WO2013061513A1 - 燃料電池システム及びその運転方法 - Google Patents
燃料電池システム及びその運転方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013061513A1 WO2013061513A1 PCT/JP2012/006238 JP2012006238W WO2013061513A1 WO 2013061513 A1 WO2013061513 A1 WO 2013061513A1 JP 2012006238 W JP2012006238 W JP 2012006238W WO 2013061513 A1 WO2013061513 A1 WO 2013061513A1
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- fuel cell
- power generation
- temperature
- change rate
- controller
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
- F23N5/12—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
- F23M2900/13001—Energy recovery by fuel cells arranged in the combustion plant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
- H01M8/04365—Temperature; Ambient temperature of other components of a fuel cell or fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04925—Power, energy, capacity or load
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system including a fuel cell that generates power by reacting a fuel gas and an oxidant gas, and an operation method thereof.
- the fuel cell system includes a combustor for heating the hydrogen generator.
- the combustor is supplied with fuel gas (off-gas) after reaction mainly discharged from the fuel cell and air taken from outside the system, and burns them.
- the reforming rate of hydrocarbons in the hydrogen generator is set to be less than 100%, and hydrocarbons having a higher heat generation amount than hydrogen are included in the offgas.
- the amount of power generated by the fuel cell changes according to the change in the load to which the electric power is supplied, and the flow rate and composition of the offgas also change with this change.
- the amount of air for combustion is adjusted so that stable combustion can be performed in the combustor even when the off-gas changes.
- the change in the power generation amount is rapid, the adjustment of the air amount cannot appropriately follow the change, and the combustion state in the combustor may deteriorate and extinguish the fire.
- Patent Literature 1 it is supposed that the ratio of the flow rate of the oxidant gas to the flow rate of the fuel gas is prevented from becoming larger than an appropriate value by such control, and fire extinguishing in the combustor can be suppressed.
- the supply amount of the raw material gas is changed to change the supply amount of the hydrogen gas to the fuel cell.
- the amount of hydrocarbon gas in the off-gas also changes, so the amount of heat generated in the combustor also changes.
- the power generation amount, the supply amount of the raw material gas, and the temperature of the hydrogen generator change while maintaining a preferable relationship with each other, and the hydrogen generator operates while maintaining a predetermined reforming rate.
- the rate of change in the amount of power generation (that is, the rate of change in the amount of raw material gas supply) is large, the temperature change of the hydrogen generator does not appropriately follow the change in the amount of power generation, and the reforming rate changes greatly.
- the hydrocarbon gas in the off-gas is reduced and the generated heat amount in the combustor is reduced as described above.
- Arise since the housing of a hydrogen generator generally has high heat insulation properties, the temperature of the hydrogen generator does not suddenly decrease even if the amount of heat generated by the combustor decreases. Therefore, the temperature of the hydrogen generator is relatively high compared to the supply amount of the source gas. As a result, the reforming rate becomes high, and hydrogen gas may be generated excessively. Such a situation is not preferable in terms of causing the hydrogen generator to perform a stable reforming reaction according to the amount of power generated by the fuel cell.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell system that can be operated and a method for operating the fuel cell system.
- a fuel cell system includes a fuel cell that generates power by reacting a fuel gas and an oxidant gas, and a hydrogen generator that generates a fuel gas containing hydrogen by steam reforming a raw material gas containing a hydrocarbon gas. And a combustor that burns off-fuel gas discharged from the fuel cell to heat the hydrogen generator, a target change rate when changing the power generation amount of the fuel cell, and stores the target change rate in the target change rate And a controller for controlling the power generation amount of the fuel cell based on the correlation between the target change rate and the temperature of the hydrogen generator when the power generation amount of the fuel cell is changed. The target change rate is changed based on the information indicating.
- the reforming reaction can be stably performed in the hydrogen generator even when the power generation amount changes.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a fuel cell system according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system according to Embodiment 1.
- 4 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a fuel cell system according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system according to Embodiment 2. It is a flowchart which shows the specific example of the change process of a target change rate.
- 10 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system according to Embodiment 3.
- 6 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a fuel cell system according to Embodiment 4.
- FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system according to Embodiment 4.
- a fuel cell system includes a fuel cell that generates power by reacting a fuel gas and an oxidant gas, and a hydrogen generator that generates a fuel gas containing hydrogen by steam reforming a raw material gas containing a hydrocarbon gas. And a combustor that burns off-fuel gas discharged from the fuel cell to heat the hydrogen generator, a target change rate when changing the power generation amount of the fuel cell, and stores the target change rate in the target change rate And a controller for controlling the power generation amount of the fuel cell based on the correlation between the target change rate and the temperature of the hydrogen generator when the power generation amount of the fuel cell is changed. The target change rate is changed based on the information indicating.
