WO2013073097A1 - 熱電併給システム - Google Patents
熱電併給システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013073097A1 WO2013073097A1 PCT/JP2012/006237 JP2012006237W WO2013073097A1 WO 2013073097 A1 WO2013073097 A1 WO 2013073097A1 JP 2012006237 W JP2012006237 W JP 2012006237W WO 2013073097 A1 WO2013073097 A1 WO 2013073097A1
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- Prior art keywords
- heat
- amount
- control variable
- time
- power generation
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- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 138
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 223
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 claims description 68
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D23/00—Control of temperature
- G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
- G05D23/1919—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means characterised by the type of controller
- G05D23/1923—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means characterised by the type of controller using thermal energy, the cost of which varies in function of time
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D18/00—Small-scale combined heat and power [CHP] generation systems specially adapted for domestic heating, space heating or domestic hot-water supply
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D15/00—Other domestic- or space-heating systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2101/00—Electric generators of small-scale CHP systems
- F24D2101/30—Fuel cells
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2101/00—Electric generators of small-scale CHP systems
- F24D2101/70—Electric generators driven by internal combustion engines [ICE]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2103/00—Thermal aspects of small-scale CHP systems
- F24D2103/10—Small-scale CHP systems characterised by their heat recovery units
- F24D2103/17—Storage tanks
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
- F24D2200/16—Waste heat
- F24D2200/19—Fuel cells
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
- F24D2200/16—Waste heat
- F24D2200/26—Internal combustion engine
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
- H01M2250/405—Cogeneration of heat or hot water
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02B90/10—Applications of fuel cells in buildings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a combined heat and power system that generates electric power and heat.
- a combined heat and power system generally includes a power generation engine such as a fuel cell or a gas engine, and a heat accumulator.
- a power generation engine such as a fuel cell or a gas engine
- a heat accumulator In the operation control of the combined heat and power supply system, in order to perform an operation suitable for the user, it is essential to calculate the amount of heat used by the user (referred to as “used heat amount” for convenience of explanation).
- the amount of heat supplied from the heat accumulator can be regarded as the amount of heat used. Therefore, it is important in calculating the amount of heat used to appropriately grasp the amount of heat supplied from the heat accumulator to the heat load.
- a temperature sensor such as a thermistor, a flow meter, etc. are usually provided at a plurality of locations in a water circuit including a tank in the hot water storage unit in order to calculate the amount of heat used.
- a measuring instrument is installed.
- the combined heat and power system appropriately calculates the amount of heat supplied to the heat load (utilized heat amount) based on the data collected by these measuring instruments. Thereby, since the usage pattern (or energy usage pattern) of the heat amount by the user can be estimated, the combined heat and power system can make an operation plan suitable for the user based on the estimated usage pattern. .
- Patent Document 1 discloses energy that can simplify data input and improve the reliability of evaluation results in estimating the use cost by estimating energy demand such as electric power and / or heat.
- a supply evaluation system has been proposed.
- the energy supply evaluation system includes an estimation unit that estimates the amount of energy (electric power and heat) used for each time period of the day, and the estimation unit determines the amount of energy usage according to the input predetermined data.
- the calculation processing method for performing the estimation is changed.
- an energy supply form (energy utilization pattern) adapted to the energy demand trend is output.
- the predetermined data includes, for example, information for identifying differences in lifestyles of users (energy consumers), or geographical information (for example, areas taking into account differences in heat insulation of houses depending on areas, etc.) Information, temperature information, etc.).
- Patent Document 2 discloses an operation control system for a home cogeneration system for the purpose of realizing operation control that exhibits more energy savings based on a relatively small amount of data by a simple determination logic. Proposed.
- the operation control system first calculates and stores a deviation for each sampling time of the power load at a predetermined time.
- the electric power load and the electric power load deviation are read out under a predetermined condition, and the cogeneration apparatus is used for load following operation. Therefore, when load following operation is performed based on these, after calculating the power generation output, power generation efficiency, heat recovery rate, power purchase amount, heat recovery amount of the combined heat and power supply device, the start time and stop time are calculated. Make a temporary decision. Then, the amount of energy consumption of the temporarily determined operation pattern is calculated, and the operation pattern that minimizes the amount of energy consumption is selected.
- JP 2007-219912 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-030211
- the energy usage is calculated using information such as the actual value of energy usage. Estimated.
- the calculation processing method for this estimation is changed according to the predetermined data.
- the predetermined data is a difference in the lifestyle of the user, geographical information where the user's building is located, and the like, which are derived from statistical information in a wide area.
- the obtained energy usage pattern may differ from the usage pattern suitable for the individual user. is there.
- the operation control system disclosed in Patent Document 2 selects an operation pattern that minimizes the amount of energy consumption after tentatively determining an operation pattern by calculation using an electric power load and an electric power load deviation. Therefore, a certain amount of time is required for the calculation process for selecting the final operation pattern, and the storage capacity associated with the calculation may increase.
- some cogeneration systems do not have sufficient measurement functions in the regenerator. Specifically, for example, there are no measuring instruments provided in the regenerator, the number of provided measuring instruments is small, the provided measuring instruments are simple, and there is no data collected. It may be enough. In this case, since the combined heat and power system cannot appropriately calculate the amount of heat used, it is difficult to make an operation plan suitable for the user.
- the present invention has been made to solve such a problem, and is suitable for the user by simple arithmetic processing even when the amount of heat supplied from the heat accumulator to the heat load cannot be sufficiently grasped.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a combined heat and power system capable of operating control.
- a combined heat and power system includes a combined heat and power supply device that supplies electric power and heat, a regenerator that stores heat supplied by the combined heat and power supply device, and a heat storage device in the regenerator.
- a heat quantity detector that detects the amount of heat storage, and a controller, and the controller sets a control variable that is a variable according to a user's heat demand for each preset unit time.
- the controller sets a control variable that is a variable according to a user's heat demand for each preset unit time.
- a first heat amount that is an upper limit target value of the heat storage amount is preset, and the controller is a value at which the heat storage amount detected by the heat amount detector exceeds the first heat amount. If so, it may be configured to control the operation of the combined heat and power unit after lowering the set value of the control variable in the subsequent unit time.
- a second heat amount that is a lower limit target value of the heat storage amount and smaller than the first heat amount is set in advance, and the controller is configured to detect the heat amount detector. If the amount of stored heat detected in step 2 is lower than the second amount of heat, the set value of the control variable is increased in the subsequent unit time, and then the operation of the combined heat and power supply device is controlled. Also good.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of processing for stopping the operation of the combined heat and power device when the detected amount of stored heat exceeds the first amount of heat in the controller of the combined heat and power system illustrated in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 1 In the combined heat and power system shown in FIG. 1, it is a time chart which shows an example of a time-dependent change of the electric power generation amount and heat storage amount when the detected heat storage amount exceeds 1st heat amount. In the combined heat and power system shown in FIG. 1, it is a time chart which shows an example of a time-dependent change of the electric power generation amount and heat storage amount when the detected heat storage amount is less than 2nd heat amount. It is a flowchart which shows an example of the process which sets a control variable in the controller of the cogeneration system which concerns on Embodiment 2 of this invention.
- FIG. 1 It is a flowchart which shows an example of the process which sets a control variable in the controller of the cogeneration system which concerns on Embodiment 2 of this invention.
- FIG. 9 is a time chart showing an example of a change over time in the amount of generated power and the amount of stored heat when the detected amount of stored heat exceeds the first amount of heat in the combined heat and power system performing the process shown in FIG. 8. It is a flowchart which shows an example of the process which changes a control variable, when a control variable does not change for a fixed period in the cogeneration system which concerns on Embodiment 3 of this invention.
- FIG. 11 is a time chart showing an example of a change over time in the amount of generated power and the amount of stored heat when the control variable does not change for a certain period in the combined heat and power system performing the process shown in FIG. 10.
- FIG. 1 It is a block diagram which shows an example of schematic structure of the cogeneration system which concerns on Embodiment 4 of this invention. It is a block diagram which shows an example of the specific structure of the controller of the cogeneration system shown in FIG. It is a flowchart which shows an example of the process which changes a control variable in the controller of the cogeneration system shown in FIG. It is a time chart which shows an example of a time-dependent change of the electric power generation amount and the heat storage amount in the combined heat and power system which performs the process shown in FIG.
