Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
  • C07C59/40—Unsaturated compounds
  • C07C59/76—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups
  • C07C59/88—Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups containing halogen
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/557—Eicosanoids, e.g. leukotrienes or prostaglandins
  • A61K31/5575—Eicosanoids, e.g. leukotrienes or prostaglandins having a cyclopentane, e.g. prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2-alpha
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C405/00—Compounds containing a five-membered ring having two side-chains in ortho position to each other, and having oxygen atoms directly attached to the ring in ortho position to one of the side-chains, one side-chain containing, not directly attached to the ring, a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, and the other side-chain having oxygen atoms attached in gamma-position to the ring, e.g. prostaglandins ; Analogues or derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
  • C07C69/66—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety
  • C07C69/73—Esters of carboxylic acids having esterified carboxylic groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and having any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, acyloxy, groups, groups, or in the acid moiety of unsaturated acids
  • C07C69/738—Esters of keto-carboxylic acids or aldehydo-carboxylic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for treating schizophrenia.
• Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected people throughout history. About 1 percent of Americans have this illness.
• Treatment helps. relieve many symptoms of schizophrenia, but most people who have the disorder cope with symptoms throughout their lives. However, many people with schizophrenia can lead rewarding and meaningful lives in their communities. researchers are developing more effective ' medications and using new research tools to understand the causes of schizophrenia. In the years to come, this work may help prevent and better treat the illness .
• Positive symptoms are psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people.- People with positive symptoms often "lose touch” with reality. These symptoms can come and go. Sometimes ' they are severe and at other times hardly- noticeable, depending on whether the individual is receiving treatment. They include , hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders and movement disorders. Negative symptoms are associated with disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors. These symptoms are harder to recognize as part of the disorder and can be mistaken for depression or other conditions.
• Cognitive symptoms include "flat affect” (a person's face does not move or he or she talks in a dull ore monotonous voice) , lack of pleasure in everyday life, lack of ability to begin and sustain planned activities, and speaking little, even when forced to interact. .
• Cognitive symptoms are subtle. Like negative symptoms, cognitive symptoms may be difficult to recognize as part of the disorder. Often, they are detected, only when other tests are performed. Cognitive symptoms include poor "executive functioning” (the ability to understand information and use it to make decisions), trouble- focusing or paying attention and problems with "working memory” (the ability to use information immediately after learning it) .
• Fatty acid derivatives are members of class of organic carboxylic acids, which are contained in tissues or organs of human or other mammals, and exhibit a wide range of physiological activity. Some fatty acid derivatives found in nature generally have a prostanoic acid skeleton as shown in the formula (A) :
• PG prostaglandin
• the primary PGs are classified into PGAs, PGBs, PGCs, PGDs, PGEs, PGFs, PGGs, PGHs, PGIs and PGJs according to the structure of the five-membered ring moiety, and further classified into the following three types by the number and position of the unsaturated bond at the carbon chain moiety:
• the PGFs are classified, according to the configuration of the hydroxyl group at the 9-position, into type (the hydroxyl group is of an -configuration) and ⁇ type (the hydroxyl group is of a ⁇ -configuration) .
• PGs are known to have various pharmacological and physiological activities, for example, vasodilatation, inducing of inflammation, platelet aggregation, stimulating uterine ' muscle, stimulating intestinal muscle, anti-ulcer effect and the like.
• Prostones having an oxo group at position prostanoic acid skeleton (15-keto type) and having a single bond between positions 13 and 14 and an oxo group at position 15 (13, 14-dihydro-15-keto type) , are fatty acid derivatives known as substances naturally produced by enzymatic actions during metabolism of the primary PGs and have some therapeutic effect.
• Prostones have been disclosed in USP Nos .
