WO2012036258A1 - 表面硬化層の測定方法及び測定装置 - Google Patents
表面硬化層の測定方法及び測定装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012036258A1 WO2012036258A1 PCT/JP2011/071192 JP2011071192W WO2012036258A1 WO 2012036258 A1 WO2012036258 A1 WO 2012036258A1 JP 2011071192 W JP2011071192 W JP 2011071192W WO 2012036258 A1 WO2012036258 A1 WO 2012036258A1
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- propagation time
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B17/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
- G01B17/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring thickness
- G01B17/025—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring thickness for measuring thickness of coating
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B17/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
- G01B17/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring thickness
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/30—Arrangements for calibrating or comparing, e.g. with standard objects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/4409—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by comparison
- G01N29/4436—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by comparison with a reference signal
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
- G01N29/4454—Signal recognition, e.g. specific values or portions, signal events, signatures
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/025—Change of phase or condition
- G01N2291/0251—Solidification, icing, curing composites, polymerisation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/028—Material parameters
- G01N2291/02854—Length, thickness
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0423—Surface waves, e.g. Rayleigh waves, Love waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/048—Transmission, i.e. analysed material between transmitter and receiver
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
- G01N2291/102—Number of transducers one emitter, one receiver
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring a surface hardened layer, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for measuring the depth of a surface hardened layer by propagating surface waves to the surface hardened layer.
- Solid materials are concerned about a reduction in strength and a decrease in abrasion resistance depending on the environment in which they are used, and it is generally practiced to form a hardened layer on the surface of the solid material as a countermeasure therefor.
- the depth of the surface-hardened layer thus formed is an evaluation standard of mechanical properties such as strength and wear resistance of the part.
- the technique disclosed in the above publication measures the rise time of the ultrasonic echo with respect to the surface wave when calculating the rate of sound velocity change, and a human error occurs in reading the rise time of the ultrasonic echo. It is not preferable because there is a fear that there is a concern in the process of calculating the depth of the surface hardened layer from the measurement error.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for measuring a surface-hardened layer capable of reducing the calculation error of the depth of the surface-hardened layer. It is to provide.
- a plurality of groups having different carburized depths changed stepwise are provided in the method for measuring the depth of the surface hardened layer of a subject. Two specimens are produced at a time, and the depth of the surface hardened layer is measured by a destructive test for one of the plurality of groups, and the surface of the other specimen is measured.
- the transmitting probe for transmitting the wave and the receiving probe for receiving the transmitted surface wave are disposed on the other object surface, and the surface transmitted from the transmitting probe by nondestructive inspection
- the propagation time of at least the first peak in the first wave of the signal waveform acquired by receiving the wave with the receiving probe is measured, and the calibration curve is based on the depth of the surface hardened layer and the propagation time Forming a calibration curve on the surface of the object to be measured;
- a waveform measurement process according to the nondestructive inspection wherein a cred probe and the receiving probe are disposed, and a surface wave transmitted from the transmitting probe is received by the receiving probe to acquire a signal waveform.
- a propagation time acquiring step of acquiring a propagation time of at least a first peak of the first wave of the signal waveform acquired in the waveform measuring step, and the calibration curve preparing step based on the acquired propagation time.
- a hardened layer depth estimation step of calculating the depth of the surface hardened layer of the object to be measured using the calibration curve.
- the carburing depth is 0 among the plurality of groups having different carburized depths which are gradually changed.
- An object is prepared as a standard object, the nondestructive inspection is performed on the standard object, the propagation time of at least the first peak in the first wave of the acquired signal waveform is measured, and the surface hardening is performed.
- the calibration curve is created from the difference between the layer depth and the propagation time acquired from the other object and the propagation time acquired from the standard object, and in the hardened layer depth estimation step, the propagation time is acquired
- the depth of the surface hardened layer of the object to be measured is calculated from the calibration curve using the propagation time difference obtained from the propagation time acquired in the step and the propagation time of the standard object. .
- the calibration curve creating step the propagation time of the first peak and the second peak in the first wave is measured, and the surface A first calibration curve and a second calibration curve are created from the relationship based on the hardened layer depth and the propagation time, and stored in the computing device, and in the propagation time acquiring step, the first of the waveforms acquired in the waveform measuring step The propagation time of the first peak and the second peak in the wave is acquired, and in the hardened layer depth estimation step, surface hardening is performed based on the propagation time of the first peak using the first calibration curve. Measuring the first depth of the layer and measuring the second depth of the surface hardened layer based on the propagation time of the second peak using the second calibration curve, and The average value calculated from the second depth Characterized in that the estimate of the depth of the hardened layer.
- the signal waveform obtained in the waveform measuring step is obtained by continuously obtaining measurement points at a predetermined sampling frequency
- the first peak is an average value of two measurement points in the vicinity of the first peak in the first wave
- the second peak is two points in the vicinity of the second peak in the first wave. It is characterized in that it is an average value of measurement points.
- the calibration curve is approximated by an exponential function, and the coefficient of determination of the exponential function is 0.9 or more.
- a range including the first peak and the second peak. Is set as a gate range.
