WO2012158962A2 - Improved peptide pharmaceuticals - Google Patents

Improved peptide pharmaceuticals Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012158962A2
WO2012158962A2 PCT/US2012/038429 US2012038429W WO2012158962A2 WO 2012158962 A2 WO2012158962 A2 WO 2012158962A2 US 2012038429 W US2012038429 W US 2012038429W WO 2012158962 A2 WO2012158962 A2 WO 2012158962A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
peptide
alkyl
beta
amino acid
phe
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/US2012/038429
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2012158962A3 (en
Inventor
John J. Nestor
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
EUMEDERIS PHARMACEUTICALS Inc
Original Assignee
EUMEDERIS PHARMACEUTICALS Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to EP23168618.9A priority Critical patent/EP4286400A3/en
Priority to CA2836573A priority patent/CA2836573C/en
Priority to EP19176297.0A priority patent/EP3566711A1/en
Priority to JP2014511553A priority patent/JP6148228B2/ja
Priority to AU2012255116A priority patent/AU2012255116B2/en
Priority to CN201280035528.1A priority patent/CN103796666B/zh
Priority to EP12784971.9A priority patent/EP2709645B1/en
Application filed by EUMEDERIS PHARMACEUTICALS Inc filed Critical EUMEDERIS PHARMACEUTICALS Inc
Priority to KR1020137033672A priority patent/KR102126484B1/ko
Priority to KR1020207017489A priority patent/KR102512178B1/ko
Priority to US14/118,546 priority patent/US10010617B2/en
Publication of WO2012158962A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012158962A2/en
Publication of WO2012158962A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012158962A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to AU2017216533A priority patent/AU2017216533B2/en
Priority to US15/913,845 priority patent/US10420844B2/en
Priority to US16/579,799 priority patent/US20210077629A1/en
Priority to AU2019275610A priority patent/AU2019275610A1/en
Priority to US16/826,208 priority patent/US20200289653A1/en
Priority to AU2021258101A priority patent/AU2021258101B2/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
    • A61K47/549—Sugars, nucleosides, nucleotides or nucleic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/07—Tetrapeptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • A61K38/095—Oxytocins; Vasopressins; Related peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/26—Glucagons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/29—Parathyroid hormone, i.e. parathormone; Parathyroid hormone-related peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/18—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the parathyroid hormones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/107—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides
    • C07K1/1072—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides by covalent attachment of residues or functional groups
    • C07K1/1077—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides by covalent attachment of residues or functional groups by covalent attachment of residues other than amino acids or peptide residues, e.g. sugars, polyols, fatty acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/10—Tetrapeptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K7/06—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/08—Cellulose derivatives
    • C09D101/26—Cellulose ethers
    • C09D101/28—Alkyl ethers

Definitions

  • Covalently modified peptide and protein analogs allow for improved pharmaceutical properties of peptide and/or protein-based therapeutics.
  • Peptide and/or protein pharmaceuticals suffer from several limitations in their use in medicine (Nestor, J. J., Jr. (2007) Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II 2: 573-601) - short duration of action, poor bioavailability, and lack of receptor subtype selectivity.
  • peptides and/or proteins are unstable in formulations, being subject to aggregation. In some instances, aggregation of peptides and/or proteins leads to the development of an immunological response to both native and foreign peptides or proteins.
  • covalently modified peptides and/or proteins allow for improved stability, bioavailability, selectivity, and duration of effect in peptide and/or protein-based therapeutics.
  • covalently modified peptides and/or proteins with improved pharmaceutical properties.
  • these covalently modified peptides and/or proteins allow for improved stability, bioavailability, selectivity, and duration of effect in peptide and/or protein-based therapeutics.
  • the covalently modified peptides and/or proteins described herein are attached to glycoside surfactants.
  • the covalently modified peptides and/or proteins are attached to alkyl glycosides.
  • the covalently modified peptides and/or proteins are attached to an alkyl glycoside surfactant wherein the peptide and/or protein is attached to the glycoside in the surfactant and the glycoside is then attached to a hydrophobic and/or alkyl group.
  • reagents and intermediates for the covalent modification of peptides and/or proteins through the incorporation of surfactants such as alkyl glycosides are provided herein, in some embodiments, are reagents and intermediates for the covalent modification of peptides and/or proteins through the incorporation of surfactants such as alkyl glycosides.
  • peptide products comprising a surfactant X, covalently attached to a peptide, the peptide comprising a linker amino acid U and at least one other amino acid:
  • A is a hydrophobic group
  • B is a hydrophilic group covalently attached to the peptide via a linker amino acid U.
  • the peptide product is synthesized by reaction of a functionalized surfactant with the peptide as described herein. In some embodiments, the peptide product is synthesized by reaction of a functionalized surfactant with a reversibly-protected linker amino acid as described herein followed by reaction with one or more amino acids to form a surfactant- modified peptide product.
  • U is a terminal amino acid of the peptide. In some embodiments, U is a non-terminal amino acid of the peptide.
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C1 -C30 alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or a steroid nucleus containing moiety.
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C8-C20 alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted 1 -alkoxyaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted 1- aralkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety.
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C10-C20 alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted 1-alkoxyaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted 1 -aralkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety.
  • B is a polyol.
  • the polyol is a saccharide.
  • the saccharide is a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide.
  • the saccharide is selected from glucose, mannose, maltose, a glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, diglucuronic acid and maltouronic acid.
  • the surfactant is a 1 -alkyl glycoside class surfactant.
  • the hydrophilic group in the surfactant is attached to the peptide via an amide bond.
  • the surfactant is comprised of 1-eicosyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-octadecyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-hexadecyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1 -tetradecylbeta D-glucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl beta D-glucuronic acid, 1-decyl beta-D- glucuronic acid, 1-octyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-eicosyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1 -octadecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1 -hexadecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1 -tetradecyl beta-D- diglucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-decyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1- octyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-octyl beta-D
  • a combination of a hydrophilic with a hydrophobic group generates a surfactant.
  • the surfactant is an ionic surfactant.
  • the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.
  • the hydrophobic group is a substituted or unsubstituted C1 -C30 alkyl chain or an aralkyl chain.
  • the hydrophobic group is a chain having mixed hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, for example a polyethylene glycol (PEG) group.
  • the linker amino acid is a natural D- or L- amino acid. In some embodiments, the linker amino acid is an unnatural amino acid. In some embodiments, the linker amino acid is selected from Lys, Cys, Orn, Asp, Glu or an unnatural amino acid, comprising a functional group used for covalent attachment to the surfactant X. In some embodiments, the linker amino acid is selected from Lys, Cys, Orn, or an unnatural amino acid, comprising a functional group used for covalent attachment to the surfactant X.
  • the functional group used for covalent attachment to a surfactant is -NH 2 , -SH, - OH, -N3, haloacetyl, a -(CH2) m -maleimide or an acetylenic group, wherein m is 1-10.
  • the peptide is an opioid peptide.
  • the peptide and/or protein product contains a covalently linked alkyl glycoside. In some of such
  • the peptide and/or protein product contains a covalently linked alkyl glycoside that is a 1 -O-alkyl glucuronic acid of alpha or beta configuration.
  • the peptide and/or protein product comprises a covalently linked alkyl glycoside that is a 1-0- alkyl glucuronic acid and the alkyl chain is a Ci to C 20 alkyl chain.
  • the peptide product has a structure of Formula IA:
  • each of aai , aa 2 , aa ⁇ , aa 4 , and aas is independently absent, a D- or L- natural or
  • unnatural amino acid an N-alkylated amino acid, an N-acetylated amino acid, a CaR J amino acid, a ⁇ -amino acid, or a linker amino acid U covalently attached to the surfactant X;
  • Z is -OH, -NH 2 or-NHR 3 ;
  • each R 3 is independently substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C] 2 branched or straight chain alkyl, a PEG chain of less than 10 Da, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl chain;
  • one, or at least one of and aa 5 is the linker amino acid
  • each of aai, aa 2 , aa 3 , aa 4 , and aas is independently absent, a D- or L- natural or
  • unnatural amino acid an N-alkylated amino acid, an N-acetylated amino acid, a CaR 3 amino acid, a ⁇ -amino acid, or a linker amino acid U covalently attached to a surfactant X;
  • Z is -OH, -NH 2 or-NHR 3 ;
  • each R 3 is independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C1 2 branched or straight chain alkyl, a PEG chain of less than 10 Da, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl chain;
  • A is a hydrophobic group
  • B is a hydrophilic group covalently attached to the peptide via a linker amino acid U; provided that one, or at least one of and aas is the linker amino acid
  • peptide product that has a structure of Formula III:
  • aai is Tyr, Dmt, N-R 3 -Tyr, N-R 3 -Dmt, N-(R 3 ) 2 -Tyr, or N-(R 3 ) 2 -Dmt;
  • aa 2 is Pro, D-Arg, D-U(X), D-Ala, Tic, or ⁇ ;( ⁇ 2- ⁇ ]);
  • aa 3 is Phe, Trp, Tmp, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), CaMePhe, or ⁇ -Phe;
  • aa 4 is Phe, Tmp, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), U(X), D- or L-CaMeU(X);
  • aa 5 is absent or Pro, Aib, U(X), D- or L-CaMeU(X);
  • U is a dibasic natural or unnatural amino acid, a natural or unnatural amino acid
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 3 o alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety;
  • R lb , R l c , and R ld are each, independently at each occurrence, H, a protecting
  • W 2 is -0-, or -S-;
  • R 2 is a bond, C 2 -C 4 -alkene, C 2 -C 4 -alkyne, or -(CH 2 ) m -maleimide ; and m is 1-10.
  • X has the structure:
  • R is a bond
  • X has the structure:
  • X has the structure:
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are each, independently at each occurrence, H, a protecting group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group;
  • W 2 is -0-
  • R 2 is a bond
  • X has the structure: Formula V wherein:
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are H;
  • W 2 is -0-
  • R 2 is a bond
  • X is as described above and A is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl group.
  • W 1 is -S-
  • R 2 is a C1-C30 alkyl group
  • W 2 is S
  • R la is a bond between W 2 and a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a thiol group in a cysteine residue of the peptide forms a thio ether with X).
