semiconductor laser element 10 described above, a first drive electrode E2 (leftmost drive electrode), a second drive electrode (second drive electrode from the left), and a third drive electrode (The drive current is selectively supplied to an electrode group including the third drive electrode from the left), the fourth drive electrode (the fourth drive electrode from the left), and the fifth drive electrode (the fifth drive electrode from the left).
- a drive current supply circuit 11 is provided.
- the drive current supply circuit 11 is configured to supply a drive current to each drive electrode E2 via the switches SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, and SW5, and to turn on / off the switches SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, and SW5.
- a control circuit 11B for controlling OFF is provided. By switching the drive current supplied from the power supply circuit 11A by the control circuit 11B, it is possible to output only one direction of the laser beam LB in different directions, but this is a pseudo deflection of the laser beam LB. It will be. Even if the number of drive electrodes is two, the deflection operation can be performed, but if this is set to three or more, it is possible to adopt a structure in which the laser beam is scanned at a narrow pitch.
- 12 and 13 are diagrams for explaining a method of manufacturing a semiconductor laser element.
- MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- a resist R1 is applied on the basic layer 4A (FIG. 12B), a two-dimensional fine pattern is drawn with an electron beam drawing apparatus, and developed to develop a two-dimensional fine pattern (different refractive index portion) on the resist. (Corresponding to the position of) is formed (FIG. 12C).
- a two-dimensional fine pattern having a depth of about 100 nm is transferred onto the basic layer 4A by dry etching (FIG. 12D), and the resist is removed (FIG. 12E). Thereafter, regrowth is performed using the MOCVD method, the different refractive index portion 4B is formed in the basic layer 4B, and the cladding layer 5 is formed thereon.
- the buried layer (AlGaAs) 4B is grown in the hole H, and then the P-type cladding layer (AlGaAs) 5 and the P-type contact layer (GaAs) 6 are epitaxially grown sequentially (FIG. 12F). )).
- a resist R2 is formed on the P-type contact 6 (FIG. 13G), a strip-shaped pattern is patterned on the resist R2 by optical exposure (FIG. 13H), and the electrode E is formed on the resist R2.
- Vapor deposition is performed from above (FIG. 13I), and the electrode material is removed leaving only the electrode E2 by lift-off (FIG. 13J).
- the insulating film SH is formed on the surface of the contact layer 6 except for the position where the electrode E2 is formed (FIG. 13K).
- the back surface of the N-type semiconductor substrate 1 is polished to form the N-type
- the electrode E1 is formed (FIG. 13L), and the semiconductor laser device is completed.
- the manufacturing method using the electron beam exposure method has been described as the method for manufacturing the hole H.
- other fine processing techniques such as nanoimprint, interference exposure, optical exposure such as FIB, and stepper may be used.
- FIG. 14 is a longitudinal sectional view of the semiconductor laser element.
- the second photonic crystal layer 4 ′ includes a basic layer 4 A ′ made of the same material as the first photonic crystal layer 4 and a different refractive index portion 4 B ′.
- the photonic crystal layer 4 shown in FIG. 1 is a first photonic crystal layer
- the photonic crystal layer 4 has a refractive index distribution structure having a single periodic structure shown in FIG.
- the second photonic crystal layer 4 ′ has a refractive index profile in which the single periodic structure with the period a2 shown in FIG. 5 and the ones with the periods a3 to a4 in each region are arranged in the A direction. It has a structure. That is, when the overlap of the photonic crystal layers 4 and 4 ′ is seen from the thickness direction of the semiconductor laser element, the regions ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 5 are aligned along the A direction as shown in FIG. Will be. Even in the case of such a structure, the same effects as the structure shown in FIG. 1 can be obtained by setting each parameter as described above.
- each layer after the light guide layer 3A may be manufactured in the same manner as described above.
- the second photonic crystal layer 4 ′ having the same structure as the first photonic crystal layer 4 including two refractive index periodic structures is used in place of the first photonic crystal layer 4. However, the same effect can be obtained.
- the semiconductor laser element described above is an edge-emitting semiconductor laser element, and includes a lower cladding layer 2, an upper cladding layer 5, a lower cladding layer 2 and an upper surface formed on a substrate 1.