- the apparatus for measuring the surface hardened layer according to claim 7 is an apparatus for measuring the depth of the surface hardened layer of a subject, comprising: a transmission probe for transmitting a surface wave to the surface of the subject; and the transmission probe Probe movement for moving the receiving probe for receiving the surface wave transmitted from the child, and the transmitting probe and the receiving probe in a direction toward or away from the object , Waveform measuring means by nondestructive inspection for arranging a transmitting probe and the receiving probe by the probe moving means on the surface of the object and acquiring a signal waveform, and the waveform measuring means Propagation time acquisition means for acquiring the propagation time of at least the first peak of the first wave of the signal waveform acquired in step b, and two objects are prepared for each of a plurality of groups with different carburized depths which are changed stepwise Perform a destructive test on one of the plurality of groups.
- Calibration curve creation means for creating a calibration curve based on the acquired surface hardening layer depth and the propagation time acquired by executing the waveform measurement means and the propagation time acquisition means for the other object, and the propagation time
- a hardened layer depth estimation unit configured to calculate the depth of the surface hardened layer of the subject using the calibration curve generated by the calibration curve generation unit based on the propagation time acquired by the acquisition unit. It is characterized by
- the carburing depth is 0 among the plurality of groups having different carburized depths which are gradually changed.
- One object is prepared as a standard object, and the waveform measurement means and the propagation time acquisition means are executed to acquire the propagation time, and the depth of the surface hardened layer and the other object are acquired.
- the calibration curve is created from the propagation time and the difference between the propagation times obtained from the standard object, and the hardened layer depth estimation means determines the propagation time of the object and the propagation time acquired by the propagation time acquisition means.
- the depth of the surface hardened layer of the subject is calculated from the calibration curve using a difference from the propagation time of the standard subject.
- the destruction test is performed on one of the two specimens for each of a plurality of groups in which the carburizing depth is changed stepwise.
- the depth of the surface hardened layer is measured, and for the other object, the transmitting probe for transmitting the surface wave to the surface of the object and the receiving probe for receiving the transmitted surface wave are used.
- the disposition time is measured, and the propagation time of the first peak in at least the first wave of the signal waveform acquired by nondestructive inspection is measured, and a calibration curve is created based on the depth of the surface hardened layer and the propagation time.
- the transmission probe and the reception probe are disposed on the object to be measured to measure the propagation time of the surface wave, and at least the first peak of the first wave of the waveform acquired in the waveform measurement step And a hardened layer depth estimation step of calculating the depth of the surface hardened layer of the object to be measured using the calibration curve from the acquired propagation time.
- the signal waveform is obtained by arranging the transmitting probe and the receiving probe on the surface of the object by the waveform measuring means by nondestructive inspection.
- the propagation time of at least the first peak in the first wave of the waveform is acquired, and one of the two specimens prepared for each of a plurality of groups of different carburized depths which are stepwise changed
- a calibration curve is created from the depth of the surface hardened layer obtained by the destructive inspection and the propagation time acquired by executing the waveform measuring means and the propagation time acquiring means on the other object. Then, the depth of the surface hardened layer of the subject is calculated using the calibration curve from the propagation time of the subject.
- the reading error of the propagation time is reduced. It can be improved. Also, in the propagation time acquisition step, the propagation time reading error is reduced by acquiring not only the first peak in the first wave of the waveform acquired in the waveform measurement step but also the second peak, so that the reading error of the propagation time is reduced. The calculation accuracy of the hardened layer depth can be improved.
- FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged view showing an outline of a surface wave propagating on the surface of a subject. It is a figure which shows an example of the signal waveform in embodiment of this invention. It is an enlarged view of the gate range set in FIG. 4A. It is a graph which shows an example of the calibration curve in the embodiment of the present invention. It is a flowchart which shows the measuring method in the modification of this invention. It is a graph which shows an example of the calibration curve in the modification of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration view including a measuring device of a surface hardened layer according to the present invention.
- the measuring device 1 of the surface hardened layer is, for example, a device for measuring the depth of the carburized hardened layer of the solid material subjected to the carburizing treatment, and evaluating the strength and the like of the solid material.
- a transmission probe for transmitting an ultrasonic wave to the surface of the subject 2 and a reception probe for receiving the transmitted ultrasonic wave are integrally configured.
- a probe 4 an ultrasonic measurement device 6 connected to the probe 4, an arithmetic processing unit 12 for processing data acquired by the probe 4 and setting regarding transmission and reception of ultrasonic waves, and the arithmetic processing device 12 and a monitor device 16 connected to the same.
- a transmission probe 4 a and a reception probe 4 b are provided in the probe 4, and the transmission probe 4 a and the reception probe 4 b have sensitivity to ultrasonic waves propagating on the surface of the subject 2. It is arranged oppositely so that it can transmit and receive well.
- the transmission probe 4 a and the reception probe 4 b are in contact with the surface of the subject 2 at a predetermined distance apart.
- the ultrasonic measurement device 6 is provided with a probe moving means 10 for moving the probe 4 in a direction toward and away from the surface of the subject 2, and the probe moving means 10 is controlled by the arithmetic processing unit 12. Be done.
- the arithmetic processing unit 12 is constituted by a central processing unit and a memory 14, the memory 14 is constituted including a RAM, a ROM and the like, and each program is stored in the memory 14.