- the temperature of the hydrogen generator correlates with the output value of a flame detector, which will be described later, and the temperature of the combustion exhaust gas from the combustor. Therefore, in the above-mentioned “information indicating the correlation between the target change rate and the temperature of the hydrogen generator”, in addition to the direct correlation between the target change rate and the temperature of the hydrogen generator, the target change rate and the flame detection.
- the correlation with the output value of the combustor, the correlation between the target change rate and the temperature of the combustion exhaust gas from the combustor, and the like can also be included.
- the combustor further includes a burner that emits a flame, and further includes a flame detector that detects a combustion state of the combustor based on the conductivity of the flame and outputs the flame to the controller.
- the target change rate may be reduced based on an input from the flame detector.
- controller is configured to continue the power generation of the fuel cell while reducing the target change rate when it is estimated that the combustor is in a fire extinguishing state based on an input from the flame detector. May be.
- the flame detector such as the flame rod is combusted by the combustor. Even if it is a state, it may be erroneously detected as a fire extinguishing state. Therefore, when a fire extinguishing state is detected, an appropriate relationship between the supply amount of the source gas and the temperature of the hydrogen generator is achieved by continuing power generation while reducing the target rate of change (releasing the rate of reduction in power generation). The desired reforming rate can be realized.
- the controller when the controller estimates that the combustor is in a fire extinguishing state based on an input from the flame detector, the controller reduces the target change rate after stopping the power generation of the fuel cell. The power generation may be resumed.
- a desired reforming rate can be realized by adjusting the supply amount of the raw material gas and the temperature of the hydrogen generator to an appropriate relationship.
- the combustor can be intentionally extinguished and the temperature of the hydrogen generator can be lowered more quickly.
- stopping power generation of the fuel cell means stopping power generation by stopping the supply of the raw material gas to the hydrogen generator, and in this case, off gas is not supplied to the combustor.
- the controller may be configured to estimate that the combustor is in a fire extinguishing state when the current value detected by the flame detector is equal to or less than a predetermined first current value.
- the current value detected by the flame detector continues for a predetermined first period and becomes equal to or greater than a second current value greater than the first current value. Or when the current value exceeds the second current value by a predetermined first number of times, the target change rate may be increased.
- the hydrogen generator further includes a reformer for steam reforming the raw material gas, and further includes a temperature detector that detects the temperature of the reformer and outputs the detected temperature to the controller.
- the target change rate may be reduced when it is determined that the reformer is at a predetermined first temperature or higher while the power generation amount of the fuel cell is being reduced.
- the temperature of the reformer provided in the hydrogen generator can be directly acquired, it is possible to more accurately determine whether or not the temperature of the hydrogen generator appropriately follows the change in the power generation amount. . Therefore, the target change rate of the power generation amount can be adjusted more appropriately.
- the controller after reducing the target change rate, when the temperature of the reformer continues for a predetermined second period and falls below a second temperature lower than the first temperature, or When the temperature becomes equal to or lower than the second temperature by a predetermined second number of times, the target change rate may be increased.
- An operation method of a fuel cell system generates a fuel gas containing hydrogen by reacting a fuel gas and an oxidant gas to generate electric power, and steam reforming a raw material gas containing a hydrocarbon gas.
- An operation method of a fuel cell system comprising: a hydrogen generator; and a combustor that burns off-fuel gas discharged from the fuel cell to heat the hydrogen generator, and is based on a predetermined target change rate The step of controlling the power generation amount of the fuel cell, the step of obtaining information indicating the correlation between the target change rate and the temperature of the hydrogen generator, and the target change rate based on the information indicating the correlation And changing.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of the fuel cell system according to the first embodiment.
- the fuel cell system 100 includes at least a controller 10, a fuel cell 20, a hydrogen generator 30, and a combustor 40.
- the fuel cell 20 has an anode and a cathode, and a fuel gas supplied to the anode reacts with an oxidant gas (such as air) supplied to the cathode to generate electricity and heat.
- electricity is supplied to an electric load in the home via an inverter (not shown), and heat is stored in water in a hot water storage tank (not shown) and supplied to the heat load in the home.
- the fuel gas supplied to the anode is generated by the hydrogen generator 30.
- the hydrogen generator 30 steam-reforms a raw material gas (such as methane or propane) that is a hydrocarbon-based gas supplied from outside the system to generate a hydrogen-rich fuel gas.
- the reforming reaction in the hydrogen generator 30 is an endothermic reaction and requires a predetermined amount of heat. Therefore, in the combustor 40, the exhaust gas (off fuel gas) from the anode is burned together with air, and the generated heat is used for the reforming reaction.
- the hydrogen generator 30 is provided with a highly heat-insulating housing, so that heat use is made more efficient (energy saving is improved).
- the reforming rate is set to less than 100% (for example, about 90%).
- the remaining hydrocarbons constitute off-fuel gas together with hydrogen gas that has not contributed to the reaction in the fuel cell 10 and are supplied to the combustor 40. Since hydrocarbons generate a large amount of heat per mole during combustion as compared to hydrogen, supplying the hydrocarbons to the combustor 40 can generate a large amount of heat in the combustor 40. Therefore, by setting the reforming rate to a predetermined value of less than 100% as described above, hydrocarbons can be combusted in the combustor 40, and the hydrogen generator 30 can be efficiently heated.