- a combined heat and power system includes a combined heat and power device that supplies power and heat, a heat storage that stores heat supplied by the combined heat and power supply device, and a heat amount detector that detects the amount of heat stored in the heat storage device.
- a controller and for each unit time set in advance, the controller sets a control variable that is a variable according to the heat demand of the user, and then controls the operation of the cogeneration device.
- the set value of the control variable is changed in the subsequent unit time.
- the operation of the cogeneration apparatus is controlled.
- the control variable according to the heat demand was previously set, the amount of heat (heat storage amount) accumulated in the regenerator was detected, not the amount of heat supplied from the regenerator to the heat load, Used to change (reset) control variables.
- the amount of heat supplied from the heat accumulator to the heat load cannot be sufficiently grasped, it is possible to change the control variable in accordance with the change in the amount of heat accumulating the combined heat and power supply device according to the heat demand of the user. Can be driven.
- operation control suitable for the user can be performed by simple arithmetic processing.
- a first heat amount that is an upper limit target value of the heat storage amount is preset, and the controller stores the heat storage detected by the heat amount detector. If the amount exceeds the first heat amount, the operation of the combined heat and power supply apparatus may be controlled after lowering the set value of the control variable in the subsequent unit time.
- the target range of the heat storage amount is further set in advance with a second heat amount that is a lower limit target value of the heat storage amount and a value smaller than the first heat amount. If the amount of stored heat detected by the heat quantity detector is less than the second heat quantity, the controller increases the set value of the control variable in the subsequent unit time, and then The structure which controls operation
- the controller determines that the set value of the control variable has not changed over a plurality of continuous unit times, the setting of the control variable is performed.
- the configuration may be such that the operation of the cogeneration apparatus is controlled after increasing the value.
- the controller is configured to stop the combined heat and power supply device in operation if the amount of heat stored detected by the heat quantity detector exceeds the first heat quantity. Also good.
- the combined heat and power supply device includes an energy consumption calculator that calculates an integrated value of a heat storage amount detected by a heat detector as an energy consumption amount of a thermal load, and the energy A first consumption amount is preset as a target value for an upper limit of consumption amount, and the controller controls the control when the energy consumption amount calculated by the energy consumption amount calculator exceeds the first consumption amount.
- the configuration may be such that the operation of the cogeneration apparatus is controlled after changing the set value of the variable to the maximum value.
- a second consumption amount that is smaller than the first consumption amount is preset as a lower limit target value of the energy consumption amount, and the controller includes the controller
- the configuration may be such that the combined heat and power supply device is not operated.
- the reference value of the heat demand of the user is set based on at least one of a floor area of a building where the combined heat and power supply device is installed and heat insulation performance. Also good.
- control variable may be a configuration in which at least one of a heat supply amount, a power generation amount, and a power generation time of the cogeneration device is used, and the control As a variable, the structure used in combination with the power generation start time of the cogeneration apparatus may be used.
- the combined heat and power system 10A includes a combined heat and power supply device 11A, a heat storage device 12, a heat quantity detector 13, an operating device 14, and a first circuit 15 and a second circuit 16. ing.
- the specific configuration of the cogeneration apparatus 11A is not particularly limited as long as it supplies power and heat.
- the combined heat and power supply device 11A for example, a fuel cell that generates power using a fuel gas containing hydrogen and an oxidant gas, or a gas engine that generates power by burning a combustible gas is suitable. Used for.
- the specific configuration of the heat accumulator 12 is not particularly limited as long as the heat accumulator 12 accumulates (accumulates heat) the heat supplied by the cogeneration apparatus 11A.
- a hot water storage tank using water as a heat medium can be suitably used as the heat accumulator 12.
- the combined heat and power supply device 11 ⁇ / b> A and the regenerator 12 are connected by a first circuit 15 and a second circuit 16.
- the first circuit 15 and the second circuit 16 may be pipes for circulating a heat medium (water in the present embodiment) between the combined heat and power supply device 11A and the heat accumulator 12.
- the first circuit 15 is a pipe for supplying the heat medium stored in the regenerator 12 to the cogeneration apparatus 11A.
- the second circuit 16 is a pipe for circulatingly supplying the heat medium supplied via the first circuit 15 from the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11 ⁇ / b> A to the heat accumulator 12.
- the cogeneration apparatus 11A includes a heat medium circulation mechanism (not shown) (not shown).
- the heat medium for example, cold water
- the heat medium absorbs the heat generated in the cogeneration apparatus 11A. (to recover.
- the heat load for example, a hot water supply device, a heating device, etc.
- Thermal energy is supplied from the heat medium.
- the heat amount detector 13 is a measuring device that detects the amount of heat stored in the regenerator 12, and its specific configuration is not particularly limited.
- the heat quantity detector 13 is configured to estimate the heat storage amount in the heat accumulator 12 based on the amount of the heat medium flowing through the first circuit 15 and the temperature of the heat medium. It is determined in advance by the position of the heat quantity detector 13.
- the heat quantity detector 13 is not provided in the regenerator 12, but is provided in the first circuit 15 (where the heat medium is input from the regenerator 12 to the combined heat and power supply device 11A). ing. If the heat storage amount is limited when the average temperature of the heat storage device 12 is 60 ° C. to 65 ° C., the temperature detectable by the heat amount detector 13 is about 35 ° C. to 40 ° C.
- the operation device 14 is an input / output device for operating the combined heat and power system 10A, and can input various operation information and display (output) the operation information.
- An operation command for the cogeneration apparatus 11A is generated by the operation of the operation device 14, and is output to the controller 20A.
- the operation device 14 is configured as a wired or wireless remote controller, and includes known operation buttons, operation switches, display lamps, a display panel, and the like.
- the combined heat and power apparatus 11 ⁇ / b> A includes a controller 20 ⁇ / b> A and a storage device 31, and the controller 20 ⁇ / b> A is based on information input from the heat quantity detector 13 and the operation device 14. The operation of the device 11A is controlled.
- the controller 20 ⁇ / b> A includes a detected heat amount comparison unit 21, a control variable setting unit 22, and an operation control unit 23.
- the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 compares the heat storage amount (indicated by Qd in FIG. 2) detected by the heat amount detector 13 with a preset reference heat amount (threshold value), and the comparison result is a control variable setting unit 22. Output to. Further, when the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 obtains a comparison result that the detected heat storage amount is larger than the reference heat amount, it outputs a stop command to the operation control unit 23.
- the control variable setting unit 22 refers to various information stored in the storage unit 31 based on the input information from the operation unit 14 or the comparison result from the detected calorific value comparison unit 21 and the cogeneration apparatus 11A. Is set or changed, and is output to the operation control unit 23.
- the operation control unit 23 includes a control variable (operation control information) output from the control variable setting unit 22, operation control information stored in the storage device 31, an operation command output from the operation device 14, or a detected heat amount comparison unit. Based on the information such as the stop command output from 21, the operation control of the cogeneration apparatus 11A is performed.
- the storage unit 31 stores geographic information and statistical information used for setting the control variable by the control variable setting unit 22, various control information used for operation control by the operation control unit 23, and the like. Therefore, the storage device 31 is configured to be able to read at least information stored by the control variable setting unit 22 and the operation control unit 23. Further, as will be described later, the control variable setting unit 22 and the operation control unit 23 are also configured to be able to write various information generated by the control to the storage device 31. Therefore, in FIG. 2, the storage device 31 and the control variable setting unit 22 are illustrated by being connected by a bidirectional arrow, and the storage device 31 and the operation control unit 23 are also illustrated by being connected by a bidirectional arrow. .
- the specific configuration of the controller 20A is not particularly limited, and may be a functional configuration realized by an arithmetic device such as a CPU operating in accordance with a program stored in the storage unit 31, or a known switching element. , A subtractor, a comparator, etc. may be configured as a logic circuit.
- the storage device 31 only needs to be composed of a known storage element and / or storage device, and may be a storage device built in the combined heat and power supply device 11A, or an externally attached storage device. Or both of them. Examples of the built-in storage device include an EEPROM and a hard disk.
