Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
  • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
  • E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
  • B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
  • B29B17/0026—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics by agglomeration or compacting
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
  • B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
  • B29B17/0026—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics by agglomeration or compacting
  • B29B17/0036—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics by agglomeration or compacting of large particles, e.g. beads, granules, pellets, flakes, slices
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
  • B29B9/00—Making granules
  • B29B9/08—Making granules by agglomerating smaller particles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
  • B29B9/00—Making granules
  • B29B9/16—Auxiliary treatment of granules
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
  • C08J3/126—Polymer particles coated by polymer, e.g. core shell structures
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
  • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
  • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
  • E01C13/02—Foundations, e.g. with drainage or heating arrangements
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
  • B29B9/00—Making granules
  • B29B9/16—Auxiliary treatment of granules
  • B29B2009/163—Coating, i.e. applying a layer of liquid or solid material on the granule
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
  • E01C2201/00—Paving elements
  • E01C2201/10—Paving elements having build-in shock absorbing devices
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
  • E01C2201/00—Paving elements
  • E01C2201/20—Drainage details
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
  • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
  • Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
  • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
  • Y10T428/249982—With component specified as adhesive or bonding agent

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method of forming a substrate for a sports surface of a sports pitch.
• the invention also relates to a substrate obtained with the method according to the invention.
• the invention also relates to a sports pitch provided with such subtrate.
• Such 'end of life' plastic materials are typically in the form of packaging materials, moulded articles, products, profiles, sheet, coatings, fabrics or fibers and are found in general industrial, manufacturing, building and household waste etc. They can broadly be described as:
• Plastic granules, beads, pellets, slivers, flakes, chips and noodles derived from recycling plastics cover all families of polymers defined as plastics, such as, but not limited to the families of Polyolefin, Polyesters, Polyamides, Poly Vinyl Chlorides (PVC's), Polystyrenes and Polyurethanes found in general industrial, manufacturing, land transportation, aerospace, agricultural, horticultural, food and general packaging, building and household waste. Also, sources such as material reclaimed from landfill and material retrieved / harvested from the oceans in the form of flotsam and jetsam.
• plastics such as, but not limited to the families of Polyolefin, Polyesters, Polyamides, Poly Vinyl Chlorides (PVC's), Polystyrenes and Polyurethanes found in general industrial, manufacturing, land transportation, aerospace, agricultural, horticultural, food and general packaging, building and household waste. Also, sources such as material reclaimed from landfill and material retrieved / harvested from the oceans in the form
• plastics cover of the families of Polyolefin, Polyesters, Polyamides, PVC's, Polystyrenes and Polyurethanes.
• Feedstock This material is referred to as “Feedstock” and there are vast quantities of this material available. Feedstock will generally consist of a random mix of plastic types, sizes, densities, colours; in a form of being flexible, rigid, semi rigid, filled or expanded in character or nature and are likely to include thin sheets, film, fibers, etc.
• the feedstock material must be processed using mechanical methods which result in a granulate with a more consistent size, bulk density and volume. Such processes are known as densification or agglomeration.
• Densification or agglomeration is a process well known in the recycling plastics industry, in which plastics are chopped into fine flakes and then fed into a machine which uses friction to convert them into a semi molten state. The fine flakes join together increasing the mass and density of the material flowing through the machine. The mass of plastics exiting the machine is cooled, chopped, granulated or otherwise comminuted to a predetermined size.
• the densifying process includes one or more sieving stages whereby granulate which is considered to be outside the predetermined useful range is automatically returned to the infeed of the densifying process.
• the plastic material (referred to above as Feedstock) used in the agglomeration process can be any type of plastics and the presence of some foreign materials which are non-plastic (e.g. wood, paper, fibres) are not an issue, therefore the amount of pre-processing is reduced and increased quantities of material due for landfill or burning are reused.
• non-plastic e.g. wood, paper, fibres
• the densified plastic granulate shall be of a size whereby the ratio of the largest dimensional plane of each granule (x) and its perpendicular dimensions (y and z) are at least 30% to 100% of the largest dimensional plane.
• the cornerstone of the invention is to use the Feedstock plastic, which is then agglomerated into granules and then used in the construction of base construction profiles in the applications described in the background section above.
• the basis of the invention is to create a system which provides an option for either an in-situation or a pre-formed module which has the properties of base point loading, compression strength, in-built porosity and controlled / managed drainage, plus in-built shock absorption.
