WO2013017621A1 - Tube multicouche ameliore en materiau composite a matrice ceramique, gaine de combustible nucleaire en resultant et procedes de fabrication associes - Google Patents
Tube multicouche ameliore en materiau composite a matrice ceramique, gaine de combustible nucleaire en resultant et procedes de fabrication associes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013017621A1 WO2013017621A1 PCT/EP2012/065035 EP2012065035W WO2013017621A1 WO 2013017621 A1 WO2013017621 A1 WO 2013017621A1 EP 2012065035 W EP2012065035 W EP 2012065035W WO 2013017621 A1 WO2013017621 A1 WO 2013017621A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- tubular
- tubular body
- multilayer
- layer
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/40—Metallic
- C04B2237/403—Refractory metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/70—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness
- C04B2237/704—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness of one or more of the ceramic layers or articles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/70—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness
- C04B2237/706—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness of one or more of the metallic layers or articles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/76—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc
- C04B2237/765—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc at least one member being a tube
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/84—Joining of a first substrate with a second substrate at least partially inside the first substrate, where the bonding area is at the inside of the first substrate, e.g. one tube inside another tube
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of ceramic matrix composite material parts.
- the present invention relates to the field of fuel elements for a nuclear reactor and, more particularly, to an improved nuclear fuel cladding, to nuclear reactor fuel rods using such sheaths and to their methods of production.
- Such an improved fuel sheath may, by way of example, be used to produce the "needle" geometry fuel elements (also called “rods") of the fourth generation RNR-G type reactors (for Fast Neutron Reactor and gas coolant).
- PWR reactors for Pressurized Water Reactor
- REB reactors for Boiling Water Reactor
- RNR-Na reactors for Fast Neutron Reactor and Sodium Coolant Reactor
- Ceramic matrix composite materials are particularly popular in many fields in because of their low density, their remarkable mechanical properties, in particular in terms of hardness, toughness, resistance to wear and resistance to mechanical and thermal shock, as well as their good behavior under neutron flux and high temperature for applications in the nuclear field.
- high temperature is meant a temperature beyond which the thermomechanical behavior of the usual materials (steels of fast spectrum reactors and zirconium alloys of thermal spectrum reactors) is no longer satisfactory. This corresponds to a temperature of the order of 400 ° C. to 600 ° C. in nominal mode, and of the order of 1000 ° C. to 1200 ° C. in an accidental regime.
- operating temperatures up to 1000 ° C in nominal regime, and up to 1600 ° C, or even 2000 ° C, for accidental transients.
- a CMC material consists of a ceramic matrix, which is reinforced by a ceramic fiber structure on which is deposited an interphase material whose main role is to deflect the cracks generated within the matrix during mechanical stresses;
- the matrix and the fibers may be of any known ceramic material, including carbon (carbon being considered, in this context, as a ceramic material), the interphase material may be pyrocarbon.
- such materials are used in aeronautics to make brake discs or parts intended to enter the production of reactors operating at high temperature; they also enter into the production of parts for gas turbines; Finally, they enter, and this is the first application referred to in the context of this patent, in the production of cladding material for fuel elements and control rods of nuclear reactors.
- CMC materials have one major drawback: they are not hermetic over their entire potential operating range. Thus, these materials are unsuitable for applications as pressure vessels or pressure lines, as is particularly the case of nuclear fuel cladding or heat exchanger tubes, because they offer no guarantee of hermeticity over their entire potential area of operation. For example, for a nuclear reactor fuel element, whose cladding constitutes the first barrier for confinement of the radioactive products generated during operation, the risk of a lack of hermeticity before dismantling is clearly a major drawback, which makes, a priori , CMC materials unsuitable for such use and unacceptable by a nuclear safety authority.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the mechanical behavior of a CMC material of the type SiC f / SiC (for carbide matrix composite silicon fiber-reinforced silicon) subjected to a uniaxial tensile test, in a diagram representing the link between deformation (in abscissa) and stress (in ordinate).
- the internal positioning of the metal layer ensuring hermeticity makes it sensitive to fuel aggression, namely the implantation, on a depth of the order of 10 micrometers, of fission products generated with high kinetic energies. at the periphery of the fuel, and the corrosion of the metal layer by thermochemical reaction with the fuel and / or the fission products.
- a two-layer cladding presents the risk a collapse of the inner metal layer, likely to result from the loss of hermeticity of the CMC layer which, by its multi-cracking, would allow the external pressure of the coolant (which is a priori superior, at least at the beginning of irradiation, at the internal pressure of the filling gas of the fuel element) to be exerted directly on the inner metal layer, causing its excessive deformation, a priori preferably by a creep mechanism (known as "creep" -down "in the field of nuclear fuels, where the origin of creep is associated with high temperatures and neutron irradiation).
