WO2012073084A1 - Membran-elektroden-einheit und brennstoffzellen mit verbesserter lebensdauer - Google Patents
Membran-elektroden-einheit und brennstoffzellen mit verbesserter lebensdauer Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012073084A1 WO2012073084A1 PCT/IB2011/002775 IB2011002775W WO2012073084A1 WO 2012073084 A1 WO2012073084 A1 WO 2012073084A1 IB 2011002775 W IB2011002775 W IB 2011002775W WO 2012073084 A1 WO2012073084 A1 WO 2012073084A1
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- reinforcing elements
- electrode assembly
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0289—Means for holding the electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to membrane-electrode assemblies and
- PEM Polymer electrolyte membrane
- proton-conducting membranes Here are predominantly perfluorinated polymers application.
- Prominent example is National TM by DuPont de Nemours, Willmington USA.
- proton conduction is a relatively high
- Required water content in the membrane which is typically at 4 - 20 molecules of water per sulfonic acid group.
- the necessary water content but also the stability of the polymer in combination with acidic water and the reaction gases hydrogen and oxygen, usually limits the operating temperature of the PEM fuel cell stacks to 80-100 ° C. Under pressure, the
- Operating temperatures can be increased to> 120 ° C. Otherwise, higher
- the cooling devices can be made much simpler. This means that in fuel cell systems that are operated at temperatures above 100 ° C, the waste heat made much better usable and thus the fuel cell system efficiency can be increased by electricity-heat coupling.
- membranes with new conductivity mechanisms are generally used.
- One approach for this is the use of membranes, which show an electrical conductivity without the use of water.
- the first promising development in this direction is set out in document WO 96/13872. Since the tapped voltage of a single fuel cell is relatively low, several membrane-electrode units are generally connected in series and connected to each other via planar separator plates (bipolar plates). The membrane-electrode assemblies and separator plates must be included
- Object of the present invention was therefore to provide membrane electrode assemblies and fuel cells with the highest possible performance that can be produced in the simplest possible way, on a large scale, as inexpensively and reproducibly as possible and also have an improved life.
- the fuel cells should preferably have the following properties:
- the fuel cells should last as long as possible.
- the fuel cells should be as high as possible after a long period of operation
- the fuel cells should be able to withstand permanent or changing pressure differences between anode and cathode in the best possible way.
- the fuel cells should have an improved temperature and
- the subject of the present invention is a membrane-electrode assembly comprising at least two electrochemically active electrodes separated by at least one polymer-electrolyte membrane comprising the aforementioned fibrous-shaped polymer-electrolyte membrane
- Reinforcement elements have at least partially functional groups having a covalent chemical bond between the fibers and the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the polymer electrolyte membranes suitable for the purposes of the present invention are known per se.
- membranes are used which comprise acids, which acids may also be covalently bonded to the polymers.
- Basic polymers preferably form the polymer in the polymer electrolyte membrane. These membranes comprise acids or are doped with acids, so that an acid-base complex forms between the basic polymer and the acid.
- acids are preferred which release protons without additional water, e.g. by means of the so-called Grotthus mechanism.
- the basic polymer in the context of the present invention is preferably a basic polymer having at least one nitrogen, oxygen or
- Sulfur atom preferably at least one nitrogen atom, in one
- the repeating unit in the basic polymer according to a preferred embodiment contains an aromatic ring having at least one nitrogen atom.
- the aromatic ring is preferably a five- or six-membered ring having one to three nitrogen atoms which may be fused to another ring, especially another aromatic ring.
- high-temperature-stable polymers which contain at least one nitrogen
- High temperature stability in the context of the present invention is a polymer which can be operated as a polymeric electrolyte in a fuel cell at temperatures above 120 ° C permanently.
- Permanently means that a membrane according to the invention at least 100 hours, preferably at least 500 hours, at least 80 ° C, preferably at least 120 ° C, more preferably
- polystyrene resin at least 160 ° C, without the performance, which can be measured according to the method described in WO 01/18894 A2, by more than 50%, based on the initial power decreases.
- all the abovementioned polymers can be used individually or as a mixture (blend), also with other polymers.
- Blends which contain polyazoles and / or polysulfones are particularly preferred.
- the preferred blend components are polyethersulfone,
- Polymer blends are particularly useful, which comprise at least one basic polymer and at least one acidic polymer, preferably in a weight ratio of 1: 99 to 99: 1 (so-called acid-base polymer blends).
- acid-base polymer blends particularly suitable acidic polymers in this context include polymers having sulfonic acid and / or phosphonic acid groups.
- Very particularly suitable acid-base polymer blends according to the invention are described in detail, for example, in the publication EP1073690 A1.
- a particularly preferred group of basic polymers are polyazoles.
- a basic polymer based on polyazole contains recurring azole units of the general formula (I) and / or (II) and / or (III) and / or (IV) and / or (V) and / or (VI) and / or (VII) and / or (VIII) and / or (IX) and / or (X) and / or (XI) and / or (XIII) and / or (XIV) and / or (XV) and / or (XVI) and / or (XVII) and / or (XVIII) and / or (XIX) and / or (XX) and / or (XXI) and / or (XXII) and / or (XXII) and / or ( XXII))
- Ar are the same or different and represent a four-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 1 are the same or different and represent a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 2 is the same or are different and represent a two- or three-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 3 are the same or different and are a trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar are the same or different and are a trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 5 are the same or different and are a four-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 1 are the same or different and represent a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononucle
- heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 6 are the same or different and are a divalent aromatic or
- Ar 7 are the same or different and are a divalent aromatic or
- Ar 8 are the same or different and are a trivalent aromatic or
- Ar 9 are the same or different and are a two- or three- or diminuhexige
- aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 10 are the same or different and represent a divalent or trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear,
- Ar 11 are the same or different and are for a divalent aromatic or
- heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- X is the same or different and is oxygen, sulfur or a
- Amino group which carries a hydrogen atom, a 1-20 carbon atoms having group, preferably a branched or unbranched alkyl or alkoxy group, or an aryl group as a further radical
- R is the same or different than hydrogen, an alkyl group or a
- n, m is an integer greater than or equal to 10, preferably greater than or equal to 100.