• the . present invention relates to a method for treating schizophrenia in a mammalian subject, which comprises administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a fatty acid derivative represented by the formula ( I ) :
• L, M and N are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy ( lower ) alkyl,.. lower alkanoyloxy or oxo, wherein the five-membered ring may have at least one double bond;
• A is -CH 3 , or -CH 2 OH, -COCH 2 OH, -COOH or a' functional ' derivative thereof;
• R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or hydroxy ( lower) alkyl , wherein R 4 and R 5 are not hydroxy and lower alkoxy at the same time;
• Zi and Z 2 are oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• R 6 and. R 7 are optionally substituted lower alkyl, which is optionally linked together to form lower alkylene;
• .Ri is a saturated or unsaturated bivalent lower or medium aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy, oxo, aryl or heterocyclic group, and at least one of carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur; and
• Ra is a saturated or ' unsaturated lower or medium aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, which is uns.ubstituted or substituted with halogen, oxo, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkanoyloxy, cyclo (lower) alkyl, cyclo ( lower ) alkyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocyclic group or hetrocyclic-oxy group; lower alkoxy; lower alkanoyloxy; cyclo ( lower ) alkyl ; cyclo ( lower ) alkyloxy; aryl; aryloxy; heterocyclic group; heterocyclic-oxy group, and at least one of carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
• the present invention also relates to a fatty acid derivative represented by the formula (I) as described above .
• the formula (A) shows a basic skeleton of the C-20 fatty acid derivative, but the present invention is not limited to those having the same number of carbon atoms..
• the numbering. of the carbon atoms which constitute " the basic skeleton of the fatty acid derivatives starts at the c.arboxylic acid (numbered 1) , and carbon atoms in the a-chain are numbered 2 to 7 towards the five- membered ring, those in the ring are 8 to 12, and those in the ⁇ -chain are 13 to 20.
• each of PGD, PGE and PGF represents a fatty acid derivative having hydroxy groups at positions 9 and/or 11, but in the present specification they also include those having substituents other than the hydroxy groups at positions 9 and/or 11.
• Such compounds are referred to as 9-deoxy-9-substituted-fatty acid derivatives or 11-deoxy-ll-substituted-fatty acid derivatives.
• a fatty acid derivative having hydrogen in place of the hydroxy group is simply named _ as 9- or 11-deoxy-fatty acid derivative .
• a fatty acid derivative is based on the ' prostanoic . acid skeleton.
• the abbreviation of "PG” may be used.
• PG partial structure
• a fatty acid derivative whose -chain is extended by two carbon atoms, that is, having 9 carbon atoms in the a-chain is named as 2-decarboxy-2- ( 2-carboxyethyl ) -PG compound.
• a fatty acid derivative having 11 carbon atoms in the a-chain is named as 2-decarboxy-2- ( 4-carboxybutyl ) - PG compound.
• a fatty acid derivative whose co- chain ' is extended by two carbon atoms, that is, having 10 carbon atoms in the ⁇ -chain is named as 20-ethyl-PG compound.
• Examples of the analogues including substitution compounds or derivatives of the above described fatty acid derivative include a fatty acid derivative whose carboxy group at the end of the alpha chain is esterified; a fatty acid derivative whose a chain is extended, a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, a fatty acid derivative having a double bond between positions 2 and 3 or a triple bond between positions 5 and 6; a fatty acid derivative having substituent ( s ) on carbon atom(s) at position(s) 3, 5,, 6, 16, 17, 18, 19 and/or 20; and a fatty acid derivative having a lower alkyl. or a hydroxy (lower) alkyl group at position 9 and/or 11 in place of the hydroxy group.
• preferred substituents on the carbon atom at position (s) 3, 17, 18 and/or 19 include alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms, especially methyl and ethyl.
• Preferred substituents on the carbon atom at position 16 include lower alkyls such as methyl and ethyl, hydroxy, halogen atom such as chlorine and fluorine, and aryloxy such as- trifluoromethylphenoxy .
• Preferred substituents on the carbon atom at position 17 include lower alkyl such as methyl- and ethyl, hydroxy,, halogen atom such as chlorine and fluorine, and aryloxy such as trifluoromethylphenoxy .
• Preferred substituents on the .carbon atom at position 20 include saturated or unsaturated lower alkyl such as Ci_ 4 alkyl, lower alkoxy such as Ci- 4 alkoxy, and lower alkoxy alkyl such as Ci_ 4 alkoxy-Ci- 4 alkyl
• Preferred substituents on the carbon atom at position 5 include halogen atoms such as chlorine ' and fluorine.
• Preferred substituents. on the carbon atom at position 6 include an oxo group forming a carbonyl group.
