WO2012143984A1 - アルカリ一次電池 - Google Patents
アルカリ一次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012143984A1 WO2012143984A1 PCT/JP2011/006493 JP2011006493W WO2012143984A1 WO 2012143984 A1 WO2012143984 A1 WO 2012143984A1 JP 2011006493 W JP2011006493 W JP 2011006493W WO 2012143984 A1 WO2012143984 A1 WO 2012143984A1
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- negative electrode
- positive electrode
- height
- zinc
- battery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/06—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid
- H01M6/08—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid with cup-shaped electrodes
- H01M6/085—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid with cup-shaped electrodes of the reversed type, i.e. anode in the centre
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/06—Electrodes for primary cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an alkaline primary battery, and more particularly, to an improvement in a positive electrode and a negative electrode of an alkaline primary battery.
- alkaline primary batteries have been used in various devices.
- a battery excellent in heavy load discharge characteristics has been demanded.
- Alkaline primary batteries have a problem in that a high-resistance coating containing zinc oxide is formed on the surface of zinc, which is a negative electrode active material, due to a discharge reaction, and the internal zinc cannot be used effectively for the discharge reaction. For this reason, unreacted zinc (hereinafter also referred to as residual zinc) remains even after the specified electric capacity has been consumed and the device has stopped operating.
- Residual zinc generates gas in the battery, which may cause leakage of the alkaline electrolyte (hereinafter also simply referred to as leakage).
- leakage the alkaline electrolyte
- the electric capacity of the negative electrode is made larger than the electric capacity of the positive electrode to improve the heavy load discharge characteristics and the discharge capacity of the battery.
- Patent Document 1 zinc alloy particles having a ratio of 10 to 80% by mass that can pass through a 200 mesh sieve are used for the negative electrode, and the ratio of the negative electrode capacitance to the positive electrode capacitance (the negative electrode capacitance) / Electric capacity of the positive electrode) is set to 1.05 to 1.10.
- finish of discharge is reduced as much as possible. It is possible to suppress gas generation during overdischarge.
- Patent Document 2 a negative electrode current collector made of zinc alloy containing no zinc or copper is used, and the ratio of the negative electrode electric capacity to the positive electrode electric capacity (negative electrode electric capacity / positive electrode electric capacity) is set to 1.00 to 1. .25.
- gas generation is suppressed by using the above negative electrode current collector. This is because, when an alkaline battery is in an overdischarged state, a conventional negative electrode current collector elutes copper ions, which are one of its constituent elements, and deposits on unreacted zinc. It is based on the idea of promoting gas generation.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 an overdischarge test is performed on one alkaline primary battery, and gas generation is evaluated.
- a plurality of batteries for example, 2 to 8, especially 4 batteries are often connected in series.
- a large load is applied from a battery having a large electric capacity to a battery having a small electric capacity during overdischarge. That is, in such a case, it will be exposed to a severer environment compared with the case where one alkaline primary battery is used.
- Patent Document 2 a specific negative electrode current collector must be used, and there is a problem that zinc contained in the negative electrode current collector is easily involved in the reaction as an active material. In this case, since the negative electrode current collector surface is covered with oxidized zinc, the electrical conductivity is lowered and the discharge performance is lowered.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an alkaline primary battery that can effectively suppress leakage during overdischarge even when a plurality of batteries are connected in series.
- One aspect of the present invention is a cylindrical battery case having a bottom, a hollow cylindrical positive electrode that is in contact with an inner wall of the battery case and containing manganese dioxide, and is disposed in a hollow portion of the positive electrode, and zinc or zinc
- a gel-like negative electrode containing an alloy a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an alkaline electrolyte;
- the positive electrode has an electric capacity C1 and a height L1
- the negative electrode has an electric capacity C2 and a high L2 and electric capacitances C1 and C2 are represented by the relational expression (1): 1.05 ⁇ C2 / C1 ⁇ 1.25 (1)
- the present invention in an alkaline primary battery, sufficient discharge performance can be ensured and the amount of residual zinc in the negative electrode can be reduced. Therefore, a plurality of batteries are connected in series for use. However, it is possible to effectively suppress leakage during overdischarge.
- FIG. 1 It is a front view which makes a cross section a part of AA alkaline primary battery in one Embodiment of this invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between ratio C2 / C1 of the electric capacity of the negative electrode with respect to the electric capacity of a positive electrode, and ratio L2 / L1 of the height of the negative electrode with respect to the height of a positive electrode about the one part battery of Example 2.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the relationship between the discharge time and closed circuit voltage when connecting the battery V1 and the battery V5 of Example 2 in series, respectively, and discharging by 16 (ohm) resistance.
- the present inventors may expand the positive electrode and the negative electrode due to a discharge reaction, increase the volume of the negative electrode that does not face the positive electrode, and this may increase the amount of residual zinc. Focused on that.
- the negative electrode is larger than the positive electrode, and the negative electrode expansion is significant mainly in the height direction of the negative electrode. Therefore, the height of the negative electrode exceeds the height of the positive electrode. Become higher.
- the present inventors have previously assumed expansion of the positive electrode and the negative electrode during discharge of the alkaline primary battery, and have controlled the ratio L2 / L1 of the negative electrode height L2 to the positive electrode height L1 within a specific range.
