Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
  • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
  • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
  • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators

Definitions

• This relates generally to switch-mode power converters and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for constant power/current control for switch-mode power converters.
• Switch-mode power converters typically include one or more semiconductor switches and energy storage elements, such as inductors and capacitors, and operate by switching the energy storage elements between various circuit configurations at a
• the output voltage or current of the power converter can be regulated by varying the duty cycle of one or more control signals applied to the switches.
• switch-mode power converters such as DC-DC, AC-DC, DC-AC and AC- AC converters.
• previously known control techniques for switch-mode power converters include constant power and current control.
• a voltage control loop To provide constant power and current control, two control loops are required: a voltage control loop and a current control loop.
• the voltage control loop provides voltage mode control in a constant voltage region of operation
• the current control loop provides current mode control in constant power and constant current regions of operation
• control circuitry "ORs" the voltage control loop output and the current control loop output, and uses the smaller of the two outputs to generate a PWM signal.
• FIG. 1 illustrates the operation of a previously known constant power and current control system for a voltage/current mode switching controller having a nominal output voltage v nom , a nominal output current i nom , a specified maximum output current i max , and a specified maximum output power P max .
• voltage mode control is used for output current i 0 values less than i nom .
• the voltage control loop compares the converter output voltage v 0 to a reference voltage, the error signal is provided to a compensator, and the compensator's output is used to set a switch duty ratio of the converter so that output voltage v 0 equals a desired value (e.g., v nom ).
• control switches from voltage mode control to current mode control.
• the current control loop compares the converter output current i 0 to a reference current, the error signal is provided to a
• the compensator and the compensator's output is used to set a switch duty ratio of the converter.
• a control circuit for use with a switch-mode power stage that provides an output voltage signal and an output current signal at an output power.
• the switch-mode power stage has a nominal voltage, a nominal current, a maximum current, an output power and a maximum power.
• the control circuit includes a voltage control loop and a current control loop, and the control circuit uses the voltage control loop to provide voltage mode control if the output current signal is greater than or equal to the nominal current and less than the maximum current, wherein the output power is substantially constant.
• a control circuit for use with a switch-mode power stage that provides an output voltage signal and an output current signal at an output power.
• the switch-mode power stage has a nominal voltage, a nominal current, a maximum current, an output power and a maximum power.
• the control circuit includes a voltage control loop and a current control loop, and the control circuit uses the current control loop to provide average current mode control if the output current signal is greater than or equal to the nominal current and less than the maximum current, wherein the output power is substantially constant.
• a method for controlling a switch- mode power stage that provides an output voltage signal and an output current signal at an output power.
• the switch-mode power stage has a nominal voltage, a nominal current, a maximum current, an output power and a maximum power.
• the method includes using voltage mode control to provide a substantially constant output power if the output current signal is greater than or equal to the nominal current and less than the maximum current.
• FIG. 1 is diagram depicting control modes of previously known power converters
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a power converter that includes an example controller in accordance with this invention
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of the power converter of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 4 is a more detailed block diagram of the power converter of FIG. 3;
• FIG. 5 is a diagram depicting example control modes and operating regions of the power converters of FIGS. 3 and 4;
• FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an alternative example embodiment of the power converter of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 7 is a more detailed block diagram of the power converter of FIG. 6.
• FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting example control modes and operating regions of the power converters of FIGS. 6 and 7.
• Example methods and apparatus in accordance with this invention provide constant power/current control for both voltage/current mode switching control and average current control for switch-mode power converters.
• voltage mode control is used to provide substantially constant output power.
• loop switching from voltage mode to current mode occurs at an output voltage value which is lower than nominal voltage. Moving the loop switching point and voltage reference value to this lower output voltage may substantially reduce any output voltage overshoot that occurs when control switches back from current mode to voltage mode.
• average current mode control is used to provide substantially constant output power.
