Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
  • C03C21/001—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions
  • C03C21/002—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions to perform ion-exchange between alkali ions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
  • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
  • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
  • C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
  • C03C3/085—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal
  • C03C3/087—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal containing calcium oxide, e.g. common sheet or container glass
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
  • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
  • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
  • C03C3/11—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
  • C03C4/02—Compositions for glass with special properties for coloured glass
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31—Surface property or characteristic of web, sheet or block
  • Y10T428/315—Surface modified glass [e.g., tempered, strengthened, etc.]

Definitions

• aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure generally relate to the field of glass materials technology and more specifically to the field of alkali alumino silicate glass materials technology. Also, aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure are directed to one or more of: an ion exchangeable colored glass composition that substantially maintains its original color following an ion exchange treatment; an ion exchangeable, colorable glass composition to which a preselected color can be imparted by an ion exchange treatment; an ion exchanged (IOX) colored glass composition; an article or machine or equipment of or including an IOX colored glass composition; and one or more processes for making an IOX colored glass composition.
• an ion exchangeable colored glass composition that substantially maintains its original color following an ion exchange treatment
• an ion exchangeable, colorable glass composition to which a preselected color can be imparted by an ion exchange treatment an ion exchanged (IOX) colored glass composition
• IOX ion exchanged
• Glass articles are commonly utilized in a variety of consumer and commercial applications such as electronic applications, automotive applications, and even architectural applications.
• consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones, computer monitors, GPS devices, televisions and the like, commonly incorporate glass substrates as part of a display.
• the glass substrate is also utilized to enable touch functionality, such as when the displays are touch screens.
• touch functionality such as when the displays are touch screens.
• the glass articles incorporated in such devices be sufficiently robust to tolerate impact and/or damage, such as scratches and the like, during both use and transport.
• Corning GORILLA® glass a clear alkali aluminosilicate glass
• Corning GORILLA® glass a clear alkali aluminosilicate glass
• this alkali aluminosilicate glass has been primarily used for applications that require transmission of visible light.
• new potential applications relating to product color(s) and/or aesthetics as not addressed by clear alkali aluminosilicate glasses.
• ion exchangeable colored glass compositions that substantially maintain their original color following an ion exchange treatment (IOX); one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions to which one or more preselected colors can be imparted by an ion exchange treatment (IOX); one or more ion exchanged (IOX) colored glass compositions; and one or more processes for making one or more IOX colored glass compositions.
• IOX ion exchange treatment
• Such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions can combine the ion exchangeability characteristics of GORILLA® glass with the depth and breadth colors found in stained art glass.
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions exhibit colorfastness following an ion exchange treatment (IOX).
• IOX colored glass compositions combine the high strength and damage resistance of GORILLA® glass with the depth and breadth colors found in stained art glass.
• the forgoing one or more glass compositions might be utilized and/or incorporated, for example, in personal electronic devices as an underside or backplates and/or household appliances as protective shells/casings.
• the problem(s) of attaining product color(s) and/or aesthetics on an industrial scale are solved by the forgoing one or more glass compositions being compatible with large-scale sheet glass manufacturing methods, such as down-draw processes and slot- draw processes that are commonly used today in the manufacture thin glass substrates, for example, for incorporation into electronic devices.
• Some aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure relate to one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions that substantially maintain their original color following an ion exchange treatment (IOX); one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions to which one or more preselected colors can be imparted by an ion exchange treatment (IOX); one or more IOX colored glass compositions; and one or more processes for making one or more IOX colored glass compositions.
• IOX ion exchange treatment
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions and/or such one or more IOX colored glass compositions included at least about 40 mol% Si0 2 .
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more IOX colored glass compositions include one or more metal containing dopants formulated to impart a preselected color (e.g., any one or more of any of preselected hue ⁇ e.g., shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet ⁇ , preselected saturation, preselected brightness, and/or preselected gloss).
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions are formulated so that, following an ion exchange treatment (IOX), for example, up to about 64 hours, the IOX colored glass has at least one surface under a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) of at least about 500 MPa and a depth of layer (DOL) of at least about 15 ⁇ .
• IOX ion exchange treatment
• ⁇ 8 compressive stress
• DOL depth of layer
• such compositions are formulated so that, following an ion exchange treatment (IOX) up to about 64 hours, the color substantially retains its original hue without fading or running (e.g., is substantially color fast).
• IOX ion exchange treatment
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions and/or such one or more IOX colored glass compositions also might include Si0 2 from about 40 mol% to about 70 mol%; A1 2 0 3 comprises from about 0 mol% to about 25 mol%; B 2 0 3 comprises from 0 mol% to about 10 mol%; Na 2 0 comprises from about 5 mol% to about 35 mol%; K 2 0 comprises from 0 mol% to about 2.5 mol%; MgO comprises from 0 mol% to about 8.5 mol%; ZnO comprises from 0 mol% to about 2 mol%; P 2 0 5 comprises from about 0 to about 10%; CaO comprises from 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%; Rb 2 0 comprises from 0 mol% to about 20 mol%; and Cs 2 0 comprises from 0 mol% to about 20 mol%
• a method of making a colored glass article having at least one surface under a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and a depth of layer (DOL) and a preselected colored can include communicating at least one surface of an alumino silicate glass article, which has Si0 2 at least about 40 mol%, and a bath including one or more metal containing dopant sources and in amounts formulated to impart a preselected color to the alumino silicate glass article by an ion exchange treatment of the alumino silicate glass article at a temperature, for example, between about 350°C and about 500°C for a sufficient time up to about 64 hours to impart the compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ), the depth of layer (DOL), and the preselected color at the at least one surface of the alumino silicate glass.