  • W 1 is -0-
  • R 2 is a C1-C30 alkyl group
  • W 2 is O
  • R l is a bond between W 2 and a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a hydroxyl group in a serine or threonine residue of the peptide forms an ether with X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 149) wherein:
  • U is a dibasic natural or unnatural amino acid
  • X is a surfactant of the 1 -alkyl glycoside class wherein 1 -alkyl is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl substituent;
  • Z is NH 2 ;
  • aai is Tyr, Dmt, Na-Me-Tyr, Na-Me-Tyr, N,Na-diMe-Tyr, or N,Na-diMe-Dmt;
  • aa 2 is Pro, D-Arg, D-U(X), D-Ala, Tic, or Tic( ⁇ [CH2-NH]);
  • aa 3 is Phe, Trp, Tmp, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), CaMePhe, or ⁇ -Phe;
  • aa 4 is Phe, Tmp, D-or L-Nal( 1 ), D-or L-Nal(2), U(X), D- or L-CaMeU(X);
  • aa 5 is absent or Pro, Aib, U(X), D- or L-CaMeU(X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 150) wherein:
  • X is comprised of 1-alkyl glucuronic acid or 1-alkyl diglucuronic acid
  • Z is NH 2 ;
  • aa 2 is Pro, D-Lys(X), Tic, or ⁇ ;( ⁇ [ ⁇ 2- ⁇ ]);
  • aa 3 is Phe, Tmp, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), or ⁇ -Phe;
  • aa 4 is Phe, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), or Lys(X);
  • aa 5 is absent or Pro, Aib, Lys(X), D- or L-CaMeLys(X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 151) wherein:
  • aa 3 is Phe, or Tmp
  • aa 4 is Phe, or Lys(X);
  • aa 5 is absent or Aib, Lys(X), D- or L-CaMeLys(X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 152) wherein:
  • aa 3 is Phe, or Tmp
  • aa 4 is Phe, or Lys(X);
  • aas is absent or Lys(X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 153) wherein:
  • U is a dibasic natural or unnatural amino acid
  • X is a surfactant of the 1-alkyl glycoside class wherein the 1-alkyl group of the 1- alkyl glycoside is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-20 alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl substituent;
  • aai is Tyr, Dmt, N-R 3 -Tyr, N- R 3 -Tyr, N-(R 3 ) 2 -Tyr, or N-(R 3 ) 2 -Dmt;
  • aa 2 is D-Arg, or D-U(X);
  • aa 3 is Phe, Trp, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), or Tmp;
  • aa 4 is Phe, Tmp, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), U(X), D- or L-CaMeU(X); aa 5 is absent, Pro, or U(X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 154) wherein:
  • X is a surfactant of the 1-alkyl glucuronic acid or 1-alkyl diglucuronic acid class; aaj is Dmt, Na-Me-Dmt, or N,Na-Me-Dmt;
  • aa 2 is D-Arg, D-Lys(X), or D-Orn(X);
  • aa 3 is Phe, or Tmp
  • aa 4 is Phe, Tmp, Lys(X), or Orn(X);
  • a& $ is absent or Pro, Lys(X), or Orn(X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 155) wherein:
  • U is a dibasic natural or unnatural amino acid
  • X is a surfactant of the 1-alkyl glycoside class wherein 1-alkyl is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 20 alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryloxy substituent;
  • Z is NH 2 ;
  • aai is Tyr, Dmt, N-R 3 -Tyr, N-R 3 -Dmt, N-(R 3 ) 2 -Tyr, or N-( R 3 ) 2 -Dmt;
  • aa 2 is Tic, or ⁇ ( ⁇ [012- ⁇ ]);
  • aa 3 is ⁇ -Phe when aa2 is ⁇ ;( ⁇ 2- ⁇ ]);
  • aa 4 is Phe, Tmp, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), or U(X);
  • aa 5 is absent, Pro, Aib, or U(X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 156) wherein:
  • aa 3 is ⁇ -Phe when aa 2 is ⁇ ;( ⁇ [ ⁇ 2- ⁇ ]), Phe, or TMP; aa 4 is Phe, Tmp, D-or L-Nal(l), D-or L-Nal(2), Lys(X), or Orn(X); aa 5 is absent or Aib, Lys(X), or Orn(X).
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 157) wherein:
  • X is comprised of 1-alkyl glucuronic acid or 1-alkyl diglucuronic acid
  • aa 2 is Tic, or ⁇ ;( ⁇ [ ⁇ 2- ⁇ ]);
  • aa 3 is Phe or ⁇ -Phe
  • aa 4 is Lys(X);
  • aa 5 is absent.
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 158) wherein:
  • X is comprised of 1-alkyl glucuronic acid
  • aa 2 is Tic:
  • aa 4 is Lys(X);
  • aa 5 is absent.
  • a peptide product of Formula III is a product (SEQ. ID. NO. 159) wherein:
  • X is comprised of a 1-alkyl glucuronic acid selected from 1 -methyl beta-D- glucuronic acid, 1-octyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl beta-D-glucuronic acid,
  • aa 2 is Tic
  • aa 4 is Lys(X);
  • aa 5 is absent.
  • a peptide product of Formula III is H-Dmt-Tic-Phe-Lys(Nepsilon-l-tetradecyl beta-D-glucuronyl)-NH 2 . (SEQ. ID. NO. 160)
  • the peptide product is biologically active.
  • composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide product of Formula I, II or III, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • a method for improving the pharmaceutical and medicinal behavior of a peptide, thereby improving its duration of action, bioavailability or its stability in formulation, comprising covalent attachment of a surfactant X to the peptide, wherein X is as described herein.
  • a peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside described herein is an analog of Leu-enkephalin.
  • the peptide product contains a covalently linked 1-O-alkyl ⁇ -D- glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of Leu-enkephalin.
  • a peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside described herein is an analog of opioid peptide DPDPE (Akiyama K, et al. (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:2543-7).
  • the peptide product contains a covalently linked 1-O-alkyl glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of opioid peptide DPDPE.
  • a peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside described herein is an analog of the D-amino acid containing natural product peptides dermorphin (Melchiorri, P. and Negri, L. (1996) Gen Pharmacol 27: 1099-1107) or deltorphin (Erspamer, V., et al. (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5188-92).
  • D-amino acid containing natural product peptides dermorphin (Melchiorri, P. and Negri, L. (1996) Gen Pharmacol 27: 1099-1107) or deltorphin (Erspamer, V., et al. (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5188-92).
  • the peptide product contains a covalently linked 1-O-alkyl ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of dermorphin or deltorphin.
  • a peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside is an analog of endomorphin-1 or -2.
  • the peptide product comprises a covalently linked 1-O-alkyl ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of endomorphin (Lazarus, L.H. and Okada, Y. (2012) Expert Opin Ther Patents 22: 1-14).
  • a peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside described herein is an analog of opioid peptide dynorphin (James, I.F., et al. (1982) Life Sci 31 : 1331-4).
  • the peptide product contains a covalently linked 1-O- alkyl ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of dynorphin.
  • side chain functional groups of two different amino acid residues are linked to form a cyclic lactam.
  • a Lys side chain forms a cyclic lactam with the side chain of Glu.
  • lactam structures are reversed and are formed from a Glu and a Lys.
  • lactam linkages in some instances are known to stabilize alpha helical structures in peptides (Condon, S.M., et al. (2002) Bioorg Med Chem lO: 731-736).
  • side chain functional groups of two different amino acid residues with -SH containing side chains are linked to form a cyclic disulfide.
  • two penicillamine or two Cys side chains may be linked to constrain the conformation of a peptide (Akiyama , et al. (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:2543-7) in order to yield greater duration of action or greater receptor selectivity.
  • peptide products of Formula I, Formula II or Fomula III, described above and herein have the following structure:
  • A is a C1-C20 alkyl chain as described in Table 1 of Figure 1
  • R' is a peptide as described in Table 1 of Figure 1
  • W 2 of Formula V is -0-
  • A is a C6-C20 alkyl chain.
  • A is a C1-C10 alkyl chain.
  • A is a C12-C20 alkyl chain. In some of such embodiments, A is a C 12 -C 18 alkyl chain.
  • an amino moiety of an amino acid and/or a peptide R' (e.g., an amino group of an amino acid residue such as a lysine, or a lysine within the peptide R') is used to form a covalent linkage with a compound of structure:
  • A is a C 1 -C 20 alkyl chain as described above and in Table 1 of Figure 1.
  • the amino acid residue having an amino moiety (e.g., a Lysine within the peptide R') which is used to form a covalent linkage to the compound of Formula A described above, is a linker amino acid U which is attached to a surfactant X.
  • Lys(C12) of Table 1 of Figure 1 has the following structure:
  • peptide products of Formula I derived from maltouronic acid-based surfactants prepared by covalent linkage of a peptide to either or both carboxylic acid groups.
  • peptides in Table 1 of Figure 1 comprise a lysine linker amino acid bonded to a maltouronic acid based surfactant X and having a structure:
  • compounds of Formula I are prepared by attaching a lysine to a group X, followed by attachment of additional amino acid residues and/or peptides are attached to the lysine-X compound to obtain compounds of Formula I. It will be understood that other natural or non-natural amino acids described herein are also suitable for attachment to the surfactant X and are suitable for attaching additional amino acid/peptides to obtain compounds of Formula I. It will be understood that in another embodiment, compounds of Formula I are prepared by attaching a full length or partial length peptide to a group X, followed by optional attachment of additional amino acid residues and/or peptides are attached to obtain compounds of Formula I.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide product described above, or acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the carrier is an aqueous-based carrier.
  • the carrier is a nonaqueous-based carrier.
  • the nonaqueous-based carrier is a hydro fluoroalkane- like solvent comprising sub- micron anhydrous a-lactose, or other excipients.
  • Also contemplated within the scope of embodiments presented herein is the reaction of an amino acid and/or a peptide comprising a linker amino acid U bearing a leaving group or a functional group that can be activated to contain a leaving group, for example a carboxylic acid, or any other reacting group, and a group X comprising a nucleophilic group, thereby allowing for covalent linkage of the amino acid and/or peptide to a surfactant X via the linker amino acid U to provide a peptide product of Formula I.
  • Compounds of Formula I are prepared by reaction of a linker amino acid U with X, followed by addition of further residues to U to obtain the peptide product of Formula I. It will be understood that in an alternative embodiment, Compounds of Formula I are prepared by reaction of a suitable peptide comprising a linker amino acid U with X, followed by optional addition of further residues to U, to obtain the peptide product of Formula I.
  • intermediates and/or reagents that are suitable for synthesis of peptide products described herein.
  • such intermediates and/or reagents are functionalized surfactants that allow for covalent linkage with a peptide.
  • such intermediates are functionalized 1-alkyl glycoside surfactants that allow for covalent linkage with a peptide.
  • such intermediates are functionalized 1-alkyl glycoside surfactants linked to reversibly-protected linker amino acids that allow for covalent linkage with other amino acids to form a peptide. It will be understood that a suitably functionalized surfactant is covalently coupled to a peptide via reaction with an appropriately matched functional group that is on a linker amino acid.
  • intermediates suitable for synthesis of peptide products described herein are compounds of Formula IV. Accordingly, provided herein are intermediates and/or compounds of Formul IV:
  • R la is independently at each occurrence a bond, H, a protecting group, a natural or
  • unnatural amino acid a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl hydrophobic group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety;
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are each independently at each occurrence a bond, H, a protecting
  • W 2 is -0-, -CH 2 - or -S-;
  • R 2 is H, a protecting group, a natural or unnatural amino acid, a substituted or
  • each natural or unnatural amino acid is independently a reversibly protected or free linker amino acid.
  • the linker amino acid is a reversibly protected or free lysine.
  • n 1 ;
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl hydrophobic group, a substituted or unsubstituted 1-alkoxyaryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1-aralkyl group,
  • R 2 is a reversibly-protected lysine of D- or L-configuration.
  • n 1;
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C8-C30 alkyl hydrophobic group, a substituted or unsubstituted 1-alkoxyaryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1-aralkyl group,
  • R 2 is a reversibly protected lysine of D- or L- configuration.
  • R la is an octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, or hexadecyl group.
  • n 1;
  • R 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl hydrophobic group, a substituted or unsubstituted 1-alkoxyaryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted 1-aralkyl group,
  • R la is a reversibly protected serine or threonine of D- or L- configuration.
  • R 2 is an octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl or hexadecyl group.
  • n 1;
  • n 1-6;
  • R la is a C1-C30 alkyl hydrophobic group, a 1-alkoxyaryl group, or a 1-aralkyl group,
  • R 2 is H
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl hydrophobic group.
  • R 2 is attached to the peptide or is an amino acid residue in the peptide. In some of such embodiments, R 2 is a reversibly protected or free lysine.
  • n is 1. In some embodiments of Formula IV, n is 2, and a first glycoside is attached to a second glycoside via a bond between W 2 of the first glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR lc or OR ld of the second glycoside.
  • n is 3, and a first glycoside is attached to a second glycoside via a bond between W 2 of the first glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR lc or OR ld of the second glycoside, and the second glycoside is attached to a third glycoside via a bond between W 2 of the second glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR l c or OR ld of the third glycoside.
  • step (b) optionally deprotecting the coupled peptide of step (a).
  • the deprotecting comprises the use of mild acid and or mild base treatments. In some embodiments of the methods, the deprotecting comprises the use of strong acids.
  • the method further comprises the steps of chromatography, desalting of intermediates by reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography or ion exchange chromatography of intermediates.
