WO2013042658A1 - 圧電/電歪アクチュエータ - Google Patents
圧電/電歪アクチュエータ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013042658A1 WO2013042658A1 PCT/JP2012/073822 JP2012073822W WO2013042658A1 WO 2013042658 A1 WO2013042658 A1 WO 2013042658A1 JP 2012073822 W JP2012073822 W JP 2012073822W WO 2013042658 A1 WO2013042658 A1 WO 2013042658A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- piezoelectric
- electrostrictive
- moisture
- electrostrictive actuator
- actuator according
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/20—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/88—Mounts; Supports; Enclosures; Casings
- H10N30/883—Additional insulation means preventing electrical, physical or chemical damage, e.g. protective coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/02—Forming enclosures or casings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/20—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators
- H10N30/204—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators using bending displacement, e.g. unimorph, bimorph or multimorph cantilever or membrane benders
- H10N30/2047—Membrane type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/852—Composite materials, e.g. having 1-3 or 2-2 type connectivity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/853—Ceramic compositions
- H10N30/8548—Lead-based oxides
- H10N30/8554—Lead-zirconium titanate [PZT] based
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator. More specifically, the present invention relates to a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator having improved insulation durability under a high humidity atmosphere while suppressing inhibition of piezoelectric displacement.
- Piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators have the advantage of being able to precisely control displacement on the order of submicrons.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator using a sintered body of a piezoelectric / electrostrictive porcelain composition as a piezoelectric / electrostrictive body can precisely control displacement, and has high electromechanical conversion efficiency. It has the advantages of large force, fast response speed, high durability, and low power consumption. Taking advantage of these advantages, it has been adopted in ink jet heads and micro pumps.
- Patent Document 1 an electrode having a low water vapor transmission rate is provided on a piezoelectric film, and a protective film made of an inorganic material that covers the electrode and the peripheral portion of the piezoelectric film is provided, whereby moisture of the piezoelectric film is absorbed. It describes preventing intrusion.
- Patent Document 2 since the thickness of the insulating layer at the corner becomes insufficient simply by electrodeposition and baking (electrodeposition coating) of acrylic paint or the like on the outer peripheral surface of the multilayer piezoelectric actuator, It is described that after the coating is performed, the second electrodeposition coating is performed again to suppress the intrusion of moisture from the corner portion.
- Patent Document 3 by filling a piezoelectric element for an inkjet head having a microcrack generated during slicing with an epoxy adhesive, the microcrack is filled, and then the epoxy adhesive is dried and cured. It is described that the strength is improved and moisture is prevented.
- Patent Document 4 the exposed portion of the internal electrode layer and the external electrode in the multilayer piezoelectric ceramic is covered with silicone, and the silicone is cured to form an exterior portion, thereby preventing migration and short-circuit of the electrode material. It is described to do.
- the actual situation is that the conventional technology has not yet found a sufficient solution for problems such as degradation of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer, breakdown, and short-circuiting of electrodes mainly caused by microcracks that occur. It is.
- the details of the active part (acting part), the inactive part (non-acting part), and the grain boundary (particularly, the grain boundary that becomes a triple point) will be described later.
- the inorganic coating used as a moisture-proof protective film in Patent Document 1 is hard and obstructs the displacement of the piezoelectric element, and thus requires measures such as patterning so as not to cover the active portion.
- the protective film has an opening at a position corresponding to the piezoelectric film (that is, the active portion) excluding the peripheral portion. Performing such patterning complicates the manufacturing process and leads to an increase in cost.
- Patent Documents 2 to 4 disclose that an organic coating is used as a moisture-proof film.
- the moisture-proof property and thus the high-humidity insulating property is insufficient.
- the displacement of the piezoelectric element is somewhat inhibited.
- the present invention has been made to solve such a problem, and has one object to improve the insulation durability of a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator in a high humidity atmosphere while suppressing inhibition of piezoelectric displacement. To do.
- the first embodiment of the present invention for solving the above problems is as follows. It includes at least one laminate including one piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer and a pair of electrodes respectively disposed on both sides of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer, and the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is the pair of electrodes.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive element having an actuating portion corresponding to a portion sandwiched between electrodes, a non-actuating portion corresponding to a portion where the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is not sandwiched between the pair of electrodes, and A moisture-proof film disposed so as to cover at least the boundary between the working part and the non-working part, having a saturated moisture content at 25 ° C.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator comprising:
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention is a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator in which the liquid has a moisture content of 20 ppm or more when used as the moisture-proof film.
- the third embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention, wherein a moisture transfer coefficient in a liquid boundary film in an environment of 40 ° C. ⁇ 85% RH is less than 0.2 cm / Hr.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator is
- the fourth embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the third embodiment of the present invention, wherein the ratio of paraffin carbon (% CP), the ratio of naphthene carbon (% CN), and aromatic determined by the ndM method In the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator, the carbon ratio (% CA) satisfies the relationship represented by the following expression (1).
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention is a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator having a sulfur content of less than 100 ppm.
- the sixth embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of the present invention, wherein the liquid further comprises a gelling agent of less than 5% by mass. It is a strain actuator.
- the seventh embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention, wherein the gelling agent is a gelling agent derived from vegetable oil.
- the eighth embodiment of the present invention provides: A piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the first to seventh embodiments of the present invention, wherein the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is disposed on a substrate.
- the ninth embodiment of the present invention provides The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention, wherein the substrate has a thin portion, and the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is arranged to cover at least a part of the thin portion. This is a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator.
- the tenth embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the ninth actual aspect of the present invention, wherein the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is fixed to a region corresponding to the thin portion on the substrate. It is.
- the eleventh embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any of the eighth to tenth embodiments of the present invention, wherein the substrate and the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element are fixed via the electrode. Actuator.
- the twelfth embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the first to eleventh embodiments of the present invention, wherein the moisture-proof film covers the vicinity of the boundary between the operating part and the non-operating part and the operating part.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element fine cracks are formed in the vicinity of the boundary between the operating part and the non-operating part or in the vicinity of the grain boundary of the crystal / electrostrictive layer included in the operating part.
- the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention provides The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the first to twelfth embodiments of the present invention, wherein at least one protective film is further disposed on the moisture-proof film. It is.
- the fourteenth embodiment of the present invention provides The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention, wherein at least one layer of the protective film includes a fluorine-based organic material.
- the fifteenth embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention, wherein at least one layer of the protective film is formed by curing the surface of the moisture-proof film. It is.
- the sixteenth embodiment of the present invention provides: The piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention, wherein at least one layer of the protective film includes a polyparaxylylene-based organic material.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator that exhibits excellent insulation durability even in a high humidity atmosphere while suppressing inhibition of piezoelectric displacement.
- the top view (a) of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator which concerns on one embodiment of this invention sectional drawing (b) along line Y shown in the figure, and sectional drawing (c) along line X shown in the figure ).
- the top view (a) of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator which concerns on another embodiment of this invention, sectional drawing (b) along the line Y shown in the figure, and sectional drawing along the line X shown in the figure ( c). It is a schematic diagram showing the crystal grain boundary and the grain boundary triple point which comprise a piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body).
- 4 is a graph showing a plot of ⁇ ln (1-X) against time (t) in a moisture-proof film material according to an embodiment of the invention.
- a moisture-proof film is formed so as to cover at least the vicinity of the boundary between the operating part and the non-operating part of the part composed of the substrate and the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element.
- an inorganic coating or an organic coating is applied to a specific portion of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator, and the coating is cured. By trying to prevent this, moisture is prevented from entering the piezoelectric film.
- the grain boundary mainly between the active part (actuating part) and the inactive part (non-actuating part) of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element, the grain boundary (in particular, There is a protective film disposed for the purpose of moisture prevention, such as deterioration of piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer, dielectric breakdown, short-circuiting of electrodes, etc. mainly due to micro cracks (fine cracks) generated at the triple boundary) It is difficult to solve problems such as obstruction of displacement at the time of driving the piezoelectric element due to the hardness.
- the “operating portion” refers to a portion of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element that corresponds to a portion where the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes (ie, a portion that generates displacement when an electric field is applied).
- the “non-actuating portion” is a portion of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element that corresponds to a portion where the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is not sandwiched between a pair of electrodes (that is, displacement (almost or not) when an electric field is applied). The part that does not occur).
- the “grain boundary” refers to a boundary between a plurality of crystal grains constituting the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body). Furthermore, the “grain boundary that becomes a triple point” (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as “grain boundary triple point”) refers to a point where the boundaries of three adjacent crystal grains intersect.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the crystal grain boundaries and the triple boundary points constituting the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body) as described above. In FIG.