• Stereochemistry of PGs having hydroxy, lower alkyl or hydroxy (lower) alkyl substituent on the carbon atom at positions 9 and 11 may be ⁇ , ⁇ or a mixture thereof.
• analogues or derivatives may have a ⁇ chain shorter " than that of the primary PGs and a substituent such as alkoxy, cycloalkyl, ' cycloalkyloxy, phenoxy and phenyl at the end of the truncated ⁇ -chain.
• a fatty acid derivative used in the present invention is represented by the formula
• L, M and N are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy (lower) alkyl, lower alkanoyloxy or oxo, wherein the five-membered ring may have at least one double bond;
• A is -CH 3 , or -CH 2 OH, -COCH 2 OH, -COOH or a functional derivative thereof;
• R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or hydroxy (lower) alkyl, wherein R 4 and R 5 are not hydroxy and lower alkoxy at the same time;
• ⁇ and Z 2 are oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• R 6 and R 7 are optionally substituted lower alkyl, which is optionally linked together to form lower alkylene;
• Ri is a saturated or unsaturated bivalent lower or medium aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy, oxo, aryl or heterocyclic group, and at least one of carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur; and
• Ra is a saturated or unsaturated lower or medium aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, oxo, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkanoyloxy, cyclo (lower) alkyl, cyclo ( lower ) alkyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocyclic group or hetrocyclic-oxy group; lower alkoxy; lower alkanoyloxy; cyclo (lower) alkyl; cyclo ( lower ) alkyloxy; aryl; aryloxy; heterocyclic group; heterocyclic-oxy group, and at least one of carbon atom ' in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
• a preferred compound used in the present invention is represented by the formula (II) :
• L and M are hydrogen atom, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy (lower) alkyl, lower alkanoyloxy or oxo, wherein the five-membered ring may have one or more double bonds;
• A is -CH 3 , or -CH 2 OH, -COCH 2 OH, -COOH or a functional derivative thereof;
• R 4 and R5 are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or hydroxy (lower) alkyl, wherein R 4 and R5 are not hydroxy and lower alkoxy at the same time;
• ⁇ and Z 2 are oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• R6 and R 7 are optionally substituted lower alkyl, which is optionally linked together to form lower alkylene;
• Xi and X 2 are hydrogen, lower alkyl, or halogen
• Ri is a saturated or unsaturated bivalent lower or medium aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy, oxo, aryl or heterocyclic group, and at least one of carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is Optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur;
• R 2 is a single bond or lower alkylene
• R 3 is lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkanoyloxy, cyclo (lower) alkyl, cyclo (lower) alkyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocyclic group or heterocyclic-oxy group, and at least one of carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
• the ⁇ present invention ⁇ further relates to a novel compound of 7- [2- ( 4 , 4-difluoro-3-oxooctyl ) -5- oxocyclopentyl] hept-2 ⁇ enoic acid or a functional derivative thereof.
• the compound . may be present as a mixture ⁇ of stereoisomers, or the compound may be present as a single stereoisomer.
• the present invention provides 7- [2- (4, 4-difluoro-3-oxooctyl) -5-oxocyclopentyl ] hept-2-enoic acid or an ether, an ester, an amide, tautomer, enantiomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention provides ( E ) -7- [ ( 1R, 2R) -2- ( 4 , 4-difluoro-3-oxooctyl ) -5- oxocyclopentyl ] hept-2-enoic acid or an ether, an ester, an amide, tautomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the term "unsaturated" in the definitions for Ri and Ra is intended to include at least one or more double bonds and/or triple bonds that are isolatedly, separately or serially present between carbon atoms of the main and/or side chains.
• an unsaturated bond between two serial positions is represented by denoting the lower number of the two positions
• an unsaturated bond between two distal positions is represented by denoting both of the positions .
• lower or medium aliphatic hydrocarbon refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having 1 to 14 carbon atoms (for. a side, chain,— 1 to 3 carbon atoms are preferable) and preferably 1 to 10, especially 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
• halogen atom covers fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• lower alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl .
• lower alkylene refers to a straight or branched chain bivalent saturated hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene , butylene, isobutylene, t-butylene, pentylene and hexylene.
• lower alkoxy refers to a group of lower alkyl-O-, wherein lower alkyl is as defined above.