• operation mode switching from constant power mode to constant current mode occurs at an output voltage value which is lower than nominal voltage. Moving the mode switching point and voltage reference value to this lower output voltage may substantially reduce any output voltage overshoot that occurs when control switches back from constant current mode to constant power mode.
• the reference signal used for the voltage control loop is ramped from the lower output voltage value to nominal voltage.
• the ramp time may be controlled to further reduce output voltage overshoot.
• power converter 10 includes a switch-mode power stage 12 and a controller 14.
• controller 14 includes a voltage control loop, a current control loop, and control circuitry (e.g., hardware and/or software) used to provide constant power/current control in accordance with this invention.
• Example techniques in accordance with this invention may be used with controllers 14 that implement a variety of different control techniques, such as voltage/current mode switching control and average current control.
• Switch-mode power stage 12 has a first input node coupled to an input signal IN, and a second input node coupled to a control signal d(t), and provides a first output signal v 0 at a first output node, and a second output signal i 0 at a second output node.
• Switch-mode power stage 12 may be a DC-DC, AC-DC, DC-AC or AC-AC power stage that converts input signal IN to first output signal v 0 .
• switch-mode power stage 12 may be a DC-DC switch-mode power stage that converts a DC input voltage IN to a DC output voltage v 0 and supplies an output current i 0 to a load (not shown in FIG. 1).
• input signal IN alternatively may be a DC current or an AC voltage or current
• output signal v 0 alternatively may be a DC current or an AC voltage or current.
• Switch-mode power stage 12 may be a buck converter, a boost converter, a buck- boost converter, or other similar converter, that may include one or more inductors, capacitors, diodes and switches (not shown in FIG. 2), as is known in the art. As described in more detail below, the switches are controlled by control signal d(t), which is a pulse-width modulated waveform having a duty ratio that may be controlled to regulate first output signal v 0 and/or second output signal i 0 .
• control signal d(t) is a pulse-width modulated waveform having a duty ratio that may be controlled to regulate first output signal v 0 and/or second output signal i 0 .
• Controller 14 may be an analog controller, a digital controller, or a mixed analog/digital controller, and may include hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.
• controller 14 may be microprocessor or other similar digital controller.
• controller 14 may be a UCD3040 microprocessor by Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, TX. Controller 14 may be a single controller, or may include multiple controllers.
• Controller 14 has first and second input nodes coupled to receive first output signal v 0 and second output signal i 0 , respectively, at the first and second output nodes, respectively, of switch-mode power stage 12. Controller 14 provides control signal d(t) at an output node coupled to the second input node of switch-mode power stage 12.
• first output signal v 0 and second output signal i 0 represent an output voltage and an output current, respectively, of switch- mode power stage 12.
• first output signal v 0 alternatively may represent some other voltage of switch-mode power stage 12
• second output signal i 0 alternatively may represent some other current of switch-mode power stage 12.
• first output signal v 0 as output voltage signal v 0
• second output signal i 0 as output current signal i 0 .
• Switch-mode power stage 12 typically is designed to meet certain specified operating parameters, such as nominal output voltage v nom , nominal output current i nom , maximum output current i max , and maximum output power P max . Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that switch-mode power stage 12 may be designed to meet other and/or additional specified operating parameters.
• Control signal d(t) may include one signal, or may include more than one signal (e.g., four signals as used in a PSPWM full-bridge converter) for controlling one or more switches in switch-mode power stage 12.
• control signal d(t) is described as including one signal in the remaining discussion. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that example techniques in accordance with this invention easily may be modified to generate control signals d(t) that include more than one signal.
• controller 14 includes a voltage control loop, a current control loop, and control circuitry (e.g., hardware and/or software) that provides reference signals to the voltage control loop and the current control loop to provide constant power/current control in accordance with this invention.
• control circuitry e.g., hardware and/or software
• controller 14a includes a reference generator 16a, a reference ramp control circuit 18a, a voltage control loop 20a, a current control loop 22a, and a duty cycle selector circuit 24. Each of these will be described in turn.