- Preferred aromatic or heteroaromatic groups are derived from benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane, diphenyldimethylmethane, bisphenone, diphenylsulfone, quinoline, pyridine, bipyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, tetrazine, pyrol, pyrazole, anthracene, benzopyrrole, benzotriazole,
- the substitution pattern of Ar 1 , Ar 4 , Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 , Ar 11 is arbitrary, in the case of phenylene, for example, Ar 1 , Ar 4 , Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 , Ar 11 Ortho, meta- and para-phenylene.
- Particularly preferred groups are derived from benzene and biphenylene, which may optionally also be substituted.
- Preferred alkyl groups are short chain alkyl groups of 1 to 4
- Carbon atoms such as. For example, methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl and t-butyl groups.
- Preferred aromatic groups are phenyl or naphthyl groups.
- Alkyl groups and the aromatic groups may be substituted.
- Preferred substituents are halogen atoms such as. As fluorine, amino groups,
- Hydroxy groups or short-chain alkyl groups such as. For example, methyl or ethyl groups.
- the polyazoles can in principle also have different recurring units
- polyazole polymers are polyimidazoles, polybenzothiazoles, polybenzoxazoles, polyoxadiazoles, polyquinoxalines, polythiadiazoles, poly (pyridines), poly (pyrimidines) and poly (tetrazapyrenes).
- the polymer containing recurring azole units is a copolymer or a blend containing at least two units of the formulas (I) to (XXII) which differ from each other.
- the polymers can be present as block copolymers (diblock, triblock), random copolymers, periodic copolymers and / or alternating polymers.
- the polymer containing recurring azole units is a polyazole which contains only units of the formula (I) and / or (II).
- the number of repeating azole units in the polymer is preferably an integer greater than or equal to 10.
- Particularly preferred polymers contain at least 100 recurring azole units.
- polymers containing recurring benzimidazole units are preferred.
- Some examples of the most useful polymers containing benzimidazole recurring units are represented by the following formulas:
- n and m are integers greater than or equal to 10, preferably greater than or equal to 100.
- one or more nitrogen heteroatoms it is also possible for one or more nitrogen heteroatoms to be replaced by other heteroatoms; preferably these other heteroatoms are oxygen and / or sulfur atoms.
- Such compounds are also to be subsumed under the name benzimidazole.
- the polyazoles used, but especially the polybenzimidazoles are characterized by a high molecular weight. Measured as intrinsic viscosity this is at least 0.2 dl / g, preferably 0.8 to 10 dl / g, in particular 1 to 10 dl / g.
- Preferred polybenzimidazoles are commercially available under the trade name Celazole®.
- the preferred polysulfones include in particular polysulfones having aromatic and / or heteroaromatic groups in the main chain. According to a particular aspect of the present invention, preferred
- Polysulfones and polyethersulfones a melt volume rate MVR 300/21, 6 is less than or equal to 40 cm 3/10 min, especially less than or equal to 30 cm 3/10 min and particularly preferably less than or equal to 20 cm 3/10 min measured according to IS01 133rd
- polysulfones having a Vicat softening temperature VST / A / 50 of 180 ° C to 230 ° C are preferred.
- the number average molecular weight of the polysulfones is greater than 30,000 g / mol.
- the polymers based on polysulfone include, in particular, polymers which contain repeating units having linking sulfone groups corresponding to the general formulas A, B, C, D, E, F and / or G:
- radicals R independently of one another or different, represent an aromatic or heteroaromatic group, these radicals having been explained in more detail above.
- these radicals include in particular 1, 2-phenylene, 1, 3-phenylene, 1, 4-phenylene, 4,4'-biphenyl, pyridine, quinoline, naphthalene, phenanthrene.
- Preferred polysulfones for the purposes of the present invention include homopolymers and copolymers, for example random copolymers.
- Particularly preferred polysulfones comprise recurring units of the formulas H to N:
- the above-described polysulfones can 720 P, ® Ultrason E, ® Ultrason S, ® Mindel, ® Radel A, ® Radel R, ® Victrex HTA, ® Astrel and ® Udel be obtained commercially under the trade names Victrex 200 P, ® Victrex.
- polyether ketones polyether ketone ketones
- polyether ether ketones polyether ether ketones
- polyether ether ketone ketones polyaryl ketones
- High performance polymers are known per se and can be obtained commercially under the trade names Victrex® PEEK TM, ® Hostatec, ® Kadel. According to the present invention, the polymer electrolyte membrane
- Reinforcement elements which at least partially penetrate the polymer electrolyte membrane, d. H. at least partially penetrate into the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the reinforcing elements are predominantly embedded in the membrane and protrude, if at all, only sporadically out of it.
- the membranes reinforced according to the invention can no longer be delaminated nondestructively.