- the controller 20A includes a detected heat amount comparison unit 21, a control variable setting unit 22, and an operation control unit 23.
- the specific configuration of the controller 20A is the configuration illustrated in FIG. It is not limited to, It may include other well-known structures, and it does not need to have some structures.
- the control variable in the present embodiment is one of the operation control information of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A as described above, and is defined as a variable corresponding to (the magnitude of) the heat demand of the user.
- Specific examples of such control variables include, but are not limited to, at least one of a heat supply amount, a power generation amount, and a power generation time. These control variables are variables set for each preset unit time.
- the unit time is a predetermined time (period) that is set when controlling the operation of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A, and is set as a period that becomes a break when repeating the operation of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A.
- the unit time is set to one day (24 hours).
- the unit time is not limited to one day, and may be, for example, one week, ten days, one month, or every season as long as it is a preferable period in terms of operation control of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A.
- control variables used in the present embodiment are the heat supply amount, the power generation amount, and the power generation time, all of which are variables per unit time, and the heat demand of the building where the combined heat and power supply device 11A is installed (use of the building) Can be estimated from the amount of heat required by the person).
- the amount of heat supply can be estimated as the amount of heat required per unit time based on the heat demand.
- the power generation amount can be estimated as the amount of power that can supply the heat supply amount per unit time from the power generation performance of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A.
- the power generation time can be estimated from the power generation performance of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A as the operation time (operating time) of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A that can realize the heat supply amount or the power generation amount per unit time.
- a power generation start time may be used in combination as a control variable.
- the power generation start time it is possible to set the operating time zone of the combined heat and power device 11A within a unit time in accordance with the peak of heat demand.
- a control variable such as a heat supply amount, a power generation amount, or a power generation time is an absolute value realized by the cogeneration apparatus 11A within a unit time. Therefore, if at least such a control variable is used for operation control of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A, it is possible to realize heat supply or power supply according to heat demand within a unit time.
- the unit time includes a time zone in which heat or electric power is not necessary (a time zone for low heat demand) and a time zone in which a lot of heat or electric power is required (time zone for high heat demand). Therefore, by further using the control variable called the power generation start time, the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A can be operated within the unit time in accordance with the time zone of high heat demand.
- the power generation start time can be estimated based on the required amount of heat (heat supply amount), power generation amount, or power generation time by calculating backward from the time when the high heat demand period starts (time when heat demand starts to increase). it can. Also, the high heat demand time zone (or the time when the heat demand starts to increase) can be estimated from the heat demand statistical information.
- the power generation start time is not a control variable according to heat demand, it is different from control variables such as heat supply, power generation, and power generation time. Is not performed, and is appropriately changed according to the change of other control variables. Therefore, in the present embodiment, such a control variable is referred to as an “auxiliary control variable” for convenience of explanation, but in the present embodiment, the broad “control variable” includes a heat supply amount, a power generation amount, a power generation time. It is assumed that not only a narrowly-defined “control variable” (control variable according to heat demand) but also auxiliary control variables such as power generation start time are included.
- auxiliary control variable in addition to the power generation start time, for example, the above-described time zone of high heat demand or low heat demand can be used. These time zones can be used as auxiliary control variables because, for example, the peak of heat demand can be combined with the power generation time by combining with the power generation time, or the power generation time can be set outside the time zone with less heat demand. Is possible.
- the auxiliary control variable is not limited to the power generation start time, the heat demand time zone, and the like, and other variables can also be used.
- the control variable can be estimated at least if the heat demand is known.
- This heat demand can be statistically estimated from the heat insulation performance and floor area of the building where the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A is installed. Therefore, in this embodiment, first, the heat insulation performance and the floor area are input to the controller 20A of the cogeneration apparatus 11A, and based on these information, the reference value (based on the heat insulation performance and the floor area). Set the model value. Further, by setting a reference value for heat demand, it is possible to set (initialize) the initial value of the control variable in accordance with the reference value.
- the initial setting process of the heat demand reference value and the control variable includes three steps in the present embodiment as shown in FIG.
- the combined heat and power system 10 ⁇ / b> A includes the operation device 14
- information can be input from the operation device 14 when the controller 20 ⁇ / b> A starts the initial setting process. Therefore, the user (or the installer or maintenance staff of the combined heat and power system 10A) inputs the geographical information and the floor area of the building where the combined heat and power system 10A is installed from the operation unit 14 (step S101). These pieces of information are output to the control variable setting unit 22 of the controller 20A as shown in FIG.
- the control variable setting unit 22 refers to the geographic information stored in the storage device 31 and collates the geographic information input from the operation unit 14 to determine the thermal insulation performance of the building, and the thermal insulation performance is input.
- a reference value for heat demand is set from the floor area (step S102).
- the geographical information of the building is used as information for determining the thermal insulation performance of the building. That is, if the location (geographic information) of a building is clarified, the climate, average temperature, temperature change, and the like of the region are specified, so that the heat insulation performance applied to the building is also clarified. Therefore, the heat demand of a building can be statistically estimated from the heat insulating performance and the floor area of the building. Therefore, the control variable setting unit 22 can set the reference value for heat demand from the geographical information and the floor area.
- the control variable setting unit 22 is based on the heat insulation performance (geographic information) only.
- a reference value for demand can be set.
- the control variable setting unit 22 can set the reference value of the heat demand only from the floor area. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the reference value for heat demand may be set based on at least one of the heat insulation performance and the floor area.
- the reference value of the heat demand may be calculated by the control variable setting unit 22 in accordance with the input of the geographical information and the floor area.
- the geographical information insulation performance
- it may be classified into a plurality of classes and stored in the storage device 31 in advance.
- the table in Table 1 should be used as a lookup table (LUT) for the reference value of heat demand. Can do.
- the control variable setting unit 22 does not calculate the reference value for each input, but reads the corresponding class from the LUT and reads the reference value set for the class. Setting is possible.
- the geographic information includes two areas of X and Y, and the thermal insulation performance x or y is set for the buildings located in these areas, respectively. Furthermore, since the floor area is divided into three stages i to iii, heat demand is hierarchized into six classes A to F, and standard values are set for each class (see Table 2 below). .
- control variable setting unit 22 sets the control variable based on the reference value.
- the control variable setting unit 22 since the power generation time and the power generation start time (auxiliary control variable) are used in combination as the control variables, the control variable setting unit 22 sets the specific values of the power generation time and the power generation start time from the reference value of the heat demand. (Set value) may be set (step S103).
- the power generation time and the power generation start time which are control variables, may be stored in the storage unit 31 as a LUT in the same manner as the heat demand class and the reference value.
- the heat demand is set as six classes A to F as shown in Table 1, so the power generation time and the power generation start time are respectively set corresponding to these six classes as shown in Table 2 below. It only has to be set as a value.
- the control variable setting unit 22 sets these control variables by reading the power generation time and the power generation start time corresponding to the reference value of the heat demand from the LUT of the storage device 31.
- control variable setting unit 22 sets the reference value of heat demand from the input geographic information and floor area, and sets the power generation time and the power generation start time as control variables according to this reference value. Thereby, the initial setting process of the reference value of heat demand and the control variable is completed. As shown in FIG. 2, the initially set control variable is output from the control variable setting unit 22 to the operation control unit 23, and the operation control unit 23 controls the operation of the cogeneration apparatus 11A based on the control variable. Become.
- the initial setting process of the reference value and control variable of the heat demand shown in FIG. 3 is not an essential process in the present embodiment.
- the user or the installer or the person in charge of maintenance
- the reference value of heat demand (50 to 100 MJ in Table 2) may be directly input.
- the class or reference value of the heat demand is initially set in the controller 20A, and may be changed (reset) by input from the operation device 14 as necessary.
- the cogeneration system 10 ⁇ / b> A is configured to change (reset) the control variable that is initially set as described above in accordance with the amount of heat stored in the heat accumulator 12 during the operation control. This point will be specifically described with reference to FIG.