• a bath is formulated using one or more salts including one or more strengthening ion sources, such as, for example, a potassium source; the one or more metal containing dopant sources; and a melting temperature less than or equal to the ion exchange treatment temperature.
• the one or more salts might be a formulation of one or more of a metal halide, cyanide, carbonate, chromate, a nitrogen oxide radical, manganate, molybdate, chlorate, sulfide, sulfite, sulfate, vanadyl, vanadate, tungstate, and combinations of two or more of the proceeding, alternatively, a formulation of one or more of a metal halide, carbonate, chromate, a nitrate, manganate, sulfide, sulfite, sulfate, vanadyl, vanadate, and combinations of two or more of the proceeding.
• an ion exchange treatment might be performed at between about 350°C and 500°C and/or between about 1 hour and 64 hours.
• a glass article having a thickness of up to about 1mm or more might be made using such compositions.
• a colorant might include one or more metal containing dopants in amounts formulated to impart a preselected color (e.g., any one or more of any of preselected hue ⁇ e.g., shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet ⁇ , preselected saturation, preselected brightness, and/or preselected gloss) to the glass.
• a preselected color e.g., any one or more of any of preselected hue ⁇ e.g., shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet ⁇ , preselected saturation, preselected brightness, and/or preselected gloss
• Such one or more metal containing dopants include, in some aspects, one or more of transition metals, one or more of rare earth metals, or one or more of transition metals and one or more of rare earth metals; in other aspects, one or more of one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; in still other aspects, one or more metal containing dopants formulated to impart a preselected color comprises one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, and V.
• the one or more methods impart the one or more glass articles with a layer under a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and a depth of layer (DOL), the layer extending from a surface of the glass article toward the depth of layer.
• the one or more methods can involve subjecting at one surface of an alkali alumino silicate glass article to an ion exchanging bath at a temperature of up to about 500°C for up to about 64 hours, optionally, up to about 16 hours, for a sufficient time to form the layer.
• the bath can comprise at least at least a colorant including one or more metal containing dopants formulated to impart a preselected color as disclosed and described herein.
• FIG. 1 shows a matrix of photographs (which have been converted from color to black-gray- white) illustrating a retention of original hue without fading or running (e.g., colorfastness) of ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and IOX colored glass compositions made according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 2 shows the compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) as a function of ion exchange treatment (IOX) time (t [h]) at 410°C for substrates of IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 1- 18) according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 3 shows the depth of layer (DOL) as a function of IOX time (t [h]) at 410°C for the substrates of IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 1-18) of FIG. 2 according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 4 shows the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], for the substrates of IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 1-6) made by an IOX at 410°C for 2 [h] according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 5 shows the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], for substrates of ion exchangeable Glass A colored using a iron (Fe) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions IOX at 450°C for 2 [h], 410 °C for 32 [h], and 410 °C for 64 [h] (i.e., Samples 19, 25, & 31, respectively) of FIG. 1 according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 6 shows the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], for substrates of ion exchangeable Glass B colored using a vanadium (V) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions IOX at 450°C for 2 [h], 410 °C for 32 [h], and 410 °C for 64 [h] (i.e., Samples 20, 26, & 32, respectively) of FIG. 1 according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• V vanadium
• FIG. 7 shows the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], for substrates of ion exchangeable Glass C colored using a chromium (Cr) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions IOX at 450°C for 2 [h], 410 °C for 32 [h], and 410 °C for 64 [h] (i.e., Samples 21, 27, & 33, respectively) of FIG. 1 according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 8 shows the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], for substrates of ion exchangeable Glass D colored using a cobalt (Co) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions IOX at 450°C for 2 [h], 410 °C for 32 [h], and 410 °C for 64 [h] (i.e., Samples 22, 28, & 34, respectively) of FIG. 1 according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 9 shows the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], for substrates of ion exchangeable Glass E colored using a copper (Co) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions IOX at 450°C for 2 [h], 410 °C for 32 [h], and 410 °C for 64 [h] (i.e., Samples 23, 29, & 35, respectively) of FIG. 1 according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 10 shows the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], for substrates of ion exchangeable Glass F colored using a gold (Au) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions IOX at 450°C for 2 [h], 410 °C for 32 [h], and 410 °C for 64 [h] (i.e., Samples 24, 30, & 36, respectively) of FIG. 1 according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure;
• FIG. 11 shows the internal absorbance [%] for a 1mm path length as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], for substrates of IOX glass compositions (i.e., Samples 37-61 made using ion exchangeable clear Glass G) colored using a silver (Ag) dopant by IOX at 410 °C for 8 [h] using a 5 wt% AgN0 3 - 95 wt% KN0 3 bath according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure; and
• FIG. 12 shows a detail of the internal absorbance [%] for a 1mm path length as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm], of FIG. 11 for substrates of IOX glass compositions (i.e., Samples 37-61 made using ion exchangeable clear Glass G) colored using a silver (Ag) dopant by IOX at 410 °C for 8 [h] using a 5 wt% AgN0 3 - 95 wt% KN0 3 bath according to aspects of embodiments and/or embodiments of this disclosure
• a range of values includes both the upper and lower limits of the range. For example, a range of about 1-10 mo 1% includes the values of 1 mol% and 10 mol%.