• hydroxy ( lower ) alkyl refers to a lower alkyl as defined above which is substituted with at least one hydroxy group such as hydroxymethyl , 1-hydroxyethyl , 2- hydroxyethyl and 1-methyl-l-hydroxyethyl.
• lower alkanoyloxy refers to a group represented by the . formula RC0-0-, wherein RCO- is an acyl group formed by oxidation of a lower alkyl group as defined above, such as acetyl.
• cyclo ( lower ) alkyl refers to a cyclic group formed by cyclization of a lower alkyl group as defined above but contains three or more carbon atoms, and includes, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• cyclo ( lower ) alkyloxy refers to the group of cyclo ( lower) alkyl-0-, wherein cyclo ( lower) alkyl is as defined above.
• aryl may include unsubstituted or substituted aromatic hydrocarbon rings (preferably monocyclic groups), for example, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl.
• substituents are halogen atom and halo (lower) alkyl, wherein halogen ' atom and lower alkyl are as defined above.
• aryloxy refers to a group represented by the formula ArO-, wherein Ar is aryl as defined above.
• heterocyclic group may include mono- to tri-cyclic, preferably monocyclic heterocyclic group which is 5 to 14, preferably 5 to 10 membered ring having optionally substituted carbon atom and 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 3 of 1 or 2 type of hetero atoms selected from nitrogen atom, oxygen atom and sulfur atom.
• heterocyclic group examples include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl , imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyranyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl , pyrrolidinyl , 2- imidazolinyl , imidazolidinyl , 2-pyrazolinyl , pyrazolidinyl , piperidino, piperazinyl, morpholino, indolyl, benzothienyl , quinolyl, isoquinolyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl , carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl , benzimidazolyl , benzimidazolinyl , imi
• heterocyclic-oxy group means a group represented by the formula HcO-, wherein He is a heterocyclic group as described above.
• the term "functional derivative" of A includes salts (preferably pharmaceutically acceptable salts), ethers, esters and amides.
• Suitable "pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include conventionally used non-toxic salts, for example a salt with an inorganic base such as an alkali metal salt (such as sodium salt and potassium salt) , an alkaline earth metal salt (such as calcium salt and magnesium salt), an ammonium salt; or a salt with an organic base, for example, an amine salt (such as methylamine salt, dimethylamine salt, cyclohexylamine salt, benzylamine salt, piperidine salt, ethylenediamine salt, ethanolamine salt, diethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt, ⁇ tris (hydroxymethylamino) ethane salt, monomethyl- monoethanolamine salt, procaine salt and caffeine salt), a basic amino acid salt (such as arginine salt and lysine salt) , tetraalkyl ammonium salt and the like.
• These salts may be prepared by a conventional process, for example from the corresponding acid and base or by salt interchange.
• ethers examples include alkyl ethers, for example, lower alkyl ethers such as methyl ether, ' ethyl ether, propyl ether, isopropyl ether, butyl ether, isobutyl ether, t-butyl ether, pentyl ether and 1-cyclopropyl ⁇ ethyl ether; and medium or higher alkyl ethers such as octyl ether, diethylhexyl ether, lauryl ether and cetyl ether; unsaturated ethers such as oleyl ether and linolenyl ether; lower alkenyl ethers such as vinyl ether, .
• lower alkyl ethers such as methyl ether, ' ethyl ether, propyl ether, isopropyl ether, butyl ether, isobutyl ether, t-butyl ether, pentyl ether
• allyl ether such as ethynyl ether and propynyl ether; hydroxy ( lower ) alkyl ethers such as hydroxyethyl ether and hydroxyisopropyl ether; lower alkoxy (lower) alkyl ethers such as methoxymethyl ether and 1-methoxyethyl ether; optionally substituted aryl ethers such as phenyl ether, tosyl ether, t-butylphenyl ether, salicyl ether, 3 , 4-di-methoxyphenyl ether and benzamidophenyl ether; and aryl lower) alky1 ethers such as benzyl ether, trityl ether and behzhydryl ether.