  • A is a hydrophobic group
  • B is a hydrophilic group covalently attached to the peptide via a linker amino acid.
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group.
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C8-C20 alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted 1-alkoxyaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted 1-aralkyl group.
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C10-C20 alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted 1-alkoxyaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted 1-aralkyl group.
  • B is a functionalized polyol.
  • the polyol is a saccharide
  • the saccharide is a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide.
  • the saccharide is selected from glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, diglucuronic acid and maltouronic acid.
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl chain, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group;
  • B is a saccharide covalently attached to the peptide via a linker amino acid.
  • the surfactant is a 1 -alkyl glycoside class surfactant.
  • the hydrophilic group in the surfactant is attached to the peptide via an amide bond.
  • the surfactant is comrosed of 1-hexadecyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-tetradecyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-decyl-beta-D- glucuronic acid, 1-octyl-beta-D- glucuronic acid, 1-hexadecyl-beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1- tetradecyl-beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl-beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-decyl-beta-D- diglucuronic acid, 1-octyl-beta-D- diglucuronic acid.
  • a method of treating pain in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide product described herein,
  • covalently modified peptide and/or protein product comprising a hydrophilic group as described herein; and a hydrophobic group covalently attached to the hydrophilic group.
  • the covalently modified peptide and/or protein product comprises a hydrophilic group that is a saccharide and a hydrophobic group that is a d- C 2 o alkyl chain or an aralkyl chain.
  • Table 1 in Figure 1 depicts compounds that were prepared by methods described herein.
  • the specification provides sequences for SEQ. ID. Nos. 1 and 149-169. Additionally, Table 1 of Figure 1 provides SEQ. ID Numbers for compounds EU-A101 to EU-A199 and EU- A600 to EU-A649 having SEQ. ID. NOs. 2-148, and SEQ. ID. NO. 645 respectively, as shown in Table 1 of Figure 1.
  • Compounds in Table 1 of Figure 1, and their respective SEQ. ID. NOs. shown in Table 1 of Figure 1 are hereby incorporated into the specification as filed.
  • Table 2 in Figure 2 depicts compounds that were prepared by methods described herein.
  • the specification provides sequences for SEQ. ID. Nos. 170-174 and SEQ. ID. NOs. 283-302. Additionally, Table 2 of Figure 2 provides SEQ. ID. Numbers for compounds EU-201 to EU-299 and EU-900-EU-908 having SEQ. ID. NOs. 175-282 respectively, as shown in Table 2 of Figure 2.
  • Compounds in Table 2 of Figure 2, and their respective SEQ. ID. NOs. shown in Table 2 of Figure 2 are hereby incorporated into the specification as filed.
  • Figure 3 has two panels.
  • the top panel in Figure 3 illustrates the interaction between PTH 1-34 or PTHrP 1-34 and the PTH Rl receptor based on the x-ray crystal structure (Piozak, A.A., et al. (2009) J Biol Chem 284:28382-391) of the extracellular domain of the receptor.
  • the critical hydrophobic interactions of residues 23' (W or F), 24' (L) and 28' (L or I) are illustrated.
  • the bottom panel in Figure 3 shows the structural comparison between the sequence of PTH 1-34 and PTHrP 1-34 and illustrates the strong regions of identity and homology in the sequences and peptide helical conformation.
  • Figure 4 shows the cAMP responses of human cells in culture (SaOS2) to stimulation by a representative peptide product described herein, EU-232.
  • the ordinate shows the response as a percentage of the maximal response shown to the internal assay standard, i.e., PTHrP.
  • the data illustrates a super-agonistic response to EU-232.
  • Figure 5 shows the response of human cells in culture (SaOS2) to treatment with various doses of EU-285 (a coded sample of human PTHrP).
  • the ordinate (vertical axis) shows the cAMP response as a percentage of the maximal response of the internal assay standard, i.e., PTHrP.
  • FIG. 6 Blood phosphate levels in rat serum were tested at various time points after subcutaneous dosing rats with saline (Gl), 80 micrograms per kg of PTH (G2), 80 micrograms per kg of EU-232 (G3) or 320 micrograms per kg of EU-232 (G4).
  • This surfactant modified analog, EU-232 demonstrates prolonged duration of action, as evidenced by the maximal statistically significant effect, which is seen at the last time point in the assay (i.e., 5 firs post dosing). See Example 6.
  • FIG. 7 Blood calcium levels in rat serum were tested at various time points after subcutaneous dosing in rats with saline (Gl), 80 micrograms per kg of PTH (G2), 80
  • Figure 8 Table 3 in Figure 8 depicts compounds that were prepared by methods described herein. The specification provides sequences for SEQ. ID. Nos. 303-305 and SEQ. ID. Nos. 619 -644. Additionally, Table 3 of Figure 8 provides SEQ. ID Numbers for compounds EU-A300 to EU-A425 having SEQ. ID. NOs. 306-431 respectively, as shown in Table 3 of Figure 8. Compounds in Table 3 of Figure 8, and their respective SEQ. ID. NOs. shown in Table 3 of Figure 8 are hereby incorporated into the specification as filed.
  • Figure 9 Table 4 in Figure 9 depicts compounds that were prepared by methods described herein. The specification provides SEQ. ID. Nos. 303-305 and SEQ. ID. Nos. 619 - 644. Additionally, Table 4 of Figure 9 provides SEQ. ID Numbers for compounds EU-A426 to EU-599 having SEQ. ID. NOs. 432-520 respectively, as shown in Table 4 of Figure 9.
  • Figure 10 illustrates the x-ray crystal structure (Runge, S., et al. (2008) J Biol Chem 283: 1 1340-7) of the binding site of the extracellular domain of the GLP-1 receptor and illustrates critical hydrophobic binding elements of the receptor and the ligand exendin-4 (Val 19* , Phe 22* , Trp 25* , Leu 26* ) which are mimicked and replaced by the hydrophobic l '-alkyl portion of the surfactant on the peptides of the invention.
  • Figure 11 shows Cellular assay data of a representative compound, EU-A178, acting on cells containing the mu opioid receptor (MOP) and acting as an antagonist on the delta opioid receptor (DOP) in competition with 30nM DPDPE.
  • the representative compound shows potent, full agonistic behavior in the MOP agonist assay and highly potent action as a pure antagonist on the DOP receptor.
  • modified peptides and/or proteins that comprise a peptide and/or protein covalently attached to a hydrophilic group, a "head” (e.g., a polyol, (e.g., a saccharide)); the hydrophilic group is covalently attached to a hydrophobic group, a "tail", thereby generating a surfactant.
  • a hydrophilic group e.g., a polyol, (e.g., a saccharide)
  • the hydrophilic group is covalently attached to a hydrophobic group, a "tail”, thereby generating a surfactant.
  • hydrophobic- linked glycoside surfactant e.g., alkyl glycoside
  • incorporation of steric hindrance into peptide and/or protein structure can prevent approach of proteases to the peptide and/or protein product and thereby prevent proteolysis.
  • surfactant modification e.g., covalent attachment of alkyl glycoside class of surfactants
  • interaction of the improved peptides and/or proteins with their receptors is modified in beneficial ways by the truncation of the sequence, introduction of constraint, and/or the incorporation of steric hindrance.
  • novel alkyl glycoside reagents that allow for incorporation of both rigidity and steric hindrance in the modified peptides and/or proteins.
  • steric hindrance confers receptor selectivity to the modified peptides and/or proteins described herein.
  • steric hindrance provides protection from proteolysis.
  • peptides can aggregate into subcutaneous depots that disassociate with ti/2 of 30 or more days. Such slow dissolution can lead to favorable effects such as delivery for one month from a single sc injection, causes such a low blood concentration that the peptide appears inactive in vivo. Thus hydrophobic aggregation can appear to totally preclude a peptide's bioavailability and effectiveness (Clodfelter, D.K., et al. (1998) Pharm Res 15: 254- 262).
  • the FDA and other regulatory agencies have increased their scrutiny of aggregation, especially because of this potential linkage to undesirable immunogenicity.
  • the immunogenicity of a self-associating peptide can be influenced by the formation of aggregates as a result of non- covalent intermolecular interactions. For example, interferon has been shown to aggregate resulting in an antibody response (Hermeling, S., et al. (2006) J Pharm Sci 95: 1084-1096).
  • An antibody response to erythropoietin produced "pure red cell aplasia", a potentially life threatening side effect, in a number of patients receiving recombinant EPO (Casadevall, N., et al.
  • Enzymes may also lose activity as a result of aggregation. For example thermal inactivation of urokinase is reported to occur via aggregation (Porter, W.R., et al. (1993) Thromb Res 71 : 265-279).
  • Protein stabilization during lyophilization has also posed problems. Protein therapeutics frequently lose biological activity after lyophilization and reconstitution as a result of aggregate formation and precipitation.
  • reconstitution additives including, for example, sulfated polysaccharides, polyphosphates, amino acids, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and various surfactants (Zhang, M.Z., et al. (1995) Pharm Res 12: 1447-1452, Vrkljan, M., et al. (1994) Pharm Res 1 1 : 1004-1008) reduces aggregation.
  • a combination of alcohols, or other organic solvents is used for solubilization.
  • Trifluoroethanol has an effect on maintaining peptide structure and it has been used in mixtures to stabilize various peptides (Roccatano, D., et al.
  • alkyl glycosides into a peptide and/or protein structure itself has not been described heretofore.
  • peptide and/or protein products described herein have a covalently attached saccharide and an additional hydrophobic group that confers surfactant character to the modified peptides, thereby allowing for tunability of bioavailability, immunogenicity, and/or pharmacokinetic behavior of the surfactant- modified peptides.
  • modified peptides and/or proteins that incorporate a hydrophobic group attached to a saccharide and/or oligosaccharide that is covalently attached to the peptide and/or protein and that allow for tunability of bioavailability, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetic behaviour.
  • surfactant reagents comprising an oligosaccharide and a hydrophobic group, that allow for modification of peptide and/or proeins.
  • saccharide-based surfactants in covalent linkage to a peptide for improvement of peptide and/or protein properties.
  • surfactant modification e.g., covalent attachment of alkyl glycoside class of surfactants
  • covalent attachment of a surfactant to a peptide and/or protein product prevents aggregation of the peptide and/or protein.
  • the surfactant-modified peptides and/or proteins described herein overcome limitations of peptide pharmaceuticals including and not Limited to short duration of action, poor bioavailability, aggregation, immunogenicity and lack of receptor subtype specificity through the covalent incorporation of surfactants such as alkyl glycosides as novel peptide and protein modifiers.
  • the effects of surfactants are beneficial with respect to the physical properties or performance of pharmaceutical formulations, but are irritating to the skin and/or other tissues and in particular are irritating to mucosal membranes such as those found in the nose, mouth, eye, vagina, rectum, buccal or sublingual areas. Additionally, in some instances, surfactants denature proteins thus destroying their biological function. Since surfactants exert their effects above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), surfactants with low CMC's are desirable so that they may be utilized with effectiveness at low concentrations or in small amounts in pharmaceutical formulations.
  • CMC critical micelle concentration
  • surfactants e.g., alkyl glycosides
  • surfactants suitable for peptide modifications described herein have the CMC's less than about 1 mM in pure water or in aqueous solutions.
  • certain CMC values for alkyl glycosides in water are: Octyl maltoside 19.5 mM; Decyl maltoside 1.8 mM; Dodecyl- ⁇ -D-maltoside 0.17 mM; Tridecyl maltoside 0.03 mM; Tetradecyl maltoside 0.01 mM; Sucrose dodecanoate 0.3 mM.
  • CMC Crohn's disease
  • the alkyl glycosides dodecyl, tridecyl and tetradecyl maltoside or glucoside as well as sucrose dodecanoate, tridecanoate, and tetradecanoate are possess lower CMC's and are suitable for peptide and/or protein modifications described herein.
  • a peptide therapeutic class amenable to the methods of peptide modifications described herein is that of the peptide opioids.