- the object of the invention is to remedy at least partially the disadvantages mentioned above, relating to the embodiments of the prior art.
- the inventors have set themselves the goal of designing a tubular piece made of CMC material which has a hermeticity further improved over tubular parts of the prior art, this part can be used as a nuclear fuel sheath. More particularly, the inventors have sought to extend the hermeticity range of a CMC-based tubular piece beyond the elastic limit of said material, preferably to the point of rupture of said CMC material.
- a multilayer tubular part comprising a metal layer forming a metal tubular body and two layers of ceramic matrix composite material, covering the metal tubular body, characterized in that one of the two layers of ceramic matrix composite material covers the inner surface of the metal tubular body to form an inner tubular body, while the other of the two ceramic matrix composite layers covers the outer surface of the tubular body metal tubular body being thus sandwiched between the inner and outer tubular bodies, the tubular metal body having a mean thickness less than the average thicknesses of the inner and outer tubular bodies.
- the tubular metal body may be of metal or metal alloy. It is specified that, in what precedes and what follows, a ceramic matrix composite material is a fiber-reinforced material.
- the multilayer tubular piece may have a section in circular, oval, hexagonal, square section, the circular section being however preferred.
- the inner and outer tubular bodies are not necessarily in the same “material”.
- CMCs which are therefore "structures” (that is, a combination of materials, geometries and processes) more than “materials”
- the inner and outer tubular bodies are in the same “material”
- the metal tubular body has an average thickness of between 5% and 20% of the average thickness of the multilayer tubular piece.
- a multilayer tubular piece according to the invention can be subjected to hermeticity constraints up to high temperatures and, so that it can maintain its hermetic integrity up to high temperatures, the criteria for choosing the constituent material of the tubular body.
- metallic are:
- thermochemical compatibility with the constituent CMC material of the inner and outer tubular bodies is thermochemical compatibility with the constituent CMC material of the inner and outer tubular bodies.
- thermochemical compatibility criterion with respect to the media (fluids or solids ) intended to be in contact with the inner and outer tubular bodies.
- the metal tubular body is made of a material chosen from niobium and its alloys, tantalum and its alloys, tungsten and its alloys, titanium and its alloys.
- niobium alloys Nb-1Zr or Nb-1Zr-0.1Cr can be used; as a tungsten alloy, W-5Re can be used.
- the choice of the metallic material is also fixed by the holding stress to the conditions of production of the piece tubular. Indeed, as we will see later, the proposed manufacturing method according to the invention requires the selected metal material to be able to withstand the conditions of development of the external CMC (which is designed on said metal layer), the elaboration temperatures external CMC can for example reach 1000 ° C.
- the inner and outer tubular bodies are, for their part, preferably composite C f / C, C f / SiC or SiC f / SiC.
- the CMC materials are hermetic only in a very small range which corresponds to the linear elastic range of the CMC material in question, because beyond this elastic limit, they undergo multi-cracking.
- the particular arrangement of the layers of the multilayer tubular piece according to the invention makes it possible to maintain a hermeticity of the piece until the CMC materials break rather than on their only elastic domain.
- the multilayer tubular piece according to the invention can provide a hermetic separation of two media (fluid or solid) (one being located outside the room and the other being located inside the room), even when there is a pressure differential between the inner and outer surfaces of the room and the mechanical loading resulting results in multi-cracking of one or both inner and outer bodies.
- two media fluid or solid
- the inner and outer tubular bodies are cracked, they lose their hermeticity, but they retain their mechanical strength. They can therefore continue to maintain the mechanical integrity of the metal tubular body, and consequently maintain the mechanical integrity of the multilayer tubular part as a whole, and the hermeticity of the part then rests on the metal tubular body.
- Another object of the invention is a tubular structure having a closed cavity.
- This structure comprises, on the one hand, a multilayer tubular piece as defined above, having one or two open ends, and, on the other hand, at least one cover for each open end, each cover being positioned at the level of an open end so as to completely close off said open end, each lid comprising an inner layer, made of metal or metal alloy, intended to be fixed to the metal tubular body of the multilayer tubular piece, and possibly an additional layer, made of a material composite ceramic matrix, intended to be fixed to the outer tubular body of the multilayer tubular member, the closed cavity of the structure being delimited by an inner wall of the multilayer tubular member and by an inner wall of each lid.