• esters examples include aliphatic esters, for example, lower alkyl esters such as methyl ester, ethyl ester, propyl ester, isopropyl ester, butyl ester, isobutyl ester, t-butyl ester, pentyl ester and 1-cyclopropylethyl ester; lower alkenyl esters ' such as vinyl ester and allyl ester; lower alkynyl esters such as ethynyl ester and propynyl ester; hydroxy (lower) alkyl ester such as hydroxyethyl ester; lower alkoxy (lower) alkyl esters such as methoxymethyl ester and 1-methoxyethyl ester; and optionally substituted aryl esters such as, for example, phenyl ester, tolyl ester, t-butylphenyl ester, salicyl ester, 3 , 4-di-methoxypheny
• the amide of A mean a group represented by the formula -CONR'R", wherein each of R' and R" is hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl, alkyl- or aryl-sulfonyl , lower alkenyl and lower alkynyl, and. include for example lower alkyl amides such as methylamide, ethylamide, dimethylamide and diethylamide; arylamides such as anilide and. toluidide; and alkyl- or aryl-sulfonylamides such as methylsulfonylamide , ethylsulfonyl-amide and tolylsulfonylamide-.
• lower alkyl amides such as methylamide, ethylamide, dimethylamide and diethylamide
• arylamides such as anilide and. toluidide
• alkyl- or aryl-sulfonylamides such as methylsul
• L and M include hydrogen, hydroxy and oxo, and especially, L and M are both hydroxy, or L is oxo and M is hydrogen or hydroxy.
• A is -COOH, its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or amide thereof.
• X 1 and X 2 are both being hydrogen or halogen atoms, more preferably, fluorine atoms, so called 16, 16-difluoro type.
• Preferred Ri is a hydrocarbon residue containing 1- 10 carbon atoms, preferably 6-10 carbon atoms. Further, at least one carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
• R 1 examples include, for example, the following groups:
• Ra is a hydrocarbon containing 1-10 carbon atoms, more preferably, 1-8 carbon atoms. Ra may have one or two side chains having one carbon atom. Further, at least one carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
• representative compounds used in the present invention include (-) -7-[ (2R, 4aR, 5R, 7aR) -2- (1, 1-difluoropentyl ) -2-hydroxy-6- oxooctahydrocyclopenta[b]pyran-5-yl]heptanoic acid (lubiprostone) , (-) -7- ⁇ (2R, aR, 5R, 7aR) -2-[ (3S) -1, 1- difluoro-3-methylpentyl]-2-hydroxy-6- oxooctahydrocyclopenta[b]pyran-5-yl ⁇ heptanoic acid (cobiprostone) , ( + ) -isopropyl ( Z ) -7 - [ ( 1R, 2R, 3R, 5S ) -3, 5- dihydroxy-2- (3-oxodecyl ) cyclopentyl ] hept-5-enoate
• the configuration of the ring and the a- and/or ⁇ chains in the above formula (I) and (II) may be the same as or different from that of the primary PGs .
• the present invention also includes a mixture of a compound having a primary type configuration and a compound of a non-primary type configuration.
• fatty acid derivatives used in the invention include the bicyclic compound and analogs or derivatives- thereof.
• the bicyclic compound is represented by the formula
• A is -CH 3 , or -CH 2 OH, -COCH 2 OH, -COOH functional derivative thereof;
• Xi ' and X 2 ' are hydrogen, lower alkyl, or halogen; Y is
• R 4 ' and R5 ' are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or hydroxy (lower) alkyl, wherein R 4 ' and R 5 ' are not hydroxy and lower alkoxy at the same time
• Ri is a saturated or unsaturated divalent lower or medium aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, alkyl, hydroxy, oxo, aryl or heterocyclic group, and at least one of carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur; and
• 2 1 is a saturated or unsaturated lower or medium, aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, oxo, hydroxy, lower, alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower alkanoyloxy, cyclo ( lower ) alkyl , cyclo ( lower ) alkyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocyclic group or hetrocyclic-oxy group; lower alkoxy; lower alkanoyloxy; cyclo ( lower ) alkyl ; cyclo ( lower ) alkyloxy; aryl; arylo'xy; heterocyclic group; heterocyclic-oxy group, and at least one of carbon atom in the aliphatic hydrocarbon is optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
• R 3 ' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, cyclo (lower) alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group.
• the compounds' ' -used in the invention may be represented by a formula or name based on keto-type regardless of the presence or absence of the isomers, it is to be noted that such structure or name does not intend to exclude the hemiacetal type compound.