  • This class derives from the endogenous peptide opioids which have a very broad range of functions in the body, carried out through binding to the mu (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) opioid receptors (Schiller, P.W. (2005) AAPS J 7: E560-565).
  • MOR mu
  • DOR delta
  • KOR kappa opioid receptors
  • TIPP farnesoidyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethy
  • Some of the exemplary synthetic peptide analogs described herein are derived from endomorphins and some are derived from dermorphin, two classes of native peptide opioid sequences.
  • the present peptide analogs of the native sequences are endorphin related sequences such as illustrated by EU-Al 01 to EU-Al 15.
  • the peptide analogs are dermorphin-related sequences such as EU-Al 07, EU-Al 08 and EU-Al 20 to EU- Al 33.
  • a related class of opioid peptide analogs is illustrated by sequences EU-Al 34 to EU- Al 42 wherein a Tic residue replaces the D-Ala residue seen in the dermorphin structure (TIPP family).
  • An additional class of specialized linkage is shown when Tic is replaced by
  • a surfactant-modified peptide product has amino acid sequences corresponding to the general Formula III:
  • aai is Tyr, Dmt, N-alkyl-Tyr, N-alkyl-Dmt, N-dialkyl-Tyr, N-dialkyl-Dmt and the like; aa 2 is Pro, D-Arg, D-U(X), D-Ala, Tic, Tic(»F[CH2-NH]);
  • aa 3 is Phe, Trp, Tmp, D- or L-Nal(l), D- or L-Nal(2), CaMePhe, ⁇ -Phe;
  • aa 4 is Phe, Tmp, D- or L-Nal(l), D- or L-Nal(2), U(X), D- or L-CaMeU(X);
  • aa 5 is absent or Pro, Aib, U(X), D- or L-CaMeU(X)
  • alkyl or dialkyl is independently a substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Cio branched or straight chain, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl chain;
  • U is a linking amino acid
  • X is a functionalized surfactant linked to the side chain of U;
  • Z is -OH or NH 2 ..
  • X has the structure:
  • A is a substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 30 alkyl group
  • R lb , R lc , and R Id are H
  • W 2 is -0-
  • N-alkyl is N-methyl
  • U is a dibasic amino acid, such as Lys or Orn
  • X is a modified nonionic detergent of the 1-alkyl glycoside class wherein alkyl is C1-C20 alkyl or an alkoxyaryl substituent wherein the glycosidic linkage to the saccharide ring is through -O- or other heteroatom (e.g., S or N);
  • Z is NH 2 .
  • the 1-alkyl group in the 1-alkyl-glycoside is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-Ci6alkyl;
  • U is Lys, Z is NH 2 ;
  • aai is Tyr, Dmt, Na-Me-Tyr, Na-Me-Dmt;
  • aa 3 is Phe, Trp, Tmp;
  • aa 4 is Phe, Lys(X);
  • aa 5 is absent or Lys(X).
  • 1-alkyl group in the 1-alkylglycoside is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 2 oalkyl;
  • Z is NH 2 ;
  • aai is Tyr, Dmt;
  • aa 2 is D-Arg, D-Lys(X), Tic, ⁇ ;( ⁇ [ ⁇ 2- ⁇ ]);
  • aa 3 is Phe, Trp, Tmp, CaMePhe, ⁇ -Phe;
  • aa 4 is Phe, Tmp, Lys(X);
  • aa 5 is absent or Pro, Aib, Lys(X), D- or L-CaMeLys(X).
  • X 1-alkyl glucuronyl or 1-alkyl mannouronyl substituted with l-( C 1 -C 2 0 alkyl, aryloxyalkyl, and the like)
  • analogs with attached surfactants include and are not limited to:
  • X 1-alkyl glucuronyl or 1-alkyl mannouronyl substituted with l-( C 1 -C 2 0 alkyl, aryloxyalkyl, and the like)
  • the Dermorphin class parent structure is:
  • X 1-alkyl glucuronyl or 1-alkyl mannouronyl substituted with l-( C 1 -C 2 0 alkyl, aryloxyalkyl, and the like)
  • certain analogs suitable for attachment of surfactants include and are not limited to: Dmt D-Lys(X) Trp Tmp Lys(X)-NH2
  • X 1-alkyl glucuronyl or 1-alkyl mannouronyl substituted with l-( C1-C20 alkyl, aryloxyalkyl, and the like)
  • analogs suitable for attachment of surfactants include and are ot limited to:
  • X 1-alkyl glucuronyl or 1-alkyl mannouronyl substituted with l-(Ci-C2o alkyl, aryloxyalkyl, and the like)
  • Non- limiting, illustrative examples of such analogs are:
  • H-Dmt-Tic-Phe-Lys(N-epsilon-tetradecanoyl)-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO. 163)
  • H-Dmt-Tic-Phe-Lys(N-epsilon-(garnma-glutarnyl)-N-alpha-dodecanoyl))-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO. 164)
  • the peptide chain may be substituted in a suitable position by reaction on a linker amino acid, for example the sulfhydryl of Cys, with a spacer and a hydrophobic moiety such as a steroid nucleus, for example a cholesterol moiety.
  • a linker amino acid for example the sulfhydryl of Cys
  • a spacer and a hydrophobic moiety such as a steroid nucleus, for example a cholesterol moiety.
  • the modified peptide further comprises one or more PEG chains.
  • PEG chains Non- limiting examples of such molecules are:
  • the compounds of Formula I, Formula II, or Formula III are assayed for mu opioid receptor activity in a cellular assay (MOP in agonist and antagonist mode), and for delta2 opioid receptor activity in cellular assay (DOP in agonist and antagonist mode) as described in
  • a compound having a pure MOP agonist activity along with a pure DOP antagonistic activity is a suitable profile for clinical applications. Also contemplated within the scope of the disclosure herein are compounds that have low solubility and low apparent in vitro potency but exhibit prolonged duration of action (pharmacodynamic action) in vivo.
  • peptide products of Formula I, Formula II or Formula III wherein the peptide product comprises one, or, more than one surfactant groups (e.g., group X having the structure of Formula I).
  • a peptide product of Formula I, Formula II or Formula III comprises one surfactant group.
  • a peptide product of Formula I, Formula II or Formula III comprises two surfactant groups.
  • a peptide product of Formula I, Formula II or Formula III comprises three surfactant groups.
  • PTH peptides and analogs are also provided herein, in some embodiments, are reagents and intermediates for synthesis of modified peptides and/or proteins (e.g., modified PTH, PTHrP, or the like) through the incorporation of surfactants.
  • modified peptides and/or proteins e.g., modified PTH, PTHrP, or the like
  • peptide products comprising a surfactant X, covalently attached to a peptide, the peptide comprising a linker amino acid U and at least one other amino acid:
  • R a is independently, at each occurrence, a bond, H, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety;
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are each, independently at each occurrence, a bond, H, a
  • W 2 is -0-, -CH 2 -, or -S-;
  • Z is OH, or -NH-R 3 ,
  • R 3 is H, a substituted or unsubstituted CrC 12 alkyl, or a PEG chain of less than 10 Da;
  • aai is Aib, Ac5c, or Deg
  • aa 3 is Aib, Ac4c, or Deg
  • aa 5 is His, or He
  • aa 6 is Gin, or Cit
  • aa 7 is Leu, or Phe
  • aa 8 is Leu, or Nle
  • aa ]0 is Asp, Asn, Gin, Glu, Cit, Ala, or Aib;
  • aaj 1 is Arg, or hArg
  • aai 2 is Gly, Glu, Lys, Ala, Aib, or Ac5c;
  • aai 3 is Lys, or Arg
  • aai4 is Ser, His, Trp, Phe, Leu, Arg, Lys, Glu, or Nal(2);
  • aai 5 is He, Leu, or Aib
  • aai6 is Gin, Asn, Glu, Lys, Ser, Cit, Aib, or U;
  • aan is Asp, Ser, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aai 8 is absent or Leu, Gin, Cit, Aib, Ac5c, Lys, Glu or U;
  • aa ]9 is absent or Arg, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 20 is absent or Arg, Glu, Lys, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa i is absent or Arg, Val, Aib, Ac5C, Deg, or U;
  • aa is absent or Phe, Glu, Aib, Ac5C, Lys, or U;
  • aa 23 is absent or Leu, Phe, Trp, or U;
  • aa 2 is absent or His, Arg, or U;
  • aa 25 is absent or His, Lys, or U and
  • aa 26 is absent or Aib, Ac5c, Lys;
  • U is a natural or unnatural amino acid comprising a functional group used for covalent attachment to the surfactant X; wherein any two of aai-aa 26 are optionally cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage; and
  • n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2, and a first glycoside is attached to a second glycoside via a bond between W 2 of the first glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR lc or OR ld of the second glycoside. In some embodiments, n is 3, and a first glycoside is attached to a second glycoside via a bond between W 2 of the first glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR lc or OR ld of the second glycoside, and the second glycoside is attached to a third glycoside via a bond between W 2 of the second glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR lc or OR ld of the third glycoside.
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • R la is H, a protecting group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety;
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are each, independently at each occurrence, H, a protecting group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group;
  • W 2 is -O- or -S-;
  • R 2 is a bond, C 2 -C 4 -alkene, C 2 -C 4 -alkyne, or -(CH 2 ) m -maleimide ; and m is 1-10.
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • R 2 is a bond.
  • R 2 is a bond between W 1 and an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., an amino group in the sidechain of a lysine residue present in the peptide).
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • W is - CH 2 - and R 2 is an alkyl-linked maleimide functional group on X and R is attached to a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a thiol group in a cysteine residue of the peptide forms a thioether with the maleimide on X).
  • R 2 is an alkyl-linked maleimide functional group on X and R is attached to a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a thiol group in a cysteine residue of the peptide forms a thioether with the maleimide on X).
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • R a is H, a protecting group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety;
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are each, independently at each occurrence, H, a protecting group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl group;
  • W 2 is -0-
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • R l a is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl group
  • R lb , R l c , and R J Q are H;
  • W 2 is -0-
  • R 2 is a bond
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl group.
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 2 o alkyl group.
  • W 1 is -S-
  • R 2 is a C 1 -C30 alkyl group
  • W 2 is S
  • R la is a bond between W 2 and a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a thiol group in a cysteine residue of the peptide forms a thio ether with X).
  • W 1 is -0-
  • R 2 is a C 1 -C30 alkyl group
  • W 2 is O
  • R la is a bond between W 2 and a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a hydroxyl group in a serine or threonine residue of the peptide forms an ether with X).
  • the surfactant is a 1-alkyl glycoside class surfactant. In some embodiments of the peptide product, the surfactant is attached to the peptide via an amide bond.
  • the surfactant X is comprised of 1-eicosyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-octadecyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-hexadecyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-tetradecylbeta D-glucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl beta D-glucuronic acid, 1-decyl beta-D- glucuronic acid, 1-octyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-eicosyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-octadecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-hexadecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-tetradecyl beta-D- diglucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-decyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1- octyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, or
  • U is a terminal amino acid of the peptide. In some embodiments of the peptide product, U is a non-terminal amino acid of the peptide. In some embodiments of the peptide product, U is a natural D- or L- amino acid. In some embodiments of the peptide product, U is an unnatural amino acid. In some embodiments of the peptide product, U is selected from Lys, Cys, Orn, or an unnatural amino acid comprising a functional group used for covalent attachment to the surfactant X.
  • the functional group used for covalent attachment of the peptide to the surfactant X is -NH 2 , -SH, -OH, -N 3 , haloacetyl, a -(CH 2 ) m - maleimide (wherein m is 1-10), or an acetylenic group.
  • side chain functional groups of two different amino acid residues are linked to form a cyclic lactam.
  • a Lysi 4 side chain may form a cyclic lactam with the side chain of Gluis or a Lysis may form a lactam with the side chain of a Glu 22 .