- the reforming rate of the raw material gas changes with the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 and the supply amount of the raw material gas as parameters. For example, if the supply amount of the source gas is constant, the reforming rate increases as the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 increases. If the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 is constant, the reforming rate decreases as the supply amount of the raw material gas increases. Further, since the off-fuel gas is supplied to the combustor 40 as described above, the composition of the off-fuel gas changes when the supply amount of the raw material gas changes, and the amount of heat generated in the combustor 40 also changes. Therefore, in the steady state, there is a correlation between the supply amount of the source gas and the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30. However, due to the heat insulation property of the hydrogen generator 30, the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 may not be able to sufficiently follow the change in the supply amount of the raw material gas in the short term.
- the controller 10 includes a processor 10a that executes arithmetic processing based on a predetermined program and outputs the calculation result, and a memory 10b that stores programs used in the processor 10a and various data.
- the controller 10 controls the overall operation of the fuel cell system 100, which will be described later, by operating the processor 10a based on the program and data stored in the memory 10b.
- the memory 10b stores information indicating a target rate of change (in other words, a target value of the rate of change of the power generation amount) that defines the rate of change of the power generation amount when the load fluctuates. For example, information “2 watts / second” is stored as a target change rate when the load fluctuates and the power generation amount is reduced. Note that, as will be described later, the fuel cell system 100 according to the present embodiment controls the controller so that the reforming rate in the hydrogen generator 30 is a value within a predetermined range regardless of the power generation amount of the fuel cell 20. Controlled by 10.
- the configuration of the fuel cell system 100 according to the present embodiment is as described above. However, in constructing the system more specifically, a pump for supplying gas or condensed water, a gas flow rate is measured. A flow meter, a tank for collecting condensed water, a heat exchanger, and the like can be added as necessary.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the fuel cell system 100 starts the fuel cell 20 according to a predetermined procedure, and shifts to a power generation mode in which electric power is supplied to an external load at a predetermined timing.
- the hydrogen generator 30 is heated by a heater (not shown), and when it reaches a temperature suitable for the reforming reaction, the raw material gas is supplied and it is possible to shift to the power generation mode.
- step S10 it is determined whether or not the power generation amount needs to be changed as shown in FIG. 2 (step S10). That is, since the power demand changes due to changes in the household load or the like, the presence or absence of such a load change is determined.
- step S10 When it is not necessary to change the amount of power generation (step S10: NO), step S10 is repeatedly executed. On the other hand, when it is determined that the amount of power generation needs to be changed (step S10: YES), it is based on the target change rate described above. To control the power generation amount (step S11). For example, when the demand for electric power is reduced by 600 watts and it is necessary to change the power generation amount accordingly, the controller 10 reduces the power generation amount by 2 watts per second based on the target change rate. To control.
- the heat may be converted into heat energy and the heat stored in the hot water storage tank may be stored.
- step S11 After starting the control of the power generation amount based on the target change rate (step S11), the controller 10 acquires information indicating the correlation between the target change rate and the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 at a predetermined timing (step S11). S12).
- a predetermined time e.g. several seconds, several minutes
- the controller 10 determines the suitability of the specific correlation based on the acquired information indicating the specific correlation (step S13). That is, it is determined whether or not the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 has an appropriate value (or is included in an appropriate range) with respect to the target change rate that is the control reference for the power generation amount in step S11. .
- the power generation amount is controlled based on the target rate of change, but the hydrogen generator 30 is still maintained at a high temperature.
- the reforming rate increases from the predetermined range because the hydrogen generator 30 is at a high temperature.
- the specific correlation is inappropriate.
- the power generation amount is changed, it is determined that the specific correlation is appropriate while the reforming rate does not deviate from the predetermined range.
- step S13: NO When it is determined that the specific correlation is appropriate (step S13: NO), this flow is terminated.
- step S13: YES the target change rate is changed (step S14). End the flow.
- the load is reduced and the amount of power generation is reduced, but if the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 is high enough that the reforming rate deviates from the predetermined range, the step In S14, the target change rate is reduced. For example, the target change rate when the power generation amount is reduced is changed from 2 [watt / second] stored in the memory 10b to 1 [watt / second].
- the correlation (specific correlation) between the power generation amount and the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 is corrected, and the stable operation of the hydrogen generator 30 with the reforming rate kept within a predetermined range. Can be realized.
- the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 is also set appropriately (the reforming rate is within a predetermined range). Change to fit within.
- the temperature change of the hydrogen generator 30 is slow with respect to the change in the amount of power generation and is not properly followed (NO in step S13). Therefore, in such a case, by reducing the target rate of change, the change in the power generation amount is mitigated, and the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 is made to follow the change in the power generation amount appropriately.