- the substantially hexagonal shape represents crystal grains (ceramic particles) constituting the piezoelectric body
- the boundary between adjacent crystal grains represents the grain boundary
- the point where three common pieces intersect In the figure, indicated by an arrow) represents a grain boundary triple point.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator comprises: It includes at least one laminate including one piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer and a pair of electrodes respectively disposed on both sides of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer, and the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is the pair of electrodes.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive element having an actuating portion corresponding to a portion sandwiched between electrodes, a non-actuating portion corresponding to a portion where the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is not sandwiched between the pair of electrodes, and A moisture-proof film disposed so as to cover at least the boundary between the working part and the non-working part, having a saturated moisture content at 25 ° C. of 300 ppm or less and a withstand voltage at the saturated moisture content of 6 kV / a moisture-proof film made of a liquid mainly composed of a hydrocarbon-based organic compound composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, having a carbon-carbon bond as a main skeleton and having a diameter of at least mm.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator comprising:
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) -based piezoelectric / electrostrictive porcelain composition or a lead-free piezoelectric / electrostrictive that is being actively developed from the viewpoint of environmental protection in recent years. It can be appropriately selected from various piezoelectric / electrostrictive porcelain compositions used in the production of piezoelectric / electrostrictive sintered bodies including a porcelain composition.
- PZT lead zirconate titanate
- the said electrode can be suitably selected from the various materials used as an electrode in the said technical field, such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), for example.
- the lamination of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (also referred to as “piezoelectric body”) and these electrodes may be performed by any method known in the art (for example, vapor phase growth method, or after screen printing of each layer). It may be carried out by firing). Further, the thickness of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer and the electrode can be appropriately set according to the application to which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention is applied.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element may include two or more of the laminates.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive element including two or more of the above laminates can also be manufactured by a technique well known in the art.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element can be manufactured in various configurations using various techniques known in the art. No more detailed explanation is given here.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element included in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention includes an operating portion corresponding to a portion where the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is sandwiched between the pair of electrodes, and the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element. There is a non-actuating portion corresponding to a portion where the layer is not sandwiched between the pair of electrodes.
- the operating portion refers to a portion corresponding to a portion where the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is sandwiched between the pair of electrodes, and the operating portion is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element after firing.
- the strain element when an electric field is applied between the electrodes, the strain element is deformed (displaced) according to the applied electric field.
- the non-operation part refers to a part corresponding to a part where the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is not sandwiched between the pair of electrodes, and the non-operation part is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element after firing. Even when an electric field is applied between the electrodes, it is a site that does not (deformally) or hardly deforms (displaces) in accordance with the applied electric field.
- microcracks are a main cause of problems such as deterioration of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer, dielectric breakdown, and short-circuiting of the electrodes, and a factor of reducing the insulation durability of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element in a high humidity atmosphere.
- the grain boundary refers to a boundary between a plurality of crystal grains constituting the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body). Furthermore, the grain boundary triple point refers to a point where the boundaries of three adjacent crystal grains intersect. In the piezoelectric body, when an electric field is applied, the domain in the crystal grains expands and contracts, and the displacement is expressed. At that time, stress concentrates particularly at grain boundaries where the orientation of domains and crystal lattices is not well established. The triple point of a grain boundary is a part where stress is particularly concentrated in the grain boundary.
- microcracks tend to occur at grain boundaries (particularly, grain boundary triple points) of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body) included in the operating portion. Furthermore, microcracks are particularly likely to occur at the grain boundaries of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body) included in the vicinity of the boundary between the operating portion and the non-operating portion.
- the “liquid having a specific property” as used herein specifically refers to a carbon-carbon having a saturated moisture content at 25 ° C. of 300 ppm or less and a withstand voltage at the saturated moisture content of 6 kV / mm or more.
- a liquid whose main component is a hydrocarbon-based organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen with bonds as the main skeleton.
- the saturated moisture content can be measured by various methods known in the art as a method for measuring the moisture content in a liquid. Specifically, the saturated water content can be measured by, for example, Karl Fischer-type coulometric titration after standing for 24 hours or more in a high humidity environment with a humidity of 85% or more.
- the saturated water content of the liquid measured in this manner is desirably 300 ppm or less, more preferably 200 ppm or less as described above. If the saturated moisture content exceeds 300 ppm, the risk of lowering the insulation durability of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element in a high humidity atmosphere is increased, which is not desirable.
- the withstand voltage indicates the maximum electric field strength at which the liquid does not cause dielectric breakdown in a state where the liquid contains an amount of water corresponding to the saturated moisture content.
- the withstand voltage can be measured by various methods known in the art as a method for measuring the withstand voltage of various materials. Specifically, the withstand voltage is determined by, for example, immersing a pair of spherical electrodes having a diameter of 12.5 mm in a liquid to be measured at a gap of 2.5 mm between the electrodes, and applying an applied voltage between the electrodes every second. The voltage can be measured by increasing the voltage at a rate of about 3 kV and measuring the voltage when dielectric breakdown occurs.
- the withstand voltage of the liquid thus measured is preferably 6 kV / mm or more, more preferably 8 kV / mm or more as described above.
- the withstand voltage is less than 6 kV / mm, for example, when it is required to achieve a piezoelectric displacement larger than that in a smaller piezoelectric / electrostrictive element, the electric field higher than that in the past is increased.
- the liquid state is maintained in the temperature range to which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to this embodiment is exposed, and the saturated moisture content and resistance to moisture are maintained.
- the liquid material include various liquids such as various solvents, various oils (for example, mineral oil and synthetic oil), and various polymers.
- hydrocarbon-based organic compounds having a carbon-carbon bond as the main skeleton and consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are widely distributed as petroleum products, and are easily available and inexpensive. It is also advantageous in terms of cost.
- the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film is mainly composed of a hydrocarbon-based organic compound having a carbon-carbon bond as a main skeleton and only carbon and hydrogen. It is desirable to use a liquid.
- a liquid having a carbon-carbon bond as a main skeleton and a hydrocarbon-based organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen as a main component means that a material constituting most of the liquid has a carbon-carbon bond as a main skeleton.
- a liquid that is a hydrocarbon-based organic compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen refers to a liquid that is a hydrocarbon-based organic compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
- the liquid / hydraulic actuator is used as a moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator, the liquid has a carbon-carbon bond as a main skeleton, and is a hydrocarbon-based organic material composed of only carbon and hydrogen. A small amount of components other than the compound may be contained.
- the hydrocarbon-based organic compound may have a substituent other than a hydrocarbon group in part as long as it does not have any adverse effect on the use as the moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator.
- the hydrocarbon-based organic compound contains an unsaturated bond (double bond, triple bond) or a cyclic structure as long as it does not have any adverse effect in the use as the moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator. There may be.
- mineral oil can also be used as a material for the moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention.
- Some mineral oils contain small amounts (for example, about several hundred ppm) of components containing sulfur (S), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), etc. as impurity elements.
- S sulfur
- O oxygen
- N nitrogen
- a mineral oil containing a small amount of the component is used as a material for the moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention as long as it does not have any adverse effect on the use as the moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator. be able to.
- the material of the moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention has a carbon-carbon bond. It is desirable to use a main skeleton and a liquid composed mainly of a hydrocarbon-based organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen. In other words, in the material of the moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention, it is desirable that the content of the component containing such an impurity element is less than 0.5% by mass.
- the content of the component containing the impurity element exceeds 0.5% by mass, for example, the saturated moisture content increases or the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer This is not preferable because the dielectric breakdown voltage is reduced, or deterioration due to oxidation of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer is likely to occur and reliability is lowered.
- the liquid does not contain a component that easily volatilizes.
- the volatile component condenses or adheres to various parts of the device. It is not desirable because it may contaminate the portion by being adsorbed or adsorbed to cause a contact failure in a terminal for electrical connection, for example.
- a protective film is further disposed on the moisture-proof film as will be described later, this is not necessarily the case when the protective film can seal the volatile component.
- the liquid has a small amount of gelling agent derived from, for example, vegetable oils and fats (for example, to the total amount of the liquid), as long as the liquid does not have any adverse effect when used as a moisture-proof film in a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator. Less than 5% by mass).