  • lactam structures are reversed and are formed from a Glui 4 and a Lysis, for example.
  • lactam linkages in some instances, stabilize alpha helical structures in peptides (Condon, S.M., et al. (2002) Bioorg Med Chem 10: 731-736).
  • the peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside is a covalently modified PTH or analog thereof
  • the peptide product contains a covalently linked 1-O-alkyl ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of PTH.
  • a peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside is a covalently modified PTHrP, or analog thereof.
  • the peptide product comprises a covalently linked 1-O-alkyl ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of PTHrP.
  • the peptide product has the structure of Formula 2 -III:
  • Z is OH or -NH 2 ;
  • aai is Aib, or Ac5c
  • aan is Ala, Glu, Lys, Aib, or Ac5c;
  • aai 4 is Trp, Phe, Lys, Glu or Nal(2);
  • aai 6 is Gin, Asn, Glu, Lys, Cit, or U(X);
  • aa ]7 is Asp, Ser, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5C or U(X);
  • aaj 8 is absent or Leu, Gin, Aib, Lys, Glu or U(X);
  • aaig is absent or Arg, Glu, Aib, Ac4c or Ac5c;
  • aa 2 o is absent or Arg, Glu, Lys, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c;
  • aa 2] is absent or Arg, Val, Aib, Ac5C, or Deg;
  • aa 22 is absent or Phe, Glu, Lys or U(X);
  • aa 23 is absent or Leu, Phe, Trp or U(X);
  • aa 24 is absent or His, Arg, or U(X);
  • aa 25 is absent or His, Lys, or U(X);
  • aa 26 is absent or Aib, Ac5c;
  • any two of aai-aa 26 are optionally cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage
  • one, or at least one of aai 6 , aan, aais, aa 22 , aa 23 , aa 24 or aa 25 is the linker amino acid U covalently attached to X.
  • U is any linker amino acid described herein.
  • the compound of Formula 2-III is a compound wherein aaj 2 and aai 6 are cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage.
  • the compound of Formula 2-III is a compound wherein aai 6 and aa 2 o are cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage.
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure: Ac5ci- Val 2 - Aib 3 - Glu 4 - Ile 5 -Gln6- Leu 7 - Nle 8 - His 9 - Gln 10 - hArgn- Glu* 12 - Arg 13 - Trpi 4 - Ile 15 - Lys*i 6 - Aib 17 -Lys(N-epsilon-l '-alkyl beta-D-glucuronyl)i 8 -Aibi 9 -Aib 20 - NH 2 , wherein Glu*i 2 and Lys* i6 are linked through their sidechains by a lactam and alkyl is dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl. (SEQ. ID. NO. 289)
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product has the structure:
  • the peptide product is a biologically active peptide product that binds to the PTH receptor (PTHR1).
  • R la is a C1 -C20 alkyl chain as described in Table 2 of Figure 2
  • R' is a peptide as described in Table 2 of Figure 2
  • W 2 of Formula I- A is -0-
  • R la is a C6-C20 alkyl chain.
  • R la is a Cs-C 2 o alkyl chain.
  • R la is a Cs-C 2 o alkyl chain.
  • R la is a Cs-Cis alkyl chain.
  • R la is a Cs-Ci6 alkyl chain.
  • an amino moiety of an amino acid and/or a peptide R' (e.g., an amino group of an amino acid residue such as a Lysine, or a lysine within the peptide R') is used to form a covalent linka e with a compound of structure:
  • R la is a C1-C20 alkyl chain as described in Table 2 of Figure 2.
  • the amino acid having an amino moiety e.g., a Lysine residue within the peptide R'
  • a linker amino acid U which is attached to a surfactant X having the structure of Formula 2-A.
  • Lys(C12) of Table 2 of Figure 2 has the following structure:
  • peptide products of Formula2- I-A derived from maltouronic acid-based surfactants through binding at either or both carboxylic acid functions.
  • peptides in Table 2 of Figure 2 comprise a lysine linker amino acid bonded to a maltouronic acid based surfactant X and having a structure:
  • compounds of Formula 2-I-A are prepared by attaching a lysine to a group X, followed by attachment of additional amino acid residues and/or peptides are attached to the lysine-X compound to obtain compounds of Formula 2-I-A. It will be understood that other natural or non-natural amino acids described herein are also suitable for attachment to the surfactant X and are suitable for attaching additional amino acid/peptides to obtain compounds of Formula 2-I-A.
  • compounds of Formula 2-I-A are prepared by attaching a full length or partial length peptide to a group X, followed by optional attachment of additional amino acid residues and/or peptides are attached to obtain compounds of Formula 2-I-A.
  • compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide product described above, or acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the carrier is an aqueous- based carrier.
  • the carrier is a nonaqueous-based carrier.
  • the nonaqueous-based carrier is a hydro fluoroalkane-like solvent comprising sub-micron anhydrous a-lactose or other excipients.
  • Also contemplated within the scope of embodiments presented herein is the reaction of an amino acid and/or a peptide comprising a linker amino acid U bearing a leaving group or a functional group that can be activated to contain a leaving group, for example a carboxylic acid, or any other reacting group, and a group X comprising a nucleophilic group, thereby allowing for covalent linkage of the amino acid and/or peptide to a surfactant X via the linker amino acid U to provide a peptide product of Formula 2-I-A.
  • Compounds of Formula 2-I-A are prepared by reaction of a linker amino acid U with X, followed by addition of further residues to U to obtain the peptide product of Formula 2-I-A. It will be understood that in an alternative embodiment, Compounds of Formula 2-I-A are prepared by reaction of a suitable peptide comprising a linker amino acid U with X, followed by optional addition of further residues to U, to obtain the peptide product of Formula2- I-A.
  • hypoparathyroidism comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide product described above.
  • the hypoparathyroidism is associated with bone mass reduction.
  • Also provided herein are methods of stimulating bone repair or favoring the engraftment of a bone implant comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide product described above.
  • covalently modified PTH or PTHrP peptide or analog thereof comprising a hydrophilic group as described herein; and a hydrophobic group covalently attached to the hydrophilic group.
  • the covalently modified peptide and/or protein product comprises a hydrophilic group that is a saccharide and a hydrophobic group that is a C1-C20 alkyl chain or an aralkyl chain.
  • the molecule is a peptide.
  • the method additionally can include further modification comprising covalent attachment of the molecule in the composition to a polymer such as polyethylene glycol.
  • a method of reducing or eliminating immunogenicity of a peptide and/or protein drug by covalently linking the peptide chain to at least one alkyl glycoside wherein the alkyl has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • Also provided is a method of treating hypoparathyroidism, osteoporosis, osteopenia, post-menopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease, glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, old age osteoporosis, humoral hypercalcemia, or the like comprising administering a drug composition comprising a peptide covalently linked to at least one alkyl glycoside and delivered to a vertebrate, wherein the alkyl has from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or further in the range of 6 to 16 carbon atoms, and wherein covalent linkage of the alkyl glycoside to the peptide increases the stability, bioavailability and/or duration of action of the drug.
  • the covalently modified peptides and/or proteins are covalently modified PTH or PTHrP, or analogs thereof, which are modified to improve their
  • surfactant-modified analogs have increased steric hindrance that hinder proteolysis, slows uptake and slows clearance from the body.
  • Bone is an important depot for storage of calcium (a critical signaling ion) in the body and a decrease in ambient extracellular Ca level causes an increase in PTH secretion in via the Ca- sensing receptors on the parathyroid cellular membrane.
  • PTH binds to its receptor (PTHR1), present on osteoblasts cell membranes, leading to expression of the "ligand of receptor activator of nuclear factor- ⁇ " (RANKL).
  • RANKL nuclear factor- ⁇
  • RA KL binds to its receptor, RANK, on osteoclasts precursors, stimulating their differentiation and proliferation (Boyce, B.F.
  • PTH also acts to increase renal tubular Ca reabsorption and indirectly to enhance intestinal Ca absorption via its stimulatory action on renal 1-a cholecalciferol hydroxylase (increasing circulating calcitriol). Both actions serve to provide a longer term increase in circulating calcium ion.
  • hPTH human parathyroid hormone
  • PTHrP parathyroid hormone-related protein
  • PTH(l-34) exhibits potent anabolic effects on the skeleton when given exogenously by intermittent injection.
  • the methods and compositions described herein comprise the use of PTH and/or PTHrP peptides and/or proteins and/or analogs thereof.
  • All of the biological activity of intact human PTH resides in the N-terminal sequence; most clinical studies have used the 34-amino acid peptide hPTH(l-34), known as teriparatide.
  • the first two amino acids are obligatory for biological activity, and it appears that the bone anabolic properties are fully maintained by the foreshortened fragment hPTH(l-31) or its cyclized lactam (Whitfield, J.F. and Morley, P. (1995) Trends Pharmacol Sci 16: 382-386).
  • the ligands each have two binding regions, one in the N-terminal 1-14 region and a second in the C- terminal 15-34 region.
  • the 1-14 portion has a more locally ordered structure and interacts with the 7-transmembrane region of the receptor while the 15-34 region is alpha helical and interacts with the extracellular, N-terminal extension of the receptor.
  • covalently modified peptides or peptide analogs that have a sequence that allows for binding to PTH1R.
  • PTH/PTHrP class relies on the development of N-terminal ligand sequences that interact with the juxtamembrane portion of the PTHRl coupled to a C-terminal region that has been truncated and simplified through the use of a surfactant moiety (e.g., a 1-alkyl-glucuronic acid moiety such as the glucose-derived 1-alkylglucuronic acid). Since much of the C-terminal region interaction involves general hydrophobic interaction with the hydrophobic channel (Pioszak, A. A. and Xu, H.E. (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 5034-5039; Pioszak, A.A., et al.
  • a surfactant moiety e.g., a 1-alkyl-glucuronic acid moiety such as the glucose-derived 1-alkylglucuronic acid.
  • FIG. 4 An example of the improved cellular stimulation by a surfactant modified peptide described herein is illustrated in Figure 4.
  • substantially greater cAMP output (125%; super-agonistic stimulation) is shown by cells stimulated with doses of EU-232 (Figure 5.) than by the internal standard, human PTHrP.
  • a coded sample of human PTHrP Figure 6.; EU-285
  • EU-232 is modified with a 1-dodecyl ⁇ -D-glucouronic acid moiety in the C-terminal region.
  • shorter peptide chains or peptide chains of this size unmodified with a 1- dodecyl ⁇ -D-glucouronic acid moiety can be expected to show decreased efficacy.
  • EU-232 shows high potency and prolonged duration of action (Figure 7.). Blood phosphate levels were tested at various time points after dosing rats with saline (Gl), 80 micrograms per kg of PTH (G2), 80 micrograms per kg of EU-232 (G3) or 320 micrograms per kg of EU-232 (G4). EU-232 demonstrates prolonged duration of action in that the maximal statistically significant effect is seen at the last time point in the assay (5 hrs post dosing).
  • surfactant-modified peptide products described herein reduce the occurrence of proteolytic degradation.
  • covalent modification of PTH and/or PTHrP and/or analogs thereof allows for decreased cost of production of therapeutics, and provide favorable pharmaceutical properties due to the presence of the covalently attached surfactant moiety.
  • surfactant modified PTH and/or PTHrP described herein prolong the PK and duration of action (PD) behavior of the resulting ligands compared to other known peptide ligands (such as those of Dean, et al.(Dean, T., et al.
  • the N-terminal binding region ends at about residue 14 and the helical region encompasses residue 16 onward.
  • a ligand optimized in the 1-14 region with a 1- alkylglucuronic acid modification in the 15 onward region will have high specific binding (N- terminus) with high potency (1-alkyl modification).
  • Use of an a-helical stabilizing substitution (Kaul, R. and Balaram, P. (1999) Bioorg Med Chem 7: 105-117) in the C-terminal region leads to higher helical content and higher potency.