- the hydrogen generator 30 can maintain a desired reforming rate regardless of changes in the power generation amount, and a preferable power generation state can be realized.
- control may be performed so as to return to the determination process of step S12 instead of ending the flow. In this way, the target change rate can be changed repeatedly until the specific correlation becomes appropriate.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of the fuel cell system according to Embodiment 2.
- the fuel cell system 200 includes a controller 10, a fuel cell 20, a hydrogen generator 30, and a combustor 40 similar to those described in the first embodiment, and further a condensed water tank 50.
- a water tank 51 is also provided.
- the fuel cell 20 generates electricity and heat by reacting the fuel gas supplied to the anode and the oxidant gas supplied to the cathode.
- the fuel gas is generated by the hydrogen generator 30 and the off-fuel gas discharged through the reaction in the fuel cell 20 is sent to the combustor 40 through the off-fuel gas flow path.
- a condenser 60 is provided in the middle of the off-fuel gas flow path. The condenser 60 collects heat from the off-fuel gas and separates condensed water.
- the recovered heat is stored in water in a hot water storage tank (not shown), and the separated condensed water is recovered in the condensed water tank 50 through the condensed water recovery channel.
- an oxidant gas flow path is connected to the cathode of the fuel cell 20, and an oxidant gas supply 61 composed of a fan, a blower or the like and an oxidant gas on the downstream side are appropriately connected to the flow path.
- a humidifier 62 that humidifies so as to have a dew point.
- the off-oxidant gas discharged through the reaction in the fuel cell 20 is discharged through the off-oxidant gas channel.
- a condenser 63 is provided in the middle of the off-oxidant gas flow path. The condenser 63 collects heat from the off-oxidant gas and separates condensed water. The recovered heat is stored in water in a hot water storage tank (not shown), and the separated condensed water is recovered in the condensed water tank 50 through the condensed water recovery channel.
- a burner that emits a flame is provided as the combustor 40 that heats the hydrogen generator 30.
- combustion air is supplied to the combustor 40 through an air supply path.
- the combustor 40 heats the hydrogen generator 30 by burning the mixed gas of these off-fuel gas and combustion air.
- a combustion air supply device 64 composed of a fan, a blower or the like, and a combustion air flow meter 65 for measuring the air flow rate downstream thereof are provided.
- the combustor 40 is provided with a flame detector 80.
- a rectifying frame rod that can detect the combustion state of the combustor 40 based on the conductivity of the flame is used as the flame detector 80.
- the flame detector 80 composed of a frame rod changes its detection value (current value) in accordance with the magnitude of the heating power of the combustor 40 (burner).
- the detected value of the flame detector 80 is input to the controller 10, and the controller 10 determines the combustion state of the combustor 40 based on this input signal.
- the water collected in the condensed water tank 50 is stored in a water tank 51 separate from the condensed water tank 50 by the water supply pump 66.
- the water in the water tank 51 is used for cooling (heat recovery) of the fuel cell 20. That is, the water in the water tank 51 is supplied as cooling water to the fuel cell 20 by the cooling water circulation pump 67, and the fuel cell 20 collects heat generated during power generation and is returned to the water tank 51 again.
- a heat exchanger 68 is provided in the middle of the flow path from the fuel cell 20 to the water tank 51, and the heat recovered from the fuel cell 20 is recovered by this heat exchanger 68 into water in a hot water storage tank (not shown). And stored heat.
- Water in the water tank 51 is also used for the reforming reaction in the hydrogen generator 30. That is, the water in the water tank 51 is supplied to the hydrogen generator 30 by the reforming water supply pump 69, and the hydrogen generator 30 reforms the water and the raw material gas to generate hydrogen.
- a raw material gas supply unit 70 composed of a fan, a blower or the like, and a raw material gas flow meter for measuring the flow rate of the raw material gas downstream thereof 71 is provided.
- the hydrogen generator 30 is connected to an exhaust gas passage for discharging combustion exhaust gas to the outside of the system.
- a condenser 72 is provided in the middle of the exhaust gas flow path. The condenser 72 collects heat from the combustion exhaust gas and separates condensed water. The recovered heat is stored in water in a hot water storage tank (not shown), and the separated condensed water is recovered in the condensed water tank 50 through the condensed water recovery channel.
- the fuel cell system 200 includes the flame detector 80 formed of a frame rod. Since the flame detector 80 basically outputs a detection value corresponding to the thermal power, the controller 10 can grasp the combustion state based on the detection value. However, depending on the situation, a signal indicating a fire extinguishing state may be output despite proper combustion, and the controller 10 may erroneously detect that the combustor 40 is in the fire extinguishing state.
- the flame rod outputs the strength of conductivity due to the ionic substance present in the flame as a current value. Then, the controller 10 estimates that the combustion state is stable when the current value output from the frame rod is large, and estimates that the fire is extinguished when the current value is equal to or less than a predetermined threshold value.