- the present inventors have found that leakage during overdischarge can be suppressed. Further, it has also been found that when the height ratio L2 / L1 is controlled within a specific range, leakage during overdischarge may be suppressed even when the capacitance ratio C2 / C1 is large. It has been confirmed that when the capacitance ratio C2 / C1 increases, the tendency of leakage during overdischarge tends to occur.
- the relationship between the capacitance ratio C2 / C1 and the occurrence of leakage is the height ratio L2 / L1. It was found that it was also affected by the value.
- a cylindrical battery case with a bottom a hollow cylindrical positive electrode disposed in contact with an inner wall of the battery case and containing manganese dioxide, a hollow cylindrical part of the positive electrode, and zinc or
- an alkaline primary battery comprising a gelled negative electrode containing a zinc alloy, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an alkaline electrolyte, the ratio of the negative electrode capacitance to the positive electrode capacitance;
- the ratio of the height of the negative electrode to the height of the positive electrode is controlled within a specific range.
- the alkaline primary battery of the present invention has electric capacities C1 and C2 represented by the relational expression (1 ): 1.05 ⁇ C2 / C1 ⁇ 1.25 (1) Is satisfied,
- the heights L1 and L2 are represented by the relational expression (2): 0.85 ⁇ L2 / L1 ⁇ f (C2 / C1) (2) Is satisfied.
- f (C2 / C1) ⁇ 0.3058 ⁇ C2 / C1 + 1.3153.
- the balance of the ratio C2 / C1 of the negative electrode capacity to the positive electrode capacity and the ratio L2 / L1 of the negative electrode height to the positive electrode height is controlled within a preferable range different from the conventional one.
- the utilization factor of the negative electrode can be increased to improve the discharge performance, and the leakage during overdischarge can be easily suppressed.
- the volume of the negative electrode that does not face the positive electrode can be reduced to reduce the amount of residual zinc, and as a result, leakage can be suppressed. That is, the opposing area of the positive electrode and the negative electrode in the overdischarge region can be maximized, and the material utilization rate can be increased. Therefore, the amount of residual zinc in the overdischarge region is reduced, and a great effect of suppressing leakage during overdischarge can be obtained.
- the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 When the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 is less than 1.05, the utilization factor of the positive electrode is remarkably lowered, so that a sufficient discharge capacity cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 exceeds 1.25, the amount of the negative electrode increases, and the amount of the positive electrode that can be accommodated in the battery relatively decreases, so that sufficient discharge performance may not be obtained.
- the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 can be calculated as follows. Take out the positive electrode and the negative electrode from the alkaline primary battery, perform treatments such as washing and elution, calculate the mass of the active material contained in each, and multiply this mass by the theoretical capacity of the active material. Electric capacitances C1 and C2 are calculated respectively. Then, the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 can be calculated by dividing the negative electrode electric capacity C2 by the positive electrode electric capacity C1. Since the redox due to the self-discharge of the active material is very slight, the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 is at any point in time from the time when the battery is assembled until it is mounted on the equipment and before the discharge is started. For example, it may be determined within one year or half a year from the assembly of the battery.
- the right side f (C2 / C1) ⁇ 0.3058 ⁇ C2 / C1 + 1.3153 of the formula (2) is the ratio of the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 and the height ratio L2 / L1 of the alkaline primary battery, and the leakage during overdischarge It can be determined based on the relationship with the presence or absence of. Specifically, in the case where a plurality of batteries are connected in series, leakage due to overdischarge is examined under conditions where the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 or the height ratio L2 / L1 is different.
- the height ratio L2 / L1 is plotted against the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1, and among the batteries that did not leak, the height ratio L2 / L1 is different for each value of the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1.
- these points are distributed almost on one straight line, and the formula of this straight line, that is, the primary regression line is the formula of f (C2 / C1).
- the alkaline primary battery used for the determination of f (C2 / C1) and the measurement of C2 / C1 and L2 / L1 is a cylindrical battery, preferably an AA cylindrical battery.
- the height ratio L2 / L1 exceeds f (C2 / C1)
- the height of the negative electrode greatly exceeds the height of the positive electrode in the overdischarge region. Therefore, the volume of the negative electrode that does not face the positive electrode increases, the material utilization rate decreases, and the amount of residual zinc in the overdischarge region increases. As a result, liquid leakage occurs during overdischarge. Further, when the height ratio L2 / L1 is less than 0.85, the reaction efficiency is too low.
- FIG. 1 is a front view of a cross-section of a lateral half of an AA alkaline primary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the alkaline primary battery includes a hollow cylindrical positive electrode 2, a negative electrode 3 disposed in a hollow portion of the positive electrode 2, a separator 4 disposed therebetween, and an alkaline electrolyte (not shown). These are housed in a bottomed cylindrical battery case 1 that also serves as a positive electrode terminal.
- the positive electrode 2 is disposed in contact with the inner wall of the battery case 1, and the hollow portion of the positive electrode 2 is filled with a gelled negative electrode 3 via a separator 4.
- the separator 4 has a bottomed cylindrical shape and is arranged on the inner surface of the hollow portion of the positive electrode 2 to separate the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 from each other and to separate the negative electrode 3 and the battery case 1 from each other.