• any of isomers such as the individual tautomeric isomers, the- mixture thereof, o optical isomers, the mixture thereof, a racemic mixture, and other steric isomers may be used in the same purpose.
• the mammalian subject may be any mammalian subject including a human.
• the compound may be applied systemically or topically.
• the compound may be administered by oral administration, intranasal administration, inhalational administration, intravenous injection (including infusion), subcutaneous injection, intra rectal administration, intra vaginal administration, transdermal administration and the like.
• the dose may vary ' depending on the strain of the animal, age, body weight, symptom to be treated, desired therapeutic effect, administration route, term of treatment and the like.
• a satisfactory effect can be obtained by systemic administration 1-4 times per day or continuous administration at the amount of 0.00001-500mg/kg per day, more preferably 0.0001-100mg/kg .
• the compound may preferably be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration in a conventional manner.
• the composition may be those suitable for oral administration, intranasal administration, inhalational administration, injection or perfusion as well as it may be an external agent, suppository or pessary.
• composition of the present invention may further contain physiologically acceptable additives.
• Said additives may include the ingredients used with the present compounds such as excipient, diluent, filler, resolvent, lubricant, adjuvant, binder, disintegrator, coating agent, cupsulating agent, ointment base, suppository base, aerozoling agent, emulsifier, dispersing agent, suspending -agent,, thickener, tonicity agent, buffering agent, soothing agent, preservative, antioxidant, corrigent, flavor, colorant, a- functional material such as cyclodextrin and biodegradable polymer, stabilizer.
• the additives are well known to the art and may be selected from those described in general reference books of pharmaceutics.
• the amount of the above-defined compound in the composition of the invention may vary depending on the formulation of the composition, and may generally be 0.000001-10.0%, more preferably 0.00001-5.0%, most preferably 0.0001-1%.
• solid compositions for oral administration include tablets, troches, sublingual tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules and the like.
• the solid composition may be prepared by mixing one or more active ingredients with at least one inactive diluent.
• the composition may further contain additives other than the inactive diluents, for example, a lubricant, a- disintegrator and a stabilizer.
• Tablets and pills may be coated with an enteric or gastroenteric film, if necessary. They may be covered with two or more layers. They may also be adsorbed to a sustained release material, or microcapsulated.
• the compositions may be capsulated by means of an easily degradable material such gelatin. They may be further dissolved in an appropriate solvent such as fatty acid or its mono, di or triglyceride to be a soft capsule.
• Sublingual tablet may be used in need of fast-acting property.
• liquid compositions for oral administration include emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs and the like.
• Said composition may further contain a conventionally used inactive diluents e.g. purified water or ethyl alcohol.
• the composition may contain additives other than the inactive diluents such as adjuvant e.g. wetting agents and suspending agents, sweeteners, flavors, fragrance and preservatives.
• composition of the present invention may be in the form of spraying composition, which contains one or more active ingredients and may be prepared according to a known ' method .
• Example of the intranasal ⁇ preparations may be aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions or emulsions comprising one or more active ingredient.
• the composition of the present invention may be in the form of suspension, solution or emulsion which can provide aerosol or in the form of powder suitable for dry powder inhalation.
• the composition for inhalational administration may further comprise a conventionally used propellant.
• Examples of the injectable compositions of the present invention for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
• Diluents for the aqueous solution or suspension may include, for example, distilled water for injection, physiological saline and Ringer's solution.
• Non-aqueous diluents for solution and suspension may include, for example, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, alcohols such as ethanol and polysorbate.
• the composition may further comprise additives such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents and the like. They may be sterilized by filtration through, e.g. a bacteria- retaining filter, compounding with a sterilizer, or by means of gas or radioisotope irradiation sterilization.
• the injectable composition may also be provided as a sterilized powder composition to be dissolved in a sterilized solvent for injection before use.
• the present, external agent includes all the external preparations used in the fields of dermatology and otolaryngology, which includes ointment, cream, lotion and spray.
• suppository or pessary which, may be prepared by mixing active ingredients into a conventional base such as cacao butter that softens at body ' temperature, and nonionic surfactants having suitable softening temperatures may be used to improve absorbability.
• the fatty acid derivatives of the present invention are useful for treating schizophrenia.