- Laminar structures in which the polymer electrolyte membrane and the reinforcing elements each form separate layers which are connected to one another but do not penetrate one another must be distinguished from this. Such laminar structures are also included within the scope of the present invention.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane is fiber-reinforced and the
- Reinforcing elements preferably comprise monofilaments, multifilaments, long and / or short fibers, hybrid yarns and / or bi-component fibers.
- the reinforcing element can also form a textile surface. Suitable textile surfaces are nonwovens, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, knitted fabrics, felts, scrims and / or meshes, particularly preferably scrims, woven fabrics and / or nonwovens.
- Fabrics designate products of predominantly crossed threads of monofilaments and / or multifilament threads.
- the mesh size of the textile surface can usually be from 20 to 2000 ⁇ , for the purposes of the present invention, textile surfaces, in particular fabrics, scrim and grid, with a mesh size in the range of 30 to 300 ⁇ have proven particularly useful.
- the mesh size can be determined, for example, by electronic image analysis of an optical or TEM image.
- the open screen surface a 0 of the textile surface, in particular of the fabric, scrim and grid, can usually be in the range from 0.1 to 98%, preferably in the range from 20 to 80%. She can talk about the relationship
- the mesh count n of the fabric may usually be in the range of 8 to 140 n / cm, but preferably in the range of 50 to 90 n / cm. She can talk about the relationship
- the scrim / grid usually have 7 to 140 counts / cm of filaments.
- the yarn diameters of the yarns or fibers forming the textile surface, in particular of the fabric can be in the range of 20-950 ⁇ m
- Minimum thickness of the reinforcing elements preferably corresponds to the total thickness of the polymer membrane.
- Nonwoven fabrics refer to flexible, porous sheets which are not made by conventional warp and weft weave or stitching methods but by entanglement and / or cohesive and / or adhesive bonding of fibers (e.g., spunbond or melt blown nonwovens).
- Nonwovens are loose materials made of staple fibers or filaments, the cohesion of which is generally given by the inherent adhesion of the fibers or by mechanical post consolidation.
- the individual fibers may have a preferred direction
- nonwovens oriented or cross-nonwovens
- non-directional nonwovens non-directional nonwovens
- the nonwovens can be hydrodynamically and / or mechanically consolidated by needling, intermeshing or by swirling by means of water jets (so-called spunlaced nonwovens).
- Adhesively consolidated nonwovens are preferably made by bonding the fibers with liquid binders, in particular with acrylate polymers, SBR / NBR,
- Polyvinyl ester or polyurethane dispersions or by melting or dissolving so-called binder fibers, which were added to the nonwoven in the production obtained.
- the fiber surfaces are conveniently dissolved by suitable chemicals and pressure bonded or heat sealed at elevated temperature.
- the nonwoven fabrics are further reinforced by additional threads, woven or knitted fabric.
- the weight per unit area of the nonwoven fabrics is advantageously 30 g / m 2 to 500 g / m 2 , in particular 30 g / m 2 to 150 g / m 2 .
- the reinforcing elements which may be part of a woven, knitted, knitted or nonwoven fabric, may have a virtually round cross-section or may have other shapes, such as dumbbell, kidney-shaped, triangular or multilobal cross-sections. Also bicomponent fibers are possible.
- the reinforcing elements preferably have a diameter in the range from 10 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 20 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, particularly preferably in the range from 20 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m, and in particular in the range from 25 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m [in the.
- the maximum diameter refers to the longest dimension in the cross section.
- the reinforcing elements desirably have a Young's modulus of at least 5 GPa, preferably at least 10 GPa, more preferably at least 20 GPa.
- the elongation at break of the reinforcing elements is preferably in the range of 0.5% to 100%, preferably in the range of 1% to 60%.
- the volume fraction of the reinforcing elements is expediently in the range from 5% by volume to 95% by volume, preferably in the range from 10% by volume to 80% by volume, especially preferably in the range from 10% by volume to 50% by volume and in particular in the range from 10% by volume to 30% by volume. It is preferably measured at 20 ° C.
- the reinforcing elements expediently take on such a force that, in the force-strain diagram at 20 ° C., the reference force of the polymer electrolyte membrane coincides
- Reinforcing elements compared with the polymer electrolyte membrane without reinforcing elements, in the range between 0 and 1% elongation at least one location by at least 10%, preferably by at least 20% and most preferably by at least 30%, different.
- the reinforcement is conveniently such that the reference force of the polymer electrolyte membrane is at room temperature (20 ° C) divided by the reference force of the liner at 180 ° C as measured at at least one point in the range between 0 and 1% elongation. a quotient of the highest 3, preferably at most 2.5, especially preferably less than 2 results.
- the reference force is measured according to EN 29073, part 3 on 5 cm wide specimens with a measuring length of 100 mm.
- Centinewton [cN] is the numerical value of the basis weight of the sample, expressed in grams per square meter.
- Reinforcement elements are those polymers that can be chemically functionalized.
- Suitable polymers for the fibrous reinforcing elements include, among others
- Polyolefins such as poly (chloroprene), polyacetylene, polyphenylene, poly (xylylene), polyarylmethylene, polystyrene, polymethylstyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl ether, polyvinylamine, poly (N-vinylacetamide), polyvinylimidazole,
- Polyvinylcarbazole polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylchloride,
- Polyvinylidene chloride polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyhexafluoropropylene,
- Polychlorotrifluoroethylene polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrolein,
- Polymers with C-O bonds in the main chain for example polyacetal, polyoxymethylene, polyether, polypropylene oxide, polyepichlorohydrin,
- Polyhydroxybenzoate polyhydroxypropionic acid, polypivalolactone, polycaprolactone, polymalonic acid, polycarbonate;
- Polymers having CS bonds in the main chain for example, polysulfide ethers, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones, polyethersulfone; Polymers with CN bonds in the main chain, for example polyimines,
- Polyisocyanides polyetherimine, polyetherimides, polyaniline, polyaramides, polyamides, polyhydrazides, polyurethanes, polyimides, polyazoles, polyazole ether ketone, polyazines, polybenzoxazoles, polybenzoxazines; liquid crystalline polymers, in particular Vectra TM and inorganic polymers, for example polysilanes, polycarbosilanes, polysiloxanes, polysilicic acid, polysilicates, silicones, polyphosphazenes and polythiazyl.