- Controller 10 is based on off-fuel gas generated at a predetermined reforming rate in estimating the combustion state. That is, in the fuel cell system 200, each output current value of the frame rod corresponding to various combustion states of the off-fuel gas generated at a predetermined reforming rate is stored as “reference current value” in the memory 10b or the like. Yes. Then, when the controller 10 actually acquires the current value from the frame rod, the controller 10 compares this with the reference current value, and estimates the corresponding combustion state. Further, in the present embodiment, off-fuel gas when an appropriate specific correlation is established is adopted as a combustion state estimation criterion. The reforming rate in the hydrogen generator 30 at this time is hereinafter referred to as “reference reforming rate”.
- the composition of the off-fuel gas also changes.
- the hydrocarbon gas concentration in the off-fuel gas decreases and the hydrogen gas concentration increases.
- hydrocarbon gas has many ionic substances which arise in a flame at the time of combustion, whereas hydrogen gas has few ionic substances which arise in a flame at the time of combustion. Therefore, when the reforming rate increases, the output of the frame rod shows a state closer to the fire extinguishing state as seen from the controller 10 as the hydrocarbon gas concentration decreases. Therefore, if the reforming rate in the hydrogen generator 30 is greatly deviated from the reference reforming rate, the controller 10 may erroneously detect that the combustor 40 is in a fire extinguishing state.
- the controller 10 estimates that the combustor 40 is in a fire extinguisher state, there is a possibility that the reforming rate in the hydrogen generator 30 may deviate from the reference reforming rate. .
- the specific correlation that is the relationship between the target change rate and the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 may be in an inappropriate state. Therefore, the output value from the flame detector 80 is also information for determining whether or not the specific correlation is appropriate (that is, information indicating the specific correlation).
- the fuel cell system 200 realizes stable operation of the hydrogen generator 30 (operation in which an appropriate specific correlation is established) as in the first embodiment, and also uses a flame rod as a flame detector 80.
- the above-described false detection prevention is realized when adopting.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system 200 according to the second embodiment.
- the fuel cell system 200 starts the fuel cell 20 according to a predetermined procedure, and shifts to a power generation mode in which power is supplied to an external load at a predetermined timing. After shifting to the power generation mode, as shown in FIG. 4, it is determined whether or not the power generation amount needs to be reduced (step S20).
- step S20 When it is not necessary to reduce the power generation amount (step S20: NO), the step S20 is repeatedly executed. On the other hand, when it is determined that the power generation amount needs to be changed (step S20: YES), the target change rate already described is set. Based on this, the power generation amount is controlled (step S21). For example, when the demand for electric power is reduced by 600 watts, and it is necessary to reduce the power generation amount accordingly, the controller 10 reduces the power generation amount by 2 watts per second based on the target change rate. To control. Note that the procedure for changing the amount of power generation and the handling of surplus power are as described in the first embodiment.
- the controller 10 acquires the output value of the flame detector 80 at a predetermined timing after starting the control of the power generation amount based on the target change rate (step S21) (step S22). This timing may be set every time a predetermined time (eg, several seconds, several minutes) elapses after the control in step S21 is started. Based on the acquired output value of the flame detector 80, the controller 10 determines whether or not the combustor 40 can be estimated to be in the fire extinguishing state (step S23). That is, the acquired output value is compared with a reference current value stored in advance in the memory 10b or the like to identify the corresponding combustion state and determine whether or not the identified combustion state is a fire extinguishing state.
- step S23 when it is determined that it is not in the fire extinguishing state (step S23: NO), this flow is terminated, and when it is determined that it is in the fire extinguishing state (step S23: YES), processing for changing the target change rate (step S24) ) Is executed, the flow is terminated.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a specific example of the target change rate changing process in step S24.
- step S23 YES in FIG. 4
- the power generation operation in the fuel cell 20 is continued while the target change rate is reduced (step S30) ( Step S31).
- the target change rate is reduced while maintaining the power generation operation of the fuel cell 20 itself.
- the power generation operation that is, supply of the raw material gas
- step S40 the target change rate is reduced
- the power generation operation is resumed (step S42).
- the power generation amount (that is, the supply amount of the raw material gas) is controlled based on the reduced target change rate.
- the target change rate when the power generation amount is reduced is changed from 2 [watt / second] stored in the memory 10b to 1 [watt / second], and the supply amount of the raw material gas is controlled accordingly.
- the correlation between the power generation amount and the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 is corrected based on the output value of the flame detector 80 (that is, the specific correlation), and the reforming rate is within a predetermined range. It is possible to realize a stable operation of the hydrogen generator 30 housed in Further, erroneous detection of the flame detector 80 can be prevented, and the combustion state in the combustor 40 can be accurately determined. That is, even if the determination of the fire extinguishing state by the controller 10 is caused by a change in the reforming rate (that is, a change in the composition of off-fuel gas), by reducing the target rate of change, Since the proper reforming rate (reference reforming rate) can be recovered, the combustion state can be accurately determined.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system 200 according to Embodiment 3.