- This control variable changing process is composed of 6 steps in this embodiment as shown in FIG. While the operation control of the cogeneration apparatus 11A is being performed by the controller 20A (operation control unit 23), the heat amount detector 13 detects the amount of heat stored in the heat accumulator 12 at a predetermined cycle and outputs it to the controller 20A. Therefore, when the controller 20A starts the change process, the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 determines whether or not the heat amount detector 13 has detected the heat storage amount Qd (step S111). If not detected, this determination is repeated (NO in step S111), and if detected (YES in step S111), the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 sets the detected heat storage amount Qd to a preset reference heat amount. Is compared with the first heat quantity Q1 (step S112).
- This first heat quantity Q1 is a threshold value set as an upper limit target value of the heat storage amount of the heat accumulator 12, and it is determined whether or not there is too much heat accumulated in the heat accumulator 12 (detected heat storage amount Qd). This is a reference value for determination.
- the first heat amount Q1 is an upper limit value for operation control of the combined heat and power system 10A, and does not indicate an upper limit value of the heat storage amount of the heat accumulator 12. Therefore, the specific value of the first heat quantity Q1 can be set as appropriate according to the specific configuration of the combined heat and power system 10A or the conditions such as the usage environment.
- the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 determines that the detected heat storage amount Qd is larger than the first heat amount Q1 (Q1 ⁇ Qd) (YES in step S112), the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 outputs the comparison result to the control variable setting unit 22.
- the control variable setting unit 22 lowers the corresponding control variable from the set value by lowering the reference value for heat demand (step S113). That is, if Q1 ⁇ Qd, it means that the amount of heat stored in the regenerator 12 is too much for control, so the combined heat and power system 10A can supply heat (and supply power) exceeding the heat demand of the user. It is considered to have gone. Therefore, the heat supply (and power supply) by the combined heat and power system 10A can be suppressed by lowering the reference value of the heat demand and lowering the control variable.
- the heat demand is hierarchized into six classes A to F as shown in Table 1, and the power generation time and the power generation start time as control variables are as shown in Table 2. It is set to correspond to six heat demand classes together with the heat demand reference value. Therefore, by reducing the class of heat demand from the initial class, for example, by one class, the power generation time is reduced (shortened).
- the power generation start time which is an auxiliary control variable, is also set as appropriate as the power generation time decreases.
- the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 determines that the detected heat storage amount Qd is smaller than the first heat amount Q1 (Q1> Qd) (NO in step S112), the detected heat storage amount Qd is set to another one. It is compared with the second heat quantity Q2 which is one reference heat quantity (step S114). Since the second heat quantity Q2 is set as a lower limit target value of the heat storage amount of the heat accumulator 12, it becomes a value smaller than the first heat quantity Q1.
- the second amount of heat Q2 is a reference value (threshold value) for determining whether or not the amount of heat stored in the regenerator 12 (the detected amount of stored heat Qd) is too small, and is the same as the first amount of heat Q1. In addition, it does not indicate the lower limit value of the heat storage amount of the heat accumulator 12. Therefore, the specific value of the second heat quantity Q2 can also be appropriately set according to the specific configuration of the combined heat and power system 10A or the conditions such as the usage environment.
- the detection heat amount comparison unit 21 determines that the detected heat storage amount Qd is smaller than the second heat amount Q2 (Q2> Qd) (YES in step S114), the detection heat amount comparison unit 21 outputs the comparison result to the control variable setting unit 22.
- the control variable setting unit 22 increases the corresponding control variable from the set value by increasing the reference value of the heat demand (step S115). That is, if Q2> Qd, it means that the amount of heat stored in the regenerator 12 is too small for control, so the heat supply (and power supply) of the combined heat and power supply system 10A sufficiently satisfies the heat demand of the user. Is considered not to meet. Therefore, the heat supply (and power supply) by the combined heat and power system 10A can be promoted by increasing the control value by increasing the reference value of the heat demand (increasing the power generation time and increasing the power generation start time). it can.
- the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 determines that the detected heat storage amount Qd is larger than the second heat amount Q2 (Q2 ⁇ Qd) (NO in step S114), the heat storage amount of the heat accumulator 12 is the upper limit target. It is smaller than the first heat quantity Q1 that is the value and larger than the second heat quantity Q2 that is the lower limit target value (Q1> Qd> Q2). That is, the comparison result of Q1> Qd> Q2 means that the heat supply (and power supply) of the combined heat and power system 10A is within a preferable range. Therefore, since the control variable setting unit 22 maintains the heat demand reference value without changing it, the power generation time and the power generation start time, which are control variables, are also maintained (step S116).
- control variable setting unit 22 changes the control variable (steps S113 and S115) or decides to maintain the control variable without changing it (step S116), the control variable changing process ends.
- the heat quantity detector 13 is configured to estimate the amount of heat stored in the heat accumulator 12 based on the amount and temperature of the heat medium flowing through the first circuit 15 as described above. Therefore, for example, when the heat medium flowing through the first circuit 15 is normal temperature water that is directly supplied from tap water, even if heat is accumulated in the heat accumulator 12, the temperature of the normal temperature water Will be measured. Therefore, the heat quantity detector 13 may estimate a heat quantity that is considerably smaller than the heat quantity actually stored in the heat accumulator 12.
- a temperature sensor such as a thermistor (not shown) may be provided for the heat accumulator 12 separately from the heat quantity detector 13 provided in the first circuit 15. That is, a temperature sensor for detecting whether or not the heat storage amount Qd is smaller than the second heat amount Q2 may be arranged for the heat storage unit 12.
- the temperature sensor provided for detecting whether or not the second heat quantity Q2 is equal to or greater than the second heat quantity Q2 also functions as a “heat quantity detector” in the same manner as the heat quantity detector 13 provided in the first circuit 15.
- the heat accumulator 12 is provided with a small number of temperature sensors (for example, 1 to 3, preferably 1), the number is smaller than that of a general heat accumulator (for example, 5 to 7 temperature sensors are arranged). Therefore, the amount of heat supplied from the regenerator 12 to the heat load cannot be grasped sufficiently. However, even with a small number of temperature sensors, from the output, the controller 20A can determine that the amount of heat stored in the heat accumulator 12 is smaller than the second heat amount Q2.
- the heat accumulator 12 stores the first heat quantity Q1 or more with the temperature sensor provided for the heat accumulator 12.
- the first heat quantity Q1 is the upper limit value for operation control of the combined heat and power system 10A as described above. That is, since the first heat quantity Q1 is a heat quantity in a state where the heat is stored in the regenerator 12 up to an almost upper limit value, the temperature sensor for detecting whether or not the first heat quantity Q1 is equal to or greater than the first heat quantity Q2 The temperature sensor for detecting whether or not the above is disposed at a completely different position.
- the regenerator 12 when the regenerator 12 is a hot water storage tank, hot water is accumulated from the upper part of the hot water storage tank. Therefore, it is necessary to arrange a temperature sensor at the lowermost part of the hot water storage tank in order to measure the first heat quantity Q1, and to arrange a temperature sensor at the upper part of the hot water storage tank in order to measure the second heat quantity Q2.
- the installation position of the regenerator 12 of a temperature sensor is not specifically limited, It can install in a well-known position according to the specific kind etc. of the regenerator 12.
- control variable changing process (referred to as “control variable first changing process” for convenience of description) shown in FIG. 4 is performed at a predetermined cycle during the operation of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A.
- the predetermined period is set, for example, every minute according to the period of detection of the heat storage amount by the heat amount detector 13, but of course is not limited thereto. If the control variable can be changed or maintained in accordance with the heat demand, the first change process may be performed with a longer cycle or may be performed with a shorter cycle.
- the first change process shown in FIG. 4 is not limited to the case where it is periodically performed.
- the number of times that the first heat quantity Q1 is exceeded or less than the second heat quantity Q2 within the unit time (the number of times that the heat storage amount is inappropriate) is stored in the storage device 31, and the number of times that the heat storage amount is inappropriate is a predetermined number of times or more within the unit time.
- the control variable setting unit 22 may be configured to change the control variable.
- the predetermined number of times at this time may be one or more, and can be appropriately set according to conditions such as a specific configuration of the cogeneration system 10A or a use environment.
- a control variable corresponding to the heat demand is set in advance, and not the amount of heat supplied from the heat accumulator 12 to the heat load, but the amount of heat accumulated in the heat accumulator 12 (heat accumulation amount). Is used to change (reset) the control variable.