• the system is designed to limit the environmental impact and carbon footprint of the base construction element while reducing the financial cost of the project.
• the system will reduce the amount of spoil removed from site by reducing the required excavation depths (depending on pre-existing geological conditions). Although certain aspects of the traditional base profile will still be required, the amount of rock required to build up the base profile will be significantly reduced. There will still be a requirement for the geo-textile membrane and the non-porous capping layer.
• the invention uses the granules as the aggregate material which in turn is bound together in order to stabilise the structure, resulting in a substrate layer according to the invention.
• the binding materials can be Polyurethane, Bitumen or Polyofin displacements, which are mixed (either hot or cold) with the granules at ratios depending on application and property requirements.
• Such binders are characterised to impart thermal stability, hydrolytic stability, having no significant change in properties upon being submerged in water or exposed to changing humidity and temperature environments. Thus the desired structural integrity and physical properties remain on standing and when in use.
• the granules are in a loose granule form and depending on the application and properties required the size range of the granules is between 0.5 mm to 20mm. The ratio or particle range of these sizes is adjusted depending on the properties required. Added to this is the binding material which is added using formulas based on weight of the granules. These ratios range between 8% binder by weights to 30% binder by weight.
• the invention will be made in a porous permeable form by using proportions of granules and binder so that sufficient void or interstitial space remains between the granules.
• This void space can vary in amount in accordance with the particulate which is used for example between 15% to 60% by volume. Such void space will be an advantage to allow drainage in all directions, vertically and laterally.
• Void space can also be used to provide storage or attenuation of water if is so necessary.
• Figure 1 represents the cross-section of a typical, known dynamic base construction profile according to the state of the art
• Figure 2 represents the cross-section of a typical, known engineered base construction with shock pad profile
• Figure 3 represents the cross-section of another typical, known engineered base construction with in-situation shock pad profile
• Figure 4 represents the cross-section of another typical, known engineered base construction with preformed shock pad profile
• Figure 5 represents the cross-section of an in-situation sub-grade course construction profile according to the invention.
• Figure 6 represents the cross-section of a preformed sub-grade course in panel format construction profile according to the invention.
• Figure 7 represents the cross-section of an in-situation sub-grade course and performance course construction profile according to the invention.
• Figure 8 represents a cross-section of a pre-formed dual-density performance course plus sub-grade course in panel format construction profile according to the invention
• Figure 9 represents the cross-section of an in-situation composite course construction profile according to the invention.
• Figure 10 represents the cross-section of a preformed Composite course in panel format construction profile according to the invention
• Figure 1 1 represents the cross-section of an in-situation sub-grade course and performance course construction profile over an existing brown field substrate according to the invention.
• Figure 1 represents the cross-section of a typical, known dynamic base construction profile according to the state of the art:
• 'full build' projects which are defined as new-build pitches constructed on a virgin site and include the construction of a stable sub-grade, drainage system, porous base, optional shock absorption layer and finally the artificial turf surface.
• the start of the construction process is to remove a pre-determined depth of existing sub-soils 5. This depth is determined by a geological survey which measures and classifies the conditions on that particular site. These conditions relate to the make up of the existing sub grades, plus local drainage, rainfall and general location factors. From this data the depth of excavation and the profile of the base construction can be designed.
• the depth and therefore the volume of spoil 5 removed can be quite wide-ranging. However an average of 0.5 metres depth of removal is usually performed. It is also assumed that the average sized ATP would be 6000 square metres (m 2 ). As a consequence, the amount of spoil to be removed from a 6000 m 2 pitch construction would be 3000m 3 . Typically, all spoil is transported to landfill, hence a large cost in transportation, landfill fees and impact on the environment.
• a capping layer of geo-textile 4 and specially graded rock / dust 3 must be installed before the main body of the new base is constructed.
• a drainage system 6 which is designed to remove water permeating down through the upper rock sub-base by means of drainage pipes in the field pattern. These pipes lead the water off the playing area into ring main land drains or similar water drainage control systems. In some cases water is piped into storage facilities and recirculated back on to the pitch, either as part of the turf system performance or for use as cooling during hot weather.
• the excavated area now needs to be in filled with layers of specially graded rock 2 and 3 which will provide a stable, free draining platform on which to install the playing surface 1.
• the rock has to be sourced and graded to a particular specification and this rock needs to be transported to site, in filled, levelled and compacted. In some cases the correct rock specification may only be available in certain quarries, which in turns adds to the cost and environmental impact.