- chemical functionalization is meant the introduction of a functional group capable of forming a covalent chemical bond between the fibers and the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- Suitable functional groups are preferably amines, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic anhydrides, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic acid amides, acetals, alcohols, ethers, sulfonic acid halides and halides.
- Preferred polymers for the fibrous reinforcing elements are
- PEK Polyether ketones
- PEEK polyether ether ketones
- polysulfones polysulfones
- Polyethersulfones polyazoles, polyacrylonitriles (PAN), polyphosphazenes,
- Polyphenylene oxide Polyetherimides and polyaramides.
- the polymers mentioned above are functionalized, preferably in the form of their fibers.
- the polymer is first nitrated and then reduced to the amine, or the polymer is first carboxylated then saponified in the corresponding carboxylic acid ester. Suitable procedures are described, for example, in WO 01/64322 and WO 01/64773.
- the fibrous reinforcements thus have functional groups which are capable of reacting with the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane or in a further structure of the polymers react with these and form a covalent bonds between the polymer of the fibrous reinforcement and the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- Polymer electrolyte membrane still monomers and / or oligomers constituents (each at least 1 wt .-%).
- the polymer electrolyte membranes can be prepared in a manner known per se, wherein they expediently with the directly during their production Reinforcing elements are provided, preferably by forming the polymer electrolyte membrane in the presence of the reinforcing elements and arranges them in such a way that they at least partially penetrate the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- doped polyazole films are obtained by a process comprising the steps
- fibrous reinforcing elements B) arranging fibrous reinforcing elements on a support, wherein the fibrous reinforcing elements at least one functional group selected from amino, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester or their
- step C) applying a layer using the mixture according to step A) on the carrier from step B) in such a way that the reinforcing elements at least partially penetrate the mixture
- step D) heating the sheet / layer obtainable according to step C) under inert gas to temperatures of up to 350 ° C, preferably up to 280 ° C to form the polyazole polymer, which forms covalent chemical bonds to the functional group of the fibrous reinforcing elements,
- step E) Treatment of the membrane formed in step D) (until it is self-supporting).
- This variant requires the use of reinforcing elements whose
- step B it is also possible to omit step B) and to perform the feeding of the reinforcing elements before or during step D).
- Reinforcing elements are for example available under the trade name Celtec ®.
- Carboxylic acid compounds preferably include di-carboxylic acids and tri-carboxylic acids and tetra-carboxylic acids or their esters or their anhydrides or their acid chlorides.
- aromatic carboxylic acids equally includes heteroaromatic carboxylic acids.
- the aromatic dicarboxylic acids are um
- Fluoroterephthalic acid tetrafluorophthalic acid, tetrafluoroisophthalic acid,
- Tetrafluoroterephthalic acid 1, 4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1, 5
- Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,7-
- Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid diphenic acid, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-dicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ether-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, benzophenone-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, diphenylsulfone
- Carboxycinnamic acid or their C1-C20-alkyl esters or C5-C12-aryl esters, or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides.
- the aromatic tri-, tetra-carboxylic acids or their C 1 -C 20 -alkyl esters or C 5 -C 12 -aryl esters or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides are preferably 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid ), 1, 2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (trimellitic acid), (2-carboxyphenyl) -iminodiacetic acid, 3,5,3'-biphenyltricarboxylic acid or 3,5,4'-biphenyltricarboxylic acid.
- aromatic tetracarboxylic acids or their C 1 -C 20 -alkyl esters or C 5 -C 12 -aryl esters or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides are preferably 3,5,3 ', 5'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2,4 , 5-benzene tetracarboxylic acid, Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ', 4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 2,2', 3,3'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2,5,6-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid or 1, 4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid.
- heteroaromatic carboxylic acids used are preferably heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids or tricarboxylic acids or tetracarboxylic acids or their esters or their anhydrides.
- Heteroaromatic carboxylic acids are aromatic systems which contain at least one nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus atom in the aromatic.
- pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 4-phenyl-2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 3,5 Pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyrimidinedicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid, 2,4,6-pyridinetricarboxylic acid or benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid or their C1-C20-alkyl-ester or C5-C12-aryl-ester, or their Acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides.
- the content of tricarboxylic acid or tetracarboxylic acids is between 0 and 30 mol%, preferably 0.1 and 20 mol%, in particular 0.5 and 10 mol%.
- heteroaromatic diaminocarboxylic acids to diaminobenzoic acid or their mono- and dihydrochloride derivatives. Preference is given to mixtures of at least 2 different aromatic acids
- Carboxylic acids used Particular preference is given to using mixtures which, in addition to aromatic carboxylic acids, also contain heteroaromatic carboxylic acids.
- heteroaromatic carboxylic acids is between 1:99 and 99: 1, preferably 1:50 to 50: 1.
- mixtures are, in particular, mixtures of N-heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic dicarboxylic acids.