• treating includes prophylactic and .therapeutic treatment, and any means of control such as prevention, care, relief of the condition, attenuation of the condition, arrest of progression, etc.
• the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain a single active ingredient or a combination, of two or more active ingredients, as far as they are not contrary to the objects of the present invention .
• their respective contents may be suitably increased or decreased in consideration of their therapeutic effects and safety.
• combination means two or more active ingredient are administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage, or are both administered to a. patient as separate entities either simultaneously or sequentially with no specific time limits, wherein such administration provides therapeutically effective levels of the two components in the body, preferably at the same time.
• the fatty acid derivatives of the present invention inhibit reduction of prepulse inhibition which- is a measure of sensorimotor gating, a pre-conscious regulator of attention.
• PCP Phencyclidine
• PPI Pre-Pulse Inhibition
• Intravenous administration of Compound A (- ) -7-[ ( 1R, 2R) -2- ( 4 , 4-difluoro-3-oxooctyl ) -5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoic acid
• Compound B ( + ) -isopropyl ( Z ) -7- [ ( 1R, 2R, 3R, 5S ) -3 , 5- dihydroxy-2- ( 3-oxodecyl ) cyclopentyl ] hept-5-enoate ) and corresponding vehicle was done 15 min before PPI, which means each compound or vehicle was administered immediately before PCP injection.
• PPI tests were conducted in standard startle chambers . (SR- LAB Startle Response system, San Diego Instruments, USA) . Before the PPI testing, the animals were habituated to handling. On the day of PPI testing, the animals were placed in the chamber and allowed to habituate for a period of 300 s. After habituation period, the rats received 12 startle trials, 12 ' no-stimulus trials, and 12 trials of the pre-pulse/startle trials (3 xl2 trials). The startle trials consists of single 110 dB white noise burst lasting 20 ms .
• the PPI trials consist of a pre-pulse (20 ms burst of white noise with intensities of 60 dB) followed 100 ms later by a startle stimulus (110 dB, 20 ms white noise) .
• startle stimulus 110 dB, 20 ms white noise
• no startle noise is presented
• Basal startle amplitude is determined as the mean amplitude of the 12 startle trials.
• %PPI is calculated according to the formula 100 - 100% x (PP/P110 ) ,.
• PP is the mean of the 12 pre-pulse inhibition trials (i.e., for each individual pre-pulse intensity)
• P110 is the basal startle amplitude.
• the animals are treated with PCP and then tested in PPI 15 min later.
• Compound A and B improved the PCP-disrupted response.
• PCP Phencyclidine
• PPI Pre-Pulse Inhibition
• PPI tests were conducted in standard startle chambers (SR- LAB Startle Response system, San Diego Instruments, USA) . Before the PPI testing, the animals were habituated to handling. On the day of PPI testing, the animals were placed in the chamber and allowed to habituate for a period of 300 s. After habituation period, the rats received 12 startle trials, 12 no-stimulus trials, and 12 trials of the pre-pulse/startle trials (3 xl2 trials) . The startle trials consists of single 110 dB white noise burst lasting 20 ms.
• the PPI trials consist of a pre-pulse (20 ms burst of white noise with intensities of 63 dB) followed 100 ms later , by a startle stimulus (110 dB, 20 ms white noise) .
• startle stimulus 110 dB, 20 ms white noise
• Basal startle amplitude is determined ⁇ as the mean amplitude of the 12 startle trials.
• %PPI is calculated according to the formula 100 - 100% ⁇ (PP/P110), in which PP is the mean of the 12 pre-pulse inhibition trials (i.e., for each individual pre-pulse intensity) , and P110 is the basal startle amplitude. The animals are treated with PCP s.c. and then tested in PPI 15 min later. Results
• Compound B and C improved the PCP-disrupted PPI response.
• the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, poured into aqNH 4 Cl (500 ml) and extracted with CH 2 C1 2 . The organic layer was then washed with aqNH 4 Cl and brine, dried over MgS0 4 filtered and . . concentrated . The crude aldehyde was used ' for the next step without further purification.
• the mixture was filtrated with Celite-pad and washed with ethyl acetate.
• silicagel FL-60D 0:100, 10:90,. 20:80, 30:70 to 35:65

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