- Photonic crystal layers 4 and 4 interposed between the active layer 3B (which may include a light guide layer) interposed between the cladding layer 5 and the active layer 3B and at least one of the upper and lower cladding layers.
- a first drive electrode E2 for supplying a drive current to the first region R of the active layer 3B (a region directly below one drive electrode E2).
- the longitudinal direction of the first drive electrode E2 is a semiconductor When viewed from the thickness direction of the laser element, it is inclined with respect to the normal (Y axis) of the light emitting end face LES of this semiconductor laser element, and corresponds to the first region R of the photonic crystal layers 4 and 4 ′.
- Area ⁇ 1 is the circumference and refractive index Have different first and second periodic structures in which the arrangement periods of the different refractive index portions are different from each other, and the difference between the reciprocals of the arrangement periods (a1, a2) in the first and second periodic structures.
- two laser beams forming a predetermined angle ( ⁇ ) with respect to the longitudinal direction (B direction) of the first drive electrode E2 are generated inside the semiconductor laser element, Only one of these laser beams is set to satisfy the total reflection condition, and the other refraction angle ⁇ 3 is set to be less than 90 degrees.
- the incident angle ⁇ of one laser beam inside the laser element to the light emitting end face is set to be equal to or greater than the total reflection critical angle.
- the laser beam can be prevented from being output to the outside. Since the refraction angle ⁇ 3 of the other laser beam is less than 90 degrees, the laser beam can be output to the outside through the light emitting end face.
- the semiconductor laser device further includes a second drive electrode E2 for supplying a drive current to the second region R of the active layer 3B (a region immediately below the second drive electrode E2).
- the longitudinal direction (B direction) of the second drive electrode E2 is inclined with respect to the normal line (Y axis) of the light emitting end face LES of the semiconductor laser element,
- the region ⁇ 2 corresponding to the second region of the photonic crystal layer has third and fourth periodic structures in which the arrangement periods of the different refractive index portions having different refractive indices from the surroundings have the third and fourth periodic structures, respectively.
- a predetermined angle ⁇ is set with respect to the longitudinal direction of the second drive electrode E2.
- the two laser beams formed are Only one of these laser beams generated inside the element is set to be totally reflected at the light emitting end face, and the other refraction angle ⁇ 3 is set to be less than 90 degrees, and the first and second periods are set.
- the difference of the reciprocal number of each arrangement period (a1, a2) in the structure is different from the difference of the reciprocal number of each arrangement period (a1, a3) in the third and fourth periodic structures.
- the incident angle of the one laser beam inside the laser element to the light emission end face is set to a total reflection critical angle or more.
- the laser beam can be prevented from being output to the outside. Since the refraction angle of the other laser beam is less than 90 degrees, the laser beam can be output to the outside through the light emitting end face.
- the difference in the reciprocal of the arrangement period of the different refractive index portions 4 ⁇ / b> B (exit direction determining factor) is different.
- the difference value determines the laser beam emission direction. Therefore, since the value of the difference (exiting direction determining factor) is different in both regions, the emitting direction of the laser beam is the region ⁇ 1 corresponding to the first drive electrode E2 and the region ⁇ 2 corresponding to the second drive electrode E2. So it will be different.
- One of the pair of laser beams generated in each region is incident on the light emitting end face with a total reflection critical angle or more, and thus is not emitted to the outside. Therefore, by switching the supply of the drive current to each drive electrode, it becomes possible to output only one direction of laser beam in different directions.
- a photonic crystal having a different period is based on a square lattice having a period (b1, b1) in the A direction and the B direction, and a rectangular lattice having a period (a1, b1) as the first periodic structure.
- a rectangular lattice with a period of (a2, b1) has been described as the second periodic structure, it is of course possible to use a structure in which the periods in the A direction are different from each other based on a triangular lattice.
- FIG. 15 is a plan view of the inside of the element shown by inverting the top and bottom of the plan view shown in FIG. 3 and slightly changing the refraction angle ⁇ 3 of the emitted beam. The same applies to FIG.
- the xyz orthogonal coordinate system is a coordinate system obtained by rotating the XYZ orthogonal coordinate system around the Z axis by an angle + ⁇ , and the + x direction coincides with the + A direction, and the + y direction coincides with the ⁇ B direction.
- the arrangement of the photonic crystal hole patterns is inclined by an angle ⁇ with respect to the light emitting end face.