• an ion exchangeable, colored glass compositions; ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions; and/or IOX colored glass compositions might be used in a variety of electronic devices or portable computing devices, which might be configured for wireless communication, such as, computers and computer accessories, such as, "mice", keyboards, monitors (e.g., liquid crystal display (LCD), which might be any of cold cathode fluorescent lights (CCFLs-backlit LCD), light emitting diode (LED-backlit LCD) ... etc, plasma display panel (PDP) ...
• LCD liquid crystal display
• CCFLs-backlit LCD cold cathode fluorescent lights
• LED-backlit LCD light emitting diode
• PDP plasma display panel
• game controllers tablets, thumb drives, external drives, whiteboards ...etc.; personal digital assistants (PDAs); portable navigation device (PNDs); portable inventory devices (PIDs); entertainment devices and/or centers, devices and/or center accessories such as, tuners, media players (e.g., record, cassette, disc, solid-state ... etc.), cable and/or satellite receivers, keyboards, monitors (e.g., liquid crystal display (LCD), which might be any of cold cathode fluorescent lights (CCFLs-backlit LCD), light emitting diode (LED-backlit LCD) ... etc, plasma display panel (PDP) ... and the like), game controllers ...etc.; electronic reader devices or e-readers; mobile or smart phones ...
• PDAs personal digital assistants
• PNDs portable navigation device
• PIDs portable inventory devices
• entertainment devices and/or centers, devices and/or center accessories such as, tuners, media players (e.g., record, cassette, disc, solid-state ... etc.),
• an ion exchangeable, colored glass compositions might be used in automotive, appliances, and even architectural applications.
• it is desirable that such ion exchangeable, colored glass compositions and ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions are formulated to have a sufficiently low softening point and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion so as to be compatible with to shaping into complex shapes.
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions and/or such one or more IOX colored glass compositions included at least about 40 mol% Si0 2 .
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more IOX colored glass compositions include one or more metal containing dopants formulated to impart a preselected color (e.g., any one or more of any of preselected hue ⁇ e.g., shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet ⁇ , preselected saturation, preselected brightness, and/or preselected gloss).
• such compositions are formulated so that, following an ion exchange treatment (IOX) up to about 64 hours, the color substantially retains its original hue without fading or running (e.g., is substantially color fast).
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions and/or such one or more IOX colored glass compositions might include A1 2 0 3 ; at least one alkali metal oxide of the form R 2 0, wherein R comprises one or more of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs; and one or more of B 2 0 3 , K 2 0, MgO, ZnO, and P 2 0 5 .
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions and/or such one or more IOX colored glass compositions also might include Si0 2 from about 40 mol% to about 70 mol%; A1 2 0 3 comprises from about 0 mol% to about 25 mol%; B 2 0 3 comprises from 0 mol% to about 10 mol%; Na 2 0 comprises from about 5 mol% to about 35 mol%; K 2 0 comprises from 0 mol% to about 2.5 mol%; MgO comprises from 0 mol% to about 8.5 mol%; ZnO comprises from 0 mol% to about 2 mol%; P 2 0 5 comprises from about 0 to about 10%; CaO comprises from 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%; Rb 2 0 comprises from 0 mol% to about 20 mol%; and Cs 2 0 comprises from 0 mol% to about 20 mol%.
• a sum of the mol% of R 2 0+Al 2 03+MgO+ZnO might be at least about 25 mol%.
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions and/or such one or more IOX colored glass compositions might include at least one fining agent of one or more of F, CI, Br, I, AS2O3, Sb 2 03, Ce0 2 , Sn0 2 , and combinations thereof.
• a colorant might include one or more metal containing dopants in amounts formulated to impart a preselected color (e.g., any one or more of preselected hue ⁇ e.g., shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet ⁇ , preselected saturation, preselected brightness, and/or preselected gloss) to the glass.
• Such one or more metal containing dopants include, in some aspects, one or more of transition metals, one or more of rare earth metals, or one or more of transition metals and one or more of rare earth metals; in other aspects, one or more of one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; in still other aspects, one or more metal containing dopants formulated to impart a preselected color comprises one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, and V.
• a method of making a colored glass article having at least one surface under a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and a depth of layer (DOL) and a preselected colored can include communicating at least one surface of an alumino silicate glass article, which has Si0 2 at least about 40 mol%, and a bath including one or more metal containing dopant sources and in amounts formulated to impart a preselected color to the alumino silicate glass article by an ion exchange treatment of the alumino silicate glass article at a temperature, for example, between about 350°C and about 500°C for a sufficient time up to about 64 hours to impart the compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ), the depth of layer (DOL), and the preselected color at the at least one surface of the alumino silicate glass.