• Reference generator circuit 16a includes an input node coupled to receive output current signal i 0 at the second output node of switch-mode power stage 12, and provides a current reference signal I ref at a first output node, and a first voltage reference signal V ref at a second output node.
• Reference generator circuit 16a may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• Reference ramp control circuit 18a includes an input node coupled to receive first voltage reference signal V re at the second output node of reference generator circuit 16a, and provides a second voltage reference signal V ref ' at an output node.
• Reference ramp control circuit 18a may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• Voltage control loop 20a includes a first input node coupled to receive output voltage signal v 0 at the first output node of switch-mode power stage 12, and a second input node coupled to receive second voltage reference signal V ref ' at the output node of reference ramp control circuit 20a, and provides a first control signal d v (t) at an output node.
• first control signal d v (t) may be a first duty cycle signal.
• first control signal d v (t) will be referred to herein as voltage duty cycle signal d v (t).
• Voltage control loop 20a may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• Current control loop 22a includes a first input node coupled to receive output current signal i 0 at the second output node of switch-mode power stage 12, and a second input node coupled to receive current reference signal I re at the first output node of reference generator circuit 16a, and provides a second control signal dj(t) at an output node.
• second control signal dj (t) may be a second duty cycle signal.
• second control signal d j (t) will be referred to herein as current duty cycle signal dj (t).
• Current control loop 22a may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• Duty cycle selector circuit 24 includes a first input node coupled to receive voltage duty cycle signal d v (t) at the output node of voltage control loop 20a, and a second input node coupled to receive current duty cycle signal dj (t) at the output node of current control loop 22a, and provides control signal d(t) an output node coupled to the second input node of switch-mode power stage 12.
• Duty cycle selector circuit 24 may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• voltage control loop 20a generates voltage duty cycle signal d v (t) based on a difference between output voltage signal v 0 and second voltage reference signal V ref '
• current control loop 22a generates current duty cycle signal dj(t) based on a difference between output current signal i 0 and current reference signal I re
• duty cycle selector circuit 24 generates control signal d(t) based on voltage duty cycle signal d v (t) and current duty cycle signal dj (t) .
• reference generator 16a generates first voltage reference signal V ref and current reference signal I ref to control switching between voltage mode control and current mode control of switch-mode power stage 12.
• reference ramp control circuit 18a generates second voltage reference signal V ref ' based on first voltage reference signal V ref .
• V ref ' V ref except when controller 14a switches from current mode control to voltage mode control (e.g., when the load on switch-mode power stage 12 suddenly releases).
• second voltage reference signal V ref ' ramps up from first voltage reference signal V re to nominal output voltage v nom .
• the voltage reference controllable ramp is used to reduce v 0 overshoot.
• the ramp time can be controlled to substantially reduce v 0 overshoot.
• input signal IN is an input voltage signal V in .
• input signal IN alternatively may be an input current signal.
• the remaining discussion refers to input signal IN as input voltage signal V in .
• Switch-mode power stage 12 includes a switching stage 26, a load 28, and a current sense device 30.
• Switching stage 26 may be any conventional switching network, and may include one or more switches (not shown) controlled by control signal d(t) having a clock frequency f s .
• Clock frequency f s may be between about 50 KHz to about 5 MHz, although other clock frequencies may be used.
• load 28 is depicted as a resistor, but may be any type of load.
• Current sense device 30 may be a resistor, a Hall effect sensor, an inductor DC resistance, or other similar device for detecting output current signal i 0 in load 28.
• Current sense device 30 may be in series with load 28, as shown in FIG. 4, or may be implemented by measuring parameters of some other circuit element in switching stage 26.
• current sense device may directly detect output current signal i 0 , or may indirectly detect output current signal i 0 based on some other current in switch-mode power stage 12 that is proportional to output current signal i 0 .
• Voltage control loop 20a includes an error-analog-to-digital converter
• EADC 32 has a first input node coupled to receive output voltage signal v 0 at the first output node of switch-mode power stage 12, a second input node coupled to receive second voltage reference signal V ref ' at the output node of reference ramp control circuit 18a, and provides a voltage error signal AV at an output node.