- the multilayer tubular member comprises, at each open end, an annular zone in which the metal tubular body is not covered by the outer tubular body and in which each lid is formed of a bottom connected to an edge lateral, said lateral edge being adapted to cover said annular zone.
- the structure is a nuclear fuel cladding capable of containing a nuclear fuel and the fission gases that the latter releases under irradiation.
- the metal tubular body preferably has an average thickness of between 50 and 200 microns.
- the criteria for choosing the constituent material of the metal tubular body are:
- thermochemical compatibility with the constituent CMC material of the inner and outer tubular bodies
- the criteria for choosing the constituent material of the inner and outer tubular bodies are the same as for the metal tubular body in terms of compatibility with irradiation and high temperatures, while the criterion of thermochemical compatibility is supplemented by requirements vis-à-vis -vis reactions with the fuel and fission products, for the inner tubular body, as well as with the coolant and its impurities, for the outer tubular body.
- tubular metal body of the multilayer tubular part namely niobium and its alloys, tantalum and its alloys, tungsten and its alloys, titanium and its alloys, and preferred materials cited above for the inner and outer tubular bodies, namely a composite C / C, C / SiC or SiC / SiC, are suitable.
- nuclear fuel element comprising nuclear fuel housed in the closed cavity of the structure tubular as defined above.
- the nuclear fuel may be in the form of nuclear fuel pellets (uranium and / or plutonium and / or thorium, in the form of oxide, carbide, nitride, etc.); the nuclear fuel element can thus be a pencil or a needle.
- the invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a multilayer tubular piece as defined above, which comprises the following successive steps:
- the application of a treatment to induce the densification of the preform by forming a matrix in said preform the treatment being carried out at a temperature which is lower than the preform degradation temperature, lower than the degradation temperature; of the tubular metal body and less than the degradation temperature of the inner tubular body.
- degradation temperature the temperature from which the material has thermomechanical performance incompatible with its rules of use for the intended application. Ultimately, this is the melting temperature, but the actual degradation temperature is likely to be lower: it depends on the thermochemical environment conditions that cause reactions between materials.
- step a) of the above method may comprise the following successive steps: the production of a fiber preform based on continuous fibers on a cylindrical support member;
- Consolidation as densification, may for example consist of CVI densification, that is to say, an infiltration of a precursor gas of the ceramic matrix in the fiber preform, carried out in a high temperature oven. Under the effect of the temperature and in contact with the fiber preform, the precursor gas decomposes and produces carbon or ceramic compounds (silicon carbide or others) that come to fill the porosity.
- CVI densification that is to say, an infiltration of a precursor gas of the ceramic matrix in the fiber preform, carried out in a high temperature oven. Under the effect of the temperature and in contact with the fiber preform, the precursor gas decomposes and produces carbon or ceramic compounds (silicon carbide or others) that come to fill the porosity.
- Densification and / or consolidation can also be obtained by a PIP type process, that is to say an impregnation of a solution of a precursor polymer of the ceramic matrix of the body. tubular internal to achieve, followed by pyrolysis of the precursor polymer at high temperature.
- step b) comprises the vapor deposition of a layer of metal or metal alloy on the outer surface of the inner tubular body.
- step b) comprises the following successive steps:
- the metal tubular body can be manufactured by techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example by the cold rolling technique (preferably by HPTR rolling), hot rolling, spinning or extrusion.
- the cold rolling technique has the advantage of adapting to many metals and alloys.
- the plating can be carried out by techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example by the technique of cold or hot drawing, or by magnetic pulse.
- This manufacturing process may further comprise, between steps a) and b), a step of surface treatment of the surface of the inner tubular body to reduce the roughness thereof.
- a step of surface treatment of the surface of the inner tubular body to reduce the roughness thereof.
- This may be for example a diamond grinding of the outer surface of the composite tube by the technique of "grinding without center”.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a tubular structure as defined above.
- This method of manufacturing a tubular structure comprises the manufacture of a multilayer tubular piece, according to the method of manufacturing a multilayer tubular piece described above, and the closing of the open end or ends of said piece by the placing a lid on each of these open ends and fixing said lid on the metal tubular body, each lid comprising an inner layer of metal or metal alloy and optionally an additional layer of ceramic matrix composite material.
- Said method may, for example, include forming the multilayer tubular piece so that it comprises, at each of its open ends, an annular zone in which the metal tubular body is not covered by the outer tubular body, each annular zone being completely covered by the layer internal metal of a lid when attaching a lid on the open end corresponding to said annular zone.