- the fuel cell system 200 starts the fuel cell 20 according to a predetermined procedure, and shifts to a power generation mode in which power is supplied to an external load at a predetermined timing.
- the controller 10 executes the processes of steps S50 to S52 similar to those shown in steps S20 to S22 of FIG. 4 in the second embodiment. That is, whether or not it is necessary to reduce the power generation amount (step S50), power generation amount control based on the target change rate when it is determined to be necessary (step S51), and acquisition of the output current value of the flame detector 80 at a predetermined timing ( Step S52) is executed.
- the memory 10b of the controller 10 stores "first reference current value I1" as one of the reference current values already described.
- the first reference current value I1 is set as a threshold that allows the combustor 40 to be estimated to be in a fire extinguishing state if the output current value of the flame detector 80 is equal to or less than the current value I1.
- the controller 10 compares the output current value acquired from the flame detector 80 with the first reference current value I1 (step S53). As a result, when it is determined that the acquired current value is larger than the first reference current value I1 (step S53: NO), this flow is finished because it can be estimated that the combustion state is stable. On the other hand, when it is determined that the acquired current value is equal to or less than the first reference current value I1 (step S53: YES), it is estimated that the fire is extinguished, and a target change rate changing process (step S54) is performed. As the target change rate changing process, the process shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B can be employed.
- the output current value is further acquired from the flame detector 80, and the magnitude relationship between the current value and the predetermined second reference current value I2 is determined (step S55).
- the “second reference current value I2” here is a criterion for determining whether or not to increase the target change rate after the target change rate is once reduced (step S54). It is set to a predetermined value larger than one reference current value I1. That is, when it is estimated that the combustor 40 is in the fire extinguishing state and the target change rate is reduced, the reforming rate of the hydrogen generator 30 is restored to an appropriate reference reforming rate within a short period. Therefore, the target rate of change can be increased after recovering to the standard reforming rate.
- step S55: NO when it is determined that the output current value of the flame detector 80 is still small and less than the second reference current value I2 (step S55: NO), the process of step S55 is repeated to continue monitoring the combustion state. . On the other hand, if it is determined that the output current value has increased to be equal to or greater than the second reference current value I2 (step S55: YES), the target change rate is increased (step S56), and this flow is terminated.
- step S55 the controller 10 continuously acquires the output current value of the flame detector 80 for more accurate determination of the combustion state. Then, when this current value continues for a predetermined period (first period) and becomes equal to or greater than the second reference current value I2, or when this current value is a predetermined number of times (first number), the second reference current value I2 When the above is reached, it is determined that “current value ⁇ I2” (step S55: YES).
- the first period may be determined by the power generation time of the fuel cell 20 or the operation time of the fuel cell system 200. Further, the first number of times may be determined by the number of changes in the power load and the number of times the system 200 is started or stopped.
- the specific procedure for determining that “current value ⁇ I2” in step S55 is not limited to the above, and the recovery of the standard reforming rate (that is, the optimization of the specific correlation) can be accurately grasped. If so, other procedures may be employed.
- the target change rate before the reduction may be returned in step S54, or may be increased to a rate different from the target change rate before the reduction. May be.
- the target change rate can be increased according to the stabilization of the combustion state, and an energy saving operation can be performed. That is, after the reference reforming rate is recovered by reducing the target rate of change, it is not necessary to maintain the target rate of change at a low level. Therefore, by increasing the target change rate, it is possible to suppress the generation of surplus power and improve energy saving performance.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of the fuel cell system according to Embodiment 4.
- a fuel cell system 300 shown in FIG. 7 has the same configuration as that of the fuel cell system 200 (see FIG. 3) described in the second embodiment.
- the fuel cell system 300 includes a temperature detector 81 that detects the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30.
- the hydrogen generator 30 reforms the raw material gas into a hydrogen-rich gas, and reforms CO (carbon monoxide) generated in the reformer 30a.
- a CO converter 30b and a CO remover 30c for further removing CO in the gas that has passed through the CO converter 30b are provided.
- a temperature detector 81 is provided to detect the temperature of the reformer 30a, and the temperature of the reformer 30a detected by the temperature detector 81 is input to the controller 10.
- the memory 10b of the controller 10 stores the temperature of the reformer 30a (hereinafter referred to as “reference temperature”) when the specific correlation is appropriate for an arbitrary power generation amount (that is, the supply amount of the raw material gas). Information) is stored in advance.
- This reference temperature may be determined by a single numerical value for a certain power generation amount, or may be determined by a predetermined numerical range for a certain power generation amount. Therefore, for example, when the feed gas supply amount is reduced to change the power generation amount, if the detected temperature of the reformer 30a is higher than the reference temperature previously stored in the memory 10b, the specific correlation is It can be determined that it is not appropriate. Thus, the detected temperature of the reformer 30a can be handled as information indicating a specific correlation.