- the apparatus 11A can be operated. As a result, the operation of the cogeneration apparatus 11A can be controlled by a simple calculation process with a power generation amount suitable for the building where the cogeneration system 10A is provided.
- the controller 20A also performs an operation stop process for stopping the cogeneration apparatus 11A according to the detected heat storage amount Qd in parallel with the first change process of the control variable shown in FIG.
- the operation stop process will be specifically described with reference to FIG.
- the combined heat and power system 10A if the amount of heat stored in the heat storage unit 12 exceeds the limit, there is a risk that the system itself may malfunction.
- This operation stop process includes three steps in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG.
- the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 determines whether or not the heat amount detector 13 has detected the heat storage amount Qd (step S121). If not detected, this determination is repeated (NO in step S121), and if detected (YES in step S121), the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 sets the detected heat storage amount Qd to a preset reference heat amount. Is compared with the first heat quantity Q1 (step S122). Until this comparison, the first change process shown in FIG. 4 is the same.
- the detected heat storage amount Qd is smaller than the first heat amount Q1 (NO in step S122)
- the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 ends the operation stop process, but the detected heat storage amount Qd is less than the first heat amount Q1. If larger (YES in step S122), an operation stop command is output to the operation control unit 23 (step S123). In response to the stop command, the operation control unit 23 stops the operation of the cogeneration apparatus 11A, and the operation stop process ends.
- This operation stop process is performed at a predetermined cycle during the operation of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A, similarly to the first change process of the control variable.
- the predetermined period may be every minute as described above, but is not limited to this.
- the combined heat and power supply device It can be determined whether or not the limit of the heat storage amount that can be accumulated in the heat accumulator 12 has been reached by the power generation of 11A. And if the limit of the amount of heat storage has been reached, the cogeneration apparatus 11A can be stopped regardless of the operation command from the operation device 14 or the like.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 are time charts showing temporal changes in the power generation amount and the heat storage amount of the combined heat and power system 10A. 6 shows a time chart when the detected heat storage amount Qd exceeds the first heat amount Q1, and FIG. 7 shows a time chart when the detected heat storage amount Qd falls below the second heat amount Q2. Show.
- the thick line P in FIGS. 6 and 7 shows the change over time of the actual power generation amount of the combined heat and power system 10A
- the thin line Qd shows the change over time in the amount of stored heat detected by the heat quantity detector 13.
- the unit time is one day (24 hours)
- the start time of the unit time is indicated by T0 in the figure. That is, since the unit time (one day) changes at time T0, the period before time T0 becomes the previous unit time (previous day), and the period after time T0 becomes the current unit time (today).
- the power generation time is indicated by “L”, and in describing FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, “power generation time as a control variable” and “actual power generation time length” are clearly indicated.
- the heat quantity detector 13 detects the heat storage amount of the heat storage device 12 periodically (for example, every minute), and the detection result (detected heat storage amount Qd) is detected by the controller 20A. It outputs to the heat quantity comparison part 21 (refer FIG. 2, step S111 of FIG. 4, and step S121 of FIG. 5).
- the heat quantity detector 13 periodically detects the heat storage amount of the heat storage unit 12, and the detection result (detected heat storage amount Qd) of the controller 20A. It outputs to the detected heat quantity comparison part 21 (refer FIG. 2).
- the detected heat storage amount Qd is detected by the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 as the first heat amount Q1. It is assumed that a comparison result exceeding 1 is obtained again (step S114 in FIG. 4). Since the comparison result is input to the control variable setting unit 22 (see FIG. 2), the control variable setting unit 22 further increases the heat demand from class E to class D.
- a reference value of heat demand (energy consumption) is set from geographical information and floor area, and whether actual heat consumption (energy consumption) is lower or higher than this heat demand is determined. Based on the determination result, the control variables (power generation time and power generation start time in the present embodiment) are changed (reset).
- the combined heat and power system 10A can calculate the calculation time.
- the operation close to the heat demand of the user can be realized by a simple calculation process while suppressing an increase in the storage time or an increase in storage capacity.
- the operation is controlled so as to be started or stopped once per unit time (for example, one day).
- the energy efficiency of the combined heat and power system 10A can be improved.
- the combined heat and power system 10A stops the combined heat and power supply device 11A if the detected heat storage amount Qd exceeds the first heat amount Q1, but this causes the heat storage device 12 to have a temperature sensor or the like. Even if it is not possible to arrange the measuring device, it is determined whether or not it is likely to reach the limit of the heat storage amount that can be accumulated in the heat accumulator 12 by the operation of the combined heat and power supply device 11A based on the detected heat storage amount Qd. Thus, the cogeneration apparatus 11A can be stopped. Therefore, the reliability of the combined heat and power system 10A can be improved.
- this setting process includes three steps as in the first embodiment.
- the cogeneration system 10A includes the operation device 14, when the controller 20A starts the initial setting process, the user (or the installer or maintenance staff of the cogeneration system 10A) Then, the geographical information and the floor area of the building where the combined heat and power system 10A is installed are input (step S201). These pieces of information are output to the control variable setting unit 22 of the controller 20A (see FIG. 2).
- the control variable setting unit 22 refers to the geographic information stored in the storage device 31 and collates the geographic information input from the operation unit 14 to determine the thermal insulation performance of the building, and the thermal insulation performance is input.
- a reference value for heat demand is set from the floor area (step S202).
- the control variable setting unit 22 sets the control variable based on the reference value.
- the control variable setting unit 22 since the power generation amount (narrowly defined control variable) and the power generation start time (auxiliary control variable) are used together as the control variable (in a broad sense), the control variable setting unit 22 generates the power generation amount from the reference value of the heat demand. Then, a specific value (set value) of the power generation start time is set (step S203), and the initial setting process is terminated.
- the power generation amount and the power generation start time which are control variables, may be stored in the storage unit 31 as a LUT.
- the heat demand is set as six classes A to F as shown in Table 1 in the first embodiment. Therefore, as shown in Table 3 below, the power generation amount and the power generation start time may be set as set values corresponding to these six classes, together with the reference value of heat demand.
- the control variable setting unit 22 sets these control variables by reading out the power generation amount and the power generation start time corresponding to the reference value of the heat demand from the LUT in the storage device 31.
- control variable setting unit 22 sets the reference value of heat demand from the input geographical information and floor area, and sets the power generation amount and the power generation start time, which are control variables, according to the reference value.
- control variable initial setting process ends.
- the initialized control variable is output from the control variable setting unit 22 to the operation control unit 23, and the operation control unit 23 controls the operation of the cogeneration apparatus 11A based on the control variable (see FIG. 2).
- FIG. 9 is a time chart showing temporal changes in the power generation amount and the heat storage amount of the combined heat and power system 10A. Also, since the thick line P, the thin line Qd, the time T0, and the time L in FIG. 9 are all the same as the time charts in FIGS. 6 and 7, the description thereof is omitted.
- control variable is not the power generation time but the power generation amount.
- P the power generation amount
- the control variable is the power generation time
- the control variable is the power generation amount
- the control variable setting unit 22 stores the storage device.
- the heat quantity detector 13 detects the heat storage amount of the heat storage device 12 periodically (for example, every minute), and the detection result (detected heat storage amount Qd) is detected by the controller 20A. It outputs to the heat quantity comparison part 21 (refer FIG. 2).
- the detected heat storage amount comparison unit 21 detects that the heat storage amount Qd detected exceeds the first heat amount Q1. Suppose the result is obtained. Since the comparison result is input to the control variable setting unit 22 (see FIG. 2), the control variable setting unit 22 lowers the heat demand from class B to class C.
- the detected heat storage amount comparison unit 21 detects that the heat storage amount Qd detected exceeds the first heat amount Q1.
- the control variable setting unit 22 Since the comparison result is input to the control variable setting unit 22 (see FIG. 2), the control variable setting unit 22 further reduces the heat demand from class C to class D.
- a reference value of heat demand (energy consumption) is set from geographical information and floor area, and whether actual heat consumption (energy consumption) is lower or higher than this heat demand is determined. Based on the determination result, the control variable (the power generation amount and the power generation start time in the present embodiment) is changed (reset).