• a bath is formulated using one or more salts including one or more strengthening ion sources, such for example, a potassium source; the one or more metal containing dopant sources; and a melting temperature less than or equal to the ion exchange treatment temperature.
• the one or more metal containing dopants sources comprises one or more of one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, alternately, one or more of one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, and V.
• the one or more salts might be a formulation of one or more of a metal halide, cyanide, carbonate, chromate, a nitrogen oxide radical, manganate, molybdate, chlorate, sulfide, sulfite, sulfate, vanadyl, vanadate, tungstate, and combinations of two or more of the proceeding, alternatively, a formulation of one or more of a metal halide, carbonate, chromate, a nitrate, manganate, sulfide, sulfite, sulfate, vanadyl, vanadate, and combinations of two or more of the proceeding.
• the one or more methods impart the one or more glass articles with a layer under a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and a depth of layer (DOL), the layer extending from a surface of the glass article toward the depth of layer.
• the one or more methods can involve subjecting at one surface of an alkali alumino silicate glass article to an ion exchanging bath at a temperature of up to about 500°C for up to about 64 hours, optionally, up to about 16 hours, for a sufficient time to form the layer.
• the bath can comprise at least at least a colorant including one or more metal containing dopants formulated to impart a preselected color as disclosed and described herein.
• such one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or such one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions are formulated so that, following an ion exchange treatment (IOX), for example, up to about 64 hours, the IOX colored glass has at least one surface under a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) of at least about 500 MPa and a depth of layer (DOL) of at least about 15 ⁇ .
• IOX ion exchange treatment
• ⁇ 8 compressive stress
• DOL depth of layer
• an ion exchange treatment might be performed at between about 350°C and 500°C and/or between about 1 hour and 64 hours.
• a glass article having a thickness of up to about 1mm or more might be made using such compositions.
• a colorant formulated to impart a preselected color e.g., any one or more of any of preselected hue ⁇ e.g., shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet ⁇ , preselected saturation, preselected brightness, and/or preselected gloss
• a colorant can include one or more metal containing dopants in amounts formulated to impart such preselected color.
• such one or more metal containing dopants can include one or more transition metals, one or more rare earth metals, or one or more transition metals and one or more rare earth metals.
• such one or more metal containing dopants can include one or more of one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; while in still other aspects, such one or more metal containing dopants can include one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, and V.
• metal containing dopants might be in the form of an element (e.g., Au, Ag ...etc.) and/or a compound (e.g., CuO, V 2 O 5 , Cr 2 0 3 , Co 3 0 4 , Fe 2 0 3 ... etc.). Also, such metal containing dopants are added in amounts formulated to impart a preselected color. Such amounts might be up to 5 mol % and more in any combination of dopants that imparts the preselect color.
• a colorant might be added as a constituent of a batch of materials formulated for melting to a glass composition; as a constituent of an ion exchange bath formulated for imparting color to while at the same time strengthening an ion exchangeable, colorable glass; or both.
• a presence of certain metal containing dopants can mpart color while at the same time enhancing one or more properties achieve by an ion exchange treatment.
• a presence of iron in a glass can impart color while at the same time lead to an increase in compressive stress by increasing stress relaxation times in a manner similar to that obtainable to using one or more alkaline earth ions, such as, for example, Mg, Ca ...etc.
• a presence of vanadium in a glass can impart color while at the same time lead to diffusivity increases in a manner similar to that obtainable to using phosphorous in a glass composition that, in turn, can result in increased depths of layers (DOLs).
• DOLs depths of layers
• any aspects relating to the one or more glass compositions described herein including one or more of any of B 2 0 3 , P 2 0 5 , A1 2 0 3 , fluorine ... and the like in a glass composition can form charged species in a network of such composition glass that can interact with Na + in a manner so as to modify one or more properties of the resultant glass.
• Si0 2 can be the main constituent of a glass composition and, as such, can constitute a matrix of the glass. Also, Si0 2 can serve as a viscosity enhancer for aiding in a glass's formability while at the same time imparting chemical durability to the glass. Generally, Si0 2 can be present in amounts ranging from about 40 mol% up to about 70 mol%. When Si0 2 exceeds about 70 mol%, a glass's melting temperature can be unpractically high for commercial melting technologies and/or forming technologies. In some aspects, Si0 2 might ranging from about 50 mol% up to about 65 mol%, or, alternatively, even from about 50 mol% up to about 55 mol%.
• such glass compositions might further include A1 2 0 3 .
• A1 2 0 3 can be present in amounts ranging from about 0 to about 25 mol%; alternatively, from about 5 mol% up to about 15 mol%; and, still further, from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%.
• one or more fluxes can be added to a glass composition in amounts that impart to a glass a melting temperature compatible with a continuous manufacturing process, such as, for example, a fusion down-draw formation process , a slot-draw formation process ... and the like.
• a flux includes Na 2 0, which when included in appropriate amounts, can decrease not only a glass's melting temperature but, also, it's liquidus temperature, both of which can contribute to a glass's ease of manufacturing.
• an inclusion of Na 2 0 can facilitate it's strengthening by ion exchange (IOX) treatment.