- Non-limiting examples are isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 2,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid,
- Dihydroxyisophthalic acid 2,3-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 2,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid.
- Benzophenone-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid diphenylsulfone-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, 4-trifluoromethylphthalic acid, pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2 , 6-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 4-phenyl-2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 3,5-pyrazoldicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyrimidinedicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid.
- the tetra-amino compounds to be used in step A) preferably comprise 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminobiphenyl, 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine, 1, 2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene, 3,3', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenylsulfone, 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 3,3', 4,4'-tetraaminobenzophenone, 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenylmethane and 3,3', 4, 4'-Tetraaminodiphenyldimethylmethan and salts thereof, in particular their mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahydrochloride derivatives.
- the polyphosphoric acid used in step A) is
- polyphosphoric acids such as those available from Riedel-de Haen, for example.
- the polyphosphoric acids ⁇ ⁇ + 2 ⁇ 3 ⁇ + ⁇ (n> 1) usually have a content calculated as P 2 0 5 (acidimetric) of at least 83%.
- P 2 0 5 acidimetric
- the mixture produced in step A) has a weight ratio of polyphosphoric acid to sum of all monomers of 1: 10,000 to 10,000: 1, preferably 1: 1000 to 1000: 1, in particular 1: 100 to 100: 1, on.
- the layer formation according to step C) takes place by means of measures known per se (casting, spraying, doctoring) which are known from the prior art for polymer film production.
- the carrier all under the conditions as internal to be designated carrier are suitable.
- the solution may optionally be treated with phosphoric acid (concentrated phosphoric acid, 85%). This allows the viscosity to be adjusted to the desired value and the formation of the membrane can be facilitated.
- the layer produced according to step C) has a thickness between 20 and 4000 ⁇ , preferably between 30 and 3500 pm, in particular between 50 and 3000 ⁇ .
- step D) Containing tetracarboxylic acid, thereby a branching / crosslinking of the polymer formed is achieved. This contributes to the improvement of the mechanical property.
- the treatment of the polymer layer produced according to step D) is carried out in
- the treatment can be carried out so far that the membrane is self-supporting, so that it can be detached from the carrier without damage.
- step D) the planar structure obtained in step C) is set to a
- the inert gases to be used in step D) are known in the art. These include in particular nitrogen and noble gases, such as neon, argon, helium.
- step A) by heating the mixture from step A) to temperatures of up to 350 ° C., preferably up to 280 ° C., the formation of oligomers and / or low molecular weight polymers can already be effected.
- step D) can be omitted partially or completely. This variant is also the subject of the present invention.
- the treatment of the membrane in step E) takes place at temperatures above 0 ° C and below 150 ° C, preferably at temperatures between 10 ° C and 120 ° C, in particular between room temperature (20 C C) and 90 ° C, in the presence of moisture or water and / or water vapor and / or water-containing phosphoric acid of up to 85%.
- the treatment is preferably carried out under
- step E The partial hydrolysis of the polyphosphoric acid in step E) leads to a
- the intra- and intermolecular structures (interpenetrating networks IPN) present in the polyphosphoric acid layer according to step C) result in step C). to an ordered membrane formation, which is responsible for the special properties of the membrane formed.
- the upper temperature limit of the treatment according to step E) is generally 150 ° C. With extremely short exposure to moisture, for example from superheated steam, this steam may also be hotter than 150 ° C. Essential for the upper temperature limit is the duration of the treatment.
- the partial hydrolysis (step E) can also be carried out in climatic chambers in which the hydrolysis can be controlled in a controlled manner under defined action of moisture.
- the moisture can be adjusted in a targeted manner by the temperature or saturation of the contacting environment, for example gases, such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or other suitable gases, or water vapor.
- gases such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or other suitable gases, or water vapor.
- the duration of treatment depends on the parameters selected above.
- the duration of treatment depends on the thickness of the membrane.
- the treatment time is between a few seconds to minutes, for example under the action of superheated steam, or up to full days, for example in air at room temperature and low relative humidity.
- the treatment time is preferably between 10 seconds and 300 hours, in particular 1 minute to 200 hours.
- the treatment duration is between 1 and 200 hours.
- the membrane obtained according to step E) can be made self-supporting, i. it can be detached from the wearer without damage and subsequently
- the concentration of phosphoric acid and thus the conductivity of the polymer membrane is adjustable.
- the concentration of phosphoric acid is reported as moles of acid per mole of repeat unit of the polymer.
- membranes having a particularly high phosphoric acid concentration can be obtained.
- a concentration (mol of phosphoric acid based on a repeat unit of the formula (I), for example polybenzimidazole) is between 10 and 50, in particular between 12 and 40.
- concentrations are very difficult or impossible to access by doping polyazoles with commercially available ortho-phosphoric acid.
- heteroaromatic diaminocarboxylic acids in the melt at temperatures of up to 350 ° C, preferably up to 300 ° C,
- fibrous reinforcing elements on a support, wherein the fibrous reinforcing elements at least one functional group selected from amino, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester or their
- step 2) impregnating the fibrous reinforcing elements with a solution according to step 2) and heating under inert gas to temperatures of up to 300 ° C, preferably up to 280 ° C, to form the dissolved Polyazol- polymers, said covalent chemical bonds to the functional group of forms fibrous reinforcing elements,
- step 5 treatment of the membrane formed in step 4) until it is self-supporting.
- doped polyazole films are obtained by a process in which the polyphosphoric acid is wholly or partially replaced by organic phosphonic anhydrides be replaced. Such a procedure, but without the incorporation of reinforcing elements, is described for example in WO 2005/063851.