- the program includes a gate setting, and when the gate is set in a time range described later, a peak value in the set time range, a propagation time at the peak value, etc. are automatically acquired, and the monitoring device 16 Can be monitored together with the measurement results.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a method of measuring the surface hardened layer, which is a procedure for measuring the depth of carburization formed on the subject 2, and will be described below based on the flowchart.
- step S1 a subject 2 consisting of a plurality of groups in which the carburizing depth is changed stepwise is produced. Two specimens 2 are prepared for each group of different carburized depths, one is subjected to a destructive test, and the other is subjected to a nondestructive test. In addition, it is desirable that the two test subjects 2 of the carburization depth which is the same group are carburized together.
- step S2 a Vickers hardness test of a cross section of a carburized layer, which is a destructive test, is performed on one subject 2 of two subjects 2 of the same carburized depth for each group having different carburized depths. The carburizing depth of the subject 2 is measured (calibration curve creation step).
- step S3 as a nondestructive inspection, a probe is formed on the surface of the subject 2 with respect to the other subject 2 of the two subjects 2 of the same carburized depth for each group of different carburized depths. Abuts 4 and propagates ultrasonic waves on the surface of the subject 2 for a fixed distance (waveform measurement means), and measures the propagation time at the first and second peaks of the acquired signal waveform (calibration curve creation process, propagation time acquisition means).
- FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged view showing an outline of the ultrasonic wave propagating on the surface of the subject 2, and the ultrasonic wave is transmitted from the transmission probe 4a of the probe 4 to the surface of the subject 2 and transmitted.
- the ultrasonic wave propagates on the surface of the subject 2 as a surface wave and is received by the receiving probe 4b.
- the signal waveform of the surface wave acquired by the probe 4b for reception is shown to FIG. 4A.
- the gate range S is set by the arithmetic processing unit 12 so that the first peak P1 and the second peak P2 in the first wave of the signal waveform are included.
- the propagation time in the maximum value, the minimum value, and the maximum value and the minimum value of the signal waveform in the gate range S is automatically acquired.
- the signal waveform of the surface wave received by the receiving probe 4b is the signal waveform of the measurement point continuous at intervals according to the sampling frequency (predetermined sampling frequency) of the A / D converter (analog / digital converter) 8. Because the data is acquired, the measurement point is not necessarily acquired at the peak of the received signal waveform.
- the propagation time T1 at the average value calculated by acquiring two points near the first peak P1 is propagated at the first peak P1.
- the propagation time T2 in the mean value calculated by acquiring two points near the second peak P2 is acquired as the propagation time in the second peak P2.
- the above step S3 may be performed a plurality of times to calculate the average value of the propagation times T1 and T2.
- a calibration curve is created based on the measured carburized depth measured in the above step S2 and the propagation time obtained in the above step S3, and stored in the processing unit 12 (calibration curve creation step, calibration curve creation) means).
- the propagation time T1 of the first peak P1 and the propagation time T2 of the second peak P2 corresponding to the measured carburized depth are respectively plotted. Since the physical quantity associated with carburization changes exponentially, create a calibration curve with an R 2 value that indicates the variation of each point plotted using an exponential function as a correlation function, that is, a coefficient of determination of 0.9 or more .
- the calibration curve C1 represents the relationship between the actual carburization depth and the propagation time at the first peak P1
- the calibration curve C2 represents the relationship between the actual carburization depth and the propagation time at the second peak P2.
- the calibration curves C1 and C2 in FIG. 5 are prepared by setting the sampling frequency of the A / D converter 8 to 800 MHz and performing the above step S3 three times and using the average value of the measured propagation times FIG.
- step S5 for the subject 2 whose carburization depth is unknown, a surface wave is propagated on the surface of the subject 2 by a predetermined distance using the probe 4 (waveform measuring step, waveform measuring means).
- step S6 the propagation time T1 at the first peak P1 and the propagation time T2 at the second peak P2 of the signal waveform acquired in step S5 are measured (propagation time acquisition step, propagation time acquisition means).
- the gate range S is set so that the first peak P1 and the second peak P2 in the first wave of the signal waveform are included in the arithmetic processing unit 12 in the same manner as step S1.
- the maximum value, the minimum value, the propagation time T1 at the maximum value, and the propagation time T2 at the minimum value are automatically acquired.
- the propagation time T1 obtains two points in the vicinity of the first peak P1 to calculate an average value, and the propagation time corresponding to the average value is acquired as the propagation time T1 in the first peak P1.
- the propagation time T2 is acquired at two points in the vicinity of the second peak P2 to calculate an average value, and the propagation time corresponding to the average value is acquired as the propagation time T2 at the second peak P2.
- step S7 using the calibration curve stored in the arithmetic processing unit 12 in step S4, the propagation time T1 in the first peak P1 measured in step S6 and the propagation time T2 in the second peak P2 are measured.
- Carburized depth is estimated (hardened layer depth estimation step, hardened layer depth estimation means). Specifically, the carburization depth at the propagation time T1 at the first peak P1 is obtained from the calibration curve C1, and the carburization depth at the propagation time T2 at the second peak P2 is obtained from the calibration curve C2, respectively. The average value is taken as the estimated value of carburization depth.