- the angle formed by the reflection direction of the wave vector k2 (the laser beam traveling direction of the wave vector k2 ′) and the light emitting end face LES is ⁇ 2 ′, and the reflection direction of the laser beam of the wave vector k1 (the laser of the wave vector k1 ′).
- the angle formed between the beam traveling direction) and the light exit end face LES is defined as ⁇ 3 ′.
- the laser beam of the wave number vector k2 is set so as to be totally reflected at the light emitting end face LES so that the number of laser beams emitted from the element is one.
- the laser beams (main light waves) corresponding to the wave number vectors k1, k2, k3, k4, k1 ′, and k2 ′ are Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y1 ′, and Y2 ′, respectively.
- the vector is shown.
- an angle formed between the X axis and the main light wave Y4 is ⁇ t
- an angle formed between the X axis and the main light wave Y3 is ⁇ r.
- ⁇ 0 , ⁇ 1 , and ⁇ 2 mean a basic reciprocal lattice vector in the B direction, a basic reciprocal lattice vector in the A direction of the first periodic structure, and a basic reciprocal lattice vector in the A direction of the second periodic structure, respectively.
- ⁇ 1 2 ⁇ / a1
- ⁇ 2 2 ⁇ / a2
- ⁇ ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1
- ⁇ ⁇ 0 / ⁇ .
- FIG. 17 is a graph showing the directions of main light waves in the xy coordinate system.
- the x axis in the xy coordinate system is rotated by an angle ⁇ with respect to the X axis.
- the direction of the light wave Y2 ′ may be rotated by an angle 2 ⁇ .
- the coordinates of the tip P4 of the vector indicating the main light wave Y4 in the xy coordinate system are ( ⁇ / 2, ⁇ 0 ), and the coordinates of the tip P2 ′ of the vector indicating the main light wave Y2 ′ are coordinates obtained by rotating this by ⁇ 2 ⁇ . It is.
- the coordinates ( ⁇ / 2, ⁇ 0 ) of the vector Y4 (tip P4) in the xy coordinate system are converted into coordinates (XA, YA) rotated by + ⁇ , and the vector Y2 ′
- the coordinates are converted into coordinates (XB, YB) obtained by rotating the coordinates of the vector Y4 in the xy coordinate system by ⁇ .
- the main light wave Y2 ′ is coupled to the main light wave Y4. That is, the vector Y4 is obtained by adding the vector ⁇ Y to the vector Y2 ′.
- the vector ⁇ Y is expressed as follows. If a new periodic structure having a reciprocal lattice vector equal to the vector ⁇ Y is additionally employed, the totally reflected light wave Y2 ′ can be contributed to resonance.
- the different refractive index portions are preferably arranged in a stripe shape.
- the stripe-shaped periodic structure has a high anisotropy of the optical coupling coefficient and can reduce the influence of the resonance state Y1 and Y2.
- FIG. 18 is a plan view of the inside of the element for explaining main light waves in the active layer 3B.
- the intersecting line between the XY plane and the light emitting end face LES coincides with the X axis.
- the wave vector of the light wave Y2 'having the tip at the coordinate P2' is converted into the wave vector of the light wave Y4 having the tip at the coordinate P4.
- Let L be a straight line perpendicular to the vector ⁇ Y.
- the new periodic structure may be set so that the light wave travels in a direction perpendicular to the straight line L in the active layer 3B.
- the pattern of the diffraction grating layer optically coupled thereto is controlled. In FIG.
- upper and lower photonic crystal layers (diffraction grating layers) 4, 4 ' are provided.
- a photonic crystal layer that achieves the above-described total reflection is produced in the upper diffraction grating layer 4, and the new periodic structure for using reflected light for resonance is formed in the diffraction grating layer 4.
- these periodic structures may be produced by superimposing one or both layers).
- FIG. 19A is a plan view of a diffraction grating layer 4 ′ having a periodic structure that gives the vector ⁇ Y
- FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional view in the XZ plane.
- the diffraction grating layer 4 ' includes a basic layer 4A' and a different refractive index portion 4B 'extending in a stripe shape along a straight line L in the XY plane, and these refractive indexes are different.
- the different refractive index portions 4B ' are periodically embedded in the basic layer 4A'.