- the combined heat and power system 10A can be operated close to the heat demand of the user.
- the controller 20A is configured to display the control variable together with the first change process of the control variable shown in FIG. 4 if the detected heat storage amount Qd exceeds the first heat amount Q1.
- the operation stop process shown in FIG. 5 is performed, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, even if the first change process is performed, the operation stop process may not be performed. That is, the detected heat quantity comparison unit 21 may not be configured to generate a stop command.
- the controller 20A performs the first change process of the control variable shown in FIG. 4, and thus the detected heat storage amount Qd is the second heat amount Q2.
- the range below the first heat quantity Q1 is set as the target range of the heat storage quantity.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the target value of the heat storage amount may be set only at the upper limit (only the first heat amount Q1).
- the target range of the heat storage amount is not limited to the range of the second heat amount Q2 or more and the first heat amount Q1 or less as long as the combined heat and power supply device can be operated in accordance with the heat demand of the user.
- the comparison of the detected heat storage amount Qd is based on the fact that the first heat amount Q1 is exceeded or the second heat amount Q2 is not satisfied.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the first heat quantity Q1 or more or the second heat quantity Q2 or less may be used as a reference. In this case, the target range of the heat storage amount exceeds the second heat amount Q2 and is less than the first heat amount Q1.
- the power generation amount is used as the control variable as in the second embodiment.
- the controller 20A the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 and the control variable setting unit 22 uses the power generation amount (and power generation start time) as a control variable in FIG. The first change process of the control variable shown is also performed.
- control variable change processing performed by the control variable setting unit 22 in the combined heat and power system 10A according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 10 (and FIG. 2).
- the control variable changing process in the present embodiment is a process different from the control variable first changing process (the changing process shown in FIG. 4) in the above-described embodiment. This is referred to as “two change processing”.
- the second change process is composed of five steps.
- the control variable setting unit 22 determines whether a unit time (for example, one day) has elapsed (step S301). This is because the control variable is set every unit time. If the unit time has not elapsed, this determination is repeated (NO in step S301). If the unit time has elapsed (YES in step S301), the control variable setting unit 22 sets the control variable from the storage device 31. The value V is read (step S301).
- the control variable setting unit 22 when the control variable setting value V is set or changed, the control variable setting unit 22 outputs it to the operation control unit 23 and also outputs it to the storage unit 31 for storage.
- the storage device 31 may be configured to store the previous set value and the current (current) set value instead of storing all the set values V after starting the operation control.
- the control variable setting unit 22 reads the set values V for the previous and current unit times from the storage device 31 (see the bidirectional arrows in FIG. 2).
- step S303 the control variable setting unit 22 does not increase the set value (step S304 is skipped), and uses the current set value V n as the previous set value.
- V n-1 is stored in the storage device 31 (step S305).
- the set value of the control variable is two consecutive unit times. That is, it has not been changed for two days.
- the predetermined time for determining the change in the set value of the control variable is 2 days.
- the predetermined time is not limited to this, and may be, for example, three days or more, or may not be less than two days.
- the reference time (step S301) for comparing the set values of the control variables is one unit time, that is, one day in the present embodiment. Since the setting value of the control variable is changed every unit time, the reference time may be adjusted to the unit time. However, the reference time is not necessarily limited to unit time, and may be longer than unit time or less than unit time.
- the setting value of the control variable is changed every unit time (every day). For example, in order to determine that the setting value is maintained without change for three days or more, a step in the second changing process is performed. What is necessary is just to increase S303. That is, in the case of 3 days, the previous set value is compared with the current set value in the first step S303, and if these set values are the same, the set value of the previous time is set in the second step S303. And the current set value may be compared. If the setting value is the same in this second comparison, the control variable setting value will not change for 3 days. If the setting value is different in the second comparison, the control variable setting value will change for 2 days. There will be no. Therefore, the control variable setting unit 22 may overwrite the previous setting value as the previous setting value and overwrite the current setting value as the previous setting value.
- FIG. 11 is a time chart showing temporal changes in the power generation amount and the heat storage amount of the combined heat and power system 10A. Also, the thick line P and the thin line Qd in FIG. 11 are the same as those in the time charts of FIGS. 6, 7, and 9, and the description thereof is omitted. The point that a simple “time” is represented by “Tc” is the same as in the first and second embodiments.
- the reference value of the heat demand is lower than the actual heat demand (that is, the user uses more heat energy than the reference value of the heat demand). It will be.
- the set value of the control variable is increased and the regenerator 12 increases the amount of heat. Control to accumulate.
- the present embodiment is not limited to this configuration, and may be a configuration in which the power generation amount is fixed and the power generation time is changed as in the first embodiment, or a heat supply amount is changed. Needless to say, it may be.
- Embodiment 4 The combined heat and power system according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention calculates the “energy consumption” by adding the detected heat storage amount for a certain period of time, and performs control variable change processing based on this energy consumption. Yes.
- the combined heat and power system 10B has basically the same configuration as the combined heat and power system 10A according to the first to third embodiments.
- the heat accumulator 12, the calorific value detector 13, the operation device 14, and the first circuit 15 and the second circuit 16 are provided, and the cogeneration device 11B includes the controller 20B and the storage device 31.
- an energy consumption calculator 32 is further provided.
- the controller 20B is basically the same as the controller 20A according to the first to third embodiments, and includes a detected heat amount comparison unit 21, a control variable setting unit 22, and an operation control unit. 23, but further includes a calculated consumption determining unit 24.
- the energy consumption calculator 32 calculates the “energy consumption” consumed by the user of the combined heat and power system 10B by integrating the heat storage amount Qd detected by the heat detector 13 and calculated by the controller 20B. Output to the consumption determination unit 24.
- the “energy consumption amount” in the present embodiment may be an energy amount that includes at least the heat consumption amount of the heat load (heat is supplied from the regenerator 12).
- an energy amount including the amount of power consumed by the user may be used as the “energy consumption amount” as necessary for the control of the combined heat and power system 10B.
- the energy consumption calculator 32 calculates the energy consumption by integrating (adding) the heat storage amount Qd detected within a predetermined period set in advance, but this predetermined period is not particularly limited, and the present embodiment In the form, it may be one unit time (for example, one day).
- the heat quantity detector 13 periodically detects the heat storage amount Qd of the heat storage device 12 (for example, every minute). By integrating Qd for one unit time, the amount of energy supplied from the heat accumulator 12 to the heat load, that is, the amount of energy consumed by the user is calculated.
- the predetermined time is not limited to one unit time, but may be two unit times or more, or may be shorter than one unit time.
- the specific configuration of the energy consumption calculator 32 is not particularly limited, and may be a functional configuration realized by an arithmetic device such as a CPU operating according to a program stored in the storage device 31, or a known configuration.
- the switching circuit, subtractor, comparator, etc. may be used as a logic circuit.
- the calculated consumption determination unit 24 Based on the energy consumption calculated by the energy consumption calculator 32, the calculated consumption determination unit 24 generates operation control information for the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11B, and the control variable setting unit 22 stores the control information as shown in FIG. Output.
- the control variable setting unit 22 performs a control variable change process based on the comparison result from the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 and the energy consumption amount from the calculated consumption amount determination unit 24, and the changed control variable is transferred to the operation control unit.
- the operation control unit 23 controls the operation of the cogeneration apparatus 11B based on this control variable.
- controller 20B including the detected heat amount comparison unit 21, the control variable setting unit 22, the operation control unit 23, and the calculated consumption determination unit 24 is not limited to the configuration illustrated in FIG. Other configurations may be included, or some configurations may not be included.
- control variable setting unit 22 and the calculated consumption determining unit 24 may be collectively an operation control information generating unit.
- control variable change processing by the combined heat and power system 10B according to the present embodiment will be specifically described with reference to FIG.
- the first control variable changing process (see FIG. 4) is performed as in the first to third embodiments. Therefore, the control variable changing process shown in FIG. 14 is referred to as a “control variable changing process” for convenience of explanation.
- the third change process of the control variable is composed of 5 steps in the present embodiment as shown in FIG.
- the heat quantity detector 13 stores the heat storage quantity of the heat accumulator 12 at a predetermined cycle. Is output to the controller 20A. And in one unit time (for example, 1 day), since the calorie
- the first change process of the described control variable is performed.