• Dynamic bases also known as un-bound bases
• base profiles that have a loose rock construction 2 throughout and are topped with a compacted, rock binding layer. This binder layer consists of fine graded rock dust and is designed to be stable and free draining.
• Figure 2 represents the cross-section of a typical, known engineered base construction with shock pad profile:
• engineered bases also known as bound bases
• loose rock construction 2 As described above with reference to Figure 1 , instead of being topped with the loose binding layer, they are typically topped with two layers of porous asphalt, indicated with reference numerals 7 and 8.
• the first layer or levelling / load bearing layer 8 consists of a certain consistent rock grade bound with bitumen laid at an average depth of 25 millimetres (mm).
• the second layer, known as the wearing course 7 is paved over the first asphalt layer 8 and consists of a finer graded rock bound with bitumen.
• This critical element requires expensive paving machinery which is operated by highly skilled workers and is a considerable cost in the overall base construction. Furthermore, it is a time consuming process.
• shock absorption layer Depending on the type of artificial turf system to be installed a shock absorption layer
• Figure 3 represents the cross-section of a typical, known engineered base construction with in-situation shock pad profile:
• the in-situation pads 9 of the Figure 3 embodiment are defined as pads that are installed on-site by a machine directly onto the base construction.
• the vast majority of in- situation pads are paved directly onto the dynamic or engineered base construction and use a combination of rubber granules mixed with a Polyurethane binder.
• the rubber granules used in such pads are generally sourced from recycled/ granulated car and truck tyres and are referred to as Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) granules.
• SBR Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber
• a small ratio of pea gravel is mixed with the rubber and again bound with Polyurethane binder.
• the mixture is laid onto the base construction with a specialised paving machine, which controls the depth and evenness of the shock pad.
• An advantage of this form of installation is that the pad 9 is attached to the base construction 7-8-3-4 and is therefore dimensionally stable both during installation and during the play life of the pitch. There are no seams or joints in this form of pad and therefore limited potential for failure.
• Figure 4 represents the cross-section of a typical, known engineered base construction with preformed shock pad profile:
• Pre-formed shock pads 10 are pads that have been manufactured away from the work site by companies who specialize in this area. Although this form of shock pad 10 can also be produced from SBR rubber and Polyurethane binder, other pre-formed systems use a much wider range of materials. These alternative systems comprise many other shock absorbent materials such as open and closed cell foams, felts, three-dimensional random or woven matrices, all of which can be constructed with either virgin of recycled materials.
• the tolerances of thickness, density and performance can be controlled.
• the system can be made into a variety of formats, but the most common are rolls or panels. These rolls or panels 10 are delivered to the work site and installed onto the base construction by various techniques by the workers who generally install the turf. Little specialised installation equipment is required and the work skill level is reduced. As the products are manufactured under controlled environments the strict tolerances of conformity are easier to meet with limited remedial work required.
• pre-formed pads 10 can suffer from dimensional instability and movement during turf installation and during the playing life of the pitch. There is also a potential for failure in the joints or seams 10a created during installation. Furthermore, any small undulations in the base/sub-base 7-8-3-4 cannot be 'masked' or levelled by the pre-formed layer 10 as they are a constant thickness.
• pre-formed shock pads 10 are a more expensive system when compared to in-situation pads 9 ( Figure 3).
• shock pads under artificial turf is becoming more common, especially in the increasing volume markets of contact sports such as Soccer, American Football, rugby, Australian Rules football and Gaelic Football.
• shock pad can be engineered to provide satisfactory performance for the sports / bio-mechanical performance for certain sports but this can often compromise the performance requirements of other sports. Therefore the ability to design a turf system which is a true 'cross code', multiple use surfaces is limited.
• a surface which conforms to the highest Soccer performance criteria will not offer the required performance characteristics for a top level Australian Rules football surface.
• a structure consisting of particle sizes form 0.5mm to 5mm and a binder content of 10% by weight of granules will deliver increased properties for bio-mechanical values but decrease the civil engineering values.
• This kind of ratio suits areas where the underlying geology is stable, either from exist sub-soils/grades or where existing ATP are been renovated, hence the pre-existence of a stone base layer.
• the layer offers a shock absorbent and safety value which still offers the properties of water management and some civil engineering values such as point and spread loading, allow some reduction in base construction depth, depending on the depth of the layer according to the invention.