- the positive electrode 2 contains manganese dioxide and an alkaline electrolyte
- the negative electrode 3 contains zinc or a zinc alloy powder, an alkaline electrolyte, and a gelling agent.
- the opening of the battery case 1 is sealed by a sealing unit 9.
- the sealing unit 9 includes a gasket 5, a negative electrode terminal plate 7 that also serves as a negative electrode terminal, and a negative electrode current collector 6.
- the negative electrode current collector 6 is inserted into the negative electrode 3.
- the negative electrode current collector 6 has a nail-like shape having a head portion and a body portion, and the body portion is inserted into a through hole provided in the central cylinder portion of the gasket 5, so that the negative electrode current collector 6
- the head is welded to the flat portion at the center of the negative terminal plate 7.
- the opening end portion of the battery case 1 is caulked to the flange portion of the peripheral edge portion of the negative electrode terminal plate 7 via the outer peripheral end portion of the gasket 5.
- the outer surface of the battery case 1 is covered with an exterior label 8.
- the height L1 of the positive electrode and the height L2 of the negative electrode are distances from the bottom surface to the top surface, respectively.
- the height L2 of the negative electrode is a distance from the upper surface of the bottom of the separator to the top surface of the gelled negative electrode.
- the height L2 can be measured on the assumption that the horizontal top surface is located between the top and bottom points of the top surface. Then, the height ratio L2 / L1 can be calculated by dividing the height L2 of the negative electrode by the height L1 of the positive electrode.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode expand and change in height. Therefore, the heights L1 and L2 of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are preferably measured after 3-7 days have elapsed since the assembly of the battery after this expansion has subsided. Moreover, when an alkaline primary battery is mounted on equipment and discharge is started, the positive electrode and the negative electrode expand and the height changes. Therefore, the heights L1 and L2 of the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be measured in a stage before being mounted on the devices and starting discharge, and may be measured, for example, within one year or half a year from the assembly of the battery.
- the positive electrode In addition to manganese dioxide, which is a positive electrode active material, the positive electrode usually includes graphite, which is a conductive agent, and an alkaline electrolyte. Moreover, the positive electrode may further contain a binder as necessary. As manganese dioxide, electrolytic manganese dioxide is preferable. Examples of the crystal structure of manganese dioxide include ⁇ -type, ⁇ -type, ⁇ -type, ⁇ -type, ⁇ -type, ⁇ -type, ⁇ -type, and ramsdellite-type.
- manganese dioxide In alkaline primary batteries, manganese dioxide is used in the form of powder.
- Manganese dioxide powder has the property that the larger the BET specific surface area, the more manganese defects exist. When there are many manganese defects, the movement of protons during the discharge reaction is facilitated, and the manganese dioxide easily expands with the progress of the discharge, which promotes the expansion of the positive electrode. From this viewpoint, it is preferable to use a powder having a BET specific surface area of 35 m 2 / g or more as manganese dioxide.
- the expansion of the positive electrode easily follows the negative electrode that tends to expand in the overdischarge region (a gap between the height of the negative electrode and the height of the positive electrode is less likely to occur), and the amount of residual zinc is further increased. Can be reduced.
- the BET specific surface area when the BET specific surface area increases, the particle size of the powder tends to decrease. From the viewpoint of the formability of the positive electrode, it is advantageous that the BET specific surface area is about 50 m 2 / g or less, preferably 48 m 2 / g or less.
- the lower limit value and upper limit value of the specific surface area can be appropriately selected and combined, and the specific surface area may be, for example, in the range of 35 to 48 m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area is a surface area measured and calculated using the BET formula, which is a theoretical formula for multi-layer adsorption, and is the specific surface area of the active material surface and micropores.
- the BET specific surface area can be measured by using a specific surface area measuring device (for example, ASAP2010 manufactured by Micromeritec Co., Ltd.) by a nitrogen adsorption method.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of manganese dioxide is, for example, 25 to 60 ⁇ m, preferably 30 to 45 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D50) of graphite is preferably 3 to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter (D50) is a median diameter in a volume-based particle size distribution.
- the average particle diameter can be determined using, for example, a laser diffraction / scattering particle distribution measuring apparatus (LA-920) manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.
- the content of the conductive agent in the positive electrode is, for example, 3 to 10 parts by mass, preferably 5 to 9 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of manganese dioxide.
- the positive electrode can be obtained, for example, by pressure-molding a positive electrode mixture containing manganese dioxide, graphite, an alkaline electrolyte, and, if necessary, a binder into pellets.
- the positive electrode mixture may be once formed into flakes or granules, classified as necessary, and then pressed into pellets. After the pellets are accommodated in the battery case, the pellets are secondarily pressed using a predetermined instrument so as to be in close contact with the inner wall of the battery case.
- the negative electrode contains zinc or a zinc alloy as a negative electrode active material.
- the zinc alloy preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of indium, bismuth and aluminum from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance.
- the indium content in the zinc alloy is, for example, 0.01 to 0.1% by mass, and the bismuth content is, for example, 0.003 to 0.02% by mass.
- the aluminum content in the zinc alloy is, for example, 0.001 to 0.03% by mass.
- the proportion of elements other than zinc in the zinc alloy is preferably 0.025 to 0.08 mass% from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance.