- the estimation accuracy of a subject whose carburization depth is unknown was investigated by the method described above.
- As a result of measuring the carburizing depth in the Vickers hardness test for the subject it was 0.611 mm. Therefore, the measurement error was 0.05 mm, and the carburized depth could be accurately estimated.
- two objects 2 of which the carburization depth is changed stepwise are prepared two by two, and the Vickers hardness test is performed on one object 2 of the two sets.
- Carburizing depth is measured, and a surface wave is propagated for a fixed distance to each other object 2 to acquire a signal waveform, and the first peak P1 and the second peak P2 of the first wave of the signal waveform
- the propagation times T1 and T2 at are measured, and calibration curves C1 and C2 are created from the measured carburization depth and the propagation time.
- the surface wave is propagated for a fixed distance to the subject 2 whose carburization depth is unknown, and the propagation times T1 and T2 at the first peak P1 and the second peak P2 of the first wave of the acquired signal waveform are respectively Measure and estimate the carburized depth from the calibration curves C1 and C2.
- the propagation time T1 at the first peak P1 in the first wave of the first wave of the signal waveform acquired by propagating the surface wave a certain distance and The measurement error of the propagation time can be reduced by measuring the propagation time T2 at the peak P2 of the above, so that the estimation accuracy of the carburized depth can be improved.
- the calibration curve is created from the propagation times and the actual carburized depths obtained from the plurality of subjects 2 having different carburized depths, the estimation accuracy of the carburized depth can be improved.
- the estimation accuracy can be improved.
- the signal waveform is constituted by continuous measurement points of fine intervals converted by the sampling frequency of the A / D converter 8, and the signal intensity value of the first peak P1 is an average of two points near the first peak P1.
- the signal strength value of the second peak P2 is the average value of two points near the second peak, and the propagation time corresponding to each average value is propagated at the first peak P1 and the second peak P2, respectively
- the propagation time closer to the peak can be acquired, and the estimation accuracy of the carburized depth can be further improved.
- the calibration curves C1 and C2 use an exponential function as a correlation function because the physical quantity accompanying carburization changes exponentially, and each point connecting the propagation time corresponding to the carburization depth has a determination coefficient
- the modification of the said embodiment is demonstrated below.
- the modification differs from the above embodiment in that a calibration curve is created using a standard object to estimate the carburized depth, and the other configurations are common, and therefore the description thereof will be omitted.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a method of measuring the surface hardened layer, which will be described below based on the flowchart.
- a subject 2 composed of a plurality of groups in which the carburizing depth is changed stepwise is produced.
- the subject 2 one standard subject and two subjects 2 for each group having different carburized depths are prepared.
- the standard subject is obtained by heat-treating the same solid material as the subject 2.
- the standard specimen is a heat treatment material having a carburized depth of 0, which is given a heat history other than the carburizing step and the diffusion step of mixing carbon into a solid material.
- the heat history other than the carburizing step and the diffusion step means, for example, heat treatment such as temperature raising, quenching, deep cooling, tempering, etc. for carburizing treatment.
- the heat treatment material is used as the standard analyte because the properties of the solid material and the heat treatment material obtained by heat treatment of the solid material are largely different.
- the properties of the heat-treated material also differ depending on the heating temperature and the cooling temperature, it is preferable that the standard specimen be produced in a heat treatment step substantially equal to the specimen 2 to be carburized.
- step S12 the Vickers hardness test of the carburized layer cross section, which is a destructive test, is performed on one subject 2 of the two subjects 2 of the same carburized depth for each group of different carburized depths.
- the carburizing depth of the subject 2 is measured (calibration curve creation step).
- step S13 as a nondestructive test, the measurement of the propagation time for the other object 2 of the two objects 2 of the same group of carburized depths for each of the standard object and different carburized depth groups is measured respectively.
- Perform (Calibration curve creation process, propagation time acquisition means).
- the probe 4 is brought into contact with the surface of the standard object to propagate ultrasonic waves on the surface of the standard object for a certain distance, and the first and second peaks of the acquired signal waveform It measures the propagation time in The propagation time of the subject 2 is also measured in the same manner.
- step S14 a calibration curve is created based on the measured carburized depth of the subject 2 measured in step S12 described above and the propagation time of the standard subject and the subject 2 acquired in step S13, and calculation processing is performed. It stores in the apparatus 12 (calibration curve creation process, calibration curve creation means). Specifically, for each of the first peak and the second peak of the acquired signal waveform, the propagation time difference between the propagation time of the subject 2 acquired in step S13 and the propagation time of the standard subject for each carburized depth A calibration curve is created from the determined propagation time differences and the measured carburized depths of the object 2 determined.
- FIG. 7 As an example of a calibration curve is shown in FIG. 7, the propagation time differences of the first peak and the second peak corresponding to the measured carburized depth of the subject 2 are respectively plotted.
- the calibration curve C'1 represents the relationship between the actual carburization depth at the first peak and the propagation time difference
- the calibration curve C'2 represents the relationship between the actual carburization depth at the second peak and the propagation time difference.
- the calibration curves C'1 and C'2 in FIG. 7 are created with the sampling frequency of the A / D converter 8 as 6 MHz.