• a structure consisting of particle sizes form 5 mm to 10 mm and a binder content of
• a structure consisting of particle sizes from 10mm to 20mm and a binder content of 20% by weight of granules will deliver decreased properties for bio-mechanical values but increased the civil engineering values.
• This kind of application suits areas where the underlying geo-graphical is un-stabile, or the demands of the end use require high civil values for point loading.
• the layer offers some shock absorbent value which still offers the properties of water management and increased ability for water storage within the layer according to the invention.
• the strength of this structure further reduces the base construction depth depending on the thickness of the layer according to the invention.
• the layer according to the invention would benefit from the inclusion of non-plastic materials, such as rubber ganules, recycled glass chippings, stone chipping, lava stones and pea gravel. These inclusion will help assist added values in either sports performance values or civil enginnering values.
• the system would either be a single layer of material according to the invention; which would replace the standard 'dynamic' base construction profile. This layer is now referred to as the 'sub-grade course'.
• a second layer (herein referred to as the 'performance course') would be placed on top of the sub-grade course.
• Some applications may allow a composite single layer which would offer the required values for sub-grade and performance courses.
• the sub-grade course is designed to act as the load bearing and drainage layer and replaces the vast majority of excavation depth and subsequent volume of rock required in standard construction profiles.
• the thickness of this layer can range from 10 mm to 100 mm depending on the underlying geological conditions.
• the layer can be composed using granules at granule size ratios which are formulated depending on the performance required, while parameters are influenced by the existing geological and drainage conditions, point loading and stability requirements. The nature of this layer allows the free flow of water both horizontally and vertically, therefore a standard field drainage system is not required.
• base profiling and design could allow water to be held within the sub- grade course.
• the benefit of this water retention would have a double benefit; firstly to create a mini artificial aquifer, thus allowing water to be retained and re-circulated to water fully- synthetic (water-based) Hockey pitches.
• pitches with infill systems to help assist in cooling the playing surface; either by re-circulating water from the mini aquifer onto the playing surface, or through retaining moisture in the infill materials from the sub-grade layer up.
• Figure 5 represents the cross-section of an in-situation sub-grade course construction profile:
• Figure 6 represents the cross-section of a preformed sub-grade course in panel format construction profile:
• the sub-grade course 11 can be manufactured off-site in panel format and then installed over the capping layer 4.
• the materials are mixed together in the pre-determined ratios and a binding agent is added and mixed with the materials.
• This resulting mixture can be extruded or moulded or formed as a mass and cut sliced or otherwise divided into separate panels, boards or tiles 11 which can have inter-locking faces 11 a-1 1 b to allow the panels 11 to be close fitting or locked together during on site installation.
• the benefit of this delivery method is that the consistency of the layer 11 can be controlled under strict manufacturing conditions.
• the design of the panels 11 also allows quick and easy installation in all weather conditions with no specialised equipment required.
• an additional performance course 12 (Figure 7 and 8) can be implemented in the overall construction.
• the performance course 12 is designed to act as a stable shock absorption layer with added point loading, replacing the wearing asphalt course and the in-situation or pre-formed shock pad.
• the thickness of this layer 12 can range from 5 mm to 100 mm depending on the shock absorption characteristics required.
• the layer can be composed of one or more of the materials described above, mixed in various ratios. These ratios are formulated depending on the performance required.
• the layer 12 is porous and displays the same water control and management characteristics as the sub-grade course described above.
• Figure 7 represents the cross-section of an in-situation sub-grade course and performance course construction profile:
• the materials are mixed together in the pre-determined ratios and a binding agent is added and mixed with the materials.
• the resulting mixture 12 is paved directly onto the sub- grade course 1 1 in the same manner as asphalt, utilising the same machinery.
• the binder in the performance course 12 reacts with the cured binder in the sub-grade course 11 during installation so that both layers 11 and 12 are firmly locked together. While the skill level required ensuring correct levels and smoothness is still important, it is an existing skill with no new special requirements or training.
• Figure 8 represents a cross-section of a pre-formed dual-density performance course
• the separate panels 1 1 and 12 can be manufactured as 'dual density' panels 20.
• the materials for the sub-grade course 11 are still mixed together in the predetermined ratios and a binding agent is added and mixed with the materials. This resulting mixture is extruded or moulded into panels 11 as before.
• materials for the performance course 12 is still mixed together in the pre-determined ratios and a binding agent is added and mixed with the materials. These materials are then extruded or moulded on top of the sub-grade course or layer 11 to form two distinct layers within the same panel 20.