- the organic phosphonic anhydrides mentioned above are cyclic compounds of the formula
- anhydrides of the multiple organic phosphonic acids such as the formula of anhydrides of diphosphonic acid
- radical R and R ' is the same or different and represents a - C 20 - carbon-containing group.
- O carbon-containing group is preferably the radicals -C 2 -alkyl C 2, more preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl - In the present invention, a C , t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl,
- Ci - groups by -O-, -S-, -NR 1 - - or -CONR 2 - C 2 o-carbon containing groups one or more non-adjacent CH 2 may be replaced and one or more H Atoms can be replaced by F.
- one or more non-adjacent CH groups may be replaced by -O-, -S-, -NR 1 - or -CONR 2 and one or more H - Atoms can be replaced by F.
- radicals R and R 2 are identical or different at each occurrence H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C-atoms. Particularly preferred are organic phosphonic anhydrides which are partially or perfluorinated.
- organic phosphonic anhydrides used can also be used in
- Polyphosphoric acid is commercially available polyphosphoric acids such as those available from Riedel-de Haen, for example.
- the polyphosphoric acids H n + 2 PnO 3n + i (n> 1) usually have a content calculated as P 2 0 5
- organic phosphonic anhydrides can also be used in combination with simple and / or multiple organic phosphonic acids.
- the simple and / or multiple organic phosphonic acids are compounds of the formula
- radical R is identical or different and represents a C 1 -C 20 -carbon-containing group and n> 2.
- Particularly preferred radicals R have already been described above.
- organic phosphonic acids are commercially available, for example the products of the company Clariant or Aldrich.
- organic phosphonic acids do not include vinyl-containing phosphonic acids as described in International Publication WO 03/075389.
- the produced mixture has a weight ratio of organic compound
- Phosphonic anhydrides to sum of all polymers from 1: 10,000 to 10,000: 1, preferably 1: 1000 to 1000: 1, in particular 1: 100 to 100: 1, on. Insofar as these phosphonic anhydrides are used in admixture with polyphosphoric acid or simple and / or multiple organic phosphonic acids, these have to be considered in the case of the phosphonic anhydrides.
- organophosphonic acids preferably perfluorinated organic phosphonic acids, can be added to the mixture produced.
- the membrane in particular the membrane based on polyazoles, can still by exposure to heat in the presence of atmospheric oxygen at the surface be networked. This hardening of the membrane surface additionally improves the properties of the membrane.
- the oxygen concentration in this process step is usually in the range from 5 to 50% by volume.
- IR infra red, ie light with a wavelength of more than 700 nm
- NIR near IR, ie light with a wavelength in the range of about 700 to 2000 nm or an energy in the range of about 0.6 to 1.75 eV).
- Another method is the irradiation with ß-rays.
- the radiation dose is between 5 and 200 kGy.
- the duration of the crosslinking reaction can be in a wide range. In general, this reaction time is in the range of 1 second to 10 hours, preferably 1 minute to 1 hour, without this being a restriction.
- the membrane-electrode assembly comprises at least two electrochemically active electrodes (anode and cathode) which are separated by the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- electrochemically active indicates that the electrodes are capable of catalyzing the oxidation of hydrogen and / or at least one reformate and the reduction of oxygen, this property being obtained by coating the electrodes with platinum and / or ruthenium
- electrode means that the material is electrically conductive.
- the electrode may optionally have a noble metal layer. Such electrodes are known and are described, for example, in US 4,191,618, US 4,212,714 and US 4,333,805.
- the electrodes preferably include gas diffusion layers in contact with a catalyst layer.
- gas diffusion layers usually planar, electrically conductive and acid-resistant structures are used. These include, for example, graphite fiber papers, carbon fiber papers, graphite fabrics and / or papers rendered conductive by the addition of carbon black. Through these layers, a fine distribution of the gas and / or liquid streams is achieved.
- gas diffusion layers can be used which contain a mechanically stable support material, which with at least one electrically conductive material, for. As carbon (for example carbon black) is impregnated.
- Support materials particularly suitable for these purposes comprise fibers, for example in the form of nonwovens, papers or fabrics, in particular carbon fibers, glass fibers or fibers containing organic polymers, for example polypropylene,
- Polyester polyethylene terephthalate
- polyphenylene sulfide polyphenylene sulfide
- polyether ketones polyether ketones
- the gas diffusion layers preferably have a thickness in the range from 80 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m, in particular in the range from 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m and particularly preferably in the range from 150 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m. Furthermore, the gas diffusion layers favorably have a high porosity. This is preferably in the range of 20% to 80%.
- the gas diffusion layers may contain conventional additives. These include, but are not limited to, fluoropolymers, e.g. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and
- Gas diffusion layers consist of a compressible material.
- a compressible material is characterized by the property that the gas diffusion layer without losing its integrity
- Pressure can be pressed in half, in particular to a third of its original thickness.
- This property generally comprises gas diffusion layers
- the catalytically active layer contains a catalytically active substance.
- catalytically active substance include precious metals, in particular platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium and / or ruthenium. These substances can also be in the form of
- Substances may also be used in alloys with base metals such as Cr, Zr, Ni, Co and / or Ti.
- base metals such as Cr, Zr, Ni, Co and / or Ti.