• IOX ion exchange
• Na 2 0 can be present in amounts from about 5 mol% to about 35 mol%, while in alternative aspects, from about 15 mol% to about 25 mol%.
• B 2 0 3 might be included in sufficient amounts, for example, to lower a glass's softening point.
• B 2 0 3 can be present in amounts from about 0 to about 10 mol%; while in alternative aspects, from about 0 to about 5 mol%
• B 2 O 3 can be present in amounts from about 1 mol% to about 10 mol%; while in still other alternative aspects, from about 1 mol% to about 5 mol%.
• P 2 0 5 might be included in sufficient amounts, for example, to enhance an ion exchangeability of a glass by shorting an amount of time that might be required to obtain a prespecified level of compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) at a glass's surface while either not reducing or not significantly reducing a corresponding depth of layer (DOL) at the glass's surface.
• P 2 0 5 can be present in amounts from about 0 mol% to about 10 mol%; alternatively, from about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%.
• P 2 0 5 can be present in amounts from about 0 mol% to about 10 mol%; alternatively, from about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%.
• P 2 0 5 can be present in amounts from about 1 mol% to about 10 mol%; alternatively, from about 1 mol% to about 5 mol%.
• the constituent materials of the one or more glass compositions described herein may be formulated in any one or more variety of combinations so as to generate glass compositions having softening points and/or liquid coefficients of thermal expansion compatible with techniques and/or processes configured for forming glass articles having complex shapes.
• such glass compositions be formulated to be compatible with ion exchange strengthening techniques so that relatively high values of depth of layer (DOL) and/or compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) might be achieved in at least one surface of an article made using such compositions.
• DOL depth of layer
• ⁇ 8 compressive stress
• one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions of this disclosure are formulated so as to be capable of strengthening by an ion-exchange technique.
• glass articles formed from such exemplary one or more glass compositions described herein may be strengthened by an ion exchange techniques resulting in one or more IOX colored glass compositions having a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) greater than (>) about 625 MPa and a depth of layer (DOL) greater than about 30 ⁇ ; alternatively, such compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) may be greater than (>) about 700 MPa.
• glass articles formed from these exemplary glass compositions may be ion-exchange strengthened such that the one or more IOX colored glass compositions having a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) equal to or greater than (>) 750 MPa;
• cover glasses for electronic devices might be formed using any one of a fusion down-draw process, a slot-draw process, or any other suitable process used for forming glass substrates from a batch of glass raw materials.
• the one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions disclosure and described herein might be formed into glass substrates using a fusion down-draw process.
• Such fusion down-draw process utilizes a drawing tank that has a channel for accepting molten glass raw material.
• the channel has weirs that open at the top along the length of the channel on both sides of the channel.
• the molten glass overflows the weirs and, due to gravity, the molten glass flows down the outside surfaces of the drawing tank as two flowing glass surfaces. These outside surfaces extend downwardly and inwardly while joining at an edge below the drawing tank. The two flowing glass surfaces join at this edge and fuse to form a single flowing sheet of molten glass that may be further drawn to a desired thickness.
• the fusion draw method produces glass sheets with highly uniform, flat surfaces as neither surface of the resulting glass sheet is in contact with any part of the fusion apparatus.
• the one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions of this disclosure and described herein may be formed using a slot-draw process that is distinct from the fusion down-draw process.
• molten glass is supplied to a drawing tank.
• the bottom of the drawing tank has an open slot with a nozzle that extends the length of the slot.
• the molten glass flows through the slot/nozzle and is drawn downward as a continuous sheet and into an annealing region.
• such glass substrate may be further processed and shaped into one or more complex 3 -dimensional shapes such as, for example, a concave shape, a convex shape, another desired predetermined geometry ... etc.
• a formation of the glass substrate into a glass article having any of the aforementioned complex shapes is enabled by formulating the one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions to be characterized by a relatively low softening point and/or a low liquid coefficient of thermal.
• ion-exchange strengthened means that a glass is strengthened by one or more ion-exchange processes as might be known in the art of glass manufacturing. Such ion-exchange processes can include, but are not limited to,
• the glass articles are made using the one or more ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and/or one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions of this disclosure.
• the at least one ion source provides one or more ions having an ionic radius larger than the ionic radius of one or more ions present in the glass's at least one surface. In this manner, ions having smaller radii can replace or be exchanged with ions having larger radii in the glass's at least one surface.
• Communication can be effected at a temperature within a range of temperatures at which ion inter-diffusion (e.g., the mobility of the ions from the at least one ion source into the glass's surface and ions to replaced from the glass's surface) is sufficiently rapid within a reasonable time (e.g., between about 1 hour and 64 hours ranging at between about 300°C and 500°C). Also, typically such temperature is below the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the glass when it is desired that, as a result of such communication, a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and/or depth of layer (DOL) are attained in the glass's at least one surface.
• T g glass transition temperature
• ion-exchange examples include: ions of sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), rubidium (Rb + ), and/or cesium (Cs + ) being exchanged for lithium (Li + ) ions of colored or colorable glass compositions including lithium; ions of potassium (K ), rubidium (Rb ), and/or cesium (Cs ) being exchanged for sodium (Na + ) ions of colored or colorable glass compositions including sodium;, ions of rubidium (Rb + ) and/or cesium (Cs + ) being exchanged for potassium (K + ) ions of colored or colorable glass compositions including potassium ... etc.