- the moisture-proof film having a saturated moisture content and a withstand voltage falling within the above-mentioned range, having a carbon-carbon bond as a main skeleton, and a liquid material mainly containing a hydrocarbon-based organic compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen, It is necessary to dispose at least the vicinity of the boundary between the operating part and the non-operating part. This is because, as described above, the working part and the non-working part in which microcracks that mainly cause high-humidity insulation deterioration (decrease in insulation properties of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element in a high-humidity atmosphere) are generated. This is to prevent moisture from entering the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element by covering the vicinity of the boundary with the moisture-proof film.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is fixed unless there is any other inconvenience (such as in the manufacturing process).
- the moisture-proof film may be arranged so that the moisture-proof film covers the vicinity of the boundary between the operating part and the non-operating part and the operating part.
- the portion where the microcrack is likely to be generated other than the vicinity of the boundary between the operating portion and the non-operating portion is a grain boundary of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body) (particularly, the grain boundary 3). Emphasis). Therefore, more preferably, it is desirable to dispose the moisture-proof film so as to cover the grain boundary (particularly, the grain boundary triple point) of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body).
- the moisture barrier film is preferably applied after the polarization treatment of a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator in which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is fixed to the substrate.
- the method of applying the moisture-proof film depends on the properties of the liquid material constituting the moisture-proof film (for example, viscosity), the configuration of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator in which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is fixed to the substrate, and the like. Thus, it can be appropriately selected from various known application methods.
- examples of the method for applying the moisture-proof film include spin coating, spray coating, dispenser and inkjet application, screen printing, and stamp printing.
- the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film into the existing defects (for example, microcracks, etc.) in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element, for example, by vacuuming or the like. It is desirable to facilitate the filling of the material. More preferably, a fine through hole is formed in the upper electrode, for example, to a defect (for example, a microcrack or the like) and a gap between a grain boundary (particularly, a grain boundary triple point) and the upper electrode, etc. It is desirable to promote the filling of the liquid material constituting the moisture barrier film.
- the thickness of the moisture barrier film is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the moisture-proof film is less than this range, coating spots are generated, which makes it difficult to apply the moisture-proof film as a uniform continuous film, which is undesirable because the moisture-proof effect is impaired.
- the moisture-proof film is thicker than this range, when the moisture-proof film is applied, problems such as dripping of the material of the moisture-proof film may occur outside the target area, and high-temperature and high-humidity environments When the temperature is suddenly lowered from low to low, the moisture contained in the liquid constituting the moisture-proof layer may be released to form water droplets, which is not desirable. More preferably, the thickness of the moisture barrier film is in the range of 0.02 to 10 ⁇ m.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the second embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and is used as the moisture-proof film.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator has a moisture content of 20 ppm or more in the liquid state.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention When the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention is not used in a sealed environment, a certain amount of moisture enters the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film from, for example, the surrounding environment. In such a case, if a liquid that makes it difficult to exhibit sufficient insulation durability is used as the material of the moisture-proof film, it is difficult to effectively prevent high-humidity deterioration of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator as a result. There is a risk of becoming. Therefore, as described above, in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to this embodiment, it is desirable to use a liquid that can exhibit sufficient insulation durability even in such a case as the material of the moisture-proof film.
- the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to this embodiment desirably has a withstand voltage of 6 kV / mm or more at a moisture content of 20 ppm or more, more preferably 25 ppm or more. .
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the third embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and is 40 ° C. ⁇ 85% RH.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator has a moisture transfer coefficient of less than 0.2 cm / Hr in the liquid boundary film of the liquid.
- the insulation durability (high humidity insulation durability) of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element in a high humidity atmosphere is suppressed while inhibiting the inhibition of piezoelectric displacement.
- applications that require higher high-humidity insulation durability such as maintaining a high insulation resistance even after an accelerated deterioration test under more severe conditions, are assumed. Therefore, in order to achieve higher high-humidity insulation durability, the present inventor, as a result of intensive research, when the moisture transfer coefficient in the liquid boundary film of the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film is less than a predetermined threshold value. Furthermore, it has been found that it is possible to exhibit further excellent high-humidity insulation durability.
- the moisture-proof film disposed so as to cover at least the vicinity of the boundary between the operating portion and the non-operating portion is configured.
- the moisture transfer coefficient in the liquid boundary film in an environment of 40 ° C. ⁇ 85% RH is less than 0.2 cm / Hr.
- the said movement coefficient can be calculated
- V represents the volume of the liquid
- S represents the gas-liquid interface area between the liquid and the surrounding atmosphere
- Cw represents the concentration of water dissolved in the liquid
- Cw S represents the liquid in the liquid.
- t represents time
- k L represents the moisture transfer coefficient in the liquid boundary film.
- a detecting means such as a commercially available moisture meter in oil. From this measurement result, ⁇ ln (1-X) is calculated and plotted against time (t). From the slope ((S / V) ⁇ k L ) of the plot thus obtained, the movement coefficient (k L ) can be obtained.
- the present inventor has developed a moisture barrier film transfer coefficient (liquid boundary film mass transfer coefficient: k L ) obtained as described above and the insulation durability (high humidity insulation durability) of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element in a high humidity atmosphere. ) And a range of transfer coefficients that can achieve excellent high-humidity insulation durability have been identified.
- the moisture-proof film provided in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to this embodiment has a moisture transfer coefficient in the liquid film under an environment of 40 ° C. ⁇ 85% RH, more preferably less than 0.2 cm / Hr. Is preferably less than 0.18 cm / Hr. When the movement coefficient is 0.2 cm / Hr or more, there is an increased possibility that the insulation durability of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element in a high humidity atmosphere is lowered, which is not desirable.
- the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film has a carbon-carbon bond as a main skeleton, and is composed only of carbon and hydrogen. It is desirable to use a liquid mainly composed of a hydrocarbon-based organic compound.
- the definition of the liquid mainly composed of a hydrocarbon-based organic compound composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen having a carbon-carbon bond as the main skeleton is the same as in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the protective film seals the volatile component. This is not necessarily the case if you can.
- the liquid has a small amount of gelling agent derived from, for example, vegetable oils and fats (for example, to the total amount of the liquid), as long as the liquid does not have any adverse effect when used as a moisture-proof film in a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator. Less than 5% by mass).
- the moisture-proof film has at least the operating portion and the above-mentioned from the viewpoint of preventing moisture from entering into the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element. As long as it covers the vicinity of the boundary with the non-actuating part, at least the working part and the non-actuating part of the outer surface on the side to which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is fixed, unless otherwise inconvenienced. A portion other than the vicinity of the boundary may be covered.
- the moisture-proof film is preferably applied after the polarization treatment of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator in which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is fixed to the substrate, and the method of applying the moisture-proof film is also described above. The same thing as a 1st embodiment is employable.
- the thickness of the moisture-proof film is in the range of 0.01 to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.02 to 10 ⁇ m, as in the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the third embodiment of the present invention, and is ndM.
- the ratio of paraffin carbon (% CP), the ratio of naphthene carbon (% CN), and the ratio of aromatic carbon (% CA) in the liquid determined by the method satisfies the relationship represented by the following formula (1).
- the ndM method is a ring analysis frequently used in the composition analysis of oils such as lubricating oils.
- the refractive index (n 20 D), density (d 20 4) The molecular weight and sulfur content (wt%) are measured, and the ratio (percentage) to the total carbon, where the number of paraffin carbon, naphthene carbon, and aromatic carbon are% CP,% CN, and% CA, respectively. Is displayed.
- the naphthene carbon relative to the sum of the ratio of paraffin carbon (% CP) and the ratio of naphthene carbon (% CN) in the liquid is determined. It is desirable that the ratio (% CN) ratio (naphthene ratio) is 20% or more, more preferably 21% or more, and less than 40%, more preferably less than 39%. If the naphthene ratio deviates from the above range, the above-mentioned transfer coefficient increases, and as a result, there is an increased possibility that the insulation durability of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element in a high humidity atmosphere is reduced.
- the aromatic carbon ratio (% CA) is desirably less than 2%, more preferably less than 1.8%, as described above. If the ratio of aromatic carbon (% CA) is 2% or more, the aforementioned transfer coefficient also increases, and as a result, the insulation durability of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element in a high humidity atmosphere may be reduced. This is undesirable because it increases.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention, wherein sulfur is contained in the liquid.
- the sulfur content in the liquid is less than 100 ppm. If the sulfur content in the liquid is 100 ppm or more, the aforementioned transfer coefficient increases, which is not desirable. On the other hand, since a small amount of sulfur is contained in the liquid, it becomes possible to improve oxidation stability and the like. Therefore, the liquid contains a small amount of sulfur in a category that does not cause a significant increase in the transfer coefficient. May be.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the first to fifth embodiments of the present invention.