- Zinc or zinc alloy is usually used in powder form.
- the smaller the particles for example, particles passing through a 200 mesh screen), the more active and the better the output characteristics. Therefore, the zinc or zinc alloy powder preferably contains such particles in a certain content.
- the content of particles that can pass through a 200 mesh screen in zinc or zinc alloy powder is, for example, 20 to 50% by mass, preferably 25 to 40% by mass.
- the small particles have a high activity, but have a characteristic that they are easily deactivated at the end of the discharge reaction. Therefore, if the particle size of zinc or zinc alloy powder is too small, the reaction of the negative electrode cannot be expected in the overdischarge region, which may increase the amount of residual zinc. Therefore, the zinc or zinc alloy powder preferably contains relatively large particles (for example, particles that do not pass through a 100 mesh screen).
- the average particle size (D50) of the zinc or zinc alloy powder is, for example, 100 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably 110 to 160 ⁇ m.
- the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 is controlled within a specific range.
- the capacitance ratio C2 / C1 can be controlled relatively easily.
- the mass of zinc or a zinc alloy is 0.45 to 0.65 parts by mass, preferably 0.5 to 0.6 parts by mass with respect to 1 part by mass of manganese dioxide.
- the negative electrode can be obtained, for example, by mixing zinc or a zinc alloy, a gelling agent, and an alkaline electrolyte.
- a gelling agent known gelling agents used in the field of alkaline primary batteries are used without particular limitation, and for example, a thickener and / or a water-absorbing polymer can be used. Examples of such a gelling agent include polyacrylic acid and sodium polyacrylate.
- the amount of gelling agent added is, for example, 0.5 to 2 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of zinc or zinc alloy.
- the content of zinc or zinc alloy is, for example, 175 to 225 parts by mass, preferably 180 to 220 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the alkaline electrolyte.
- the negative electrode current collector preferably contains copper, and may be made of an alloy containing copper and zinc such as brass, for example.
- the copper content is, for example, 50 to 70% by mass, preferably 60 to 70% by mass.
- the negative electrode current collector may be subjected to a plating treatment such as tin plating, if necessary.
- Sectional area of the body of the negative electrode current collector in a plane parallel to the bottom surface of the battery for example, 1.4 mm 2 or less, preferably using a negative electrode current collector is 1.33 mm 2 or less.
- the cross-sectional area for example, 0.9 mm 2 or more, and it is preferably to 0.95 mm 2 or more.
- the upper limit value and lower limit value of these cross-sectional areas can be appropriately selected and combined, and the cross-sectional area may be in the range of 0.95 to 1.33 mm 2 , for example.
- the material of the separator examples include cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol.
- the cellulose may be regenerated cellulose.
- the separator may be a non-woven fabric mainly using fibers of the above materials, or may be a microporous film such as cellophane.
- a nonwoven fabric and a microporous film may be used in combination, and for example, cellophane may be laminated with a nonwoven fabric containing polyvinyl alcohol fibers.
- the expansion of the negative electrode in the overdischarge region is significant mainly in the height direction of the negative electrode.
- the separator form or adjusting the thickness the expansion of the negative electrode can be absorbed in the radial direction by the separator, and the height ratio L2 / L1 can be more easily controlled. it can.
- the flexible separator serves as a cushion for the expanding negative electrode. That is, as the negative electrode expands, the separator is compressed and the apparent thickness decreases, and functions to absorb the expansion in the height direction of the negative electrode in the radial direction.
- nonwoven fabric As the separator, it is preferable to use a nonwoven fabric as the separator.
- non-woven fabrics include non-woven fabrics mainly composed of cellulose fibers and polyvinyl alcohol fibers, and non-woven fabrics mainly composed of rayon fibers and polyvinyl alcohol fibers.
- the thickness of the separator is, for example, 180 ⁇ m or more, preferably 200 ⁇ m or more. From the viewpoint of suppressing an increase in internal resistance, the thickness of the separator is, for example, 300 ⁇ m or less, preferably 270 ⁇ m or less. These lower limit value and upper limit value can be appropriately selected and combined. For example, the thickness of the separator may be in the range of 200 to 300 ⁇ m or 200 to 270 ⁇ m.
- the separator preferably has the above-mentioned thickness as a whole. If the sheet constituting the separator is thin, a plurality of sheets may be stacked to obtain the above-described thickness. For example, a tubular separator may be formed by winding a nonwoven fabric in triplicate.
- the thickness of the separator mentioned above does not mean the thickness of the single sheet constituting the separator, but means the total thickness at the time of drying in the form of being arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The thickness of the separator can be measured, for example, with a micrometer after the separator taken out of the battery is left in a 45 ° C. environment for 24 hours to remove moisture.
- FIG. 1 shows a cylindrical separator with a bottom.
- the separator is not limited to this, and a separator having a known shape used in the field of alkaline primary batteries can be used.
- a cylindrical separator and a bottom paper (or bottom separator) may be used in combination.
- the alkaline electrolyte is contained in the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator.
- an alkaline aqueous solution containing potassium hydroxide is used as the alkaline electrolyte.
- the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the alkaline electrolyte is preferably 30 to 38% by mass.
- the alkaline aqueous solution may further contain zinc oxide.