• At least one ion source include one or more gaseous ion sources, one or more liquid ion sources, and/or one or more solid ion sources.
• liquid ion sources are liquid and liquid solutions, such as, for example molten salts.
• molten salts can be one or more alkali metal salts such as, but not limited to, one or more halides, carbonates, chlorates, nitrates, sulfites, sulfates, or combinations of two or more of the proceeding.
• such one or more alkali metal salts can include, but not be limited to, a molten salt bath including potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) communicated with the glass's at least one surface.
• KNO 3 potassium nitrate
• Such communication can be effected at a preselected temperature (e.g., between about 300°C and 500°C) for a preselected time (e.g., between about 1 hour and 64 hours) so as to effected the exchange of potassium (K ) ions for any one of lithium (Li ) ions and/or sodium (Na + ) ions in the glass's at least one surface so as to strengthen it.
• a preselected molten salt bath composition for as well as a preselected temperature and a preselected time at which communication is to be effected can be varied depending on the magnitude of compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and/or depth of layer (DOL) one desires to attain in at least one surface of the glass's surface.
• glass articles such as, for example, glass substrates and/or shaped glass articles, are simultaneously strengthened and colored through an ion-exchange process.
• an at least one ion source in addition to providing one or more ions having an ionic radius larger than the ionic radius of one or more ions present in the glass's at least one surface, provides colorant including one or more metal containing dopants formulated to impart a preselected color to at least a glass's at least one surface.
• Such one or more metal containing dopants can be selected from one or more transition metals and/or one or more rare earth metals (e.g., one or more of one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, alternatively, one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, and V).
• one or more of Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, and V are ions having smaller radii replaced or exchanged with ions having larger radii, but also one or more ions preselected for their ability impart the preselected color migrate into glass's at least one surface.
• At least one ion source including one or more metal containing dopants include one or more gaseous ion sources, one or more liquid ion sources, and/or one or more solid ion sources.
• liquid ion sources include liquid and liquid solutions, such as, for example molten salts.
• examples of such molten salts in addition to one or more alkali metal salts, include, in preselected amounts, one or more transition metals salts and/or one or more rare earth metals metal salts (e.g., .
• molten salts can include, but not limited to, one or more halides, cyanides, carbonates, chromates, salts including nitrogen oxide radicals such as nitrates, manganates, molybdates, chlorates, sulfides, sulfites, sulfates, vanadyls, vanadates, tungstates, or combinations of two or more of the proceeding.
• molten salts can include those having on or more ions with larger radii and one or more metal containing dopants disclosed in:
• communication can be effected at a temperature within a range of temperatures at which ion inter- diffusion (e.g., the mobility of the ions from the at least one ion source into the glass's surface and ions to replaced from the glass's surface) is sufficiently rapid within a reasonable time (e.g., between about 1 hour and 64 hours ranging at between about 300°C and 500°C). Also, typically such temperature is below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the glass when it is desired that, as a result of such
• a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and/or depth of layer (DOL) are attained in at least one of the glass's surfaces.
• a preselected molten salt bath composition for as well as a preselected temperature and a preselected time at which communication is to be effected can be varied depending on the magnitude of compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and/or depth of layer (DOL) and/or color one desires to attains in the glass's at least one surface.
• compositions and properties of the aforementioned one or more glass are identical to the compositions and properties of the aforementioned one or more glass.
• compositions described herein e.g., one or more ion exchangeable colored glass
• compositions that substantially maintain their original color following an IOX; one or more ion exchangeable, colorable glass compositions to which one or more preselected colors can be imparted by an IOX; and one or more IOX colored glass compositions) will be further clarified with reference to the following examples.
• Example glasses A-F described in the following were batched with Si as sand, Al as alumina, Na as both soda ash and sodium nitrate, B as boric acid, and P as aluminum metaphosphate.
• a different colorant including one or more metal containing dopants formulated to impart a different preselected color added to the batch with iron (Fe) added as Fe 2 0 3 , vanadium (V) added as V 2 0 5 , chromium (Cr) added as Cr 2 0 3 , cobalt (Co) added as C0 3 O 4 , copper (Cu) added as CuO, and gold (Au) added as Au.
• example glasses A-F were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma and/or atomic absorption and/or X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques to determine the mol% of the constituent materials in each.
• XRF X-ray fluorescence
• each of example glasses A-F had been imparted with color by the batched the one or more metal containing dopants - namely: glass A having an iron (FE) dopant was an olive green; glass B having an vanadium (V) dopant was a yellow; glass C having an chromium (Cr) dopant was a green; glass D having a cobalt (Co) dopant was a dark blue; glass E having a copper (Cu) dopant was a patina green; and glass F having a gold (Au) dopant was a red.
• FE iron
• V vanadium
• Cr chromium
• Co cobalt
• Cu copper
• Au gold
• Substrates of each of example glasses A-F were prepare so as to have an as-made substrate for comparison and a suitable number of substrates available for treatment by ion-exchange under a variety of conditions. Photographs (which have been converted from color to black-gray-white) of each of example glasses A-F are presented in FIG. 1 in the column having the "As-Made" heading.