- a striped periodic refractive index distribution structure is formed in the diffraction grating layer 4 ′, and functions as a diffraction grating layer in which light waves travel in the direction of ⁇ Y.
- the intensity of diffraction by the stripe-shaped periodic refractive index distribution structure is changed. I can do it.
- the length L2 of the reciprocal lattice vector of ⁇ Y in the reciprocal lattice space, the period ⁇ , and the angle ⁇ formed by the straight line L and the X axis are given as follows.
- ⁇ 0 2 ⁇ / a y
- ⁇ 1 2 ⁇ / a I
- ⁇ 2 2 ⁇ / a II
- a y is the period in the B direction
- a I is the period in the A direction of the first periodic structure
- a II shows the period in the A direction of the second periodic structure.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing the relationship between the laser beam emission angle (refraction angle) ⁇ 3, the stripe angle ⁇ , and the period ⁇
- FIG. 21 is a chart showing data used in this graph.
- the vertical axis of the ⁇ (°) data is shown on the left side of the graph, and the vertical axis of the ⁇ (nm) data is shown on the right side of the graph.
- a diffraction grating layer having a new periodic structure that gives the above ⁇ Y separately from these. 4 ′′ (the structure is the same as that of the diffraction grating layer 4 ′ in the case of FIG. 19) can be formed between the upper cladding layer 5 and the diffraction grating layer 4 (FIG. 22A).
- a new diffraction grating layer 4 ′′ having the same structure as that of the diffraction grating layer 4 ′ in FIG. 19 may be formed between the lower cladding layer 2 and the diffraction grating layer 4 ′ (FIG. 22). (B)).
- the diffraction grating structure that contributes to resonance by coupling the laser beam reflected by the light emitting end face with the laser beam that resonates inside the active layer by satisfying the total reflection critical angle condition (see FIG. 19 and the diffraction grating layer of FIG. 22). In this case, energy use efficiency is increased.
- FIG. 23 is a plan view of the photonic crystal layer 4 having various periodic structures.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are periodically embedded in the basic layer 4A.
- 23A shows a square lattice
- FIG. 23B shows a rectangular lattice
- FIG. 23C shows a triangular lattice
- FIG. 24D shows a face-centered rectangular lattice.
- two periodic structures having different periods are overlapped in one photonic crystal layer 4, or in the two photonic crystal layers 4, 4 ′.
- a configuration in which each is included and overlapped in plan view is employed.
- examples of each periodic structure before superposition are shown, and two types of periodic structures are arranged so as to overlap each other so that the directions of the respective basic translation vectors (indicated by arrows) coincide.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged at the lattice point positions of the square lattice.
- a square lattice has a shape in which squares are arranged without gaps, and the length a of one side of a square constituting one lattice is equal to the length b of the other side.
- the horizontal arrangement period a of the different refractive index portions 4B is equal to the vertical arrangement period b.
- the arrow in the figure represents the basic translation vector of the lattice. Even if the pattern is translated by a linear sum of integral multiples of these basic translation vectors, it overlaps the original pattern. That is, this lattice system has a translational symmetry defined by this basic translation vector.
- the different refractive index portion 4B is arranged at the lattice point position of the rectangular lattice.
- the rectangular lattices having different vertical and horizontal lengths are shapes in which rectangles are arranged without gaps, and the length a of one side of a rectangle constituting one lattice is different from the length b of the other side.
- the horizontal arrangement period a of the different refractive index portions 4B is different from the vertical arrangement period b.
- the arrow in the figure represents the basic translation vector of the lattice. Even if the pattern is translated by a linear sum of integral multiples of these basic translation vectors, it overlaps the original pattern. That is, this lattice system has a translational symmetry defined by this basic translation vector.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged at the positions of the lattice points of the triangular lattice.
- the triangular lattice is a shape in which triangles are arranged without gaps, and the length of the bases of the triangles constituting one lattice is a, and the height is b.
- the triangle is an equilateral triangle, in other words, the length a of the base is the horizontal arrangement period a of the different refractive index portions 4B, and the vertical arrangement period b is ⁇ 2 times a.
- the arrow in the figure represents the basic translation vector of the lattice. Even if the pattern is translated by a linear sum of integral multiples of these basic translation vectors, it overlaps the original pattern. That is, this lattice system has a translational symmetry defined by this basic translation vector.