- the concentration of zinc oxide in the alkaline electrolyte is preferably 1 to 3% by mass.
- Battery case For example, a bottomed cylindrical metal case is used as the battery case. For example, a nickel-plated steel plate is used for the metal case. In order to improve the adhesion between the positive electrode and the battery case, it is preferable to use a battery case in which the inner surface of the metal case is covered with a carbon film.
- Example 1 AA alkaline batteries A1 to A10 (LR6) shown in FIG. 1 were produced according to the following procedures (1) to (3). Using the obtained alkaline dry battery, the influence of the capacitance ratio C2 / C1 on the leakage during overdischarge was examined.
- the flaky positive electrode mixture was pulverized into granules and classified with a sieve. Using 10 to 100 mesh granules at the mass shown in Table 1, two positive electrode pellets were produced by pressure forming into a predetermined hollow cylindrical shape having an outer diameter of 13.65 mm.
- Negative Electrode Zinc alloy powder (average particle size (D50) 130 ⁇ m) as a negative electrode active material, the above electrolytic solution, and a gelling agent were added at a mass of (180 to 218): 100: 2.1.
- the gelled negative electrode 3 was obtained by mixing at a ratio.
- As the zinc alloy a zinc alloy containing 0.02 mass% indium, 0.01 mass% bismuth, and 0.005 mass% aluminum was used.
- the zinc alloy powder contained 30% by mass of particles that could pass through a 200 mesh screen and 40% by mass of particles that did not pass through a 100 mesh screen.
- the gelling agent a mixture of a thickener composed of a crosslinked branched polyacrylic acid and a water-absorbing polymer composed of a highly crosslinked chain-type sodium polyacrylate was used.
- the mass ratio of the thickener to the water-absorbing polymer was 0.7: 1.4.
- the separator 4 is wrapped with a nonwoven fabric sheet (basis weight: 28 g / m 2 , thickness: 0.09 mm) that is a mixture of solvent-spun cellulose fibers and polyvinyl alcohol fibers having a mass ratio of 1: 1. What was there was used.
- a nonwoven fabric sheet (basis weight: 28 g / m 2 , thickness: 0.09 mm) that is a mixture of solvent-spun cellulose fibers and polyvinyl alcohol fibers having a mass ratio of 1: 1. What was there was used.
- the negative electrode current collector 6 was obtained by pressing a general brass (Cu content: about 65% by mass, Zn content: about 35% by mass) into a nail mold and then performing tin plating on the surface. .
- the diameter of the body part of the negative electrode current collector 6 was 1.15 mm.
- the head of the negative electrode current collector 6 was electrically welded to a negative electrode terminal plate 7 made of a nickel-plated steel plate. Thereafter, the body of the negative electrode current collector 6 was press-fitted into the through hole at the center of the gasket 5 containing polyamide 6 and 12 as a main component. In this manner, a sealing unit 9 including the gasket 5, the negative electrode terminal plate 7, and the negative electrode current collector 6 was produced.
- the sealing unit 9 was installed in the opening of the battery case 1.
- the body of the negative electrode current collector 6 was inserted into the negative electrode 3.
- the opening end of the battery case 1 was caulked to the peripheral edge of the negative electrode terminal plate 7 via the gasket 5 to seal the opening of the battery case 1.
- the outer surface of the battery case 1 was covered with the exterior label 8. In this way, alkaline batteries A1 to A10 were produced.
- the ratio C2 / C1 of the negative electrode capacity to the positive electrode capacity and the ratio L2 / L1 of the negative electrode height to the positive electrode height were calculated in the following manner, and an overdischarge test was performed. A and B were evaluated.
- the inner diameter of the positive electrode was measured by the following method.
- the positive electrode capacitance C1 and the negative electrode capacitance C2 were determined by the following methods, respectively. One week after assembly, the alkaline dry battery was disassembled, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode were all taken out from the battery. All the extracted positive electrodes were sufficiently dissolved in an acid, and insoluble matters were separated by filtration to obtain a sample solution. The content of manganese (Mn) in the sample solution was determined by ICP emission analysis (high frequency inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy). The content was converted to manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) amount, and the mass of manganese dioxide in the positive electrode was calculated. The capacity of manganese dioxide was 308 mAh / g, and the electric capacity C1 of the positive electrode was calculated by multiplying this value by the mass of manganese dioxide in the positive electrode.
- the alkaline batteries after one week from the assembly were photographed with an X-ray fluoroscopic camera, and the respective heights L1 and L2 were determined by measuring the distance from the bottom surface to the top surface for each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the height L2 was measured on the assumption that the horizontal top surface is located between the top and bottom points of the top surface. Then, the height ratio L2 / L1 was calculated by dividing the negative electrode height L2 by the positive electrode height L1.
- the internal diameter of the positive electrode was measured based on the image image
- Example 2 In this example, the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 was set to a constant value, and the influence of the height ratio L2 / L1 on the leakage during overdischarge was examined.
- the alkaline dry batteries V1 to Z10 were made in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the size of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the mass of the active material, and the mass ratio of the negative electrode active material and the electrolyte were changed as shown in Tables 2 to 6. Produced.
- the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 and the height ratio L2 / L1 were calculated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the overdischarge tests A and B were evaluated.