- This annular zone can be obtained by producing an outer tubular body of length less than the length of the metal tubular body during step c); it can also be obtained by removing a portion of the ceramic matrix composite material layer forming the outer tubular body so as to have an annular portion leaving the metal layer uncovered at the open end or ends of the metal tubular body. Once this annular zone is present, the lid can then be attached to the uncovered portion of the metal layer, and if the lid has a CMC outer layer, attach the CMC layer of the lid to the outer CMC layer of the metal layer. the part, by a method known to those skilled in the art, such as brazing, for example.
- the metal layer which plays the role of hermetic layer
- the metal layer is geometrically constrained by the composite layers and, since it has a small thickness compared to the composite layers, it participates only in a very limited way to the mechanical strength of the final part. In use condition, the load is supported myitarily by the composite layers of greater thicknesses. As illustrated in FIG. 1, this manufacturing method allows the part to be loaded beyond the elastic limit of the composite material used alone: the layers of composites can therefore crack, without the multilayer tubular part losing its hermetic properties.
- the choice, optional but preferable, of identical materials for the two CMC layers makes it possible to guarantee that they do not impose significant differential deformations on the two faces of the metal layer that they frame. Let's not forget that the metal layer is thin compared to the two CMC layers and is therefore not very resistant.
- the metal layer is thin with respect to the surrounding CMC layers, and because of its very good thermal conductivity, there is a small difference in temperature between its faces.
- the hermeticity layer metal layer
- the hermeticity layer is protected from thermochemical attacks of fuel and fission products , to whom she is "isolated". Indeed, there is no direct contact, apart from possible migrations of fission products through the internal CMC layer, which are naturally limited by the thickness of the internal CMC layer and by the control of its cracking. .
- This protective layer is a layer of "porous solid seal” type, known to those skilled in the art.
- This layer of "porous solid seal” type may for example have a fibrous or cellular structure, made of C and / or Sic, and having a high porosity, in order to accommodate, by its crushing, the expansion.
- voluminal fuel without mechanical loading of the sheath, to promote the thermal transfer of fuel to the sheath, and to transport the fission gases released to the gaseous plenum located at the axial end of the fuel element).
- the hermeticity layer is protected from the physical attacks caused by the fission products generated at the periphery of the fuel, whose energy of recoil creates damage that is absorbed by the internal CMC sheath, or even the possible protective layer.
- the metal layer performs its hermeticity function which is required in particular to confine the radioactive products created by the irradiation of the nuclear fuel (uranium and / or plutonium and / or thorium, in the form of oxide, carbide, nitride , ... possibly loaded with minor actinides, such as americium, neptunium, curium .
- the hermeticity layer is also protected from thermochemical attacks of the coolant and its impurities, with respect to which it is "isolated". There is no direct contact, except the possible migrations of impurities through the outer CMC layer, which are naturally limited by the thickness of the outer CMC layer and the control of its cracking.
- the original design of the multilayer piece proposed in the context of this invention ensures the hermeticity function until dismantling: -
- the reinforcement provided on both sides by the CMC layers dimensioned to ensure the mechanical strength of the part (sheathing) under all the usual stresses in operation;
- FIG. 1 represents the behavior of a braided tubular SiC f / SiC composite 2D biased in uniaxial traction, the deformation being represented on the abscissa and the stress on the ordinate.
- This tensile curve shows an elastic regime (proportionality between the stress and the deformation) extending up to a stress of about 80 MPa and a stress corresponding to 0.04% elongation, which delimits the usual operating range on which the hermeticity of the composite can be considered: beyond these values, there is multi-cracking of the matrix, which causes a loss hermeticity.
- Figure 1 shows the breaking characteristics of the composite, for a stress of the order of 300 MPa and an elongation of the order of 0.9%.
- Figure 1 illustrates a field of usual mechanical use of composites as nuclear fuel cladding, with stresses of up to about 200 MPa and deformations of the order of 0.5%.
- a cladding of nuclear fuel element to preserve its hermeticity and its mechanical integrity in any design situation the material whose behavior is illustrated in Figure 1 satisfies the requirement of mechanical integrity (in the sense of a lack of rupture or excessive deformation of sheath), but only meets the hermeticity requirement on its elastic domain, more restricted than the field of use.
- the object of the patent is to extend the hermeticity range of the nuclear fuel cladding, based on ceramic matrix composite (SiC f / SiC, in particular), beyond the mechanical use domain of this type of object: the three domains (accessible / used / targeted) are represented on the figure by a system of hatching.
- FIG. 2 schematically represents, in a view in axial section, the multilayer tubular piece according to the invention.
- FIGS. 3a and 3b respectively represent, in a view in axial section and in longitudinal sectional view, a nuclear fuel cladding according to the invention obtained by introducing a nuclear fuel inside a multilayer tubular structure according to FIG. invention.