- the heat storage amount Qd detected within one unit time is output from the heat amount detector 13 to the energy consumption calculator 32. Therefore, the energy consumption calculator 32 calculates the energy consumption by integrating all the heat storage amounts Qd detected in one unit time. In FIG. 13 and FIG. 14, the calculated energy consumption is indicated by “Ec”.
- the calculated consumption determination unit 24 first determines whether or not the energy consumption calculator 32 has calculated the energy consumption Ec (step S401). If it is not calculated, this determination is repeated (NO in step S401), and if it is calculated (YES in step S401), the calculated consumption determining unit 24 presets the calculated energy consumption Ec. It is compared with the first consumption E1 that is the reference consumption (step S402).
- the first consumption amount E1 is a threshold value set in advance as a target value for the upper limit of the energy consumption amount, and the amount of energy per unit time supplied by the cogeneration system 10B is supplied to the heat load. This is a reference value for determining whether or not the amount of energy is greater than the amount of energy per hour (that is, the energy consumption per unit time of the user).
- the specific value of the 1st consumption E1 is not specifically limited, For example, the maximum value of the energy amount which the cogeneration system 10B can supply in one unit time can be set.
- the control variable setting unit 22 changes the control variable so as to maximize the output of the cogeneration apparatus 11B (step S403). Specifically, for example, if the control variable is a power generation amount, the set value of the power generation amount is changed to the maximum value, and if the control variable is the power generation time, the set value of the power generation time is changed to the maximum value.
- E1 ⁇ Ec it means that the amount of energy used is larger than the amount of energy to be supplied, so that the energy supply by the combined heat and power system 10B is considered insufficient. Therefore, by changing the set value of the control variable to the maximum value, the combined heat and power system 10B can supply a sufficient amount of energy to the heat load in the next unit time. If the control variable is changed to the maximum value, the third change process is terminated.
- the calculated consumption determining unit 24 determines that the calculated energy consumption Ec is smaller than the first consumption E1 (E1> Ec) (NO in step S402), the calculated energy consumption Ec is further calculated. Is compared with a second consumption amount E2 preset as another reference consumption amount (step S404).
- the second consumption amount E2 is a threshold value set in advance as a lower limit target value of the energy consumption amount.
- a threshold value set in advance as a lower limit target value of the energy consumption amount.
- an advantage on the energy balance is obtained. It is set as the minimum amount of energy that can be achieved.
- the second consumption amount E2 that is the lower limit target value may be set as the minimum amount of energy that can be assumed.
- the calculated consumption determining unit 24 determines that the calculated energy consumption Ec is smaller than the second consumption E2 (E2> Ec) (YES in step S404)
- the calculated consumption determining unit 24 issues a stop command to the operation control unit 23.
- the operation control unit 23 stops the operation of the cogeneration apparatus 11B (step S405), and the third change process ends. That is, if the calculated energy consumption Ec is smaller than the second consumption E2, it can be determined that there is no advantage (merit) for operating the combined heat and power supply device 11B, and therefore the output of the combined heat and power supply device 11B is stopped.
- the calculated consumption determination unit 24 determines that the calculated energy consumption Ec is larger than the second consumption E2 (E2 ⁇ Ec) (NO in step S404), the advantage of operating the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11B is obtained. Since it can be determined that there is (merit), the third change process is ended, and the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11B is operated as it is.
- FIG. 15 is a time chart showing temporal changes in the power generation amount and the heat storage amount of the combined heat and power system 10B. Also, the thick line P and the thin line Qd in FIG. 15 are the same as those in the time charts of FIGS. The point that a simple “time” is represented by “Tc” is the same as in the first to third embodiments.
- the energy consumption calculator 32 calculates the energy consumption amount Ec, It outputs to the calculation consumption determination part 24 of the controller 20B (step S401 of FIG. 14).
- step S404 YES
- the calculated consumption determination unit 24 outputs a stop command to the operation control unit 23, and the operation control unit 23 stops the operation of the cogeneration apparatus 11B (step S405 in FIG. 14).
- the controller 20B (calculated consumption determination unit 24) ends the third change process, and the operation control unit 23 continues the operation of the cogeneration apparatus 11B.
- the regenerator 12 cannot maintain a sufficient amount of heat storage.
- the combined heat and power system 10B performs the operation of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11B by performing the third change process of the control variable. Can be stopped. Therefore, useless operation of the combined heat and power system 10B can be suppressed, and customer satisfaction can be increased.
- the detected heat amount comparison unit 21 or the calculated consumption amount determination unit 24 operates the operation control unit 23.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- a reference value at which the heat demand is 0 MJ, for example, “class 0” is set, and in this class 0, the power generation time which is a control variable The power generation amount, the heat supply amount, etc. are also set to “0”.
- the control variable setting unit 22 changes the heat demand to class 0, the reference value of the heat demand becomes 0 MJ and the set value of the control variable also becomes 0. Therefore, the control variable setting from the control variable setting unit 22 By the output, the operation control unit 23 can stop the operation of the combined heat and power supply apparatus 11A or 11B.
- the set value of the control variable in the previous unit time may be stored in the storage unit 31. Therefore, even if the operation of the combined heat and power supply device 11B is stopped based on the calculated energy consumption Ec, when the operation is resumed in the next unit time, the stored control variable setting values can be used. it can.
- the present invention includes not only a combined heat and power system having the above-described configuration but also a combined heat and power system having the following configuration.
- the combined heat and power system detects a combined heat and power supply device that supplies electric power and heat, a regenerator that stores heat supplied by the heat and power supply device, and a heat storage amount accumulated in the regenerator.
- a controller for controlling the thermoelectric power supply unit by setting at least one control variable of a heat supply amount, a power generation amount, and a power generation time of the cogeneration device for each predetermined unit time.
- the controller is configured to lower the control variable when the heat quantity detector detects a predetermined first quantity of heat or more and operates the combined heat and power unit in the unit time thereafter. It may be.
- controller may increase the control variable when the heat quantity detector detects a second heat quantity less than the first heat quantity or less and operates the combined heat and power unit in the unit time thereafter. Good.
- controller may increase the control variable when detecting that the control variable has not changed in a plurality of the unit times.
- control variable may be set such that a reference value is determined by inputting at least one of a floor area of a building in which the combined heat and power apparatus is installed and a heat insulation performance. .
- controller may stop the cogeneration device when the heat detector detects the first heat amount or more.
- the combined heat and power system further includes energy consumption calculation means for detecting a heat consumption amount of a heat load to which at least the heat and power supply device supplies heat, and the controller includes the energy consumption calculation means.
- the heat and power supply device may be controlled with the control variable being maximized.
- controller may perform control so that the cogeneration apparatus is not operated when the energy consumption calculation means detects a second consumption or less that is smaller than the first consumption.
- the present invention can be widely and suitably used in the field of a combined heat and power system including a power generation engine such as a fuel cell or a gas engine, and a heat accumulator.