  • ⁇ -helical stabilizers are Ala and the class of 1 ,1-dialkyl amino acids such as Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c and the like (see definitions below).
  • Minimization of the PTH structure led to shortened analogs (Shimizu, M., et al. (2000) J Biol Chem 275: 21836-21843) wherein constrained ⁇ -helical stabilizers led to important potency increases.
  • substitution of Aib into position 1 and 3 of PTH1-14 and PTHl-11 analogs led to increased potency (Shimizu, N., et al. (2001) J Biol Chem 276: 49003-49012).
  • the a- helical content of PTH and/or PTHrP is a determinant of peptide product stability (Marx, U.C., et al. (1995) J Biol Chem 270: 15194-15202; Schievano, E., et al. (2000) Biopolymers 54: 429- 447).
  • the use of a long side chain destabilizes an a-helix.
  • modifications that comprise a-helical stabilizers are also contemplated within the scope of embodiments presented herein.
  • surfactant modified peptide products described herein comprise a helix stabilizer (e.g., in the position just N-Terminal and/or just C-terminal of the surfactant substitution).
  • an a-helix stabilizer is located at position 12 in the PTH and/or PTHrP chain.
  • EU-212 to EU-282 certain surfactant modified peptide products (EU-212 to EU-282) that comprise an a-helix stabilizer.
  • the peptides that are covalently modified and are suitable for methods described herein are truncated analogs of PTHrP and/or the related hormone PTH, including and not limited to:
  • hPTH(l-34) Seri-Val 2 -Ser3-Glu4-Ile5-Gln6-Leu7-Met8-His9-Asnio-Leun-Glyi2-Lysi3-Hisi4- Leui5-Asni6-Seri7-Meti8-Glui9-Arg20-Val2i-Glu22-Trp23-Leu24-Arg25-Lys26-Lys27-Leu28-Gln 2 9- Asp 3 o-Val 3 i-His 32 -Asn 3 3-Phe 34 -OH; (SEQ. ID. NO. 290) or
  • hPTHrP(l-34) Alai-Val 2 -Ser 3 -Glu 4 -His 5 -Gln 6 -Leu7-Leu 8 -His 9 -Aspio-Lysn-Glyi 2 -Lysi 3 -Seri 4 - Leui5-Glni6-Aspi7-Leui8-Argi9-Arg20-Arg2i-Phe22-Phe23-Leu24-His25-His26-Leu27-Ile28-Ala 2 9- Glu 3 o-Ile3i-His 32 -Thr 33 -Ala 34 -OH (SEQ. ID. NO. 291)
  • a peptide product described herein has the structure of Formula 2- V:
  • Z is OH, or -NH-Pv 3 , wherein R 3 is H or Ci-C 12 alkyl; or a PEG chain of less than lODa.
  • aai is Ala, Ser, Val, Pro, Aib, Ac5c, or Deg;
  • aa 2 is Val
  • aa 3 is Ser, Ala, Aib, Ac4c, or Deg;
  • aa 4 is Glu
  • aa 5 is His, or He
  • aa 6 is Gin, or Cit
  • aa 7 is Leu, or Phe
  • aa 8 is Leu, Met, or Nle
  • aaio is Asp, Asn, Gin, Glu, Cit, Ala, or Aib; aai i is Lys, Leu, He, Arg, or hArg;
  • aai2 is Gly, Ala, Glu, Lys, Aib, or Ac5c;
  • aai3 ⁇ 4 is Lys, or Arg
  • aai4 is Ser, His, Trp, Phe, Leu, Arg, Lys, Glu, Nal(2), or cyclized to position aa 18 ;
  • aa J5 is He, Leu, Aib;
  • aai6 is Gin, Asn, Glu, Lys, Ser, Cit, Aib, Ac5c, U(X);
  • aa ]7 is Asp, Ser, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, U(X), Z;
  • aais is absent, Leu, Gin, Cit, Aib, Ac5c, Lys, Glu, or U(X), or cyclized to position aai 4 ;
  • aa J9 is absent, Arg, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 20 is absent, Arg, Glu, Lys, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 2 i is absent, Arg, Val, Aib, Ac5c, Deg, or U(X);
  • aa 22 is absent, Phe, Glu, Aib, Ac5c, Lys, U(X), or cyclized to position aaig or aa 26 ;
  • aa 2 is absent, or Leu, Phe, Trp, or U(X);
  • aa 24 is absent, His, Arg, Leu, Aib, Ac5c or U(X);
  • aa 25 is absent, His, Lys, Arg, or U(X);
  • aa 26 is absent, His, Lys, Arg, Aib, Ac5c or cyclized to position aa 22 ;
  • aa 27 is absent, Leu, or Lys
  • aa 28 is absent, He, or Leu;
  • aa 29 is absent, Ala, Gin, Cit, or Aib;
  • aa 0 is absent, Glu, Asp, or Aib;
  • aa 3 i is absent, He, Val, Aib, Ac5C, or U(X);
  • aa 32 is absent, His, Aib, Ac5C, or U(X);
  • aa 33 is absent, Thr, Asn, Aib, Ac5C, or U(X);
  • aa 34 is absent, Ala, Phe, Aib, Ac5C, or U(X);
  • aa 35 is absent, Aib, Ac5C, or U(X);
  • aa 36 is absent, Aib, Ac5C, or U(X);
  • U is a linking amino acid
  • X is a surfactant- linked to the side chain of U
  • any two of aai-aa 3 6 are optionally cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage
  • aai - aa 36 is U.
  • a peptide product described herein comprises aai-aa 20 of Formula V as described above (SEQ. ID. NO. 292). In some embodiments, a peptide product described herein comprises aai-aaig of Formula V as described above (SEQ. ID. NO. 293).
  • the linking amino acid U is a diamino acid like Lys or Orn
  • X is a modified surfactant from the 1-alkyl glycoside class linked to U
  • Z is OH, or -NH-R 3 , wherein R 3 is H or C 1 -C 12 ; or a PEG chain of less than lODa.
  • a peptide product described herein has the structure of Formula 2- VI:
  • Z is OH, or -NH-R 3 , wherein R 3 is H, C1-C12 alkyl or a PEG chain of less than 10 Da; aai is Aib, Ac5c, Deg;
  • aa 3 is Aib, Ac4c, Deg;
  • aa 5 is His, He
  • aa 6 is Gin, Cit
  • aa 7 is Leu, Phe;
  • aa 8 is Leu, Nle
  • aaio is Asp, Asn, Gin, Glu, Cit, Ala, Aib;
  • aa n is Arg, hArg;
  • aai 2 is Gly, Ala, Glu, Lys, Aib, Ac5c;
  • aan is Lys, Arg;
  • aai 4 is Ser, His, Trp, Phe, Leu, Arg, Lys, Nal(2);
  • aai 5 is He, Leu, Aib;
  • aai6 is Gin, Asn, Glu, Lys, Ser, Cit, Aib, U(X);
  • aan is Asp, Ser, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, U(X);
  • aai 8 is absent or Leu, Gin, Cit, Aib, Ac5c, Lys, Glu, U(X);
  • aaig is absent or Arg, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, U(X);
  • aa 20 is absent or Arg, Glu, Lys, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, U(X);
  • aa 2 i is absent or Arg, Val, Aib, Ac5C, Deg U(X);
  • aa22 is absent or Phe, Glu, Lys or U(X);
  • aa 23 is absent or Leu, Phe, Trp or U(X);
  • aa 24 is absent or Leu, His, Arg, or U(X);
  • aa 25 is absent or His, Lys, or U(X) and
  • aa 26 is absent or Aib, Ac5c;
  • U is a linking amino acid
  • X is a modified surfactant from the 1-alkyl glycoside class linked to U, wherein the 1- alkyl group is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 20 alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 aralkyl;
  • aai - aa 2 6 is U.
  • a peptide product described herein has the structure of Formula 2- VII
  • Z is OH or -NH 2 ;
  • aai is Aib, Ac5c
  • aan is Ala, Glu, Lys, Aib, Ac5c;
  • aai 4 is Trp, Phe, Nal(2);
  • aai6 is Gin, Asn, Glu, Lys, Cit, U(X);
  • aan is Asp, Ser, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, U(X);
  • aai 8 is absent or Leu, Gin, Aib, U(X);
  • aa J9 is absent or Arg, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c;
  • aa 20 is absent or Arg, Glu, Lys, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c;
  • aa 2 i is absent or Arg, Val, Aib, Ac5C, Deg;
  • aa 22 is absent or Phe, Glu, Lys or U(X);
  • aa 23 is absent or Leu, Phe, Trp or U(X);
  • aa 2 is absent or His, Arg, or U;
  • aa 25 is absent or His, Lys, or U and
  • aa 26 is absent or Aib, Ac5c;
  • U is a linking amino acid
  • X is a modified surfactant from the 1-alkyl glycoside class linked to U, wherein the 1- alkyl group is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 20 alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 2 o aralkyl;
  • aai - aa 26 is U.
  • the peptide product has the structure of Formula 2 -III:
  • Z is OH or -NH 2 ;
  • aai is Aib, or Ac5c
  • aai 2 is Ala, Aib, Glu, Lys, or Ac5c;
  • aai 4 is Trp, Phe, Lys, Glu or Nal(2);
  • aa ]6 is Gin, Asn, Glu, Lys, Cit, or U(X);
  • aan is Asp, Ser, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aais is absent or Leu, Gin, Aib, Lys, Glu or U(X);
  • aaig is absent or Arg, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, or Ac5c;
  • aa 20 is absent or Arg, Glu, Lys, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c;
  • aa 2 i is absent or Arg, Val, Aib, Ac5C, or Deg;
  • aa 22 is absent or Phe, Glu, Lys or U(X);
  • aa 23 is absent or Leu, Phe, Trp or U(X);
  • aa 24 is absent or His, Arg, or U(X);
  • aa 25 is absent or His, Lys, or U(X);
  • aa 26 is absent or Aib, Ac5c;
  • any two of aai-aa 26 are optionally cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage
  • aa ]6 , aa ] 7 , aa 18 , aa 22 , aa 2 3, aa 24 or aa 25 is the linker amino acid U covalently attached to X.
  • X has the structure:
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl group
  • R lb , Pv lc , and R ld are H;
  • W 2 is -0-
  • R 2 is a bond.
  • R la is a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C18 alkyl group, a C1-C16 alkyl group, or C1-C12 alkyl group.
  • U is any linker amino acid described herein.
  • peptide products of Formula 2-I-A, Formula 2-III, Formula 2-V, Formula 2-VI or Formula 2-VII wherein the peptide product comprises one, or, more than one surfactant groups (e.g., group X having the structure of Formula I).
  • a peptide product of Formula 2-I-A, Formula 2-III, Formula 2-V, Formula 2-VI or Formula 2-VII comprises one surfactant group.
  • a peptide product of Formula 2-I-A, Formula 2-III, Formula 2-V, Formula 2-VI or Formula 2-VII comprises two surfactant groups.
  • a peptide product of Formula 2-I-A, Formula 2-III, Formula 2-V, Formula 2-VI or Formula 2-VII comprises three surfactant groups.
  • Table 2 in Figure 2 illustrates certain examples of peptides that are suitable for covalent linkage with surfactants as described herein.
  • SEQ. ID. NO. 170 Recognized herein is the importance of certain portions of SEQ. ID. NO. 170 for the treatment of conditions associated with bone loss and/or hyperparathyroidism including, and not limited to, osteoporosis, osteopenia, post-menopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease,
  • glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, inflammatory bone loss, fixation of implants, osteonecrosis of the jaw, stem cell proliferation, old age osteoporosis, humoral hypercalcemia, or the like.