- the tubular part 1 comprises an outer layer of CMC material forming an outer tubular body 2, which covers a metal tubular body 3, which itself covers an inner layer of CMC material forming a internal tubular body 4.
- this tubular piece can be used to make a nuclear fuel casing 10 for containing nuclear fuel to form a fuel element 100.
- the nuclear fuel is introduced into the tubular part 1, as shown in FIG. 3a.
- the space shown between the inner tubular body 4 and the nuclear fuel 5 may correspond to a gaseous medium or to a porous solid interface seal, which has the particular function:
- the multilayer tubular part according to the invention is formed of tubular bodies or tubes which can therefore have two open ends or an open end (the other end being blind).
- a way proposed according to the invention for closing the open ends of the tubular part 1 is to have an annular zone near the open ends in which the metal tubular body is not covered by the outer tubular body: the metal layer is thus accessible on the periphery of the open ends of the tubular piece.
- This zone can be obtained by removing a portion of the outer layer forming the outer tubular body 2.
- This closure can be obtained by fixing the first cover 6 on the annular zone by performing a weld 8 between the metal walls of the first cover and the annular zone.
- the second cover is optional if the first cover (metal cover) satisfies all the constraints of closure of the tubular part, including the recovery of the background effect, well known to those skilled in the art.
- the one or more covers are mounted and fixed on the tubular part so that there is a continuous connection, on the one hand, between the metal layer of the metal tubular body 3 and the first cover 6 (or with the inner metal part of the cover in the case of a single cover) and, on the other hand, between the outer tubular body 2 and the second cover 7 (or with the outer CMC material part of the cover in the case of a single lid).
- Said continuous connections may for example be obtained by means of a weld, in the case of a connection between metals, or solder, in the case of a bond between CMC materials.
- nuclear fuel sheath 10 shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 2a and 2b is shown cold and at the beginning of irradiation in a reactor, hence the presence of the space between the internal body 4 and the nuclear fuel 5 .
- the nuclear fuel 5 is in the form of fuel pellets which are stacked inside the fuel sheath 10, the whole forming a fuel element 100.
- the axial space between the nuclear fuel 5 and the first cover 6 is intended to be occupied by an axial positioning device (not shown) of the fuel pellet column (device typically comprising a spring, a spacer and / or holds).
- the CMC materials of the outer and inner tubular bodies of the tubular piece may, for example, be ceramic matrix composites of SiCf / SiC, SiC f / TiC, SiC f / ZrC or SiC f / Ti 3 SiC 2 type , such as mentioned in document [6].
- the hermeticity layer is made of metal or metal alloy: niobium and its alloys, tantalum and its alloys, tungsten and its alloys, titanium and its alloys; for example Nb-1Zr, Nb-1Zr-0.1C, Ta, W-5Re. It is important to note that, in order to ensure the integrity and properties of the object, the chemical compatibility of the metal or alloy with the CMC material used must be verified on the whole. the temperature range of use of the future tubular part, as well as the entire manufacturing temperature range of the CMC layers.
- the values of the thicknesses of the different layers of the multilayer tubular part are preferably in the following ranges:
- hermetic metal layer 50 to 200 ⁇ m
- the thicknesses of the inner and outer CMC layers being chosen so that they are greater than that of the hermeticity layer, preferably at least 3 times greater than or equal to the thickness of the hermeticity layer. In fact, it is sought to minimize the thickness of the hermeticity layer and the overall thickness of the multilayer tubular part, in order to optimize the neutron.
- the multilayer tubular part according to the invention has the advantage of using a large majority of ceramic matrix composite phases in place of a completely metallic part.
- the metal layer here is only to guarantee the hermeticity of the overall piece. Indeed, for many applications envisaged (pressure vessel operating at high temperature, for example), the use of metal is prohibited because of its density and / or its low mechanical strength. at high temperature, and / or because of its neutron capture section, in the case of nuclear applications. It is therefore necessary to limit the thickness of the metal layer to a minimum.
- step 6 the manufacture of the fibrous preform of the outer tubular body directly on the metal tubular body obtained in step 5, then its densification, and finally its optional final coating (this coating step being optional, but preferable) leading to the obtaining the multilayer piece.
- the first stage of manufacture of the part is to develop a tube intended to form the tubular body of internal CMC material.
- a fibrous reinforcement is shaped around a cylindrical mandrel chosen according to the nature of the composite to be developed.
- a mandrel made of silica glass so that the mandrel can easily be removed at the end of the process by simple chemical dissolution.