- step S15 for the subject 2 whose carburization depth is unknown, a surface wave is propagated on the surface of the subject 2 by a predetermined distance using the probe 4 (waveform measuring step, waveform measuring means) ).
- step S16 the propagation time T1 at the first peak P1 and the propagation time T2 at the second peak P2 of the signal waveform acquired in step S15 are measured (propagation time acquisition step, propagation time acquisition means).
- step S17 using the calibration curve generated in step S14, the propagation times at the first peak and the second peak of the subject 2 whose carburization depth is unknown obtained in steps S15 and S16 described above Based on the above, the carburized depth of the subject 2 whose carburized depth is unknown is estimated (hardened layer depth estimating step, hardened layer depth estimating means).
- the propagation time of the first peak of the subject 2 whose carburization depth is unknown acquired in step S16 described above and the propagation time of the first peak of the standard analyte acquired in step S13 described above The time difference dT1 and the propagation time difference dT2 between the propagation time at the second peak of the subject 2 whose carburization depth is unknown and the propagation time at the second peak of the standard subject are respectively determined. Then, the carburization depth at the propagation time difference dT1 is obtained from the calibration curve C'1, and the carburization depth at the propagation time difference dT2 is obtained from the calibration curve C'2, and the obtained carburization depth average value is unknown. This is an estimated value of the carburized depth of the subject 2.
- the estimation accuracy of a subject whose carburization depth is unknown was investigated by the method described above.
- the carburized depth was estimated to be 0.465 mm as a result of estimating the carburized depth using the calibration curves C'1 and C'2 prepared by the method described above for the subject whose carburized depth is unknown .
- the actually measured carburized depth was 0.486 mm. Therefore, the estimation error is -0.02 mm, and the carburized depth can be accurately estimated.
- the calibration curves C'1 and C'2 are obtained from the difference in propagation time between the standard subject and the subject 2 with different carburized depths and the actually measured carburized depth of the subject 2 with different carburized depth. Create the difference between the propagation time of the subject 2 whose carburization depth is unknown and the propagation time of the standard subject for each of the first peak and the second peak, and propagate from the calibration curves C'1 and C'2. Estimate the carburization depth in the time difference.
- a calibration curve is created from the propagation time difference between the subject 2 and the standard subject on the basis of the propagation time of the standard subject, and the carburized depth is estimated.
- the influence of the temperature at the time of manufacturing and the measurer who measures the carburized depth of the subject 2 can be reduced, and the carburized depth can be determined more accurately.
- the carburization depth of the subject can be more easily estimated.
- the carburizing depth is estimated using the propagation time difference between the standard specimen and the specimen 2, but different types of lots although the solid material of the specimen is the same, that is, the alloy to be added
- the lot type of the standard object is described as lot A
- the lot A and the solid material are the same but different types of lots are described as lot B below.
- Zero-point adjustment means preparing a standard analyte of lot B, measuring the propagation time Tb1 of the first peak and the propagation time Tb2 of the second peak of the standard analyte, and measuring the propagation times Tb1 and Tb2 Are corrected to match the propagation time Ta1 at the first peak of the standard analyte of lot A and the propagation time Ta2 at the second peak, respectively.
- the propagation time Ta1 at the first peak of the standard analyte in lot A is 20 ⁇ s
- the propagation time Tb1 at the first peak of the standard analyte in lot B is 21 ⁇ s
- the propagation time between Ta1 and Tb1 is 1 ⁇ s. It will be off.
- the deviation of 1 ⁇ s from the propagation time at the first peak measured from the subject 2b is corrected, and the carburized depth at the propagation time after correction is estimated from the calibration curve Cn1.
- the propagation time Ta2 of the second peak of the standard analyte in lot A is 40 ⁇ s
- the propagation time Tb2 of the second peak of the standard analyte in lot B is 42 ⁇ s
- the propagation time is between Ta2 and Tb2 Are offset by 2 ⁇ s. Therefore, with 2 ⁇ s as the adjustment time at the second peak, the deviation of 2 ⁇ s from the propagation time at the second peak measured from the subject 2b is corrected, and the carburized depth at the propagation time after correction is estimated .
- the carburization depth of a subject with unknown carburization depth was estimated using the calibration curves of different lots by the method described above.
- the carburized depth of the object 2d of unknown carburized depth of lot D was estimated using a calibration curve based on the standard C of lot C and the propagation time of the object 2c.
- the estimated carburized depth was 0.652 mm.
- the estimation error is 0.05 mm, and it was possible to accurately estimate the carburized depth by performing zero-point adjustment even for objects of different lots.
- the adjustment time is determined from the propagation time at the first peak of the standard subject for each lot type, and the carburization depth estimated value is adjusted to zero for a lot different from the lot used to create the calibration curve.
- the propagation time acquired by creating the calibration curves C1 and C2 and estimating the carburized depth of the subject 2 whose carburization depth is unknown is a signal waveform acquired by propagating the surface wave to the subject 2
- the first peak P1 and the second peak P2 may be acquired respectively, but only the first peak P1 in the first wave may be used, and the calibration curve for estimating the carburized depth may be only C1.
- the estimation of the carburized depth has been described.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the present invention can be applied to measurement of the depth of the hardened layer other than carburization and thickness measurement of the plating layer.