• a replacement of smaller ions with larger ions creates a compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) at a glass's surface and/or a surface layer that is under compression, or a compressive stress (CS).
• a compressive stress ⁇ 8
• Such surface layer extends from the glass's surface into its interior or bulk to a corresponding depth of layer (DOL).
• the compressive stress (CS) in such surface layer is balanced by a tensile stress, or central tension (CT) in the glass's interior or inner region.
• Compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ), compressive stress (CS), and corresponding depth of layer (DOL) can be conveniently be measured, without limitation, using conventional optical techniques and instrumentation such as commercially available surface stress meter models FSM-30, FSM-60, FSM-6000LE, FSM-7000H ... etc. available from Luceo Co., Ltd. and/or Orihara Industrial Co., Ltd., both in Tokyo, Japan (see e.g., FSM-30 Surface Stress Meter Brochure, Cat no. FS-0013E at http://www.orihara-ss.co.jp/catalog/fsm/fsm-30-Ecat.pdf; FSM-60 Surface Stress Meter Brochure, Cat no. FS-0013E at
• Such conventional optical techniques and instrumentation involve methods of measuring compressive stress and depth of layer as described in ASTM 1422C-99, entitled “Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass,” and ASTM 1279.19779 “Standard Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully-Tempered Flat Glass,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
• Surface stress measurements rely upon the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the stress- induced birefringence of the glass.
• SOC stress optical coefficient
• SOC in turn is measured by those methods that are known in the art, such as fiber and four point bend method, both of which are described in ASTM standard C770-98 (2008), entitled “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress- Optical Coefficient,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and a bulk cylinder method.
• Compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) and a corresponding depth of layer (DOL) for each of Samples 1-18 were determined using the above conventional optical techniques and instrumentation. Values for the depth of layer (DOL) in micrometers [ ⁇ ] and values for the compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) in megapascal [MPa] are reported for each of the Samples 1-18 in Tables II-IV, where Table II includes the results for Samples 1-6, IOX for 2 [h] at 410°C; Table III includes the results for Samples 7-12, IOX for 4 [h] at 410°C; and Table IV includes the results for Samples 7-12, IOX for 8 [h] at 410°C.
• FIG. 2 graphically depicts the compressive stress ( ⁇ 8 ) in MPa as a function of ion exchange treatment (I OX) time (t [h]) in a KNO 3 bath at 410°C for substrates of IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 1-18) and made using the different dopants.
• I OX ion exchange treatment
• FIG. 2 shows that the ⁇ 8 achieved, regardless of the IOX time and type of colorant, ranges from about 810 MPa to greater than 880 MPa.
• FIG. 2 reveals that those substrates including iron (Fe) in the colorant achieved the highest ⁇ 8 , while those including Vanadium (V) exhibited the lowest ⁇ 8 values, regardless of the particular IOX time.
• ⁇ 8 values of Fe dopant substrates were between 880 and 890 MPa for 2 [h] and 4 [h] treatments, and approximately 855 MPa for the 8 [h] treatment, while the ⁇ 8 values of V dopant substrates exhibited were between 830 and 840 MPa for 2 [h] and 4 [h] treatments, and approximately 810 MPa for the 8 [h] treatments.
• FIG. 3 graphically depicts the depth of layer (DOL) in ⁇ as a function of ion exchange treatment (IOX) time (t [h]) in a KNO 3 bath at 410°C for substrates of IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 1-18) and made using the different dopants.
• IOX ion exchange treatment
• FIG. 3 shows that the DOL achieved, regardless of the IOX time and type of colorant, ranges from about 15 ⁇ to approximately 40 ⁇ .
• substrates including iron (Fe) in the colorant achieved the lowest DOL values while those including Vanadium (V) exhibited the highest DOL values, regardless of the particular IOX time.
• the DOL values of Fe dopant substrates ranged between 15 to 30 ⁇ the three IOX times at 410°C, while the DOL values of V dopant substrates ranged between 20 and 40 ⁇ for the three IOX times at 410°C.
• FIG. 4 graphically depicts the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelengths, ⁇ [nm], from 200 nanometers [nm] to 2500nm for the variety of samples of IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 1-6) based on substrates of example glasses A-F subjected to IOX using a KNO 3 bath at 410°C for 2 [h].
• Transmittance spectra of FIG. 4 for Samples 1-6 were obtained using the commercially available a Hitachi U4001 spectrophotometer equipped with 60mm diameter integrating sphere.
• the Hitachi U4001 spectrophotometer was configured with following measurement parameters: in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 200-800, the settings were Scan Speed: 120 nm/min and Bandwidth - PMT - 3.0nm and, with a detector change at 800nm, in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 800-2500, the settings were Scan Speed: 300 nm/min and Bandwidth - PbS - Servo, Gain - 4 while in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 200-340, the source was deuterium based and, with a source change at 340nm, in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 340-2500, the source was tungsten halogen based.
• No aperture was used over the entire range of ⁇ [nm] from 200-2500nm.
• the surafces of each sample was polished to an optical finish. Prior to measurement, the flats of each sample were cleaned using a first low linting wiper saturated with a solution of 1% micro soap concentrate in deionized (DI) water; rinsed using DI water; dried using a second linting wiper; and finally wiped using a third wiper dampened with HPLC grade reagent alcohol.