- a good internal surface condition of the inner tube as well as compliance with the ribs and tolerances are more accessible with this type of mandrel than with a graphite mandrel, conventionally used.
- the shaping of the fibrous architecture of the reinforcement can be achieved by one of the techniques from the textile industry adapted to geometrical parts having an axis of revolution such as filament winding or 2D or 3D interlock braiding.
- the thickness of the reinforcement (number of layers of braiding or winding) is chosen according to the thickness targeted for this inner tube.
- the second step which is optional but preferable, consists in preparing the external surface of the inner composite tube thus obtained, rough and abrasive in nature, so as to obtain a surface having a maximum RMS roughness of 1 to 2 ⁇ m in order to allow a plating optimum of the future metal tube serving as hermetic layer on the inner composite tube.
- CVD vapor phase deposition
- PVD vapor phase deposition
- this layer may also have the role of accommodating the differential deformations between the CMC composite tube and the metal layer placed on the external face at the next step of the process.
- this layer may also have the role of accommodating the differential deformations between the CMC composite tube and the metal layer placed on the external face at the next step of the process.
- a pyrocarbon type material can be used to make this layer.
- the third step is to manufacture a metal tube that will be used as a hermeticity layer to achieve the metal tubular body of the multilayer piece.
- the choice of the type of metal is very important for the intended application and will depend on the type of composite of the inner and outer tubes and the conditions of use. Indeed, it is particularly appropriate to choose a metal phase compatible with the ceramic phases of the composite, whether in the operating temperature range of the final part, but also in the range of the composite preparation temperatures according to the method of densification chosen.
- the possible densification processes require processing temperatures close to 1000 ° C. It is therefore appropriate in this case to select only metals that have good chemical compatibility with the carbon and silicon carbide phases at 1000 ° C.
- the metals proposed are niobium and its alloys (Nb-lZr, Nb-lZr-0, 1C), but also tantalum and its alloys, tungsten or titanium to a lesser extent.
- the metal tube In order to limit the thickness of the metal tube to a minimum, it is chosen to use a technique of shaping the metal tube to the desired dimensions, which makes it possible to obtain a minimum thickness of up to 0.1 mm, see below. .
- the inventors used a HPTR rolling bench, but other cold or hot rolling mills could also be used.
- the aim is an internal diameter equal to the external diameter of the rectified composite inner tube, which is added a clearance so that the inner composite tube can be inserted on the metal tube, however this game is as small as possible to to facilitate the plating step which will be described below.
- a diametral clearance of the order of 0.1 mm was used.
- rolling has the effect of hardening the metal or alloy used. This hardening has the main consequence of increasing the hardness of the material and to limit its breaking strain.
- the next step is to press the metal tube onto the inner composite tube.
- This operation aims to guarantee an intimate contact between these two elements.
- This plating can be obtained by several techniques. For example, controlled stretching of the metal tube on the inner composite tube may be used.
- the inner composite tube is inserted into the metal tube thanks to the planned clearance; then, the metal tube is mechanically stressed in traction so that it retracts on the wall of the inner composite tube (fish effect).
- plating techniques such as hot stretching or the magnetic pulse, which consists in using a high intensity magnetic field in order to press the metal tube onto the non-magnetic inner composite tube.
- the bilayer tube once formed may optionally undergo a grinding of the roughness of its metallic outer surface or a phase deposit vapor of an additional layer, as previously described for the inner composite tube.
- the last step is to make the outer composite tube.
- the procedure is similar to that used for the manufacture of the inner composite layer.
- the fiber reinforcement is first shaped by the same techniques as those mentioned previously (filament winding, 2D braiding or 3D interlock), and then is densified.
- the outer composite tube is here directly shaped on the composite bilayer tube / metal developed.
- a hermetically sealed multilayer ceramic matrix composite part is thus obtained until rupture as shown in FIG. 2.
- this outer surface ie the outer composite tube
- this outer surface can be rectified by centerless grinding or be covered with a layer additional.
- the multilayer tubular piece thus produced can be used to carry out a fluid duct under pressure or even a pressure vessel, such as a nuclear fuel element sheath.
- a nuclear fuel element sheath which is the application targeted primarily by the invention.
- an internal CMC tube in this case an Si / F / SiC tube with an internal diameter of 7 mm and a thickness of 300 ⁇ m, optionally supplemented with the coating of the outer face of the tube. composite by a layer of a pyrocarbon material.
- a tantalum metal tube having an inner diameter of 7.7 mm and a thickness of 100 ⁇ m is then produced, either by rolling followed by plating (by a magnetotroping or drawing process) on the internal CMC tube, or by developing a vapor deposition layer directly on the internal CMC tube.