• Second voltage reference signal V ref ' equals the desired output voltage of switch- mode power stage 12.
• second voltage reference signal V ref ' may equal a fraction of the desired output voltage of switch-mode power stage 12.
• Sampling rate f adl is typically about 20 times the loop bandwidth, although other sampling frequencies may be used.
• EADC 32 may be replaced with an analog differencing circuit and a conventional A/D converter.
• filter 34a may have a gain of 1000, a first zero at lKHz, a second zero at lKHz, and a pole at lOKHz, although other parameters may be used.
• Filter 34a is essentially a compensator.
• filter 34a may be implemented as a PID structure. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other filter types and parameters may be used. Persons of ordinary skill in the art also will understand that filter 34a is sometimes referred to as a "compensator,” or a "control law accelerator” (e.g., for digital implementations).
• Current control loop 22a includes an EADC 36 and a filter 38a.
• EADC 36 has a first input node coupled to receive output current signal i 0 at the second output node of switch-mode power stage 12, a second input node coupled to receive current reference signal I re f at the first output node of reference generator circuit 16a, and provides a current error signal ⁇ at an output node.
• Current reference signal I re equals the desired output current of switch-mode power stage 12.
• current reference signal I ref may equal a fraction of the desired output current of switch-mode power stage 12.
• EADC 36 may be replaced with an analog differencing circuit and a conventional A/D converter.
• filter 38a may have a gain of 1000, a first zero at lKHz, a second zero at lKHz, and a pole at lOKHz, although other parameters may be used.
• filter 38a may be implemented as a PID structure. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other filter types and parameters may be used. Persons of ordinary skill in the art also will understand that filter 38a is sometimes referred to as a "compensator,” or a "control law accelerator” (e.g., for digital implementations).
• Duty cycle selector 24 provides control signal d(t) equal to the smaller of voltage duty cycle signal d v (t) and current duty cycle signal d j (t) .
• Duty cycle selector 24 may be implemented in hardware and/or software.
• reference generator circuit 16a includes an input node coupled to receive output current signal i 0 at the second output node of switch-mode power stage 12, and provides current reference signal I re at a first output node, and first voltage reference signal V re at a second output node.
• reference ramp control circuit 18a includes an input node coupled to receive first voltage reference signal V re at the second output node of reference generator circuit 16a, and provides second voltage reference signal V ref ' at an output node.
• switch-mode power stage 12 typically is designed to meet certain specified operating parameters, such as nominal output voltage v nom , nominal output current i nom , maximum output current i max , and maximum output power P max .
• reference generator circuit 16a receives specified operating parameters v nom , i nom , i max , and P max , and generates first voltage reference signal V re and current reference signal I re based on the value of output current signal i 0 to provide the following three modes of operation: (1) voltage mode control with substantially constant output voltage; (2) voltage mode control with substantially constant output power; and (3) current mode control with maximum current limiting.
• FIG. 5 illustrates an example control mode operating diagram and reference generator logic diagram in accordance with this invention.
• reference generator circuit 16a For output current signals i 0 ⁇ i n om ? reference generator circuit 16a provides a first voltage reference signal V ref having a value v nom , and a current reference signal I ref having a value i max .
• switch-mode power stage 12 operates in voltage mode, and provides an output voltage signal v 0 that has a substantially constant value of v nom .
• reference generator circuit 16a For output current signals i nom ⁇ i 0 ⁇ imax* reference generator circuit 16a provides a first voltage reference signal V re having a scaled value calculated based on a constant power limit, (P max / i 0 ) , and a current reference signal I re having a value i max .
• V re a scaled value
• Iref a current reference signal having a value imax.
• vc will be referred to herein as "switching voltage v c .”
• switch-mode power stage 12 operates in current mode, and provides an output current signal i 0 that is substantially current limited at i max .
• controller 14a operates switch-mode power stage 12 in voltage mode, and switches to current mode for output current signals i 0 substantially equal to i max .