- the liquid is a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator, further comprising a gelling agent of less than 5% by mass.
- the liquid further contains less than 5% by mass of a gelling agent.
- a gelling agent such as the material of the moisture-proof film protruding beyond the target region when the moisture-proof film is applied.
- the gelling agent is added excessively (that is, 5% by mass or more), the fluidity of the liquid becomes insufficient.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention, wherein the gelling agent is It is a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator that is a gelling agent derived from vegetable oil.
- the gelling agent is a gelling agent derived from vegetable oil.
- Gelling agents derived from vegetable fats and oils are basically widely distributed in the technical field, in addition to many carbon-carbon bonds as the main skeleton and only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Since it can be easily obtained and is inexpensive, it is advantageous in terms of cost.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the first to seventh embodiments of the present invention.
- the substrate is generally used in a substrate for a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator.
- a material such as zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) or the like is used.
- the substrate may contain a small amount of additives such as yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ).
- a technique well-known in the technical field for example, green sheet molding or the like
- the thickness and shape of the substrate can be appropriately designed according to the application to which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to this embodiment is applied.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the ninth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention, wherein the substrate has a thin portion. And a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator, wherein the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is disposed so as to cover at least a part of the thin portion.
- the substrate has a thin portion, and the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator element is disposed so as to cover at least a part of the thin portion.
- This thin portion can also be formed by a method generally used in a substrate for a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator.
- the thin portion may be formed by cutting the substrate by a technique such as etching, and the thin portion is formed on a relatively thin member (for example, having a thickness of several ⁇ m) where the thin portion is to be formed. You may form by laminating
- a surface for example, the upper surface
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator is also applied to the thickness of the substrate, the thickness and area of the thin portion of the substrate, and the volume of the opening of the thick portion (thickness of the thick portion). It can design suitably according to a use.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to this embodiment is used as a liquid ejecting head such as an ink jet head used in an ink jet printer
- a mechanism for ejecting a liquid such as ink (for example, an ejecting nozzle) Can be provided so as to be connected to the opening surface of the space (a surface not in contact with the thin wall portion or the inner wall of the thick wall portion).
- a configuration generally used in the technical field of the liquid ejecting head can also be adopted as the configuration of the ejecting mechanism.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the fourth actual aspect of the present invention, wherein the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is the same. Is a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator fixed to a region corresponding to the thin portion on the substrate.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is a region corresponding to the thin portion on the opposite side of the space (opening portion of the thick portion) of the substrate. It is fixed to.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element includes at least one laminate including one piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer and a pair of electrodes disposed on both sides of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the eighth to tenth embodiments of the present invention.
- the electrode closest to the substrate is not connected to the substrate without the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer interposed therebetween. Directly fixed.
- the electrode closest to the substrate is fixed to the substrate via the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (that is, the piezoelectric / electrostrictive is between the electrode closest to the substrate and the substrate). Since there are fewer parts that do not contribute to the piezoelectric displacement compared to the configuration (with layers interposed), it is useful in applications that seek to achieve greater piezoelectric displacement in smaller piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to a twelfth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the first to eleventh embodiments of the present invention.
- the moisture-proof film is disposed in the vicinity of the boundary between the operating portion and the non-operating portion and to cover the operating portion, and in the vicinity of the boundary between the operating portion and the non-operating portion in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element or Piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator having fine cracks in the vicinity of grain boundaries of crystal grains constituting the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer included in the operating portion, and the cracks being filled with the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film It is.
- microcracks fine cracks
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive element having an operating part and a non-operating part, or driven as a piezoelectric / electrostrictive element.
- the moisture-proof film is applied so as to cover the vicinity of the boundary between the working part and the non-working part and the working part.
- the filling of the liquid material into the microcracks can often be performed by a so-called “capillary phenomenon” that occurs naturally during the application of the liquid material, but the properties of the liquid material (for example, viscosity) Depending on the size and shape of the microcracks, the liquid material may not be naturally filled in the microcracks. In this case, filling of the liquid material into the microcracks may be promoted by a method such as evacuation, for example.
- the above microcracks can be generated not only when the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is polarized, but also when the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is driven. However, since the moisture-proof film is applied to cover the vicinity of the boundary between the operating part and the non-operating part and the operating part after the polarization treatment of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element as described above, the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is thereafter applied.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a state in which the liquid material constituting the moisture-proof film is filled in the crack generated at the grain boundary of the crystal grains constituting the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer (piezoelectric body) as described above. .
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer 60 is configured in the vicinity of the boundary between the operating portion and the non-operating portion of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element or included in the operating portion.
- a crack 120 is generated along with the upper electrode 70 in a part of the grain boundary 110 of the crystal grains.
- the moisture-proof film 80 is disposed so as to cover the vicinity of the boundary between the operating portion and the non-operating portion and the operating portion.
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to any one of the first to twelfth embodiments of the present invention, In the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator, at least one protective film is further disposed on the moisture-proof film.
- the protective film preferably includes a material that does not mix or react with the liquid material constituting the moisture-proof film. More preferably, the protective film is preferably a material that can be further applied on the moisture-proof film to further improve the moisture-proof performance of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present embodiment.
- the material constituting the protective film include a fluororesin that can be dissolved in a fluorine-based solvent and formed into a film after drying.
- the moisture-proof film of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention is made of a liquid material. Since the liquid material has fluidity, for example, when the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator is to be incorporated in a target apparatus such as a liquid jet head (specifically, an ink jet head), a moisture-proof film is formed.
- a target apparatus such as a liquid jet head (specifically, an ink jet head)
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to this embodiment in which at least one protective film is further disposed on the moisture-proof film is preferable.
- the protective film has a Young's modulus of 1 MPa or more.
- the above-described handling is assumed in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention. Problems and long-term durability problems are eliminated.
- the Young's modulus of the protective film can be measured, for example, by a method defined in JIS K 7127. If the Young's modulus of the protective film is less than 1 MPa, the above-mentioned handling problems are not particularly solved, which is not desirable. More preferably, the Young's modulus of the protective film is 10 MPa or more.
- the method for applying the protective film depends on the properties of the liquid material constituting the protective film (for example, viscosity) and the structure of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator in which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element is fixed to the substrate. Thus, it can be appropriately selected from various known application methods. Specifically, examples of the method for applying the protective film include spin coating, spray coating, application using a dispenser or inkjet, screen printing, and the like.
- the thickness of the protective film is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the protective film is less than this range, it is difficult to apply the protective film as a uniform continuous film, and problems such as the formation of holes in the protective film are undesirable. On the contrary, if the thickness of the protective film is larger than this range, when applying the protective film, problems (sagging) such as the material of the protective film protruding beyond the target area may occur (in the operating part) Although the generated piezoelectric displacement is relaxed / absorbed in the moisture-proof film), it is not desirable because it may hinder the displacement of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element. More preferably, the thickness of the protective film is in the range of 0.2 to 8 ⁇ m.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the fourteenth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention, wherein at least one of the protective films.
- the protective film is a material that does not mix with or react with the liquid material constituting the moisture-proof film, and more preferably is further applied on the moisture-proof film. Therefore, it is desirable to include a material that can further improve the moisture-proof performance of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present embodiment. Particularly preferred as such a material is a fluororesin.
- a fifteenth embodiment or a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the fifteenth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- at least one layer is formed by curing the surface of the moisture-proof film.
- At least one protective film comprising a fluorine-based organic material is further provided on the moisture-proof film.
- the protective film may be provided as a separate layer from the moisture-proof film by applying it on the moisture-proof film, but the protective film may be formed by curing the surface of the moisture-proof film. Examples of methods for curing the surface of the moisture-proof film in this way include methods such as plasma irradiation treatment, ultraviolet curing treatment, and moisture curing treatment.
- a protective film component for example, a fluororesin
- a protective film component is mixed or dissolved in the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film, and the protective film component is separated from the surface of the moisture-proof film by heat treatment or the like, and then plasma is applied to the surface.
- a protective film may be formed by performing treatment, ultraviolet curing treatment, moisture curing treatment, etc., and curing the separated protective film components.
- the protective film may have a two-layer structure. Specifically, after disposing the first protective film on the moisture-proof film of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to each of the above-described embodiments, a film having a higher moisture-proof effect is formed using a vacuum facility or the like. It is possible to laminate as a protective film. More specifically, for example, alumina, glass, polyparaxylylene, or the like is laminated on the first protective film by using a sputtering method, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, or the like. Thus, a second protective film can be provided. Providing such a second protective film is more preferable because it has an effect of preventing outgassing from the moisture-proof film and the first protective film.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the sixteenth embodiment of the present invention is the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the thirteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- the first protective film disposed on the moisture-proof film is provided.