- the controller 10 can erroneously detect that the combustor 40 is in a fire extinguishing state due to a change in the composition of off-fuel gas. There is sex. Therefore, the detected temperature of the reformer 30a can also serve as an index for the possibility of erroneous detection that the fire extinguishing state is present.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the operation of the fuel cell system 300 according to the fourth embodiment.
- the fuel cell system 300 starts the fuel cell 20 according to a predetermined procedure, and shifts to a power generation mode for supplying electric power to an external load at a predetermined timing.
- the controller 10 executes the processes of steps S60 to S61 similar to those shown in steps S50 to S51 of FIG. 6 in the third embodiment. That is, the necessity determination of power generation amount reduction (step S60) and the power generation amount control (step S61) based on the target change rate when it is determined to be necessary are executed.
- the controller 10 acquires the temperature of the reformer 30a at a predetermined timing (step S62). This timing may be set every time a predetermined time (eg, several seconds, several minutes) elapses after the control in step S61 is started.
- the controller 10 determines whether or not the acquired temperature of the reformer 30a is equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature (first reference temperature) T1 (step S63).
- the first reference temperature T1 is set as the upper limit value of the reference temperature stored in advance in the memory 10b.
- the detected temperature of the reformer 30a being equal to or higher than the first reference temperature T1 suggests that the specific correlation is not appropriate, and also indicates that there is a high possibility that the combustor 40 is erroneously detected as a fire extinguishing state. .
- step S63: NO When the controller 10 determines that the temperature of the reformer 30a is lower than the first reference temperature T1 (step S63: NO), it can be estimated that the specific correlation is appropriate and the combustion state is stable. This flow ends. On the other hand, if it is determined that the temperature of the reformer 30a is equal to or higher than the first reference temperature T1 (step S63: YES), the specific correlation is not appropriate and there is a possibility of erroneous detection as a fire extinguishing state. Is changed (step S64). As the target change rate changing process, the process shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B can be employed.
- the detection temperature is further acquired from the temperature detector 81, and the magnitude relationship between the detection temperature and the predetermined second reference temperature T2 is determined (step S65).
- the “second reference temperature T2” here is a criterion for determining whether or not to increase the target change rate after the target change rate is once reduced (step S64). It is set to a predetermined value lower than the reference temperature T1. That is, when the target change rate is reduced in step S64, the reforming rate of the hydrogen generator 30 is restored to an appropriate reference reforming rate within a short period. Therefore, the target rate of change can be increased after recovering to the standard reforming rate.
- step S65: NO when it is determined that the detected temperature of the reformer 30a is still higher than the second reference temperature T2 (step S65: NO), the process of step S65 is repeated to wait for the temperature drop of the reformer 30a. On the other hand, if it is determined that the detected temperature is equal to or lower than the second reference temperature T2 (step S65: YES), the target change rate is increased (step S66), and this flow is ended.
- step S65 in order to more accurately determine whether or not the increase in the target change rate is permitted (that is, the optimization of the specific correlation), the controller 10 The detection temperature of the detector 81 is continuously acquired. And when this detected temperature continues for a predetermined period (second period) and falls below the second reference temperature T2, or when this detected temperature falls below the second reference temperature T2 by a predetermined number of times (second number) In such a case, it is determined that “temperature ⁇ T2” (step S65: YES).
- the second period may be determined by the power generation time of the fuel cell 20 or the operation time of the fuel cell system 300. Further, the second number of times may be determined by the number of power load changes and the number of times the system 300 is started or stopped.
- the specific procedure for determining that “temperature ⁇ T2” in step S65 is not limited to that described above, and other procedures may be adopted as long as the appropriateness of the specific correlation can be accurately grasped. Good.
- step S66 when increasing the target change rate in step S66, it may be returned to the target change rate before reduction in step S64, or may be increased so as to be different from the target change rate before reduction. May be.
- the output current value of the flame detector 80 and the detected temperature of the temperature detector 81 are exemplified as the information indicating the specific correlation, but the present invention is not limited to this. That is, other information is adopted as long as it can serve as an index for determining whether or not the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 is appropriately following the change in the power generation amount of the fuel cell 20. May be.
- the temperature of the exhaust gas from the CO remover 30c included in the hydrogen generator 30 (that is, the combustion exhaust gas of the combustor 40) can be adopted as such an index.
- the temperature of the hydrogen generator 30 is not properly decreased with respect to the decrease in the power generation amount, the situation appears as a slow temperature decrease of the combustion exhaust gas with respect to the decrease in the power generation amount.
- the present invention can be used in a fuel cell system including a fuel cell that generates power by reacting a fuel gas and an oxidant gas and an operation method thereof.
- the configuration to prevent the combustor from being erroneously detected as a fire extinguisher is a combustor using hydrogen gas, and the output current value of the flame rod is reduced in the same manner as hydrogen, even if it is not a fuel cell.
- the present invention can also be applied to industrial combustors that use easy gas (for example, coke oven gas).