- the above evaluation results are shown in Tables 2 to 6 together with the size, mass and electric capacity of the positive and negative electrodes. In these tables, the values of the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1 and the height ratio L2 / L1 are also shown.
- FIG. 2 shows a graph in which the height ratio L2 / L1 is plotted against the electric capacity ratio C2 / C1.
- the battery that leaked in the overdischarge test B is indicated by a white circle
- the battery that did not leak is indicated by a black circle.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the discharge duration per battery and the closed-circuit voltage at that time when four batteries V1 and V5 are discharged in series with a resistance of 16 ⁇ .
- the upper limit of L2 / L1 is the battery V1 that does not satisfy the expression (2).
- the discharge capacity in the overdischarge region is increased.
- the discharge capacity in the overdischarge region is increased, the amount of residual zinc in the negative electrode is reduced, and the amount of gas generated is reduced, so that the effect of suppressing leakage during overdischarge can be obtained. Conceivable.
- the alkaline primary battery of the present invention is excellent in leakage resistance at the time of overdischarge, and thus can be suitably used for any device using a dry battery as a power source. In particular, it is also suitable for applications in which a plurality of batteries that are easily leaked are connected in series.
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Abstract
Description
そこで、こうした漏液の問題を回避するためには、過放電時における残亜鉛量を少なくして、電池内でのガス発生量を低減することが求められている。
しかし、実際に、アルカリ一次電池を機器に装着する際には、複数の電池、例えば、2~8個、中でも4個の電池を直列に接続して用いられることが多い。複数個のアルカリ一次電池を直列に接続して用いた場合、過放電時には、電気容量の大きい電池から小さい電池へより大きな負荷がかかる。つまり、このような場合、アルカリ一次電池を1個用いる場合と比べてより過酷な環境にさらされることとなる。
1.05≦C2/C1≦1.25 (1)
を充足し、高さL1およびL2が、関係式(2):
0.85≦L2/L1≦f(C2/C1) (2)
を充足し、ただし、f(C2/C1)=-0.3058×C2/C1+1.3153である、アルカリ一次電池に関する。
また、高さ比L2/L1を特定の範囲に制御すると、電気容量比C2/C1が大きい場合であっても、過放電時の漏液を抑制できる場合があることも見出した。電気容量比C2/C1が大きくなると過放電時の漏液が発生し易くなる傾向が確認されたが、電気容量比C2/C1と漏液の発生との関係は、高さ比L2/L1の値にも影響されることがわかった。
1.05≦C2/C1≦1.25 (1)
を充足し、
前記高さL1およびL2が、関係式(2):
0.85≦L2/L1≦f(C2/C1) (2)
を充足する。ただし、f(C2/C1)=-0.3058×C2/C1+1.3153である。
活物質の自己放電による酸化還元は極めて軽微であるため、電気容量比C2/C1は、電池を組み立ててから、機器類に装着して放電を開始する前までの段階であれば、どの時点で決定してもよく、例えば、電池の組み立てから1年以内または半年以内に決定してもよい。
(正極)
正極は、正極活物質である二酸化マンガンに加え、通常、導電剤である黒鉛およびアルカリ電解液を含む。また、正極は、必要に応じて、さらに結着剤を含有してもよい。
二酸化マンガンとしては、電解二酸化マンガンが好ましい。二酸化マンガンの結晶構造としては、α型、β型、γ型、δ型、ε型、η型、λ型、ラムスデライト型が挙げられる。
黒鉛の平均粒径(D50)は、3~20μmが好ましく、5~15μmがより好ましい。
なお、平均粒径(D50)とは、体積基準の粒度分布におけるメジアン径である。平均粒径は、例えば、(株)堀場製作所製のレーザ回折/散乱式粒子分布測定装置(LA-920)を用いて求められる。
ペレットは、電池ケース内に収容された後、所定の器具を用いて、電池ケース内壁に密着するように二次加圧される。
負極は、負極活物質として、亜鉛または亜鉛合金を含む。