- a second protective film may be provided. More preferably, the second protective film is a film having a high moisture-proof effect.
- Such a film having a high moisture-proof effect is provided by laminating, for example, alumina, glass, polyparaxylylene, etc. on the first protective film using a sputtering method, a CVD method, or the like as described above. be able to.
- the present inventor has found that the second protective film as described above can be directly provided on the moisture-proof film without going through the first protective film. .
- the moisture-proof film is obtained by a method such as a CVD method.
- the protective layer can be provided directly on the moisture-proof film without using a solvent or the like that may cause dissolution.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view (a) of a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to one embodiment of the present invention as described above, a cross-sectional view (b) along the line Y shown in the figure, and a figure shown in the figure. It is sectional drawing (c) along line X.
- a substrate 10 having a thin portion 20 having a thickness of 6 ⁇ m was formed by green sheet molding and fired at 1450 ° C.
- a platinum (Pt) electrode (lower electrode 30) having a thickness of 1.5 ⁇ m and a width of 120 ⁇ m was laminated in a region corresponding to the thin-walled portion 20 by screen printing, and fired at 1350 ° C.
- a lower piezoelectric film 40 having a thickness of 6 ⁇ m and a width of 160 ⁇ m is laminated on the lower electrode 30 by screen printing, and a platinum (Pt) electrode (internal electrode 50) having a thickness of 1.5 ⁇ m and a width of 120 ⁇ m and a thickness of 6 ⁇ m.
- the upper piezoelectric film 60 having a width of 160 ⁇ m was laminated by screen printing and fired at 1250 ° C.
- a gold (Au) electrode (upper electrode 70) having a thickness of 0.2 ⁇ m and a width of 120 ⁇ m was laminated on the upper piezoelectric film 60 by screen printing and fired at 800 ° C.
- the internal electrode 50 is sandwiched between the two layers of the piezoelectric film (the lower layer piezoelectric film 40 and the upper layer piezoelectric film 60), and the lower surface is formed on both surfaces thereof. Since the electrode 30 and the upper electrode 70 are provided, the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element 90 in the present embodiment has the above-mentioned “one piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer and both surfaces of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive layer”.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element includes only one of the laminates, and the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element includes three laminates. A mode including two or more is also included in the scope of the present invention.
- the length of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator 100 in the longitudinal direction was 1000 ⁇ m.
- zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) containing 3 mol% yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ) in terms of metal element was used. Further, as the material of the piezoelectric films 40 and 60, 0.17Pb (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) O 3 + 0.03Pb (Ni 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) O 3 + 0.80PZT is used. did.
- a portion sandwiched between the lower electrode 30 and the internal electrode 50 of the lower piezoelectric film 40 and a portion sandwiched between the internal electrode 50 and the upper electrode 70 of the upper piezoelectric film 60 corresponds to the working part. That is, when an electric field is applied between these electrodes, these portions are deformed (displaced) according to the applied electric field.
- a portion of the lower piezoelectric film 40 that is not sandwiched between the lower electrode 30 and the internal electrode 50 and a portion of the upper piezoelectric film 60 that is not sandwiched between the internal electrode 50 and the upper electrode 70 correspond to non-operating portions.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of an aspect in which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element includes only one of the laminates.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view (a) of a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to another embodiment of the present invention, a cross-sectional view (b) along the line Y shown in FIG. It is sectional drawing (c) along the line X shown.
- the material of the substrate 10 is zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) containing 3 mol% of yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ) in terms of metal element, and the thickness of the thin portion 20 The thickness was 1.5 ⁇ m and the width was 100 ⁇ m.
- a platinum (Pt) electrode lower electrode 30 having a thickness of 1.0 ⁇ m and a width of 90 ⁇ m was laminated in a region corresponding to the thin portion 20. Further, a ceramic of 0.17 Pb (Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) O 3 + 0.03 Pb (Ni 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) O 3 + 0.80 PZT is used on the lower electrode 30. An upper piezoelectric film 60 having a thickness of 2.5 ⁇ m and a width of 80 ⁇ m was laminated. Furthermore, a gold (Au) electrode (upper electrode 70) having a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m and a width of 70 ⁇ m was laminated on the upper piezoelectric film 60. Thus, a mode in which the piezoelectric / electrostrictive element includes only one of the laminates is also included as a modification of the present invention.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator may be heated to 100 to 300 ° C. in the atmosphere with the electrode opened.
- moisture-proof film Spinning is applied to the outer surface of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator 100 manufactured as described above on the side where the laminate (piezoelectric / electrostrictive element 90) of the piezoelectric film and the electrode is fixed.
- a moisture-proof film 80 was applied by a coating method.
- the material, moisture content, withstand voltage, and coating thickness of each moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators of Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 9 are listed in Table 1 below.
- the moisture-proof film was applied by the spin coating method as described above.
- An appropriate method can be appropriately selected and used from various known coating methods.
- the mineral oil A which is a moisture-proof film material in Example 1 has a kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C. of 56 [mm 2 / s], and has paraffin carbon, naphthene carbon, and aroma determined by the ndM method.
- Group carbon proportions (% CP,% CN, and% CA, respectively) are 66, 34, and 0, respectively, and the sulfur content is less than 100 ppm.
- the mineral oil B which is a moisture-proof film material in Example 2 has a kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C. of 8.0 [mm 2 / s], and% CP,% CN, and% CA are 54, 38, and 8 respectively.
- the sulfur content is 300 ppm.
- the mineral oil C which is a moisture-proof film material in Example 3 has a kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C. of 8.5 [mm 2 / s], and% CP,% CN, and% CA are 47, 46, and 7 respectively.
- the sulfur content is 100 ppm.
- the ndM method (also referred to as “ndM ring analysis method”) is an analysis method generally used in the composition analysis of oil, and the number of paraffin carbons in the oil , The ratio of naphthene carbon number and aromatic carbon number to total carbon is empirically estimated from n (refractive index), d (density), M (average molecular weight), and sulfur concentration.
- the polybutene A which is a moisture-proof film material in Example 4 has a kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C. of 110 [mm 2 / s] and a sulfur content of 100 ppm.
- the polybutene B which is a moisture-proof film material in Example 5 has a kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C. of 650 [mm 2 / s] and a sulfur content of 100 ppm.
- the above description regarding the composition and physical properties of the moisture-proof film material used as a representative example in this example is merely an example, and the moisture-proof film material used in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention is shown in these examples.
- composition ratio and physical property values of the moisture-proof film material used as a representative example in this example are to some extent due to, for example, measurement errors and variations in production quality of various materials used as the moisture-proof film. It should also be noted that there may be fluctuations (about ⁇ several percent, specifically about ⁇ 5%).
- the moisture-proof film As compared with the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator of Comparative Example 1 as a reference standard to which no is applied, inhibition of piezoelectric displacement is observed in all cases. This suggests that the moisture-proof film employed in these piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators is hard and has become an obstacle to piezoelectric displacement.
- the insulation resistance after the accelerated deterioration test is also significantly reduced.
- the moisture-proof film employed in these piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators has poor fluidity, so that the moisture-proof film is newly formed in the microcrack newly generated near the boundary between the operating part and the non-operating part during the accelerated deterioration test.
- the material could not be sufficiently filled, or the moisture-proof film could not be kept in close contact with the surface of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator. Suggests.
- the withstand voltage of fluorine oil and fluorine gel is as high as 8 kV / mm and 10 kV / mm, respectively, but it cannot exhibit the effect of improving the insulation durability under high humidity atmosphere, and the insulation resistance after the accelerated deterioration test Are significantly reduced to 10 kV / mm and 0.8 kV / mm, respectively.
- the fluorine oil and the fluorine gel have high humidity even though the saturated moisture content and the withstand voltage are both within the preferable range as the material of the moisture-proof film of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention.
- the effect of improving the insulation durability under the atmosphere could not be exhibited.
- fluorine oil and fluorine gel are not liquids mainly composed of hydrocarbon-based organic compounds consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen, with carbon-carbon bonds as the main skeleton, so that they are used as moisture-proof films in piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators. It seems that the desired insulation durability could not be exhibited in a high humidity atmosphere.