- the different refractive index portions 4B are arranged at the lattice point positions of the face-centered rectangular lattice.
- the face-centered rectangular lattice is a lattice additionally provided with a lattice point at the center position in each lattice of the rectangular lattice, and the rectangular lattice itself is formed by arranging rectangles without gaps.
- the arrow in the figure represents the basic translation vector of the lattice. Even if the pattern is translated by a linear sum of integral multiples of these basic translation vectors, it overlaps the original pattern. That is, this lattice system has a translational symmetry defined by this basic translation vector.
- the A axis is inclined with respect to the X axis, and these are not parallel.
- the different refractive index portion 4B in the photonic crystal layer 4 when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor laser element, has its lattice structure.
- the direction of the basic translation vector (A axis, B axis) of the lattice structure is different from the direction (X axis) parallel to the light emitting end face LES (see FIG. 3).
- one laser beam can satisfy the total reflection critical angle condition by setting the inclination to a certain value or more.
- the lattice structure of the photonic crystal layer when viewed from the thickness direction, is a square lattice and a rectangular lattice, a rectangular lattice and a rectangular lattice, a triangular lattice and a face-centered rectangular lattice, a face-centered rectangular lattice and a surface. It can be constituted by a combination of a square lattice, a rectangular lattice, a triangular lattice, or a face-centered rectangular lattice, such as a centered rectangular lattice. That is, it is possible to configure a single grating as described above by combining gratings having different pitches in one direction.
- the photonic crystal layer 4 (or 4, 4 ′) has a tetragonal lattice and a rectangular lattice of crystals.
- a period of one axial direction of the hole lattice is a1, a period of the axial direction perpendicular to the one axis is b1, a period of one axial direction of the rectangular lattice is a2,
- a standing wave state is formed by oblique light waves that are not orthogonal to each other in the photonic crystal layer surface, and the angle formed by the oblique light waves changes according to the difference between a1 and a2.
- the photonic crystal layer 4 (or 4, 4 ′) includes the crystal structures of the first and second rectangular lattices.
- the period of one axial direction of the first rectangular lattice is a1
- the period of the axial direction orthogonal to the one axis is b1
- the period of one axial direction of the second rectangular lattice is a2
- a standing wave state is formed by oblique light waves that are not orthogonal to each other in the photonic crystal layer surface, and the angle formed by the oblique light waves changes according to the difference between a1 and a2.
- the photonic crystal layer 4 (or 4, 4 ′) has a crystal structure of the first and second face-centered rectangular lattices.
- the period of one axial direction of the first face-centered rectangular lattice is a1
- the period of the axial direction orthogonal to the one axis is b1
- a standing wave state is formed by oblique light waves that are not orthogonal to each other in the photonic crystal layer surface, and the angle formed by the oblique light waves changes according to the difference between a1 and a2.
- One face-centered rectangular lattice can be a triangular lattice.
- the triangular lattice is a special case in which the angle formed by the basic translation vectors forming the lattice of the face-centered rectangular lattice is 60 degrees.
- the semiconductor laser element 10 includes a region (first region, second region%) R immediately below the drive electrode of the active layer 3B.
- the different refractive index portion 4B of the photonic crystal layer corresponding to the first region R of the active layer 3B and the different refractive index portion 4B of the photonic crystal layer corresponding to the second region R of the active layer 3B are the first region.
- the laser beams output from R and the second region R can be set to have different shapes when viewed from the thickness direction of the semiconductor laser element so that the refraction angles of the laser beams are different and the intensities are matched.
- the size of the hole (different refractive index portion) is changed so that the diffraction intensities of a plurality of photonic crystals are the same. Since the intensity is the same, it can be easily applied to electronic devices such as laser printers and radars.
- the hole changes the length along the direction along the basic translation vector having a different period.
- the dimension of the different refractive index portion 4B along the direction in which the arrangement periods of the different refractive index portions 4B in the first periodic structure and the second periodic structure are different is
- the different refractive index portions along the direction in which the arrangement periods of the different refractive index portions 4B in the third and fourth periodic structures are different are different depending on the positions along the different directions.
- the dimension of 4B changes according to the position along the said different direction.