• the panel now has all the properties required of the two courses 11 and 12. These panels are designed to have inter-locking 'male' and 'female' profiles 20a-20b. These profiles allow the separate panels 20 to be locked together during on site installation.
• the benefit of this delivery method is that the consistency of the layer 20 can be controlled under strict manufacturing conditions.
• the design of the panels 20 also allows quick and easy installation in all weather conditions with no specialised equipment required.
• the system can be designed as a composite grade.
• the composite grade is one layer 13 which offers the performance of both the sub-grade course / layer 11 and performance course / layer 12.
• the performance is pre-determined by the selection of materials and the mixing ratios of those materials.
• This layer 13 can be installed either by the in-situation of pre-formed methods described above.
• the thickness of this layer can range from 5 mm to 100 mm depending on the characteristics required.
• the layer 13 is porous and displays the same water control and management characteristics as the other methods described above.
• Figure 9 represents the cross-section of an in-situation composite course construction profile:
• the materials are mixed together in the pre-determined ratios and a binding agent is added and mixed with the materials.
• the resulting mixture 13 is paved directly onto the capping layer 4 in the same manner as asphalt, utilising the same machinery.
• Figure 10 represents the cross-section of a preformed composite course 13 in panel format construction profile:
• the composite course 13 can be manufactured off-site in the panels 13' and then installed over the capping layer 4.
• the materials are mixed together in the pre-determined ratios and a binding agent is added and mixed with the materials.
• This resulting mixture is extruded or moulded into panels 13' which are designed to have inter-locking 'male' and 'female' profiles 13a-13b. These profiles allow the panels 13' to be locked together during installation.
• the benefit of this delivery method is that the consistency of the layer 13 can be controlled under strict manufacturing conditions.
• the design of the panels 13 also allows quick and easy installation in all weather conditions with no specialised equipment required.
• Brown field sites can be defined as areas which have previously been used for some other purpose i.e. old landfill sites, disused industrial sites, education and housing areas etc. It is important to note that these areas of different from 'green field' sites, which are defined as areas that have had no previous usage apart from agriculture and / or natural land.
• Figure 1 1 represents the cross-section of an in-situation sub-grade course and performance course construction profile 14 over an existing brown field substrate 4-5:
• the construction, base profiles and the installation methods described above remain the same and the capping layer 4 is formed over the exist ground 5.
• the composition and the thickness of the system depend over what type of surface is being constructed. For example, a construction over an existing concrete or rubble floor will already have a great deal of load bearing and spread capacity, therefore the design of the layers can be designed to concentrate on shock absorption and drainage.
• a substrate is formed from granular plastics material, which has been coated in binder to form a stable, substantially incompressible, water permeable or water retaining substrate.
• plastics material which is the plastics material that current processes cannot any longer recycle, because of its chemistry, because it is has already been recycled, because it is dirty or otherwise difficult to sort. Not only does this have environmental advantages, because the material no longer has to go to landfill or incineration, the material is also preserved for future reuse, re-processing or recycling.
• this sub-base may be formed as preform parts, but it is particularly advantageously used by forming appropriate layers in situ using existing pavement pavers, which typically lay down a 21 ⁇ 2 metre wide layer of self levelling material, without, essentially any compaction, the only pressure on the material being that of the grader or scraper bar.
• existing pavement pavers typically lay down a 21 ⁇ 2 metre wide layer of self levelling material, without, essentially any compaction, the only pressure on the material being that of the grader or scraper bar.
• the absence of compaction means that the granular material will adhere to where it contacts other granular material leaving a pattern of voids through the material so that it is pervious to water. If it is laid on an impermeable surface, the nature of the material formed is such that water will become subject to lateral capillary action whereby the water is ejected through the side edges of the substrate frequently avoiding the need for drains to be formed underneath the substrate location. It also means that the substrate can be laid flat, without the need for drainage grading, which occurs in most existing arrangements.
• the binding materials can be Polyurethane, Bitumen or Polyofin displacements and may form between 8 and 20% of the substrate. It is desirable that the granules have a range of sizes in order to provide a good pattern of voids.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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• 2011
  • 2011-04-05 GB GB201105755A patent/GB201105755D0/en not_active Ceased
• 2012
  • 2012-04-02 KR KR20137029308A patent/KR20140038961A/ko active Application Filing
  • 2012-04-02 WO PCT/NL2012/050217 patent/WO2012138216A1/en active Application Filing
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