- the saturated moisture content and the withstand voltage are both within a suitable range as a material for the moisture-proof film of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to the present invention, and the carbon-carbon bond is the main skeleton, and carbonization consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators of Examples 1 to 7 in which mineral oils A to C, polybutenes A and B, nonane, and undecane, which are liquids mainly composed of a hydrogen-based organic compound, are used as moisture-proof films piezoelectric displacement is reduced. Without obstructing, it maintains a high insulation resistance comparable to that before the accelerated deterioration test.
- the moisture-proof film is a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator. It was suggested that the high humidity insulation deterioration could be sufficiently suppressed because it was possible to maintain the state of being sufficiently adhered to the surface (not peeled).
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators according to Examples 11 to 17 and Comparative Examples 11 to 16 of the present invention are the above-described Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Example 1 of the present invention. It was manufactured in the same manner as the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators according to 9 to 9, and subjected to polarization treatment.
- the moisture transfer coefficient (k L ) in the liquid boundary film of the liquid material constituting the moisture-proof film is a predetermined environment (40 ° C. ⁇ 85% RH). Then, the moisture concentration in the liquid in a state where the liquid having a predetermined volume (V) is brought into contact with the surrounding atmosphere via the predetermined surface area (S) is detected by a detection means (for example, a commercially available moisture meter in oil). For example, it is obtained by measuring with a HUMICAP (registered trademark) MMT162 oil-in-water converter manufactured by Vaisala, calculating -ln (1-X) from the measurement result, and plotting it against time (t).
- a detection means for example, a commercially available moisture meter in oil
- X represents the ratio (also referred to as “activity value”) of the concentration (Cw) of water dissolved in the liquid to the saturation concentration (Cw S ) of water dissolved in the liquid.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing an outline of the measurement apparatus used for measuring the moisture transfer coefficient (k L ) in the liquid boundary film of the liquid material constituting the moisture-proof film as described above.
- a predetermined amount for example, 25 mL
- a predetermined volume for example, 30 mm ⁇ ⁇ 50 mmH
- moisture is immersed in the liquid.
- a detection means 220 is provided.
- a measuring apparatus having such a configuration is installed in an environment of 40 ° C.
- a change in moisture concentration (Cw) based on a detection signal from the moisture detection means 220 is periodically (for example, Recorded at 10 minute intervals).
- a moisture converter in HUMICAP (registered trademark) MMT162 manufactured by Vaisala was used as the moisture detecting means 220.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of a graph in which the ratio of the water concentration (Cw) obtained as described above to the saturated water concentration (Cw S ) is calculated as an activity value (X) and plotted against time (t). .
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing a plot of the activity value (X) against time (t) in the moisture-proof film material according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 shows an example of a graph in which ⁇ ln (1-X) is calculated from the activity value (X) calculated as described above and plotted against time (t).
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing a plot of -ln (1-X) versus time (t) for a moisture barrier film material according to one embodiment of the invention.
- the slope of the graph shown in FIG. 7 corresponds to (S / V) ⁇ k L. Therefore, the above-described S and V were substituted into the value of the slope, and the moisture transfer coefficient (k L ) in the liquid boundary film of the various moisture-proof films was calculated.
- the concentration (Cw) of the water in the liquid 210 approaches the saturated water concentration (Cw S ), and thus deviates from diffusion rate control. Therefore, when determining the slope of the graph, the determination coefficient R2 is set to 0.99 or more by excluding data at the initial measurement and final measurement.
- the piezoelectric film of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator manufactured as described above is the same as the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 9 of the present invention described above.
- a moisture-proof film was applied by spin coating to the outer surface on the side where the laminate (piezoelectric / electrostrictive element) of the electrode and the electrode was fixed.
- the material, moisture content, withstand voltage, and coating thickness of each moisture-proof film in the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators of Examples 11 to 17 and Comparative Examples 11 to 16 are listed in Table 2 below.
- the moisture-proof film was applied by the spin coating method as described above.
- An appropriate method can be appropriately selected and used from various known coating methods.
- the sum of the ratio of paraffin carbon (% CP) and the ratio of naphthene carbon (% CN) obtained by the ndM method The ratio of naphthene carbon (% CN) (naphthene ratio) is 20% or more and less than 40%, the ratio of aromatic carbon (% CA) is less than 2%, and an environment of 40 ° C. ⁇ 85% RH
- the moisture transfer coefficient in the liquid boundary film below is less than 0.2 cm / Hr and the sulfur content is less than 100 ppm. That is, in the moisture-proof film material according to these examples, all these items are within a desirable range.
- the naphthene ratio obtained by the ndM method is 40% or more, the ratio of aromatic carbon (% CA) is 2% or more, and the moisture content The transfer coefficient is 0.2 cm / Hr or more, and the sulfur content is 100 ppm or more. That is, in the moisture-proof film material according to Comparative Examples 11 and 12, all these items deviate from the desirable range. Moreover, in the moisture-proof film material according to Comparative Examples 13 to 16, although the aromatic carbon ratio (% CA) and the sulfur content ratio are within the desired ranges, other items (naphthene ratio and transfer coefficient) Deviates from the desired range.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators according to these comparative examples correspond to the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators according to the above-described second and third embodiments, respectively, and have relatively mild conditions (specifically, 4 kV / mm Although good insulation resistance could be maintained after an accelerated deterioration test under an electric field), good insulation after an accelerated deterioration test under more severe conditions (specifically, an electric field of 8 kV / mm). The resistance could not be retained.
- the ratio of aromatic carbon (% CA) and the content of sulfur are within the desired ranges, but other items (Naphthene ratio and transfer coefficient) deviate from the desired ranges, so that good insulation resistance should be maintained after accelerated degradation tests under more severe conditions (specifically, an electric field of 8 kV / mm). I could not.
- the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to Comparative Example 16 corresponds to the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to Example 7 described above, and is relatively gentle (specifically, an electric field of 4 kV / mm). Although good insulation resistance could be maintained after the accelerated deterioration test below, good insulation resistance was obtained after the accelerated deterioration test under more severe conditions (specifically, an electric field of 8 kV / mm). Can not hold.
- good insulation resistance could be maintained even after an accelerated deterioration test under more severe conditions (specifically, an electric field of 8 kV / mm).
- FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 are graphs showing plots of the transfer coefficient and the naphthene ratio of the insulation resistance after deterioration for each of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuators according to various examples and comparative examples, respectively.
- the moisture transfer coefficient in the liquid boundary film constituting the moisture-proof film is less than 0.2 cm / Hr because the naphthene ratio is 20% or more and 40%. It turns out that the liquid is less than.
- FIG. 9 it is possible to maintain a good insulation resistance even after an accelerated deterioration test under more severe conditions (specifically, an electric field of 8 kV / mm). It can be seen from the graph shown in FIG.
- the liquid exhibits a transfer coefficient of less than 0.2 and has a naphthene ratio of 20% or more and less than 40%. That is, as described above, the moisture transfer coefficient in the liquid boundary film of the liquid constituting the moisture-proof film under the environment of 40 ° C. ⁇ 85% RH is less than 0.2 cm / Hr, so that more severe conditions (specifically In particular, it was confirmed that a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator capable of maintaining a good insulation resistance even after an accelerated deterioration test under an electric field of 8 kV / mm) was confirmed.
- the cross-sectional sample of the piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator according to Example 12 was prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) processing in a frozen state, and the result of observing the application state of the moisture-proof film with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is shown in FIG. 10 shows.
- FIB focused ion beam
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- a piezoelectric / electrostrictive actuator that exhibits excellent insulation durability even in a high humidity atmosphere while suppressing inhibition of piezoelectric displacement.