- the tantalum layer is then optionally covered with a layer of a pyrocarbon type material of a few hundred nanometers.
- an outer SiC f / SiC composite tube 600 ⁇ m thick is produced directly on the part obtained in the preceding step, by shaping the SiC / SiC reinforcement and impregnating this reinforcement according to a usual method. optionally completed coating or grinding the outer face of this outer composite tube.
- This latter coating made by vapor deposition (PVD or CVD), of a SiC type material, of a thickness of a few hundred nanometers, aims to provide a smooth surface state, if this corresponds to a requirement ( this may be necessary to reduce the pressure losses associated with the friction of the coolant along the sheath, for example).
- the ends of the multilayer tubular part are disengaged by machining the outer CMC layer, for example over a length of 5 mm, without damaging the metal layer. under-acente.
- One of the two ends of the tubular piece is then closed by welding a lid or metal cap 6 to the part of the metal tube previously freed (cover, for example, of a thickness of 100 ⁇ m obtained by stamping), and then brazing a cover of CMC material (for example SiC f / SiC) on the outer CMC tube.
- a lid or metal cap 6 to the part of the metal tube previously freed (cover, for example, of a thickness of 100 ⁇ m obtained by stamping), and then brazing a cover of CMC material (for example SiC f / SiC) on the outer CMC tube.
- CMC material for example SiC f / SiC
- the cover CMC may be optional, provided to choose a metal, for the lid, having thermomechanical properties adequate in terms of refractoriness and resistance to internal pressure in normal and accidental operation.
- a metal for the lid, having thermomechanical properties adequate in terms of refractoriness and resistance to internal pressure in normal and accidental operation.
- this step of closing an end of the multilayer tubular structure can be made optional in the case where the steps previous ones are made so as to manufacture a blind tube (closed at one of its ends).
- the nuclear fuel pellets 5 (which here have a diameter of 6.71 mm) are then inserted into the tubular structure, as well as to the insertion of the internals (spring, spacer and wedges), which are arranged between the pillar column and the lid (not shown in Figure 3b).
- the innovation of the proposed solution lies in the multilayer character of the cladding concept, with the positioning of the metal layer, acting as a hermeticity layer, between two CMC layers meeting the requirements of refractoriness and mechanical strength in the case the realization of an advanced fuel element.
- This particular positioning allows the implementation of a thin layer of hermeticity (50 to 200 ⁇ m) without risk of embrittlement by excessive deformation, up to high neutron temperatures and fluences, nor risk of damage by the fuel. nuclear energy and its fission products, leading to high burnup rates.
- This solution proposes a sustainable mode of containment of fission products for a CMC material cladding fuel element. As such, it opens the prospects for the implementation of this type of cladding, whose refractoriness (with good neutron properties) must make it possible to increase the safety of the fuel element by guaranteeing its geometric integrity (guarantor of the control of the reactivity and the coolability of the reactor core) up to the very high temperatures of the accidental transients to be taken into account in its design.
- the outer and inner tubes of CMC material not only play the role of mechanical reinforcement, but also refractory reinforcement to consolidate the holding of a conventional metal cladding accidental transients (thermal stability and creep resistance), which allows Achieving typically targeted safety objectives for the RNR-G pipeline or as part of a significant improvement in the high-temperature sheath strength of certain accidental transients in PWR, BWR and Na-RNR.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Monitoring And Testing Of Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2014523316A JP6140701B2 (ja) | 2011-08-01 | 2012-08-01 | セラミックマトリックス複合材料で作られた改良された多層チューブ、その結果生じる核燃料クラッディングおよび関連する製造プロセス |
CN201280038372.2A CN103732388A (zh) | 2011-08-01 | 2012-08-01 | 改进的由陶瓷基体复合材料制成的多层管、产生的核燃料包壳及相关生产方法 |
KR1020147004316A KR20140048995A (ko) | 2011-08-01 | 2012-08-01 | 세라믹 매트릭스 복합 재료로 만들어진 향상된 다층 튜브, 결과적인 핵연료 클래딩 및 관련된 제조 방법 |
RU2014107945/05A RU2014107945A (ru) | 2011-08-01 | 2012-08-01 | Усовершенствованная многослойная трубка из керамоматричного композиционного материала, изготовленная оболочка ядерного топлива и соответствующие способы изготовления |
PL12742902T PL2739465T3 (pl) | 2011-08-01 | 2012-08-01 | Koszulka paliwowa z materiału kompozytowego o osnowie ceramicznej i powiązany sposób wytwarzania |