• loop switching occurs at an output voltage value v 0 substantially equal to switching voltage v c , which is lower than nominal voltage v nom .
• anti-saturation techniques may be used for voltage control loop 20a.
• anti-saturation may be achieved by stopping integration in filter 34a when the control is switched to constant current mode.
• Anti- saturation is desirable so that voltage loop 20a may quickly get out of deep saturation when output voltage v 0 starts surpassing its set value. Integrator unwinding relies on the negative error caused by the overshoot.
• second voltage reference V ref ' can be lowered accordingly.
• first voltage reference signal V ref (and therefore second voltage reference signal V ref ') can be set to switching voltage v c .
• reference ramp control circuit 18a ramps second voltage reference signal V ref ' from switching voltage v c to v nom .
• the ramp time interval can be controlled so that the overshoot can be reduced or
• the ramp time interval may be between about 1 millisecond ("ms") to about 100 ms, although other ramp time intervals may be used.
• FIG. 6 a block diagram of an example power converter 10b is described that uses average current mode control, and that implements constant
• controller 14b includes a reference generator 16b, a reference ramp control circuit 18b, a voltage control loop 20b and a current control loop 22b. Each of these will be described in turn.
• Reference generator circuit 16b includes a first input node coupled to receive output voltage signal v 0 at the first output node of switch-mode power stage 12, and a first current reference signal I r0 provided at an output node of voltage control loop 20b, and provides a second current reference signal I ref at a first output node, and a voltage reference signal V ref at a second output node.
• Reference generator circuit 16b may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• Reference ramp control circuit 18b includes an input node coupled to receive first voltage reference signal V re at the second output node of reference generator circuit 16b, and provides a second voltage reference signal V ref ' at an output node.
• Reference ramp control circuit 18b may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• Voltage control loop 20b includes a first input node coupled to receive output voltage signal v 0 at the first output node of switch-mode power stage 12, and a second input node coupled to receive second voltage reference signal V ref ' at the output node of reference ramp control circuit 20a, and provides first current reference signal I r0 at an output node.
• Voltage control loop 20b may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• Current control loop 22b includes a first input node coupled to receive output current signal i 0 at the second output node of switch-mode power stage 12, and a second input node coupled to receive current reference signal I re at the first output node of reference generator circuit 16b, and provides control signal d(t) at an output node coupled to the second input node of switch-mode power stage 12.
• Current control loop 22b may be implemented in hardware and/or software, and will be described in more detail below.
• voltage control loop 20b generates current reference signal I r0 based on a difference between output voltage signal v 0 and second voltage reference signal V ref ', and current control loop 22b generates control signal d(t) based on a difference between output current signal i 0 and second current reference signal -
• reference generator 16b generates first voltage reference signal V ref and current reference signal I ref to provide average current mode control of switch-mode power stage 12.
• reference ramp control circuit 18b generates second voltage reference signal V ref ' based on first voltage reference signal V ref .
• V ref ' V ref except when controller 14b switches from constant current mode to average current mode.
• second voltage reference signal V ref ' ramps up from first voltage reference signal V ref to nominal output voltage v nom .
• input signal IN is an input voltage signal V in .
• input signal IN alternatively may be an input current signal.
• the remaining discussion refers to input signal IN as input voltage signal V in .
• Voltage control loop 20b includes EADC 32 and a filter 34b.
• EADC 32 has a first input node coupled to receive output voltage signal v 0 at the first output node of switch- mode power stage 12, a second input node coupled to receive second voltage reference signal V ref ' at the output node of reference ramp control circuit 18b, and provides a voltage error signal AV at an output node.
• Second voltage reference signal V ref ' equals the desired output voltage of switch- mode power stage 12.
• second voltage reference signal V ref ' may equal a fraction of the desired output voltage of switch-mode power stage 12.
• AV digital voltage error signal
• EADC 32 may be replaced with an analog differencing circuit and a conventional A/D converter.