  • a method of treating conditions associated with bone loss (e.g., osteoporosis) and/or hyperparathyroidism in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aan of SEQ. ID. NO. 170 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aan of SEQ. ID. NO. 170
  • a method of treating conditions associated with bone loss (e.g., osteoporosis) and/or hyperparathyroidism in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aais of SEQ. ID. NO. 170 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aais of SEQ. ID. NO. 170
  • a method of treating conditions associated with bone loss (e.g., osteoporosis) and/or hyperparathyroidism in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aaj-aaig of SEQ. ID. NO. 170 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a method of treating conditions associated with bone loss (e.g., osteoporosis) and/or hyperparathyroidism in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aa 2 o of SEQ. ID. NO. 170 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aa 2 o of SEQ. ID. NO. 170
  • the administration of the said PTH analog described above causes increase in bone density.
  • hyperparathyroidism including, and not limited to, osteoporosis, osteopenia, post-menopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, inflammatory bone loss, fixation of implants, osteonecrosis of the jaw, stem cell proliferation, old age osteoporosis, humoral hypercalcemia, or the like.
  • a method of treating conditions associated with bone loss and/or hyperparathyroidism in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aan of SEQ. ID. NOs. 171, 173, 174, 290 or 291 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a method of treating conditions associated with bone loss (e.g., osteoporosis) and/or hyperparathyroidism in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aais of SEQ. ID. NOs, 171, 173, 174, 290 or 291 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aais of SEQ. ID. NOs, 171, 173, 174, 290 or 291 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a method of treating conditions associated with bone loss (e.g., osteoporosis) and/or hyperparathyroidism in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aaig of SEQ. ID. NOs. 171, 173, 174, 290 or 291 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aaig of SEQ. ID. NOs. 171, 173, 174, 290 or 291 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a method of treating conditions associated with bone loss (e.g., osteoporosis) and/or hyperparathyroidism in an individual in need thereof comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aa 2 o of SEQ. ID. NOs. 171, 173, 174, 290 or 291 to the individual in need thereof.
  • a PTH analog comprising amino acid residues aai-aa 2 o of SEQ. ID. NOs. 171, 173, 174, 290 or 291
  • the administration of the said PTH analog described above causes increase in bone density.
  • the said PTH analog is modified with a surfactant X of Formula 2-1: Formula 2-1 wherein:
  • R la is independently, at each occurrence, a bond, H, a substituted or unsubstituted
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are each, independently at each occurrence, a bond, H, a
  • substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group;
  • W 2 is -0-, -CH 2 - or -S-;
  • R 2 is independently, at each occurrence, a bond to U, H, a substituted or
  • n 1, 2 or 3;
  • n 1-10.
  • the said PTH analog is modified with a surfactant, X having the structure:
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group
  • W 2 is -0-
  • R 2 is a bond
  • R la is a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C8-C20 alkyl group, C12-C18 alkyl group or C14-C18 alkyl group.
  • Modifications at the amino or carboxyl terminus may optionally be introduced into the peptides (e.g., PTH or PTHrP) (Nestor, J. J., Jr. (2009) Current Medicinal Chemistry 16: 4399 - 4418).
  • the peptides can be truncated or acylated on the N-terminus to yield peptides analogs exhibiting low efficacy, partial agonist and antagonist activity, as has been seen for some peptides (Gourlet, P., et al. (1998) Eur J Pharmacol 354: 105-111, Gozes, I. and
  • N-terminal truncation of PTH e.g. 7-34 residue analogs
  • PTHrP e.g. 7-34 residue analogs
  • inverse agonists Gardella, T.J., et al. (1996) Endocrinology 137: 3936-3941 or antagonists.
  • inverse agonists and/or antagonists of PTH and/or PTHrP are useful for treatment of "humoral hypercalcemia" associated with a wide range of tumors.
  • surfactants covalently attached to peptide analogs wherein the native peptide is modified by acetylation, acylation, PEGylation, ADP-ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of p ho spho tidy lino sitol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-link formation of cysteine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation, se
  • peptides that are branched or cyclic, with or without branching. Cyclic, branched and branched circular peptides result from post-translational natural processes and are also made by suitable synthetic methods. In some embodiments, any peptide product described herein comprises a peptide analog described above that is then covalently attached to an alkyl-glycoside surfactant moiety.
  • peptide chains that are substituted in a suitable position by the modification of the analogs claimed herein, e.g., by acylation on a linker amino acid, at for example the ⁇ -position of Lys, with fatty acids such as octanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, 3-phenylpropanoic acids and the like, or with saturated or unsaturated alkyl chains (Zhang, L. and Bulaj, G. (2012) Curr Med Chem 19: 1602-1618).
  • Non-limiting, illustrative examples of such analogs are:
  • a peptide chain is substituted in a suitable position by reaction on a linker amino acid, for example the sulfhydryl of Cys, with a spacer and a hydrophobic moiety such as a steroid nucleus, for example a cholesterol moiety.
  • the modified peptide further comprises one or more PEG chains.
  • PEG chains Non- limiting examples of such molecules are:
  • reagents and intermediates for synthesis of modified peptides and/or proteins e.g., modified GLP-1, glucagon, analogs of glucagon or GLP-1, or the like
  • surfactants e.g., modified GLP-1, glucagon, analogs of glucagon or GLP-1, or the like
  • peptide products comprising a surfactant X, covalently attached to a peptide, the peptide comprising a linker amino acid U and at least one other amino acid: e Formula 3 -I- A wherein th surfactant X is a group of Formula I:
  • R la is independently, at each occurrence, a bond, H, a substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 3 o alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxyaryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group;
  • R lb , Pv lc , and R ld are each, independently at each occurrence, a bond, H, a
  • W 2 is -0-, -CH 2 - or -S-;
  • n 1, 2 or 3;
  • n 1-10;
  • Z is OH, or -NH-R 3 , wherein R 3 is H or C1-C12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or a PEG chain of less than 10 Da;
  • aai is His, N-Ac-His, pGlu-His, or N-R 3 -His;
  • aa 2 is Ser, Ala, Gly, Aib, Ac4c or Ac5c;
  • aa 3 is Gin, or Cit
  • aa 4 is Gly, or D-Ala
  • aa 3 ⁇ 4 is Thr, or Ser
  • aa 6 is Phe, Trp, F2Phe, Me2Phe, or Nal2;
  • aa 7 is Thr, or Ser
  • aa 8 is Ser, or Asp
  • aa 9 is Asp, or Glu
  • aaio is Tyr, Leu, Met, Nal2, Bip, or Bip2EtMeO;
  • aan is Ser, Asn, or U;
  • aa ]2 is Lys, Glu, Ser, Arg, or U;
  • aaj 3 is absent or Tyr, Gin, Cit, or U;
  • aai 4 is absent or Leu, Met, Nle, or U;
  • aau is absent or Asp, Glu, or U;
  • aai6 is absent or Ser, Gly, Glu, Aib, Ac5c, Lys, Arg, or U;
  • aa ] 7 is absent or Arg, hArg, Gin, Glu, Cit, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa ] 8 is absent or Arg, hArg, Ala, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U; aaig is absent or Ala, Val, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 2 o is absent or Gin, Lys, Arg, Cit, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 2 i is absent or Asp, Glu, Leu, Aib, Ac4c Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 22 is absent or Phe, Trp, Nal2, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U
  • aa 23 is absent or Val, He, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 24 is absent or Gin, Ala, Glu, Cit, or U;
  • aa 25 is absent or Trp, Nal2, or U;
  • aa 26 is absent or Leu, or U;
  • aa 27 is absent or Met, Val, Nle, Lys, or U;
  • aa 28 is absent or Asn, Lys, or U;
  • aa 2 9 is absent or Thr, Gly, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 30 is absent or Lys, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 3 i is absent or Arg, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 32 is absent or Asn, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 33 is absent or Arg, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 34 is absent or Asn, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 35 is absent or Asn, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U;
  • aa 36 is absent or He, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5C, or U;
  • aa 36 is absent or Ala, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5C, or U;
  • U is a natural or unnatural amino acid comprising a functional group used for covalent attachment to the surfactant X;
  • any two of aaj-aa 37 are optionally cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage
  • n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2, and a first glycoside is attached to a second glycoside via bond between W 2 of the first glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR lc or OR ld of the second glycoside. In some embodiments, n is 3, and a first glycoside is attached to a second glycoside via bond between W 2 of the first glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR lc or OR ld of the second glycoside, and the second glycoside is attached to a third glycoside via bond between W 2 of the second glycoside and any one of OR lb , OR lc or OR ld of the third glycoside. [0271] In one embodiment, compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • R la is H, a protecting group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety;
  • R lb , R lc , and R l d are each, independently at each occurrence, H, a protecting group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group;
  • W 2 is -0-, -S-;
  • R 2 is a bond, C 2 -C4-alkene, C 2 -C4-alkyne, or -(CH 2 ) m -maleimide ; and m is 1-10.
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • R is a bond
  • R 2 is a bond between W 1 and an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., an amino group in the sidechain of a lysine residue present in the peptide).
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • W 1 is - CH 2 - and R 2 is an alkyl-linked maleimide functional group on X and R 2 is attached to a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a thiol group in a cysteine residue of the peptide forms a thioether with the maleimide on X).
  • R 2 is attached to a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a thiol group in a cysteine residue of the peptide forms a thioether with the maleimide on X).
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • R la is H, a protecting group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group, or a steroid nucleus containing moiety;
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are each, independently at each occurrence, H, a protecting group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C30 alkyl group;
  • W 2 is -0-
  • R 2 is a bond
  • compounds of Formula I-A are compounds wherein X has the structure:
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group
  • R lb , R lc , and R ld are H;
  • W 2 is -0-
  • R 2 is a bond.
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 alkyl group.
  • R la is a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 2 o alkyl group.
  • W 1 is -S-
  • R 2 is a C1-C30 alkyl group
  • W 2 is S
  • R la is a bond between W 2 and a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a thiol group in a cysteine residue of the peptide forms a thio ether with X).
  • W 1 is -0-
  • R 2 is a C1-C30 alkyl group
  • W 2 is O
  • R la is a bond between W 2 and a suitable moiety of an amino acid residue U within the peptide (e.g., a hydroxyl group in a serine or threonine residue of the peptide forms an ether with X).
  • the surfactant is a 1 -alkyl glycoside class surfactant. In some embodiments of the peptide product, the surfactant is attached to the peptide via an amide bond.
  • the surfactant X is comprised of 1-eicosyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-octadecyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-hexadecyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-tetradecylbeta D-glucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl beta D-glucuronic acid, 1-decyl beta-D- glucuronic acid, 1-octyl beta-D-glucuronic acid, 1-eicosyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-octadecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-hexadecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-tetradecyl beta-D- diglucuronic acid, 1-dodecyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1-decyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, 1- octyl beta-D-diglucuronic acid, or
  • U is a terminal amino acid of the peptide. In some embodiments of the peptide product, U is a non-terminal amino acid of the peptide. In some embodiments of the peptide product, U is a natural D- or L- amino acid. In some embodiments of the peptide product, U is an unnatural amino acid. In some embodiments of the peptide product, U is selected from Lys, Cys, Orn, or an unnatural amino acid comprising a functional group used for covalent attachment to the surfactant X.
  • the functional group used for covalent attachment of the peptide to the surfactant X is -NH 2 , -SH, -OH, -N 3 , haloacetyl, a -(CH 2 ) m - maleimide (wherein m is 1-10), or an acetylenic group.
  • side chain functional groups of two different amino acid residues are linked to form a cyclic lactam.
  • a Lys side chain forms a cyclic lactam with the side chain of Glu.
  • lactam structures are reversed and are formed from a Glu and a Lys.
  • lactam linkages in some instances are known to stabilize alpha helical structures in peptides (Condon, S.M., et al. (2002) Bioorg Med Chem 10: 731-736; Murage, E.N., et al (2008) Bioorg Med Chem 16: 10106-12); Murage, E.N., et al. (2010) J Med Chem 53: 6412-20).
  • cysteine residues may be linked through disulfide formation in order to accomplish a similar form of conformational restriction and assist in the formation of helical structures (Li, Y., et al. (201 1) Peptides 32: 1400-1407.