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Abstract
Description
1層の圧電/電歪層と前記圧電/電歪層の両面にそれぞれ配置された1対の電極とを含む積層体を少なくとも1つ含んでなり、前記圧電/電歪層が前記1対の電極に挟まれている部分に対応する作動部と、前記圧電/電歪層が前記1対の電極に挟まれていない部分に対応する非作動部とを有する圧電/電歪素子、並びに、
少なくとも前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍を覆うように配置されている防湿膜であって、25℃での飽和水分率が300ppm以下であり、当該飽和水分率における耐電圧が6kV/mm以上である、炭素-炭素結合を主骨格とし、炭素及び水素のみからなる炭化水素系有機化合物を主成分とする液体からなる防湿膜、
を含んでなる圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第1の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜として使用されている状態における前記液体の水分率が20ppm以上である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第1の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、40℃×85%RHの環境下での前記液体の液境膜における水分の移動係数が0.2cm/Hr未満である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第3の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、n-d-M法によって求められるパラフィン炭素の割合(%CP)、ナフテン炭素の割合(%CN)、及び芳香族炭素の割合(%CA)が、下式(1)によって表される関係を満足する、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第4の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、硫黄の含有率が100ppm未満である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第1乃至前記第5の実施態様のいずれか1つに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記液体が、5質量%未満のゲル化剤を更に含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第6の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記ゲル化剤が植物性油脂に由来するゲル化剤である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第1乃至第7の実施態様のいずれかに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記圧電/電歪素子が基板上に配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第8の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記基板が薄肉部を有しており、前記圧電/電歪素子がその薄肉部の少なくとも一部を覆うように配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第9の実際態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記圧電/電歪素子が、前記基板上の前記薄肉部に対応する領域に固着されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第8乃至第10の実施態様のいずれかに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記基板と前記圧電/電歪素子が、前記電極を介して固着されている圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第1乃至第11の実施態様のいずれかに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜が前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍及び前記作動部を覆うように配置されており、前記圧電/電歪素子における前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍又は前記作動部に含まれる圧電/電歪層を構成する結晶粒の粒界近傍に微細な亀裂を有し、当該亀裂が前記防湿膜を構成する前記液体によって充填されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第1乃至第12の実施態様のいずれかに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜の上に少なくとも1層の保護膜が更に配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第13の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層がフッ素系有機材料を含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第13の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層が、前記防湿膜の表面を硬化させることによって形成されてなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の前記第13の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層が、ポリパラキシリレン系有機材料を含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の第1の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、
1層の圧電/電歪層と前記圧電/電歪層の両面にそれぞれ配置された1対の電極とを含む積層体を少なくとも1つ含んでなり、前記圧電/電歪層が前記1対の電極に挟まれている部分に対応する作動部と、前記圧電/電歪層が前記1対の電極に挟まれていない部分に対応する非作動部とを有する圧電/電歪素子、並びに、
少なくとも前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍を覆うように配置されている防湿膜であって、25℃での飽和水分率が300ppm以下であり、当該飽和水分率における耐電圧が6kV/mm以上である、炭素-炭素結合を主骨格とし、炭素及び水素のみからなる炭化水素系有機化合物を主成分とする液体からなる防湿膜、
を含んでなる圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
また、本発明の第2の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第1の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜として使用されている状態における前記液体の水分率が20ppm以上である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
更に、本発明の第3の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第1の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、40℃×85%RHの環境下での前記液体の液境膜における水分の移動係数が0.2cm/Hr未満である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
加えて、本発明の第4の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第3の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、n-d-M法によって求められる前記液体におけるパラフィン炭素の割合(%CP)、ナフテン炭素の割合(%CN)、及び芳香族炭素の割合(%CA)が、下式(1)によって表される関係を満足する、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
また、本発明の第5の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第4の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記液体における硫黄の含有率が100ppm未満である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
更に、本発明の第6の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第1乃至第5の実施態様のいずれか1つに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記液体が、5質量%未満のゲル化剤を更に含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
また更に、本発明の第7の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第6の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記ゲル化剤が植物性油脂に由来するゲル化剤である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
加えて、本発明の第8の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第1乃至第7の実施態様のいずれかに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記圧電/電歪素子が基板上に配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
また、本発明の第9の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第8の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記基板が薄肉部を有しており、前記圧電/電歪素子がその薄肉部の少なくとも一部を覆うように配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
更に、本発明の第10の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第4の実際態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記圧電/電歪素子が、前記基板上の前記薄肉部に対応する領域に固着されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
また更に、本発明の第11の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第8乃至第10の実施態様のいずれかに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記基板と前記圧電/電歪素子が、前記電極を介して固着されている圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
加えて、本発明の第12の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第1乃至第11の実施態様のいずれかに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜が前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍及び前記作動部を覆うように配置されており、前記圧電/電歪素子における前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍又は前記作動部に含まれる圧電/電歪層を構成する結晶粒の粒界近傍に微細な亀裂を有し、当該亀裂が前記防湿膜を構成する前記液体によって充填されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
また、本発明の第13の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第1乃至第12の実施態様のいずれかに係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜の上に少なくとも1層の保護膜が更に配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
更に、本発明の第14の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第13の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層がフッ素系有機材料を含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
また更に、本発明の第15の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第13の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層が、前記防湿膜の表面を硬化させることによって形成されてなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
加えて、本発明の第16の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、本発明の前記第13の実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層が、ポリパラキシリレン系有機材料を含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータである。
本発明の実施例1~7及び比較例1~9に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータの製造について以下に説明する。但し、以下に説明する構成や製造方法等はあくまでも例示であって、本発明に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータの構成や製造方法は、これらに限定されるものではない。
ここでは、図1を参照しながら説明する。図1は、前述のように、本発明の1つの実施態様に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータの平面図(a)、図中に示す線Yに沿った断面図(b)、及び図中に示す線Xに沿った断面図(c)である。先ず、薄肉部20の厚みが6μmの基板10をグリーンシート成形によって成形し、1450℃で焼成した。次に、上記薄肉部20に対応する領域に、厚さ1.5μm、幅120μmの白金(Pt)電極(下部電極30)をスクリーン印刷によって積層し、1350℃で焼成した。この下部電極30の上に、厚さ6μm、幅160μmの下層圧電膜40をスクリーン印刷によって積層し、厚さ1.5μm、幅120μmの白金(Pt)電極(内部電極50)、及び厚さ6μm、幅160μmの上層圧電膜60をスクリーン印刷によって積層し、1250℃で焼成した。更に、この上層圧電膜60の上に、厚さ0.2μm、幅120μmの金(Au)電極(上部電極70)をスクリーン印刷によって積層し、800℃で焼成した。
上記のようにして得られた圧電/電歪アクチュエータを分極処理に付した。上記のように電極が形成された圧電/電歪アクチュエータ(焼結体)の電極に電圧を印加した。この際、圧電/電歪アクチュエータを50~150℃に加熱する高温分極処理を行うことが望ましい。高温分極処理を行うときには、圧電/電歪アクチュエータに2~20kV/mmの電界が印加される。尚、本実施例においては、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ100に、70℃において、15kV/mmの電界を印加したが、分極処理の条件もまた、圧電/電歪素子90の構成等に応じて、当該技術分野において周知の種々の技法の中から適宜選択することができる。
上記のように製造された圧電/電歪アクチュエータ100の、圧電膜と電極との積層体(圧電/電歪素子90)が固着されている側の外表面に、スピンコート法によって防湿膜80を塗布した。実施例1~7及び比較例1~9の圧電/電歪アクチュエータにおける各防湿膜の材料、水分率、耐電圧、及び塗布厚みは、下記表1に列挙されている。尚、本実施例においては、上記の如く、スピンコート法によって防湿膜を塗布したが、前述の如く、防湿膜の材料の性状や圧電/電歪アクチュエータの構成等に応じて、当該技術分野において周知の種々の塗布方法から適切な方法を適宜選択して使用することができる。