• filter 34b may have a gain of 1000, a first zero at lKHz, a second zero at lKHz, and a pole at lOKHz, although other parameters may be used.
• filter 34b may be implemented as a PID structure. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other filter types and parameters may be used. Persons of ordinary skill in the art also will understand that filter 34b is sometimes referred to as a "compensator,” or a "control law accelerator” (e.g., for digital implementations).
• Current control loop 22b includes EADC 36 and a filter 38b.
• EADC 36 has a first input node coupled to receive output current signal i 0 at the second output node of switch-mode power stage 12, a second input node coupled to receive second current reference signal I ref at the first output node of reference generator circuit 16b, and provides a current error signal ⁇ at an output node.
• Second current reference signal I re equals the desired output current of switch- mode power stage 12.
• second current reference signal I re may equal a fraction of the desired output current of switch-mode power stage 12.
• EADC 36 may be replaced with an analog differencing circuit and a conventional A/D converter.
• filter 38b may have a gain of 1000, a first zero at lKHz, a second zero at lKHz, and a pole at lOKHz, although other parameters may be used.
• filter 38b may be implemented as a PID structure. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that other filter types and parameters may be used. Persons of ordinary skill in the art also will understand that filter 38b is sometimes referred to as a "compensator,” or a "control law accelerator” (e.g., for digital implementations).
• reference generator circuit 16b includes an input node coupled to receive output voltage signal v 0 at the first output node of switch-mode power stage 12, and provides second current reference signal I ref at a first output node, and first voltage reference signal V ref at a second output node.
• reference ramp control circuit 18b includes an input node coupled to receive first voltage reference signal V ref at the second output node of reference generator circuit 16b, and provides second voltage reference signal V re ' at an output node.
• reference generator circuit 16b receives specified operating parameters v nom , i nom , i max , and P max , and generates first voltage reference signal V ref and current reference signal I ref based on the value of first current reference signal I r0 (which, as describe below, is the filter output of voltage control loop 20b), to provide the following three modes of operation: (1) average current mode control with substantially constant output voltage; (2) average current mode control with substantially constant output power; and (3) current mode control with maximum current limiting.
• FIG. 8 illustrates an example control mode operating diagram and reference generator logic diagram in accordance with this invention.
• reference generator circuit 16b provides a first voltage reference signal V ref having a value v nom , and a second current reference signal I ref that equals first current reference signal I r0 .
• switch-mode power stage 12 operates in average current mode, and switch-mode power stage 12 provides an output voltage signal v 0 that has a substantially constant value of v nom .
• reference generator circuit 16b For first current reference signals i nom ⁇ I r0 ⁇ imax* reference generator circuit 16b provides a first voltage reference signal V ref having a value equal to nominal output voltage v nom plus a small difference ⁇ , and a second current reference signal I re calculated based on a constant power limit, (P max / v 0 ) .
• switch-mode power stage 12 operates in constant current mode control, and provides an output current signal i 0 that is substantially current limited at i max .
• current control loop 22b sets the value of control signal d(t).
• the voltage loop's output is clamped by reference generator 16b, so it essentially tracks output voltage v 0 , and provides a small error ⁇ between V ref and v 0 to prevent or minimize output voltage v 0 overshoot when the load suddenly drops.
• control signal d(t) is always generated by current control loop 22b, the operation mode switching may be smoother than the example embodiment of FIGS. 3 and 4.
• the average current mode control embodiment of FIGS. 6 and 7 has the same output voltage v 0 overshoot issue when a load is suddenly released, and control switches from constant current mode to constant voltage mode with average current mode control. Accordingly, to prevent output voltage v 0 overshoot, as described above, anti- saturation control is employed to disable compensator's integration when control switches to constant power mode.
• reference ramp control circuit 18b ramps second voltage reference signal V ref ' from switching voltage v c to v nom .
• the ramp time interval can be controlled so that the overshoot can be reduced or substantially eliminated.
• the ramp time interval may be between about 1 ms to about 100 ms, although other ramp time intervals may be used.

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