- the propagation time and the propagation time difference can be used as parameters of the vertical axis of the calibration curve used to estimate the carburization depth, but the invention is not limited thereto. It is also possible to use the rate, the speed of sound, the rate of change of sound speed, the speed of sound difference, or the like.
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Abstract
Description
従来、表面硬化層の深さを測定する方法として、破壊検査の1つであるビッカース硬さ試験という手法があるが、当該手法は被検体を切断して表面硬化層の深さを測定する方法であるため、製品となる固体材料自体を検査することができず、且つ検査時間を要するという問題もあり、非破壊検査による表面硬化層の深さを測定する手法が求められている。
そこで、超音波を被検体の表面に伝搬し、表面硬化層深さを音速変化率により測定する超音波を使用した非破壊検査方法が知られている(特許文献1)。
本発明は、上述した課題を解決すべくなされたものであり、その目的とするところは、表面硬化層の深さの算出誤差を低減することの可能な表面硬化層の測定方法及び測定装置を提供することにある。
請求項6の表面硬化層の測定方法では、請求項1乃至5のいずれかにおいて、前記校正曲線作成工程及び前記伝搬時間取得工程では、前記第1のピーク及び前記第2のピークが含まれる範囲をゲート範囲として設定することを特徴とする。
また、伝搬時間取得工程では波形測定工程で取得した波形の第1波における第1のピークのみならず第2のピークにおける伝搬時間も取得することにより、伝搬時間の読み取り誤差が低減するので、表面硬化層深さの算出精度を向上させることができる。
図1は、本発明に係る表面硬化層の測定装置を含む概略構成図である。
表面硬化層の測定装置1は、例えば浸炭処理が行われた固体材料の浸炭硬化層の深さを測定し、当該固体材料の強度等を評価するための装置である。
図1に示すように、測定装置1は、被検体2の表面に超音波を送信する送信用探触子と送信された超音波を受信する受信用探触子が一体となって構成された探触子4と、探触子4に接続された超音波測定装置6と、探触子4で取得したデータの処理や超音波の送受信に関する設定等を行う演算処理装置12と、演算処理装置12に接続されたモニタ装置16とを備える。
超音波測定装置6は、探触子4を被検体2の表面に接近及び離間する方向に移動させる探触子移動手段10を備えており、探触子移動手段10は演算処理装置12で制御される。
図2は、被検体2に形成された浸炭の深さを測定する手順である表面硬化層の測定方法を示すフローチャートであり、以下同フローチャートに基づいて説明する。
ステップS2では、異なる浸炭深さの群毎に、同じ群の浸炭深さの2個の被検体2のうち一方の被検体2に対して、破壊検査である浸炭層断面のビッカース硬さ試験を行い、被検体2の浸炭深さを測定する(校正曲線作成工程)。
ステップS3では、非破壊検査として、異なる浸炭深さの群毎に同じ群の浸炭深さの2個の被検体2のうち他方の被検体2に対して、被検体2の表面に探触子4を当接して被検体2の表面に超音波を一定距離伝搬させ(波形測定手段)、取得した信号波形の1、2番目のピークにおける伝搬時間を測定する(校正曲線作成工程、伝搬時間取得手段)。
図3は被検体2の表面を伝搬する超音波の概要を示す部分拡大図であり、探触子4の送信用探触子4aから超音波が被検体2の表面に送信され、送信された超音波は表面波として被検体2の表面を伝搬して受信用探触子4bで受信される。
図4Aに示すように、信号波形の第1波における第1のピークP1及び第2のピークP2が入るようにゲート範囲Sを演算処理装置12で設定する。ゲート範囲Sを設定することで、ゲート範囲Sにおける信号波形の最大値、最小値、及び当該最大値、最小値における各伝搬時間が自動で取得される。
ここで、A/D変換器8のサンプリング周波数を高く設定して信号波形を変換することにより、測定点をより細かい間隔で取得して信号波形のピークに近い測定点を取得するようにするとよい。また、上記ステップS3を複数回行い、伝搬時間T1、T2の平均値を算出するようにしてもよい。
詳しくは図5に校正曲線の一例を示すように、実測浸炭深さに対応する第1のピークP1の伝搬時間T1、及び第2のピークP2の伝搬時間T2をそれぞれプロットする。浸炭に伴う物理量は指数関数的に変化するので、相関関数として指数関数を使用してプロットされた各点のばらつきを示すR2値、つまり決定係数が0.9以上となる校正曲線を作成する。図5では、校正曲線C1が第1のピークP1における実測浸炭深さと伝搬時間との関係、校正曲線C2が第2のピークP2における実測浸炭深さと伝搬時間との関係をそれぞれ表している。なお、図5の校正曲線C1,C2は、A/D変換器8のサンプリング周波数を800MHzとし、校正曲線は上記ステップS3を3回行い、測定した伝搬時間の平均値を使用して作成した場合の模式図である。