- oxides of the abovementioned noble metals and / or base metals it is also possible to use the oxides of the abovementioned noble metals and / or base metals. Usually be the above metals by known methods on a
- the catalytically active compounds i. H. the catalysts, used in the form of particles, preferably having a size in the range from 1 to 1000 nm,
- Weight ratio of fluoropolymer to catalyst material comprising at least one noble metal and optionally one or more support materials greater than 0.05, said ratio preferably being in the range of 0.1 to 0.6.
- Catalyst layer has a thickness in the range of 1 to 1000 ⁇ , in particular from 5 to 500 ⁇ , preferably from 10 to 300 ⁇ on. This value represents an average value that can be determined by measuring the layer thickness in the cross-section of images that can be obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the noble metal content of the catalyst layer is 0.1 to 10.0 mg / cm 2 , preferably 0.2 to 6.0 mg / cm 2 and more preferably 0.2 to 3.0 mg / cm 2 , These values can be determined by elemental analysis of a flat sample.
- the catalyst layer is generally not self-supporting but is usually applied to the gas diffusion layer and / or the membrane.
- a part of the catalyst layer for example, in the
- the surfaces of the polymer electrolyte membrane are in contact with the electrodes in such a way that the first electrode is the front side of the polymer electrolyte membrane and the second electrode the rear side of the polymer electrolyte membrane is partially or completely, preferably only partially, covered.
- the front and the back of the polymer electrolyte membrane denote the side facing away from the viewer or the polymer electrolyte Membrane, wherein a viewing from the first electrode (front), preferably the cathode, in the direction of the second electrode (back), preferably the anode, takes place.
- Electrodes, gas diffusion layers and catalysts are also part of the
- the preparation of the membrane electrode assembly according to the invention is the same
- Temperature are connected together, wherein usually at a temperature in the range of 10 to 300 ° C, in particular 20 ° C to 200 ° and at a pressure in the range of 1 to 1000 bar, in particular from 3 to 300 bar, is laminated.
- the separator plates are preferably applied sealingly to the membrane-electrode assembly.
- the sealing effect can be further increased by pressing the composite of Separatorplatten and membrane electrode unit.
- the separator plates preferably each have at least one gas channel for reaction gases, which are conveniently arranged on the sides facing the electrodes.
- the gas channels are to allow the distribution of reactant fluids.
- the membrane-electrode assemblies according to the invention are distinguished by a markedly improved mechanical stability and strength and therefore to the production of fuel cell stacks can be used with very high power.
- the hitherto customary power fluctuations of the resulting fuel cell stacks are no longer observed and it is achieved a hitherto unknown quality, reliability and reproducibility.
- the membrane-electrode assemblies of the invention can be easily stored or shipped due to their dimensional stability at fluctuating ambient temperatures and humidity. Even after prolonged storage or after shipment to places with significantly different climatic conditions, the dimensions of the membrane-electrode units are perfectly suited for installation in fuel cell stacks. The membrane-electrode assembly then no longer needs to be conditioned on-site for external installation, which simplifies fuel cell fabrication and saves time and cost.
- An advantage of preferred membrane-electrode assemblies is that they allow operation of the fuel cell at temperatures above 120 ° C. This is true for gaseous and liquid fuels, e.g. Hydrogen-containing gases, e.g. be prepared from hydrocarbons in an upstream reforming step. As the oxidant, e.g. Oxygen or air can be used.
- membrane-electrode assemblies are that, when operating above 120 ° C, they can also be reacted with pure platinum catalysts, i. without a further alloying component, have a high tolerance to carbon monoxide. At temperatures of 160 ° C, e.g. more than 1% CO contained in the fuel gas, without resulting in a significant reduction in the performance of the fuel cell.
- Preferred membrane-electrode assemblies can be operated in fuel cells without the need to humidify the fuel gases and oxidants despite the possible high operating temperatures.
- the fuel cell is still stable and the membrane does not lose its conductivity. This simplifies the entire fuel cell system and brings additional cost savings, since the management of the water cycle is simplified. Furthermore, this also improves the behavior at temperatures below 0 ° C. of the fuel cell system.
- Fuel cell can be easily cooled to room temperature and below and then put back into operation, without adding power to lose.
- conventional phosphoric acid-based fuel cells sometimes have to be kept at a temperature above 40 ° C when switching off the fuel cell system to avoid irreversible damage.
- the preferred membrane-electrode assemblies of the present invention exhibit very high long-term stability. It has been found that a fuel cell according to the invention can be used for long periods, e.g. more than 5000 hours, can be operated continuously at temperatures of more than 120 ° C with dry reaction gases, without a noticeable
- Performance degradation is detected.
- the achievable power densities are very high even after such a long time.
- the quiescent voltage reflects the quality of the membrane-electrode assembly.
- the high dimensional stability obtained by the formation of a covalent chemical bond between the fibrous reinforcing elements and the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane can be recognized by comparison with non-functionalized fibrous reinforcements.
- a polymer electrolyte membrane with functionalized, fibrous reinforcing elements and a covalent, chemical bond shows in comparison with a polymer electrolyte membrane with non-functionalized, fibrous
- Test conditions increased by a factor of 4 life.
- the fuel cells according to the invention show, even after a long time
- a high rest voltage which is preferably at least 900 mV after this time.
- a fuel cell is operated with a hydrogen flow on the anode and an air flow on the cathode de-energized. The measurement is done by the
- Fuel cell is switched from a current of 0.2 A / cm 2 to the de-energized state and then recorded there for 5 minutes, the quiescent voltage. Of the Value after 5 minutes is the corresponding resting potential. The measured values of the quiescent voltage apply for a temperature of 160 ° C.
- the fuel cell after this time preferably shows a low gas passage (gas cross-over).