• DI deionized
• FIG. 1 shows a matrix of photographs (which have been converted from color to black-gray-white) illustrating a retention of original hue without fading or running (e.g., colorfastness) of ion exchangeable colored glass compositions and IOX colored glass compositions.
• Photographs (which have been converted from color to black-gray-white) of each of example glasses A-F are presented in FIG. 1 in the column having the "As-Made” heading and compared to photographs of samples of these glasses following IOX in KNO 3 at 450°C for 2 [h]; IOX in KN0 3 at 410°C for 32 [h]; and IOX in KN0 3 at 410°C for 64 [h].
• FIG. 1 demonstrate retention of original or "as-made” hue without fading and/or running (e.g., colorfastness).
• the transmittance [%] as a function of wavelength, ⁇ [nm] for example glasses A-F and Samples 19-36 where measured and compared.
• ion exchangeable Glass A colored using an iron (Fe) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 19, 25, & 31); ion exchangeable Glass B colored using a vanadium (V) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 20, 26, & 32); ion exchangeable Glass C colored using a chromium (Cr) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass (i.e., Samples 21, 27, & 33); ion exchangeable Glass D colored using a cobalt (Co) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 22, 28, & 34); ion exchangeable Glass E colored using a copper (Co) dopant and corresponding IOX colored glass compositions (i.e., Samples 23, 29, & 35); and ion exchangeable Glass E colored
• the transmission spectra for each as-made glass composition and its corresponding IOX colored samples are similarly shaped confirming demonstrating the visual observation of original or "as-made” hue retention.
• the spectra substantially coincide in the range of ⁇ [nm] from about 250-500 for Fe dopant and V dopant compositions: in the range of ⁇ [nm] from about 250-800 for Co dopant and Cu dopants compositions while appearing to slightly diverge for Cr dopant and Au dopants compositions in the range of ⁇ [nm] from about 250-500.
• color difference, ⁇ ranges from about 0.13 to about 9.1 with the largest value being associated with Sample 24, a Au dopant substrates treated for 2 [h] at 450°C while the smallest value is associated with Sample 29, a Cu dopant substrate treated for 32 [h] at 410°C.
• color difference, ⁇ ranges from about 0.15 to about 8.41 with the largest value being associated with Sample 24, a Au dopant substrates treated for 2 [h] at 450°C while the smallest value is associated with Sample 29, a Cu dopant substrate treated for 32 [h] at 410°C.
• a second series of transmittance color measurements were made using a Hunterlab Ultrascan XE colorimeter configured with following measurement parameters: in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 360-750, Spectral Bandwidth of lOnm, Scan Steps of lOnm, xenon flash lamp type source, diode array detector, and a 3/4" diameter aperture. Sample preparation prior to making measurements was substantially as described above.
• Example glass G For Example glass G described in the following, 25 distinct batches were prepared with Si as sand, Al as alumina, Na as both soda ash and sodium nitrate, B as boric acid, and P as aluminum metaphosphate. Each of the 25 distinct batches of example glass G was formulated without metal containing dopants. Each of the 25 distinct batches was melted at 1600°C for four hours and then poured and annealed between 550°C and 650°C. The composition each example glass G corresponding one of the 25 distinct batches was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma and/or atomic absorption and/or X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques to determine the mol% of the constituent materials in each. The range of compositions of example glass G is reported in Table XI.
• XRF X-ray fluorescence
• Transmittance spectra for example glass G and Samples 37-61 were obtained using the commercially available a Hitachi U4001 spectrophotometer equipped with 60mm diameter integrating sphere.
• the Hitachi U4001 spectrophotometer was configured with following measurement parameters: in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 200-800, the settings were Scan Speed: 120 nm/min and Bandwidth - PMT - 3.0nm and, with a detector change at 800nm, in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 800-2500, the settings were Scan Speed: 300 nm/min and Bandwidth - PbS - Servo, Gain - 4 while in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 200-340, the source was deuterium based and, with a source change at 340nm, in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 340- 2500, the source was tungsten halogen based.
• Reflectance spectra for example glass G and Samples 37-61 were obtained using the commercially available a Perkin Elmer Lamda 950 spectrophotometer with a 60mm diameter integrating sphere.
• the Perkin Elmer Lamda 950 spectrophotometer was configured with following measurement parameters: in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 200-860, the settings were Scan Speed: 480 nm/min and Bandwidth - PMT - 3.0nm and, with a detector change at 860nm, in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 860-2500, the settings were Scan Speed: 480 nm/min and Bandwidth - PbS - Servo, Gain - 5 while in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 200-340, the source was deuterium based and, with a source change at 340nm, in the range of ⁇ [nm] from 340- 2500, the source was tungsten halogen based.
• Table XII summarizes average, minimum, and maximum internal absorbance [%] for lmm path length for Samples 37-61 while FIG. 11 graphically depicts the internal absorbance [%] for lmm path length over the entire range of ⁇ [nm] from about 250-2500 for Samples 37-61 and FIG. 12 graphically depicts the internal absorbance [%] for lmm path length over the entire range of ⁇ [nm] from about 250-800 for Samples 37-61.

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