亜鉛合金は、耐食性の観点から、インジウム、ビスマスおよびアルミニウムからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種を含むのが好ましい。亜鉛合金中のインジウム含有量は、例えば、0.01~0.1質量%であり、ビスマス含有量は、例えば、0.003~0.02質量%である。亜鉛合金中のアルミニウム含有量は、例えば、0.001~0.03質量%である。亜鉛合金中において亜鉛以外の元素が占める割合は、耐食性の観点から、0.025~0.08質量%であるのが好ましい。
そこで、亜鉛または亜鉛合金粉末は、比較的大きい粒子(例えば、100メッシュの篩目を通過しない粒子)を含有することが好ましい。
ゲル化剤としては、アルカリ一次電池の分野で使用される公知のゲル化剤が特に制限なく使用され、例えば、増粘剤および/または吸水性ポリマーなどが使用できる。このようなゲル化剤としては、例えば、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウムが挙げられる。
ゲル状負極に挿入される負極集電体の材質としては、例えば、金属合金などが挙げられる。負極集電体は、好ましくは、銅を含み、例えば、真鍮などの銅および亜鉛を含む合金製であってもよい。銅を含む負極集電体において、銅の含有量は、例えば、50~70質量%、好ましくは60~70質量%である。本発明では、銅を含む負極集電体を用いても、電気容量比C2/C1と高さ比L2/L1とを制御するため、過放電時の漏液を有効に抑制することができる。負極集電体は、必要により、スズメッキなどのメッキ処理がされていてもよい。
セパレータの材質としては、例えば、セルロース、ポリビニルアルコールなどが例示できる。セルロースは、再生セルロースであってもよい。
セパレータは、上記材料の繊維を主体として用いた不織布であってもよく、セロファンなどの微多孔膜であってもよい。不織布と微多孔膜とを併用してもよく、例えば、セロファンに、ポリビニルアルコール繊維を含む不織布をラミネートしたものであってもよい。
なお、上述したセパレータの厚さは、セパレータを構成するシート単体の厚さを意味するのではなく、正極と負極の間に配置する形態での乾燥時の総厚みを意味するものである。セパレータの厚みは、例えば、電池内部より取り出したセパレータを45℃環境下で24時間放置し、水分を除去した後にマイクロメータで測定することもできる。
アルカリ電解液は、正極、負極およびセパレータ中に含まれる。アルカリ電解液としては、例えば、水酸化カリウムを含むアルカリ水溶液が用いられる。アルカリ電解液中の水酸化カリウムの濃度は、30~38質量%が好ましい。
アルカリ水溶液に、さらに酸化亜鉛を含ませてもよい。アルカリ電解液中の酸化亜鉛の濃度は、1~3質量%が好ましい。
電池ケースには、例えば、有底円筒形の金属ケースが用いられる。金属ケースには、例えば、ニッケルめっき鋼板が用いられる。正極と電池ケースとの間の密着性を良くするためには、金属ケースの内面を炭素被膜で被覆した電池ケースを用いるのが好ましい。
下記の(1)~(3)の手順に従って、図1に示す単3形のアルカリ乾電池A1~A10(LR6)を作製した。得られたアルカリ乾電池を用いて、過放電時の漏液に及ぼす電気容量比C2/C1の影響を調べた。
正極活物質である電解二酸化マンガン粉末(平均粒径(D50)35μm)に、導電剤である黒鉛粉末(平均粒径(D50)8μm)を加え、混合物を得た。電解二酸化マンガン粉末および黒鉛粉末の質量比は92.4:7.6とした。なお、電解二酸化マンガン粉末は、比表面積が41m2/gであるものを用いた。混合物に電解液を加え、充分に攪拌した後、フレーク状に圧縮成形して、正極合剤を得た。混合物および電解液の質量比は100:1.5とした。電解液には、水酸化カリウム(濃度35質量%)および酸化亜鉛(濃度2質量%)を含むアルカリ水溶液を用いた。
負極活物質である亜鉛合金粉末(平均粒径(D50)130μm)と、上記の電解液と、ゲル化剤とを、(180~218):100:2.1の質量比で混合し、ゲル状の負極3を得た。亜鉛合金には、0.02質量%のインジウムと、0.01質量%のビスマスと、0.005質量%のアルミニウムとを含む亜鉛合金を用いた。なお、亜鉛合金粉末は、200メッシュの篩目を通過し得る粒子を30質量%および100メッシュの篩目を通過しない粒子を40質量%含んでいた。ゲル化剤には、架橋分岐型ポリアクリル酸からなる増粘剤、および高架橋鎖状型ポリアクリル酸ナトリウムからなる吸水性ポリマーの混合物を用いた。増粘剤と吸水性ポリマーとの質量比は0.7:1.4とした。
ニッケルめっき鋼板製の有底円筒形の電池ケース(外径13.80mm、円筒部の肉厚0.15mm、高さ50.3mm)の内面に、日本黒鉛(株)製のバニーハイトを塗布して厚み約10μmの炭素被膜を形成し、電池ケース1を得た。電池ケース1内に正極ペレットを縦に2個挿入した後、加圧して、電池ケース1の内壁に密着した状態の正極2を形成した。有底円筒形のセパレータ4(厚み0.27mm)を正極2の内側に配置した後、上記の電解液を注入し、セパレータ4に含浸させた。この状態で所定時間放置し、電解液をセパレータ4から正極2へ浸透させた。その後、表1に示す質量のゲル状負極3を、セパレータ4の内側に充填した。
正極の電気容量C1および負極の電気容量C2を、それぞれ以下の方法により求めた。
組み立ててから1週間経過後のアルカリ乾電池を分解し、電池内から正極および負極をそれぞれ全て取り出した。
取り出した全ての正極を充分に酸に溶解し、不溶分を濾別して試料溶液を得た。ICP発光分析法(高周波誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析法)により、試料溶液中のマンガン(Mn)の含有量を求めた。その含有量を二酸化マンガン(MnO2)量に換算して、正極中の二酸化マンガンの質量を算出した。二酸化マンガンの容量を308mAh/gとし、この値に、正極中の二酸化マンガンの質量を乗ずることにより、正極の電気容量C1を算出した。
そして、負極の電気容量C2を、正極の電気容量C1を除することにより、電気容量比C2/C1を算出した。
組み立ててから1週間経過後のアルカリ乾電池を、X線透視カメラで撮影し、正極および負極のそれぞれについて、底面から頂面までの距離を測定することによってそれぞれの高さL1およびL2を求めた。なお、負極の頂面が底面と水平にならない場合には、頂面の最上点と最下点との中間に、水平な頂面が位置するものと仮定して、高さL2を測定した。そして、負極の高さL2を、正極の高さL1で除することにより、高さ比L2/L1を算出した。