- a power generation engine such as a fuel cell or a gas engine
- a heat accumulator such as a heat accumulator
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Abstract
Description
[熱電併給システムの構成]
まず、本発明の実施の形態1に係る熱電併給システムの具体的な構成の一例について、図1および図2を参照して説明する。
次に、前記構成の熱電併給システム10Aにおいて、制御変数設定部22により設定される制御変数と、この制御変数を熱需要の基準値とともに初期設定する処理について、図3を参照して具体的に説明する。
本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システム10Aは、その運転制御に際して、前述したように初期設定された制御変数を、蓄熱器12の蓄熱量に応じて変更(再設定)する構成となっている。この点について、図4を参照して具体的に説明する。
次に、本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システム10Aの運転制御処理の一例について、図1ないし図4に加えて、図6および図7を参照して具体的に説明する。
本発明の実施の形態2では、基本的に、前記実施の形態1に係る熱電併給システム10Aと同様の構成のものが用いられるが、制御変数として発電時間ではなく発電量を用いている点が異なっている。なお、補助制御変数としては前記実施の形態1と同様に発電開始時刻が用いられる。また、熱電併給システム10Aの具体的構成については前記実施の形態1で説明済みであるので、本実施の形態ではその説明は省略する。
まず、本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システム10Aにおいて、制御変数設定部22で行われる熱需要の基準値および制御変数の初期設定処理について、図8(および図2)を参照して説明する。
次に、本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システム10Aの運転制御処理の一例について、図9(および図1、図2)を参照して具体的に説明する。図9は、熱電併給システム10Aの発電量および蓄熱量の経時的変化を示すタイムチャートである。また、図9の太線P、細線Qd、時刻T0、および時間Lについては、いずれも図6および図7のタイムチャートと同様であるので、その説明は省略する。
なお、本実施の形態2および前記実施の形態1では、制御器20Aは、検知された蓄熱量Qdが第一熱量Q1を超えていれば、図4に示す制御変数の第一変更処理とともに図5に示す運転停止処理を行うが、本発明はこれに限定されず、例えば、第一変更処理を行っても運転停止処理は行わなくてもよい。つまり、検知熱量比較部21は停止指令を生成するように構成されていなくてもよい。
本発明の実施の形態3では、基本的に、前記実施の形態1および2に係る熱電併給システム10Aと同様の構成のものが用いられるが、制御器20Aの制御変数設定部22は、前記実施の形態1または2とは異なり、制御変数の設定値が、予め設定される所定時間変化しなかった場合に、当該設定値を上昇させるよう構成されている。
まず、本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システム10Aにおいて、制御変数設定部22にて行われる制御変数の変更処理について、図10(および図2)を参照して説明する。なお、本実施の形態における制御変数の変更処理は、前記実施の形態における制御変数第一変更処理(図4に示す変更処理)とは別の処理であるので、説明の便宜上「制御変数の第二変更処理」と称する。
次に、本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システム10Aの運転制御処理の一例について、図11(および図1、図2)を参照して具体的に説明する。図11は、熱電併給システム10Aの発電量および蓄熱量の経時的変化を示すタイムチャートである。また、図11の太線Pおよび細線Qdについては、いずれも図6、図7および図9のタイムチャートと同様であるので、その説明は省略する。単なる「時刻」を「Tc」で表記する点も前記実施の形態1および2と同様である。
本発明の実施の形態4に係る熱電併給システムは、検知された蓄熱量を一定期間加算して「エネルギー消費量」として算出し、このエネルギー消費量を基準として、制御変数の変更処理を行っている。
まず、本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システムの具体的な構成の一例について、図12および図13を参照して説明する。
次に、本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システム10Bによる制御変数の変更処理について、図14を参照して具体的に説明する。なお、本実施の形態においても、前記実施の形態1~3と同様に制御変数の第一変更処理(図4参照)が行われる。そのため、図14に示す制御変数の変更処理を、説明の便宜上「制御変数の第三変更処理」と称する。
次に、本実施の形態に係る熱電併給システム10Bの運転制御処理の一例について、図12~図14に加えて図15を参照して具体的に説明する。図15は、熱電併給システム10Bの発電量および蓄熱量の経時的変化を示すタイムチャートである。また、図15の太線Pおよび細線Qdについては、いずれも図6、図7および図9のタイムチャートと同様であるので、その説明は省略する。単なる「時刻」を「Tc」で表記する点も前記実施の形態1ないし3と同様である。
本実施の形態および前記実施の形態1~3においては、熱電併給装置11Aまたは11Bの運転を停止させるために、検知熱量比較部21または算出消費量判定部24から運転制御部23に対して運転の停止指令を出力しているが、本発明はこれに限定されない。例えば、前記実施の形態1の表2あるいは前記実施の形態2の表3において、熱需要が0MJとなる基準値、例えば「クラス0」を設定し、このクラス0では、制御変数である発電時間、発電量、熱供給量等も「0」に設定する。
11A,11B 熱電併給装置
12 蓄熱器
13 熱量検知器
14 操作器
15 第一回路
16 第二回路
20A,20B 制御器
21 検知熱量比較部
22 制御変数設定部
23 運転制御部
24 算出消費量判定部
31 記憶器
32 エネルギー消費量算出器
Claims (10)
- 電力および熱を供給する熱電併給装置と、
前記熱電併給装置により供給される熱を蓄熱する蓄熱器と、
前記蓄熱器内の蓄熱量を検知する熱量検知器と、
制御器と、を備え、
当該制御器は、予め設定されている単位時間毎に、利用者の熱需要に応じた変数である制御変数を設定した上で、前記熱電併給装置の運転を制御するとともに、
前記熱量検知器で検知された蓄熱量が、予め設定されている当該蓄熱量の目標範囲から外れている場合には、その後の単位時間において、前記制御変数の設定値を変更した上で、前記熱電併給装置の運転を制御する、
熱電併給システム。 - 前記蓄熱量の目標範囲としては、当該蓄熱量の上限の目標値である第一熱量が予め設定され、
前記制御器は、前記熱量検知器で検知された蓄熱量が前記第一熱量を超える値であれば、その後の単位時間において、前記制御変数の設定値を下降させた上で、前記熱電併給装置の運転を制御する、
請求項1に記載の熱電併給システム。 - 前記蓄熱量の目標範囲としては、さらに、当該蓄熱量の下限の目標値であって、前記第一熱量よりも小さい値である第二熱量が予め設定され、
前記制御器は、前記熱量検知器で検知された蓄熱量が前記第二熱量を下回る値であれば、その後の単位時間において、前記制御変数の設定値を上昇させた上で、前記熱電併給装置の運転を制御する、
請求項2に記載の熱電併給システム。 - 前記制御器は、連続する複数の前記単位時間に渡って前記制御変数の設定値が変化しなかったことを判定した場合には、当該制御変数の設定値を上昇させた上で、前記熱電併給装置の運転を制御する、
請求項1に記載の熱電併給システム。 - 前記制御器は、前記熱量検知器で検知された蓄熱量が前記第一熱量を超えていれば、運転中の熱電併給装置を停止させる、
請求項2に記載の熱電併給システム。 - 前記熱電併給装置は、熱負荷のエネルギー消費量として、熱量検知器で検知された蓄熱量の積算値を算出するエネルギー消費量算出器を備え、
前記エネルギー消費量の上限の目標値として第一消費量が予め設定され、
前記制御器は、前記エネルギー消費量算出器で算出されたエネルギー消費量が、前記第一消費量を超える場合には、前記制御変数の設定値を最大値に変更した上で、前記熱電併給装置の運転を制御する、
請求項1に記載の熱電併給システム。 - さらに、前記エネルギー消費量の下限の目標値として、前記第一消費量よりも小さい値である第二消費量が予め設定され、
前記制御器は、前記エネルギー消費量算出器で算出されたエネルギー消費量が、前記第二消費量を下回る場合には、前記熱電併給装置を運転させないように制御する、
請求項6に記載の熱電併給システム。 - 前記利用者の熱需要は、前記熱電併給装置が設置される建物の床面積および断熱性能の少なくとも一方に基づいて設定される、
請求項1に記載の熱電併給システム。 - 前記制御変数としては、前記熱電併給装置の熱供給量、発電量、および発電時間の少なくとも何れかが用いられる、
請求項1に記載の熱電併給システム。 - 前記制御変数としては、さらに前記熱電併給装置の発電開始時刻が組み合わせて用いられる、
請求項9に記載の熱電併給システム。
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JP2015094575A (ja) * | 2013-11-14 | 2015-05-18 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | コージェネレーションシステム |
CN114335630A (zh) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-04-12 | 山东国创燃料电池技术创新中心有限公司 | 一种燃料电池热电联供控制方法及系统 |
CN114335630B (zh) * | 2021-12-30 | 2024-04-23 | 山东国创燃料电池技术创新中心有限公司 | 一种燃料电池热电联供控制方法及系统 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JPWO2013073097A1 (ja) | 2015-04-02 |
JP2013250049A (ja) | 2013-12-12 |
JP2014219197A (ja) | 2014-11-20 |
EP2781853A1 (en) | 2014-09-24 |
JP5628380B2 (ja) | 2014-11-19 |
EP2781853A4 (en) | 2015-04-08 |
JP5906421B2 (ja) | 2016-04-20 |
JP5314813B1 (ja) | 2013-10-16 |
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