- the anode side of the fuel cell is operated with hydrogen (5 Uh), the cathode with nitrogen (5L7h).
- the anode serves as a reference and counter electrode.
- the cathode as a working electrode.
- the cathode is set to a potential of 0.5 V and oxidized through the membrane diffusing hydrogen at the cathode mass transport-limited.
- the resulting current is a measure of the hydrogen permeation rate.
- the current is ⁇ 3 mA / cm 2 , preferably ⁇ 2 mA / cm 2 , more preferably ⁇ 1 mA / cm 2 in a 50 cm 2 cell.
- the measured values of H 2 cross-over are valid for a temperature of 160 ° C.
- membrane-electrode assemblies of the invention are characterized by improved temperature and corrosion resistance and a comparatively low gas permeability, especially at high
- membrane-electrode assemblies according to the invention can be produced inexpensively and easily.
- Example 1 Functionalization of PEEK tissue to PEEK-OH tissue Under air and moisture exclusion, sodium borohydride (2.5 g) in
- a solution of 4-aminobenzoic acid (3.9 g) in 150 ml of acetic acid is added and the PEEK-OH tissue (Example 1) suspended in this reactive solution for 3 days.
- the fabric is then rinsed with acetic acid (2 x 10 min), water (3 x 10 min) and acetone (2 x 10 min) and finally dried at 60 ° C under vacuum for 3 h.
- Example 3 Production of a PEEK-Ph-C0 2 H Fabric-Reinforced Membrane
- the PEEK-Ph-C0 2 H fabric (Example 2) is fixed on a glass plate and by means of a hand doctor blade a 450 ⁇ thick layer consisting of polybenzimidazole in Polyphorsphorklare (solids content 5% by weight) (28 x 28 cm).
- Polybenzimidazole solution is then annealed in an oven at 200 ° C for one hour, hydrolyzed after cooling in 50 wt% phosphoric acid overnight and a PEEK fabric reinforced polybenzimidazole-phosphoric acid membrane with a covalent PEEK-Ph-PBI bond obtained ( Thickness 350 ⁇ , proton conductivity at 160 ° C: 110 S / cm).
- the PEEK-Ph-PBI reinforced membranes according to the invention exhibit improved stability under rapid aging conditions in the membrane-electrode-unit (MEU) composite.
- MEU membrane-electrode-unit
- the membrane stability is evaluated by the repeated measurement of the quiescent voltage in the de-energized state.
- Manufacturing process of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEE) from the membrane and two gas diffusion electrodes by means of hot pressing process is known in the art.
- the single cells are heated to 160 ° C and supplied with 3-5 l / h of hydrogen at the anode and 5 l / h of air at the cathode.
- the quiescent voltage and the cell resistance are measured by means of impedance spectroscopy and the measuring methods are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the single cell is heated at 160 ° C without media supply and access from Air stored.
- the resting voltage is measured two to three times a week, assuming the decrease in the resting voltage and the increase in cell resistance as an indicator of the degradation of the membrane.
- the test run is terminated as soon as the quiescent voltage falls below 800 mV.
- the value of the attrition rate is typically in the range of 1000 mV.
- the fabric-reinforced membrane with the covalent attachment of the PEEK fabric to the polybenzimidazole matrix (Example 4) has a significantly improved lifetime under the described test conditions. While one
- Membrane reinforced with unmodified PEEK tissue shows a decrease to 800 mV within a period of 300 h (+ / - 50 h), the membrane of the invention with 1300 h (+ / - 50 h) by a factor of 4 delayed degradation on.
- a solution of 2 wt% with equimolar amounts of 3,3 ⁇ 4,4 '-Tetraaminobiphenyl and terephthalic acid in polyphosphoric acid (1 12%) is heated to 280 ° C within 100 hours.
- the resulting polybenzimidazole-polyphosphoric acid solution is cooled to a temperature of 100 ° C and applied by means of a hand doctor on a glass plate fixed technical Siebgewebe polyetheretherketone (SEFAR PEEKTEX 17-145x115 / 58, 28 cm x 28 cm) in a 450 pm thick layer and hydrolyzed after cooling in 50 wt% phosphoric acid overnight and obtained a PEEK tissue reinforced polybenzimidazole-phosphoric acid membrane (thickness 340 pm, proton conductivity at 160 ° C: 107 S / cm).
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Abstract
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US8815467B2 (en) | 2010-12-02 | 2014-08-26 | Basf Se | Membrane electrode assembly and fuel cells with improved lifetime |
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US20050282053A1 (en) * | 2003-08-28 | 2005-12-22 | Kurano Matthew R | Composite electrolyte with crosslinking agents |
JP2007250452A (ja) * | 2006-03-17 | 2007-09-27 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池用電解質膜の製造方法 |
CN101523642A (zh) * | 2006-08-02 | 2009-09-02 | 巴斯夫燃料电池有限责任公司 | 具有增强性能的膜电极组件和燃料电池 |
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US20050282053A1 (en) * | 2003-08-28 | 2005-12-22 | Kurano Matthew R | Composite electrolyte with crosslinking agents |
JP2007250452A (ja) * | 2006-03-17 | 2007-09-27 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池用電解質膜の製造方法 |
CN101523642A (zh) * | 2006-08-02 | 2009-09-02 | 巴斯夫燃料电池有限责任公司 | 具有增强性能的膜电极组件和燃料电池 |
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US8815467B2 (en) | 2010-12-02 | 2014-08-26 | Basf Se | Membrane electrode assembly and fuel cells with improved lifetime |
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