また、X線透視カメラで撮影した画像に基づいて、正極の内径を測定した。
組み立てたアルカリ乾電池1個を、20±1℃の温度にて、4Ωの抵抗で放電させた。放電開始から1ヶ月後に、漏液の有無を確認した。このような試験を、計10個のアルカリ乾電池について実施し、漏液した電池の個数に基づいて、過放電時の耐漏液性を評価した。
組み立てたアルカリ乾電池を4個直列に接続し、20±1℃の温度にて、16Ωの抵抗で放電させた。放電開始から1ヶ月後に、漏液の有無を確認した。このような試験を、アルカリ乾電池4個を1セットとして、計10セットについて実施し、漏液が見られたセット数に基づいて、過放電時の耐漏液性を評価した。
正極および負極のサイズ、質量および電気容量とともに、上記の評価結果を表1に示す。
高さ比L2/L1が0.97および0.95のいずれの場合にも、電気容量比C2/C1が大きくなると漏液が発生した。しかし、高さ比L2/L1が0.95である場合に比べて、0.97である場合の方が、電気容量比C2/C1の値が小さくても、漏電が生じることが分かった。
本実施例では、電気容量比C2/C1を一定の値とし、過放電時の漏液に及ぼす、高さ比L2/L1の影響を調べた。
正極および負極のサイズや活物質の質量、負極活物質と電解液の質量比を、表2~表6に示すように変更する以外は、実施例1と同様にして、アルカリ乾電池V1~Z10を作製した。
正極および負極のサイズ、質量および電気容量とともに、上記の評価結果を表2~表6に示す。これらの表には、電気容量比C2/C1および高さ比L2/L1の値も合わせて記載した。
実施例1では、電気容量比C2/C1が1.19以上の場合に、過放電試験Bで漏液が確認されたが(表1)、表5および表6に示されるように、電気容量比C2/C1が、1.21や1.25の場合であっても、高さ比L2/L1を制御すると、過放電試験Bで漏液しなくなることが分かった。
また、L2/L1が0.85よりも小さいと、正極と負極とが対向する領域の面積が小さくなりすぎ、反応効率が低下して放電性能の低下が顕著となり、アルカリ電池の商品価値を低下させてしまうために好ましくない。このような放電性能の低下は、特に、複数の電池を接続して用いる場合に顕著となる。そのため、0.85≦L2/L1に設定することも重要である。
図3から明らかなように、C2/C1およびL2/L1が式(1)および(2)を満たすように制御した電池V5では、L2/L1の上限が式(2)を充足しない電池V1に比べて、過放電領域における放電容量が大きくなっていることがわかる。このように、過放電領域における放電容量が増加することにより、負極中の残亜鉛量が低減し、ガス発生量が減少することで、過放電時の漏液を抑止できるという効果が得られると考えられる。
2 正極
3 負極
4 セパレータ
5 ガスケット
6 負極集電体
7 負極端子板
8 外装ラベル
9 封口ユニット
Claims (5)
- 有底円筒形の電池ケースと、
前記電池ケースの内壁に接して配され、かつ二酸化マンガンを含む中空円筒形の正極と、
前記正極の中空部内に配され、かつ亜鉛または亜鉛合金を含むゲル状の負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に配されるセパレータと、
アルカリ電解液と、を含み、
前記正極が電気容量C1および高さL1を有し、
前記負極が電気容量C2および高さL2を有し、
前記電気容量C1およびC2が、関係式(1):
1.05≦C2/C1≦1.25 (1)
を充足し、
前記高さL1およびL2が、関係式(2):
0.85≦L2/L1≦f(C2/C1) (2)
を充足し、ただし、f(C2/C1)=-0.3058×C2/C1+1.3153である、アルカリ一次電池。 - 前記二酸化マンガンは、35~48m2/gの比表面積を有する粉末である請求項1に記載のアルカリ一次電池。
- 前記亜鉛または亜鉛合金は、100メッシュの篩目を通過しない粒子を20~55質量%含む粉末である請求項1または2に記載のアルカリ一次電池。
- 前記セパレータの厚さが、200μm~300μmである請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のアルカリ一次電池。
- 単3形電池である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のアルカリ一次電池。
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EP11860718.3A EP2538476B1 (en) | 2011-04-18 | 2011-11-22 | Alkaline primary battery |
CN201180014695.3A CN102859767B (zh) | 2011-04-18 | 2011-11-22 | 碱性一次电池 |
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JP2009151958A (ja) | 2007-12-19 | 2009-07-09 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | アルカリ電池 |
JP2010086860A (ja) * | 2008-10-01 | 2010-04-15 | Panasonic Corp | アルカリ電池 |
JP2010123319A (ja) * | 2008-11-18 | 2010-06-03 | Panasonic Corp | アルカリ電池 |
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EP2538476A4 (en) | 2013-05-01 |
US20130065112A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
EP2538476B1 (en) | 2014-03-12 |
EP2538476A1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
CN102859767B (zh) | 2015-08-05 |
CN102859767A (zh) | 2013-01-02 |
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