本実施例における各種圧電/電歪アクチュエータの高湿絶縁劣化及び圧電変位の評価方法につき、以下に説明する。
上記のように製造された各種圧電/電歪アクチュエータを、40℃×85%RHの条件下で、4kV/mmの直流印加駆動を100時間にわたって行った。この加速劣化試験は、表1に列挙されている各種実施例及び比較例に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータのそれぞれにつき、900個のサンプル数にて実施した。
各種実施例及び比較例に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータのそれぞれにつき、上記加速劣化試験を経た900個のサンプルのうち、加速劣化試験終了時の外観において破損や変質が認められるものを除外して、残るサンプルについて絶縁抵抗を測定した。得られた絶縁抵抗値のうち最も低い値を、それぞれの圧電/電歪アクチュエータの劣化後の絶縁抵抗値とした。即ち、劣化後の絶縁抵抗値が高いものほど、高湿度雰囲気下での絶縁耐久性が高い圧電/電歪アクチュエータであるということになる。尚、上記加速劣化試験を行う前の(劣化前の)絶縁抵抗は、何れの圧電/電歪アクチュエータにおいても、1000MΩ以上であった。
各種実施例及び比較例に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータのそれぞれにつき、上記加速劣化試験後について、4kV/mmの電界における、厚み方向の変位量をレーザードップラーで測定し、圧電変位の量とした。上記防湿膜として塗布された材料が硬く、圧電/電歪素子の変位を阻害する場合は圧電変位量が小さくなる。従って、圧電変位量が大きいほど、防湿膜による圧電変位の阻害が小さいことを意味するので望ましい。
上記手順によって得られた圧電変位及び絶縁抵抗測定の結果を、各種実施例及び比較例において使用した防湿膜の材料、水分率、耐電圧、及び塗布厚みと併せて、以下の表1に列挙する。
本発明の実施例11~17及び比較例11~16に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータの製造について以下に説明する。但し、以下に説明する構成や製造方法等はあくまでも例示であって、本発明に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータの構成や製造方法は、これらに限定されるものではない。
本発明の実施例11~17及び比較例11~16に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータは、前述の本発明の実施例1~7及び比較例1~9に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータと同様に製造し、分極処理を施した。
前述のように、防湿膜を構成する液体材料の液境膜における水分の移動係数(kL)は、所定の環境(40℃×85%RH)下で、所定の体積(V)の上記液体を周囲雰囲気に所定の表面積(S)を介して接触させた状態における上記液体中の水分の濃度を、例えば市販のオイル内水分計等の検出手段(例えば、ヴァイサラ(VAISALA)製HUMICAP(登録商標)MMT162オイル内水分変換器)によって測定し、当該測定結果から-ln(1-X)を算出し、時間(t)に対してプロットすることによって得られたプロットの傾き((S/V)×kL)から、上記移動係数(kL)を求めることができる。尚、前述のように、Xは、液体中に溶存する水の濃度(Cw)の液体中に溶存する水の飽和濃度(CwS)に対する比(「活性値」とも称する)を表す。
前述の本発明の実施例1~7及び比較例1~9に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータと同様に、上記のように製造された圧電/電歪アクチュエータの、圧電膜と電極との積層体(圧電/電歪素子)が固着されている側の外表面に、スピンコート法によって防湿膜を塗布した。実施例11~17及び比較例11~16の圧電/電歪アクチュエータにおける各防湿膜の材料、水分率、耐電圧、及び塗布厚みは、下記表2に列挙されている。尚、本実施例においては、上記の如く、スピンコート法によって防湿膜を塗布したが、前述の如く、防湿膜の材料の性状や圧電/電歪アクチュエータの構成等に応じて、当該技術分野において周知の種々の塗布方法から適切な方法を適宜選択して使用することができる。
本実施例における各種圧電/電歪アクチュエータの高湿絶縁劣化の評価方法につき、以下に説明する。
上記のように製造された各種圧電/電歪アクチュエータのそれぞれにつき、40℃×85%RHの条件下での直流印加駆動を100時間にわたって行った。この際、前述の本発明の実施例1~7及び比較例1~9に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータについては4kV/mmの電界を印加したのに対し、本発明の実施例11~17及び比較例11~16に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータについては8kV/mmの電界を印加した。この加速劣化試験は、表2に列挙されている各種実施例及び比較例に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータのそれぞれにつき、900個のサンプル数にて実施した。
各種実施例及び比較例に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータのそれぞれにつき、前述の本発明の実施例1~7及び比較例1~9に係る圧電/電歪アクチュエータと同様に、上記加速劣化試験を経た900個のサンプルのうち、加速劣化試験終了時の外観において破損や変質が認められるものを除外して、残るサンプルについて絶縁抵抗を測定した。得られた絶縁抵抗値のうち最も低い値を、それぞれの圧電/電歪アクチュエータの劣化後の絶縁抵抗値とした。即ち、劣化後の絶縁抵抗値が高いものほど、高湿度雰囲気下での絶縁耐久性が高い圧電/電歪アクチュエータであるということになる。尚、上記加速劣化試験を行う前の(劣化前の)絶縁抵抗は、何れの圧電/電歪アクチュエータにおいても、1000MΩ以上であった。
上記手順によって得られた絶縁抵抗測定の結果を、各種実施例及び比較例において使用した防湿膜の材料、組成、水分率、及び移動係数と併せて、以下の表2に列挙する。
20 薄肉部
30 下部電極
40 下層圧電膜
50 内部電極
60 上層圧電膜
70 上部電極
80 防湿膜
90 圧電/電歪素子
100 圧電/電歪アクチュエータ
110 粒界
120 粒界に生じた亀裂
210 防湿膜材料
220 水分検出手段(オイル内水分計)
310 防湿膜
320 上部電極(Au)
330 圧電膜
340 粒界
Claims (16)
- 1層の圧電/電歪層と前記圧電/電歪層の両面にそれぞれ配置された1対の電極とを含む積層体を少なくとも1つ含んでなり、前記圧電/電歪層が前記1対の電極に挟まれている部分に対応する作動部と、前記圧電/電歪層が前記1対の電極に挟まれていない部分に対応する非作動部とを有する圧電/電歪素子、並びに、
少なくとも前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍を覆うように配置されている防湿膜であって、25℃での飽和水分率が300ppm以下であり、当該飽和水分率における耐電圧が6kV/mm以上である、炭素-炭素結合を主骨格とし、炭素及び水素のみからなる炭化水素系有機化合物を主成分とする液体からなる防湿膜、
を含んでなる圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。 - 請求項1に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜として使用されている状態における前記液体の水分率が20ppm以上である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項1に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、40℃×85%RHの環境下での前記液体の液境膜における水分の移動係数が0.2cm/Hr未満である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項4に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記液体における硫黄の含有率が100ppm未満である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項1乃至5のいずれか1項に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記液体が、5質量%未満のゲル化剤を更に含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項6に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記ゲル化剤が植物性油脂に由来するゲル化剤である、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項1乃至7のいずれか1項に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記圧電/電歪素子が基板上に配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項8に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記基板が薄肉部を有しており、前記圧電/電歪素子がその薄肉部の少なくとも一部を覆うように配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項9に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記圧電/電歪素子が、前記基板上の前記薄肉部に対応する領域に固着されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項8乃至10のいずれか1項に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記基板と前記圧電/電歪素子が、前記電極を介して固着されている圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項1乃至11のいずれか1項に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜が前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍及び前記作動部を覆うように配置されており、前記圧電/電歪素子における前記作動部と前記非作動部との境界近傍又は前記作動部に含まれる圧電/電歪層を構成する結晶粒の粒界近傍に微細な亀裂を有し、当該亀裂が前記防湿膜を構成する前記液体によって充填されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項1乃至12のいずれか1項に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記防湿膜の上に少なくとも1層の保護膜が更に配置されている、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項13に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層がフッ素系有機材料を含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項13に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層が、前記防湿膜の表面を硬化させることによって形成されてなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
- 請求項13に記載の圧電/電歪アクチュエータであって、前記保護膜のうち少なくとも1層が、ポリパラキシリレン系有機材料を含んでなる、圧電/電歪アクチュエータ。
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JP2013534714A JP6001544B2 (ja) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-18 | 圧電/電歪アクチュエータ |
EP12833858.9A EP2765621A4 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-09-18 | PIEZOELECTRIC / ELECTROSTRICTIVE ACTUATOR |
US14/211,824 US9812631B2 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2014-03-14 | Piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator |
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JP2011-206898 | 2011-09-22 | ||
JP2011206898 | 2011-09-22 | ||
JP2012-058887 | 2012-03-15 | ||
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US14/211,824 Continuation US9812631B2 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2014-03-14 | Piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator |
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WO2013042658A1 true WO2013042658A1 (ja) | 2013-03-28 |
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JPWO2017073317A1 (ja) * | 2015-10-27 | 2018-06-14 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 圧電デバイス、及び圧電デバイスの製造方法 |
JPWO2018020921A1 (ja) * | 2016-07-26 | 2019-04-11 | 京セラ株式会社 | 積層型圧電素子およびこれを備えた噴射装置ならびに燃料噴射システム |
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US20160343140A1 (en) * | 2015-05-24 | 2016-11-24 | Pointivo, Inc. | Surveying and measurement methods and devices |
US10538086B2 (en) * | 2016-06-23 | 2020-01-21 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid discharge head substrate, liquid discharge head and liquid discharge apparatus |
US10658565B2 (en) | 2016-08-29 | 2020-05-19 | The Boeing Company | Actuator assemblies, mechanical assemblies including the actuator assemblies, and methods of fabricating the same |
US11789373B2 (en) * | 2019-04-10 | 2023-10-17 | Asml Netherlands B.V. | Object positioning system diagnostic and calibration methods positioning control method lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method |
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JPWO2013042658A1 (ja) | 2015-03-26 |
EP2765621A4 (en) | 2015-08-05 |
EP2765621A1 (en) | 2014-08-13 |
JP6001544B2 (ja) | 2016-10-05 |
US9812631B2 (en) | 2017-11-07 |
US20160380177A1 (en) | 2016-12-29 |
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