ステップS6では、上記ステップS5で取得した信号波形の第1のピークP1における伝搬時間T1、及び第2のピークP2における伝搬時間T2をそれぞれ測定する(伝搬時間取得工程、伝搬時間取得手段)。
詳しくは、第1のピークP1での伝搬時間T1における浸炭深さを校正曲線C1から、第2のピークP2での伝搬時間T2における浸炭深さを校正曲線C2からそれぞれ取得し、取得した値の平均値を浸炭深さの推定値とする。
浸炭深さが未知の被検体に対して当該校正曲線を使用して浸炭深さを推定した結果、0.565mmであった。
一方、当該被検体に対してビッカース硬さ試験で浸炭深さを測定した結果、0.611mmであった。
従って、測定誤差は0.05mmとなり、精度良く浸炭深さを推定することができた。
また、校正曲線は複数の浸炭深さの異なる被検体2から取得した伝搬時間と実測浸炭深さとから作成されるので、浸炭深さの推定精度を向上させることができる。
また、信号波形はA/D変換器8のサンプリング周波数で変換された細かい間隔の連続した測定点で構成され、第1のピークP1の信号強度値は第1のピークP1近傍の2点の平均値、第2のピークP2の信号強度値は第2のピーク近傍の2点の平均値であって、各平均値に相当する伝搬時間をそれぞれ第1のピークP1、第2のピークP2における伝搬時間T1、T2として演算処理装置12に出力することにより、よりピークに近い伝搬時間を取得することができ、浸炭深さの推定精度をより向上させることができる。
そして、校正曲線C1、C2は、浸炭に伴う物理量が指数関数的に変化することから相関関数には指数関数を使用すると共に、浸炭深さに対応する伝搬時間を結ぶ各点は、決定係数が0.9以上となる指数関数で近似されることにより、当該指数関数は各点との近似が非常に良好であるので推定誤差をより低減することができ、浸炭深さの推定に要する時間を短縮することができる。
上記実施形態の変形例について以下に説明する。この変形例では上記実施形態に対して標準被検体を用いて校正曲線を作成し、浸炭深さを推定するという点が異なっており、その他の構成は共通しているので説明は省略する。
標準被検体とは、固体材料に炭素を混入する浸炭工程及び拡散工程以外の熱履歴を付与した、浸炭深さが0の熱処理材のことである。ここで浸炭工程及び拡散工程以外の熱履歴とは、例えば浸炭処理のための昇温、焼き入れ、深冷、焼き戻し等の熱処理のことである。
詳しくは、取得した信号波形の第1のピーク及び第2のピーク毎に、上記ステップS13で取得された被検体2の伝搬時間と標準被検体の伝搬時間との伝搬時間差を浸炭深さ毎に求め、求めた各伝搬時間差と被検体2の各実測浸炭深さとから校正曲線を作成する。
ステップS16では、上記ステップS15で取得した信号波形の第1のピークP1における伝搬時間T1、及び第2のピークP2における伝搬時間T2をそれぞれ測定する(伝搬時間取得工程、伝搬時間取得手段)。
浸炭深さが未知の被検体に対して上述した方法で作成した校正曲線C’1、C’2を用いて浸炭深さを推定した結果、推定された浸炭深さは0.465mmであった。一方、当該被検体をビッカース硬さ試験で浸炭深さを測定した結果、実測浸炭深さは0.486mmであった。従って推定誤差は-0.02mmとなり、精度よく浸炭深さを推定することができた。
また、浸炭深さを推定した後に測定状況の影響をなくすための補正を行う必要はないので、より容易に被検体の浸炭深さを推定することができる。
詳しくは、標準被検体のロットの種類をロットA、ロットAと固体材料は同じだが異なる種類のロットをロットBとして以下に説明する。
ロットCの標準被検体及び被検体2cの伝搬時間に基づく校正曲線を用いてロットDの未知の浸炭深さの被検体2dの浸炭深さを推定した。推定された浸炭深さは0.652mmであった。ここで被検体2dの0点調整を行うと、0点調整後の推定浸炭深さは0.535mmであった。一方、被検体2dの実測浸炭深さは0.487mmであった。従って推定誤差は0.05mmであり、異なるロットの被検体でも0点調整を行うことによって浸炭深さを精度よく推定することができた。
例えば、上記実施形態では、校正曲線C1、C2の作成及び浸炭深さが未知の被検体2の浸炭深さ推定で取得する伝搬時間は、被検体2に表面波を伝搬して取得した信号波形の第1のピークP1及び第2のピークP2についてそれぞれ取得しているが、第1波における第1のピークP1のみとし、浸炭深さを推定するための校正曲線をC1のみとしてもよい。
さらに、上記実施形態及び上記変形例では、浸炭深さの推定に用いる校正曲線の縦軸のパラメータとして伝搬時間や伝搬時間差を用いることができるとしているが、これに限られず、例えば伝搬時間の変化率としてもよいし、音速、音速変化率、音速差等を用いることも可能である。
4 探触子
6 超音波測定装置
8 A/D変換器
10 探触子移動手段
12 演算処理装置
14 メモリ
Claims (8)
- 被検体の表面硬化層の深さを測定する方法において、
段階的に変化させた浸炭深さの異なる複数の群毎に被検体を2体づつ作製し、これら複数の群毎に、一方の被検体に対しては、破壊検査による表面硬化層の深さの測定を行い、他方の被検体に対しては、表面波を送信する送信用探触子と送信された表面波を受信する受信用探触子とを該他方の被検体表面に配置し、非破壊検査により前記送信用探触子から送信された表面波を前記受信用探触子で受信して取得した信号波形の第1波における少なくとも第1のピークの伝搬時間の測定を行い、前記表面硬化層の深さと前記伝搬時間とに基づいて校正曲線を作成する校正曲線作成工程と、