  • side chain functional groups of two different amino acid residues are linked to form a heterocycle generated through a "click reaction" between side chain azide and alkyne functional groups in order to achieve a similar form of conformational restriction and stabilized helical conformations (Le Chevalier Isaad A., et al. (2009) J Peptide Sci 15: 451-4).
  • the peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside is a covalently modified glucagon or analog thereof.
  • the peptide product contains a covalently linked 1-O-alkyl ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of glucagon.
  • a peptide product comprising a covalently linked alkyl glycoside is a covalently modified GLP-1, or analog thereof.
  • the peptide product comprises a covalently linked 1-O-alkyl ⁇ -D-glucuronic acid and the peptide is an analog of GLP-1.
  • the peptide product of Formula I-A has the structure of Formula III-A
  • Z is OH, or -NH-R 3 , wherein R 3 is H, or C1-C12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or a
  • aai is His, N-Ac-His, pGlu-His, or N-R 3 -His;
  • aa 2 is Ser, Ala, Gly, Aib, Ac4c, or Ac5c;
  • aa 3 is Gin, or Cit
  • aa 4 is Gly, or D-Ala
  • aa 5 is Thr, or Ser
  • aa 6 is Phe, Trp, F2Phe, Me2Phe, or Nal2;
  • aa 7 is Thr, or Ser
  • aa 8 is Ser, or Asp
  • aa 9 is Asp, or Glu
  • aaio is Tyr, Leu, Met, Nal2, Bip, or Bip2EtMeO;
  • aan is Ser, Asn, or U;
  • aai2 is Lys, Glu, Ser, Arg, or U(X);
  • aan is absent or Tyr, Gin, Cit, or U(X);
  • aan is absent or Leu, Met, Nle, or U(X);
  • aais is absent or Asp, Glu, or U(X);
  • aai6 is absent or Ser, Gly, Glu, Aib, Ac5c, Lys, Arg, or U(X);
  • aan is absent or Arg, hArg, Gin, Glu, Cit, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aais is absent or Arg, hArg, Ala, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aaig is absent or Ala, Val, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 2 o is absent or Gin, Lys, Arg, Cit, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 2 i is absent or Asp, Glu, Leu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 2 2 is absent or Phe, Trp, Nal2, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 23 is absent or Val, He, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 24 is absent or Gin, Ala, Glu, Cit, or U(X);
  • aa 25 is absent or Trp, Nal2, or U(X);
  • aa 26 is absent or Leu, or U(X);
  • aa 27 is absent or Met, Val, Nle, Lys, or U(X);
  • aa 28 is absent or Asn, Lys, or U(X);
  • aa 29 is absent or Thr, Gly, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • any two of aaj-aa 2 9 are optionally cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage
  • aai 6 , aa 17 , aa 18 , aai 9 , aa 20 , aa 21 , aa 22 , aa 23i aa 24 , aa 25 , aa 26 , aa 27 , aa 2 s or aa 2 g is the natural or unnatural amino acid U covalently attached to X.
  • the peptide product of Formula I-A has the structure of Formula 3-III-B:
  • aa 2 is Ser, Ala, Gly, Aib, Ac4c, or Ac5c;
  • aa 3 is Gin, or Cit
  • aa 6 is Phe, Trp, F2Phe, Me2Phe, MePhe, or Nal2;
  • aaio is Tyr, Leu, Met, Nal2, Bip, or Bip2EtMeO;
  • aan is Ser, Asn, or U(X);
  • aai 2 is Lys, Glu, Ser, or U(X);
  • aa ]3 is absent or Tyr, Gin, Cit, or U(X);
  • aan is absent or Leu, Met, Nle, or U(X);
  • aais is absent or Asp, Glu, or U(X);
  • aai 6 is absent or Ser, Gly, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, Lys, R, or U(X);
  • aan is absent or Arg, bArg, Gin, Glu, Cit, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa J8 is absent or Arg, hArg, Ala, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aaig is absent or Ala, Val, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 20 is absent or Gin, Lys, Arg, Cit, Glu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 2 i is absent or Asp, Glu, Leu, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X);
  • aa 22 is absent or Phe, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X)
  • aa 23 is absent or Val, He, Aib, Ac4c, Ac5c, or U(X); wherein any two of aai-aa 23 are optionally cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage; and
  • one, or at least one of aai 6 , aa 17 , aa 18 , aai 9 , aa 2 o, aa 2 j, aa 22 , aa 23 or aa 24 is the natural or unnatural amino acid U covalently attached to X.
  • U is any linker amino acid described herein.
  • U is any linker amino acid described herein.
  • aa ]2 is lysine.
  • aai 4 is leucine.
  • aai 2 is lysine.
  • aai 4 is leucine.
  • aais is a lysine residue attached to X.
  • aan is a homo Arginine (fiArg) residue.
  • aan is a glycine residue.
  • aa 2 is an Aib or Ac4c residue.
  • the peptide comprises one or more Aib residues.
  • peptide comprises one or more Aib residues at the C-terminus.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 619):
  • aa 2 is Aib or Ac4c
  • aan is Arg, hArg or Gin
  • aaig is Aib, Ac4c or Ac5c
  • alkyl is a Cs to C 20 linear alkyl chain.
  • the peptide product ha the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 620): Hisi-aa 2 -Gln 3 -Gly 4 -Thr 5 -Phe 6 -Thr 7 -Serg-Asp 9 -Tyrio-Serii-Lysi 2 -Tyri 3 - Leui 4 -Aspi 5 - Aibi6- aai 7 -Lys(N-omega- -alkyl beta-D-glucuronyl)i8-aai 9 -aa 2 o-NH 2 ; wherein aa 2 is Aib or Ac4c,
  • aan is Arg, hArg or Gin
  • aaig and aa20 are individually Aib, Ac4c or Ac5c;
  • alkyl is a Cs to C 2 o linear alkyl chain.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 621):
  • aa 2 is Aib or Ac4c
  • aai6 is Aib or Ac4c
  • aa J 7 is Arg, hArg or Gin
  • aaig is Aib, Ac4c or Ac5c
  • alkyl is a Cs to C 20 linear alkyl chain.
  • aai 6 and aa 20 are cyclized to form a lactam linkage.
  • the peptide product has the structure: (SEQ. ID. NO. 622)
  • aa 2 is Aib or Ac4c
  • aai 6 and aa 2 o are each individually either Lys or Glu and are cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage;
  • aa ] 7 is Arg, hArg or Gin;
  • aa 2 7 is Met or Nle
  • alkyl is a C8-C 20 linear alkyl chain.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 623):
  • aai 2 and aai 6 are cyclized to form a lactam linkage.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 624):
  • aa2 is Aib or Ac4c
  • aan and aai 6 are each individually either Lys or Glu and are cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage;
  • aan is Arg, or hArg
  • aaig and aa 2 o are individually either Aib, Ac4c or Ac5c;
  • alkyl is a C8-C 2 o linear alkyl chain.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 625):
  • aan and aai 6 are cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage
  • aan is Arg or hArg
  • alkyl is a C 12 , C 14 , C 16 , or C 18 linear alkyl chain.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 626):
  • aa ] 2 and aai 6 are each individually either Lys or Glu
  • aaj 2 and aai 6 are cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage;
  • aan is Arg or hArg;
  • aaig and aa 20 are individually either Aib, Ac4c or Ac5c;
  • the 1 '-alkyl group is selected from dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 627): Hisi-aa 2 -Gln -Gly 4 -Thr 5 -aa 6 -Thr7-Ser8-As 9-Tyrio-Serii-Lysi2- yri 3 - Leui 4 -Aspi5- Seri 6 - Aibi7-Lys(N-omega-l '-dodecyl beta-D-glucuronyl)i8- aai9-NH 2 ; wherein aa 2 is Aib or Ac4c, aa 6 is Me2Phe, MePhe, or Phe; and aai 9 is Aib, Ac4c, or Ac5c.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 628):
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 629):
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 630):
  • aa 2 is Aib or Ac4c:
  • aa 6 is Me2Phe, MePhe, or Phe;
  • aa ]2 and aai 6 are each individually either Lys or Glu;
  • aan is Arg, hArg or Gin
  • aais is Aib or Ala
  • aa 2 3 is Aib, Ac4c, or Ac5c and the 1 '-alkyl group is selected from dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl.
  • the peptide product has the structure (SEQ. ID. NO. 631):
  • aa 2 is Aib or Ac4c: aa 6 is Phe;
  • aai 2 and aai 6 are each individually either Lys or Glu; and aai 2 and aai 6 are cyclized through their side chains to form a lactam linkage;
  • aa ]7 is Arg or fiArg
  • aaig is Aib, Ac4c, or Ac5c;
  • aa 20 is Aib, Ac4c, or Ac5c and the and the 1 '-alkyl group is selected from dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl.
  • X is comprised of a dodecyl alkyl chain.
  • the peptide product is a biologically active peptide product that binds to the GLP1R and/or to the GLCR.
  • R la is a C 6 -C 2 o alkyl chain.
  • R la is a Cs-C 2 o alkyl chain.
  • R la is a Ci 2 -C 2 o alkyl chain.
  • R la is a C12-C16 alkyl chain.
  • an amino moiety of an amino acid and/or a peptide R' (e.g., an amino group of an amino acid residue such as a Lysine, or a lysine residue within the peptide R') is used to form a covalent linkage with a compound of structure:
  • R la is a C1-C20 alkyl chain as described above and in Table 3 of Figure 8 and Table 4 of Figure 9.
  • the amino acid residue having an amino moiety (e.g., a Lysine within the peptide R') which is used to form a covalent linkage to the compound A described above, is a linker amino acid U which is attached to a surfactant X having the structure of Formula A.
  • Lys(C12) of Table 3 of Figure 8 and Table 4 of Figure 9 has the following structure:
  • peptide products of Formula 3-I-A derived from maltouronic acid-based surfactants through binding at either or both carboxylic acid functions.
  • peptides in Table 3 of Figure 8 and Table 4 of Figure 9 comprise a lysine linker amino acid bonded to a maltouronic acid based surfactant X and havin a structure:
  • compounds of Formula 3-I-A are prepared by attaching a lysine to a group X, followed by attachment of additional amino acid residues and/or peptides are attached to the lysine-X compound to obtain compounds of Formula 3-I-A. It will be understood that other natural or non-natural amino acids described herein are also suitable for attachment to the surfactant X and are suitable for attaching additional amino acid/peptides to obtain compounds of Formula 3-I-A.
  • compounds of Formula 3-I-A are prepared by attaching a full length or partial length peptide to a group X, followed by optional attachment of additional amino acid residues and/or peptides are attached to obtain compounds of Formula 3-I-A.
  • compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a peptide product described above, or acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the carrier is an aqueous- based carrier. In some embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions, the carrier is a nonaqueous-based carrier. In some embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions, the nonaqueous-based carrier is a hydro fluoroalkane- like solvent that may comprise sub-micron anhydrous a-lactose or other excipients.
  • Also contemplated within the scope of embodiments presented herein is the reaction of an amino acid and/or a peptide comprising a linker amino acid U bearing a bearing a leaving group or a functional group that can be activated to contain a leaving group, for example a carboxylic acid, or any other reacting group, and a group X comprising a nucleophilic group, thereby allowing for covalent linkage of the amino acid and/or peptide to a surfactant X via the linker amino acid U to provide a peptide product of Formula I-A.

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JP2014511553A JP6148228B2 (ja) 2011-05-18 2012-05-17 改善されたペプチド製剤
AU2012255116A AU2012255116B2 (en) 2011-05-18 2012-05-17 Improved peptide pharmaceuticals
CN201280035528.1A CN103796666B (zh) 2011-05-18 2012-05-17 改良的肽药物
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US16/579,799 US20210077629A1 (en) 2011-05-18 2019-09-23 Improved peptide pharmaceuticals
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