- the laser beam deflection apparatus shown in FIG. 11 includes a semiconductor laser element 10 and a drive current supply circuit 11 that selectively supplies a drive current to the electrode group E2 including the first drive electrode and the second drive electrode. ing. By controlling the supply of the drive current, the emission of the laser beam LB can be controlled.
- the drive current supply circuit 11 can further include means for changing the ratio of the drive current supplied to each electrode E2 of the electrode group. That is, in FIG. 11, reference numerals SW1 to SW5 indicate amplifiers with switches, and the amplifiers can control the magnitude of the drive current supplied from the power supply circuit 11A. In this case, the control circuit 11B can control the ratio of the drive current supplied to each electrode E2 by controlling the gain of each amplifier.
- the period along the basic translation vector in the first periodic structure in the first region R can be continuously changed as it approaches the third periodic structure in the second region R. In this case, there is an effect that reflection can be prevented from occurring at the interface between the photonic crystals having different periods.
- the wavelengths of the laser beams output from the active layer immediately below each electrode E2 are preferably the same. This is because when the laser beam is scanned by a mirror or the like, the wavelengths of the laser beams before and after the deflection are the same. Therefore, when a drive current is supplied to the first and second drive electrodes E2, the resonances of the laser beams generated in the first region R and the second region R of the active layer immediately below the first and second drive electrodes E2, respectively. It is preferable to set so that the wavelengths are the same.
- the period in the B-axis direction of the first rectangular lattice superimposed in the first region R is b11
- the period in the B-axis direction of the second rectangular lattice is b21
- the beam emission angle of the first region R is ⁇ 31.
- the period of the first rectangular lattice superimposed in the second region R in the B-axis direction is b12
- the period of the second rectangular lattice in the B-axis direction is b22
- the beam emission angle of the second region R is ⁇ 32 It was.
- the laser beam deflecting device preferably includes a single condensing element (lens) LS disposed close to the light emitting end face LES.
- the converging element can suppress the spread angle of the emitted light and transmit the laser beam to a long distance, and the laser beam can be collected at a position away from the element by an appropriate distance by adjusting the focal position.
- the condensing element LS here is a cylindrical lens, and the central axis X of the cylindrical lens is perpendicular to the thickness direction (Z axis) of the active layer and parallel to the light emitting end face (XZ plane). The radius of curvature of the cylindrical lens is defined only in the YZ plane.
- a convex lens can be adopted as the condensing element LS.
- One axis (X axis) passing through the center of curvature of the convex lens is perpendicular to the thickness direction (Z axis) of the active layer and parallel to the light emitting end face (XZ plane), and the curvature around this axis (X axis).
- the radius is smaller than a radius of curvature (can be approximated to infinity) around an axis (Y axis, Z axis) perpendicular thereto.
- the above-described laser beam deflection apparatus can be miniaturized because the element itself has a deflection function, and high reliability and high speed can be expected. Because of its small size, it is also expected to be used as a laser scalpel or a photodynamic therapy (PDT) light source incorporated in a portable device or in a medical capsule endoscope. Of course, the application to the display by a large-sized laser scanning is also considered. Since the stray light of the laser beam is not output to the outside, an improvement in reliability is expected.
- PDT photodynamic therapy
- SYMBOLS 10 Semiconductor laser element, 1 ... Semiconductor substrate, 2 ... Lower clad layer, 3A ... Lower light guide layer, 3B ... Active layer, 3C ... Upper light guide layer, 4 ... Photonic crystal layer, 5 ... Upper clad layer, 6 ... contact layer, E2 ... drive electrode.