測定対象である被検体の表面に前記送信用探触子及び前記受信用探触子を配置し、前記送信用探触子から送信した表面波を前記受信用探触子で受信して信号波形を取得する前記非破壊検査による波形測定工程と、
該波形測定工程で取得した信号波形の第1波における少なくとも第1のピークの伝搬時間を取得する伝搬時間取得工程と、
取得した前記伝搬時間に基づいて、前記校正曲線作成工程で作成した前記校正曲線を使用して前記測定対象の被検体の表面硬化層の深さを算出する硬化層深さ推定工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする表面硬化層の測定方法。 - 前記校正曲線作成工程では、さらに、前記段階的に変化させた浸炭深さの異なる複数の群のうち、浸炭深さが0の被検体を標準被検体として1体作製し、前記非破壊検査を前記標準被検体に対して行い取得した信号波形の第1波における少なくとも第1のピークの伝搬時間の測定を行い、前記表面硬化層の深さと前記他方の被検体から取得された伝搬時間及び前記標準被検体から取得された伝搬時間の差とから前記校正曲線を作成し、
前記硬化層深さ推定工程では、前記伝搬時間取得工程で取得された伝搬時間と前記標準被検体の伝搬時間とから求められる伝搬時間差を用いて、前記測定対象の被検体の表面硬化層の深さを前記校正曲線から算出することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の表面硬化層の測定方法。 - 前記校正曲線作成工程では、前記第1波における第1のピークと第2のピークとの伝搬時間を測定し、前記表面硬化層深さと該伝搬時間とに基づく関係から第1校正曲線と第2校正曲線を作成して演算装置に格納し、
前記伝搬時間取得工程では、前記波形測定工程で取得した前記波形の第1波における第1のピークと第2のピークとの伝搬時間を取得し、
前記硬化層深さ推定工程では、前記第1校正曲線を使用して前記第1のピークの伝搬時間に基づいて表面硬化層の第1の深さを測定するとともに前記第2校正曲線を使用して前記第2のピークの伝搬時間に基づいて表面硬化層の第2の深さを測定し、前記第1の深さと前記第2の深さとから算出された平均値を前記表面硬化層の深さの推定値とすることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載の表面硬化層の測定方法。 - 前記波形測定工程で取得した信号波形は、所定のサンプリング周波数で測定点を連続して取得したものであり、
前記第1のピークは、前記第1波における1番目のピーク近傍の2点の測定点の平均値であり、
前記第2のピークは、前記第1波における2番目のピーク近傍の2点の測定点の平均値であることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の表面硬化層の測定方法。 - 前記校正曲線は指数関数で近似され、該指数関数の決定係数は0.9以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の表面硬化層の測定方法。
- 前記校正曲線作成工程及び前記伝搬時間取得工程では、前記第1のピーク及び前記第2のピークが含まれる範囲をゲート範囲として設定することを特徴とする、請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の表面硬化層の測定方法。
- 被検体の表面硬化層の深さを測定する装置において、
前記被検体の表面に表面波を送信する送信用探触子と、
該送信用探触子から送信された表面波を受信する受信用探触子と、
前記送信用探触子と前記受信用探触子とを前記被検体に対して接近、離間する方向に移動させる探触子移動手段と、
前記被検体の表面に前記探触子移動手段により送信用探触子及び前記受信用探触子を配置して信号波形を取得する非破壊検査による波形測定手段と、
該波形測定手段で取得した信号波形の第1波における少なくとも第1のピークの伝搬時間を取得する伝搬時間取得手段と、
段階的に変化させた浸炭深さの異なる複数の群毎に被検体を2体づつ作製し、これら複数の群毎に、一方の被検体に対し破壊検査を行い取得した表面硬化層の深さと、他方の被検体に対し前記波形測定手段と前記伝搬時間取得手段とを実行し取得した伝搬時間とに基づいて校正曲線を作成する校正曲線作成手段と、
前記伝搬時間取得手段により取得した前記伝搬時間に基づいて、前記校正曲線作成手段で作成した前記校正曲線を使用して前記被検体の表面硬化層の深さを算出する硬化層深さ推定手段と、
を備えることを特徴とする表面硬化層の測定装置。 - 前記校正曲線作成手段では、さらに、前記段階的に変化させた浸炭深さの異なる複数の群のうち、浸炭深さが0の被検体を標準被検体として1体作製し、前記波形測定手段と前記伝搬時間取得手段とを実行して伝搬時間を取得し、前記表面硬化層の深さと、前記他方の被検体から取得された伝搬時間及び前記標準被検体から取得された伝搬時間の差とから前記校正曲線を作成し、
前記硬化層深さ推定手段では、前記伝搬時間取得手段で取得された前記被検体の伝搬時間と前記標準被検体の伝搬時間との差を用いて、前記校正曲線から前記被検体の表面硬化層の深さを算出することを特徴とする請求項7に記載の表面硬化層の測定装置。
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US20130231884A1 (en) | 2013-09-05 |
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