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本実施の形態1に係る燃料電池システムの概略構成を示すブロック図である。図1に示すように、燃料電池システム100は、少なくとも制御器10、燃料電池20、水素生成装置30、及び燃焼器40を備えている。燃料電池20はアノード及びカソードを有し、アノードに供給された燃料ガスと、カソードに供給された酸化剤ガス(空気など)とが反応し、電気と熱が発生する。このうち電気は、図示しないインバータ等を介して家庭内の電気的負荷へ供給され、熱は、図示しない貯湯タンク内の水に蓄熱され、家庭内の熱負荷へ供給される。
図3は、実施の形態2に係る燃料電池システムの概略構成を示すブロック図である。図3に示すように、燃料電池システム200は、実施の形態1で説明したのと同様の制御器10、燃料電池20、水素生成装置30、及び燃焼器40を備え、更に、凝縮水タンク50や水タンク51も備えている。
次に、実施の形態3に係る燃料電池システムについて説明する。本実施の形態に係る燃料電池システムは、実施の形態2で説明した燃料電池システム200と同様の構成を備えるものであるため、当該構成の説明は省略する。
図7は、実施の形態4に係る燃料電池システムの概略構成を示すブロック図である。図7に示す燃料電池システム300は、実施の形態2で説明した燃料電池システム200(図3参照)と大部分において同様の構成を備えている。一方、燃料電池システム300は、先の燃料電池システム200とは異なり、水素生成装置30の温度を検知する温度検知器81を備えている。
20 燃料電池
30 水素生成装置
40 燃焼器
80 火炎検知器
81 温度検知器
100 燃料電池システム
200 燃料電池システム
300 燃料電池システム
Claims (9)
- 燃料ガスと酸化剤ガスとを反応させて発電する燃料電池と、
炭化水素ガスを含む原料ガスを水蒸気改質させて水素を含む燃料ガスを生成する水素生成装置と、
前記燃料電池から排出されるオフ燃料ガスを燃焼させて前記水素生成装置を加熱する燃焼器と、
前記燃料電池の発電量を変化させる場合の目標変化率を記憶し、該目標変化率に基づいて前記燃料電池の発電量を制御する制御器と、
を備え、
前記制御器は、前記燃料電池の発電量を変化させる場合に、前記目標変化率と前記水素生成装置の温度との相関関係を示す情報に基づいて、前記目標変化率を変更する、
燃料電池システム。 - 前記燃焼器は火炎を発するバーナーを有し、
火炎の導電性に基づいて前記燃焼器の燃焼状態を検知して前記制御器へ出力する火炎検知器を更に備え、
前記制御器は、前記燃料電池の発電量を低下させる場合に、前記火炎検知器からの入力に基づいて、前記目標変化率を低減させる、
請求項1に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記制御器は、前記火炎検知器からの入力により前記燃焼器が消火状態であると推定した場合に、前記目標変化率を低減しつつ、前記燃料電池の発電を継続させる、
請求項2に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記制御器は、前記火炎検知器からの入力により前記燃焼器が消火状態であると推定した場合に、前記燃料電池の発電を停止した後、前記目標変化率を低減して前記燃料電池の発電を再開させる、
請求項2に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記制御器は、前記火炎検知器が検知した電流値が所定の第1電流値以下の場合に、前記燃焼器が消火状態であると推定する、
請求項3又は4に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記制御器は、前記目標変化率を低減した後、前記火炎検知器が検知した電流値が、所定の第1期間だけ継続して前記第1電流値より大きい第2電流値以上になった場合、又は、所定の第1回数だけ前記第2電流値以上になった場合には、前記目標変化率を増大させる、
請求項5に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記水素生成装置は、前記原料ガスを水蒸気改質させる改質器を有し、
該改質器の温度を検知して前記制御器へ出力する温度検知器を更に備え、
前記制御器は、前記燃料電池の発電量を低下させている間に、前記改質器が所定の第1温度以上であると判断した場合には、前記目標変化率を低減させる、
請求項1に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記制御器は、前記目標変化率を低減した後、前記改質器の温度が、所定の第2期間だけ継続して前記第1温度より低い第2温度以下になった場合、又は、所定の第2回数だけ前記第2温度以下になった場合には、前記目標変化率を増大させる、
請求項7に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 燃料ガスと酸化剤ガスとを反応させて発電する燃料電池と、
炭化水素ガスを含む原料ガスを水蒸気改質させて水素を含む燃料ガスを生成する水素生成装置と、
前記燃料電池から排出されるオフ燃料ガスを燃焼させて前記水素生成装置を加熱する燃焼器と、を備える燃料電池システムの運転方法であって、
所定の目標変化率に基づいて前記燃料電池の発電量を制御するステップと、
前記目標変化率と前記水素生成装置の温度との相関関係を示す情報を取得するステップと、
前記相関関係を示す情報に基づいて前記目標変化率を変更するステップと、
を備える、燃料電池システムの運転方法。
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