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Abstract
Description
b1=b2=b0/√(1-sin2δθ)
δθ=φ-sin-1(sinθ3/ndev)
・上部クラッド層5:P型のAlGaAs(Al0.4Ga0.6As)/1.0~3.0μm
・フォトニック結晶層4:
基本層4A:GaAs/50~200nm
埋め込み層(異屈折率部)4B:AlGaAs(Al0.4Ga0.6As)/50~200nm
・上部光ガイド層3C:
上層:GaAs/10~200nm
下層:p型または真性のAlGaAs/10~100nm
AlGaAs/InGaAs MQW/10~100nm
・下部光ガイド層3A:AlGaAs/0~300nm
・下部クラッド層2:N型のAlGaAs/1.0~3.0μm
・半導体基板1:N型のGaAs/80~350μm
δθ=φ-sin-1(sinθ3/ndev)
δk=(2π/λ0)sin{φ-sin-1(sinθ3/ndev)}
b1=b2=b0/√(1-sin2δθ)
a1=1/{(δk/2π)+(1/b1)}
a2=1/{(1/b2)-(δk/2π)}
θt=tan-1(2α)+φ …(式1)
θr=180°-tan-1(2α)+φ …(式2)
θ2’=tan-1(2α)-φ …(式3)
θ3’=180°-tan-1(2α)-φ …(式4)
(XA,YA)=(Δβcosφ/2-β0sinφ,Δβsinφ/2+β0cosφ) …(式5)
(XB,YB)=(Δβcosφ/2+β0sinφ,-Δβsinφ/2+β0cosφ) …(式6)
ΔY=(XA-XB,YA-YB)=(-2β0sinφ,Δβsinφ)
Λ=2π/L2=1/{(2sinφ/ay)2+((1/aII-1/aI)sinφ)2}1/2 …(式8)
θ=θt-φ=tan-1(2α)=tan-1{(2/ay)/(1/aII-1/aI)} …(式9)
b11=b21=b0/√(1-sin2δθ1)
δθ1=φ-sin-1(sinθ31/ndev)
b12=b22=b0/√(1-sin2δθ2)
δθ2=φ-sin-1(sinθ32/ndev)
Claims (18)
- 端面発光型の半導体レーザ素子であって、
基板上に形成された下部クラッド層と、
上部クラッド層と、
前記下部クラッド層と前記上部クラッド層との間に介在する活性層と、
前記活性層と前記上部及び下部クラッド層の少なくともいずれか一方との間に介在するフォトニック結晶層と、
前記活性層の第1領域に駆動電流を供給するための第1駆動電極と、
を備え、
前記第1駆動電極の長手方向は、前記半導体レーザ素子の厚み方向から見た場合、この半導体レーザ素子の光出射端面の法線に対して、傾斜しており、
前記フォトニック結晶層の前記第1領域に対応する領域は、周囲と屈折率が異なる異屈折率部の配列周期が互いに異なる第1及び第2の周期構造を有しており、
前記第1及び第2の周期構造におけるそれぞれの前記配列周期の逆数の差分に応じて、前記半導体レーザ素子の厚み方向から見た場合、前記第1駆動電極の前記長手方向に対して所定の角度を成す2つ以上のレーザビームが前記半導体レーザ素子内部で生成され、これらのレーザビームの中で前記光出射端面に向かう1つが前記光出射端面に対して屈折角90度未満となるように設定され、前記光出射端面に向かう別の少なくとも1つが前記光出射端面に対して全反射臨界角条件を満たすように設定されている、
ことを特徴とする半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記活性層の第2領域に駆動電流を供給するための第2駆動電極を更に備え、
前記第2駆動電極の長手方向は、前記半導体レーザ素子の厚み方向から見た場合、この半導体レーザ素子の前記光出射端面の法線に対して、傾斜しており、
前記フォトニック結晶層の前記第2領域に対応する領域は、周囲と屈折率が異なる異屈折率部の配列周期が互いに異なる第3及び第4の周期構造を有しており、
前記第3及び第4の周期構造におけるそれぞれの前記配列周期の逆数の差分に応じて、前記半導体レーザ素子の厚み方向から見た場合、第2駆動電極の前記長手方向に対して所定の角度を成す2つ以上のレーザビームが前記半導体レーザ素子内部で生成され、これらのレーザビームの中で前記光出射端面に向かう1つが前記光出射端面に対して屈折角90度未満となるように設定され、前記光出射端面に向かう別の少なくとも1つが前記光出射端面に対して全反射臨界角条件を満たすように設定され、
前記第1及び第2の周期構造におけるそれぞれの前記配列周期の逆数の差分は、前記第3及び第4の周期構造におけるそれぞれの前記配列周期の逆数の差分とは異なる、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記半導体レーザ素子の厚み方向から見た場合、