EP12742902.5A EP2739465B1 (fr) | 2011-08-01 | 2012-08-01 | Gaine de combustible nucleaire en materiau composite a matrice ceramique et procede de fabrication associe |
US14/236,189 US9548139B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2012-08-01 | Multilayer tube in ceramic matrix composite material, resulting nuclear fuel cladding and associated manufacturing processes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1157042 | 2011-08-01 | ||
FR1157042A FR2978697B1 (fr) | 2011-08-01 | 2011-08-01 | Tube multicouche ameliore en materiau composite a matrice ceramique, gaine de combustible nucleaire en resultant et procedes de fabrication associes |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2013017621A1 true WO2013017621A1 (fr) | 2013-02-07 |
Family
ID=46603969
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2012/065035 WO2013017621A1 (fr) | 2011-08-01 | 2012-08-01 | Tube multicouche ameliore en materiau composite a matrice ceramique, gaine de combustible nucleaire en resultant et procedes de fabrication associes |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9548139B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2739465B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP6140701B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20140048995A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN103732388A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2978697B1 (fr) |
HU (1) | HUE037821T2 (fr) |
PL (1) | PL2739465T3 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2014107945A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2013017621A1 (fr) |
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CN105390166B (zh) * | 2014-08-22 | 2017-08-22 | 韩国原子力研究院 | 抗冷却剂泄漏事故的双冷核燃料棒 |
CN105390166A (zh) * | 2014-08-22 | 2016-03-09 | 韩国原子力研究院 | 抗冷却剂泄漏事故的双冷核燃料棒 |
US11104994B2 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2021-08-31 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Nuclear component with metastable Cr coating, DLI-MOCVD method for producing same, and uses for controlling oxidation/hydridation |
US11634810B2 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2023-04-25 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Process of manufacture a nuclear component with metal substrate by DLI-MOCVD and method against oxidation/hydriding of nuclear component |
WO2018060644A1 (fr) | 2016-09-28 | 2018-04-05 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Composant nucléaire composite, procédé de fabrication par dli-mocvd et utilisations contre l'oxydation/hydruration |
US10811146B2 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2020-10-20 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Method of using DLI-MOCVD to provide a nuclear reactor component with a coating of amorphous chromium carbide |
US11715572B2 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2023-08-01 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Composite nuclear component, DLI-MOCVD method for producing same, and uses for controlling oxidation/hydridation |
FR3056818A1 (fr) * | 2016-09-28 | 2018-03-30 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Composant nucleaire composite et utilisations. |
FR3056604A1 (fr) * | 2016-09-28 | 2018-03-30 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede de fabrication par dli-mocvd d'un composant nucleaire composite. |
US11545273B2 (en) | 2016-09-28 | 2023-01-03 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Nuclear reactor component having a coating of amorphous chromium carbide |
US11404175B2 (en) | 2018-07-16 | 2022-08-02 | Westinghouse Electric Company Llc | Silicon carbide reinforced zirconium based cladding |
CN112906274B (zh) * | 2021-02-22 | 2023-02-28 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | 用于包壳材料退火仿真的可视化界面及方法 |
CN112906274A (zh) * | 2021-02-22 | 2021-06-04 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | 用于包壳材料退火仿真的可视化界面及方法 |
FR3135648A1 (fr) * | 2022-05-19 | 2023-11-24 | Irt Antoine De Saint Exupéry | Pièce cylindrique à structure sandwich, procédé de fabrication d’une telle pièce et son utilisation pour le stockage de déchets radioactifs |
CN115745639A (zh) * | 2022-10-13 | 2023-03-07 | 广东核电合营有限公司 | 金属增强碳化硅包壳管及其制造方法 |
EP4389724A1 (fr) * | 2022-12-23 | 2024-06-26 | Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives | Procédé de métallisation de la face interne d'un tube en une céramique ou un composite à matrice céramique |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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FR2978697B1 (fr) | 2014-05-16 |
JP6140701B2 (ja) | 2017-05-31 |
KR20140048995A (ko) | 2014-04-24 |
JP2014526045A (ja) | 2014-10-02 |
US9548139B2 (en) | 2017-01-17 |
EP2739465B1 (fr) | 2017-10-18 |
EP2739465A1 (fr) | 2014-06-11 |
HUE037821T2 (hu) | 2018-09-28 |
FR2978697A1 (fr) | 2013-02-08 |
CN103732388A (zh) | 2014-04-16 |
RU2014107945A (ru) | 2015-09-10 |
US20140153688A1 (en) | 2014-06-05 |
PL2739465T3 (pl) | 2018-03-30 |
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