前記フォトニック結晶層における前記異屈折率部は、その格子構造の格子点位置に配置されており、前記格子構造の基本並進ベクトルの方向は、前記光出射端面に平行な方向とは異なる、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記フォトニック結晶層の格子構造は、正方格子、長方格子、三角格子、及び面心長方格子からなる格子群から、重複選択の場合を含めた、2以上の格子が選択されて組み合わせられることにより構成されている、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記フォトニック結晶層には正方格子及び長方格子の結晶構造が含まれており、
正孔格子の一方の軸方向の周期をa1、この一方の軸に直交する軸方向の周期をb1、
長方格子の一方の軸方向の周期をa2、この一方の軸に直交する軸方向の周期をb2、
とした場合、
a1=b1、
a1≠a2、
b1=b2
を満たす、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記フォトニック結晶層には第1及び第2の長方格子の結晶構造が含まれており、
第1の長方格子の一方の軸方向の周期をa1、この一方の軸に直交する軸方向の周期をb1、
第2の長方格子の一方の軸方向の周期をa2、この一方の軸に直交する軸方向の周期をb2、
とした場合、
a1≠a2、
b1=b2
を満たす、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記フォトニック結晶層には第1及び第2の面心長方格子の結晶構造が含まれており、
第1の面心長方格子の一方の軸方向の周期をa1、この一方の軸に直交する軸方向の周期をb1、
第2の面心長方格子の一方の軸方向の周期をa2、この一方の軸に直交する軸方向の周期をb2、
とした場合、
a1≠a2、
b1=b2
を満たす、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記第1の面心長方格子は、三角格子である、
ことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記活性層の前記第1領域に対応するフォトニック結晶層の前記異屈折率部と、前記活性層の前記第2領域に対応するフォトニック結晶層の前記異屈折率部とは、第1及び第2領域それぞれから出力されるレーザビームの屈折角が異なり、強度が一致するよう、半導体レーザ素子の厚み方向から見た場合の個々の形状が異なる、
ことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 前記第1及び第2の周期構造における前記異屈折率部の配列周期が異なる方向に沿った前記異屈折率部の寸法が、当該異なる方向に沿った位置に応じて異なり、
前記第3及び第4の周期構造における前記異屈折率部の配列周期が異なる方向に沿った前記異屈折率部の寸法が、当該異なる方向に沿った位置に応じて異なる、ことを特徴とする請求項9に記載の半導体レーザ素子。 - 全反射臨界角条件を満たすことで、前記光出射端面によって反射されたレーザビームを、前記活性層内部で共振するレーザビームに結合させる回折格子構造を更に備えることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体レーザ素子。
- 請求項2に記載の半導体レーザ素子と、
前記第1駆動電極及び前記第2駆動電極を含む電極群に選択的に駆動電流を供給する駆動電流供給回路と、
を備えることを特徴とするレーザビーム偏向装置。 - 前記駆動電流供給回路は、前記電極群の各電極に供給する駆動電流の比率を変化させる手段を更に有することを特徴とする請求項12に記載のレーザビーム偏向装置。
- 前記第1の周期構造における基本並進ベクトルに沿った周期は、前記第3の周期構造に近づくにしたがって連続的に変化していることを特徴とする請求項12又は13に記載のレーザビーム偏向装置。
- φは前記光出射端面に垂直な方向に対する前記異屈折率部の配列方向の傾き、θ3はレーザビームの出射角、ndevは半導体レーザ素子中の光の実効屈折率とし、
前記第1及び第2駆動電極に駆動電流を供給した場合において、前記第1及び第2駆動電極直下の前記活性層の前記第1及び第2領域でそれぞれ発生するレーザビームの共振波長が同一となるように、前記第1、第2、第3及び第4の周期構造において、基本並進ベクトルに沿った方向のうち一つに関して、その周期が√{1-sin2(φ-sin-1(sinθ3/ndev))}に反比例することを特徴とする請求項12に記載のレーザビーム偏向装置。 - 前記光出射端面に近接して配置された単一の集光要素を備えることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のレーザビーム偏向装置。
- 前記集光要素は円筒レンズであり、前記円筒レンズの中心軸は前記活性層の厚み方向に垂直であって且つ前記光出射端面に平行であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載のレーザビーム偏向装置。
- 前記集光要素は凸レンズであり、前記凸レンズの曲率中心を通る1つの軸は前記活性層の厚み方向に垂直であって且つ前記光出射端面に平行であり、この軸周りの曲率半径は、これに垂直な軸周りの曲率半径よりも小さいことを特徴とする請求項16に記載のレーザビーム偏向装置。
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