Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/2093—Esters; Carbonates
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
  • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
  • G03F7/26—Processing photosensitive materials; Apparatus therefor
  • G03F7/42—Stripping or agents therefor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
  • A61K8/39—Derivatives containing from 2 to 10 oxyalkylene groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/49—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K8/4973—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds with oxygen as the only hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/92—Oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrogenation products thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
  • A61Q19/10—Washing or bathing preparations
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
  • C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
  • C07D317/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
  • C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
  • C07D317/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D317/18—Radicals substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D317/24—Radicals substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms esterified
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D3/2096—Heterocyclic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
  • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
  • C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D7/266—Esters or carbonates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
  • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
  • C11D7/26—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C11D7/267—Heterocyclic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
  • C23G5/00—Cleaning or de-greasing metallic material by other methods; Apparatus for cleaning or de-greasing metallic material with organic solvents
  • C23G5/02—Cleaning or de-greasing metallic material by other methods; Apparatus for cleaning or de-greasing metallic material with organic solvents using organic solvents
  • C23G5/032—Cleaning or de-greasing metallic material by other methods; Apparatus for cleaning or de-greasing metallic material with organic solvents using organic solvents containing oxygen-containing compounds

Definitions

• This disclosure relates to carboxy ester ketal stripping and removal compositions, methods for the manufacture of the compositions, and uses of the
• a removal composition comprises a plurality of abrasive particles, an organic amine, antioxidant, biocide, colorant, corrosion inhibitor, cosolvent, defoamer, dye, enzyme, light stabilizer, odor masking agent, plasticizer, preservative, rust inhibitor, surfactant, thickener, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; from 0 to 1% water, based on the total weight of the removal composition; and a ketal adduct of formula (1):
• R is CI -6 alkyl
• R 2 is hydrogen or CI -3 alkyl
• each R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is independently hydrogen or Cl-6 alkyl
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen or Cl-6 alkyl
• a method of preparing the removal composition comprises combining a plurality of abrasive particles, an organic amine, antioxidant, biocide, colorant, corrosion inhibitor, cosolvent, defoamer, dye, enzyme, light stabilizer, odor masking agent, plasticizer, preservative, rust inhibitor, thickener, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing and the above-described ketal adduct of formula (1).
• a method of removing material on a surface of a substrate comprises contacting the material on the surface of the substrate with the above-described removal composition under removal conditions; and at least partially separating the material from the substrate.
• a method of removing a material on a surface of a substrate comprises contacting the material on the surface of the substrate with the above-described ketal adduct under removal conditions; and at least partially separating the material from the substrate, wherein 0 to 1 wt of water is present during contacting.
• the ketal adducts of ketocarboxy esters offer a combination of properties that are useful for stripping or removing materials from surfaces.
• stripping and removal compositions include formulations for paint stripping, graffiti removal, ink cleaning and removal, adhesive removal, mastic removal, photoresist removal, wax stripping, asphalt removal, concrete cleaning, form cleaning, mold cleaning hand cleaning, sap/pitch removal, oil stain cleaning and removing, parts degreasing, and engine degreasing.
• the varying solubilities of the ketal adducts makes them useful in a broad variety of compositions, particularly a broad variety of organic removal compositions.
• a further advantage is that certain of the ketal adducts, such as the levulinate ester ketals, can be derived from biological feedstocks.
• ketocarboxy ester ketals which are sometimes referred to herein as "ketal adducts" have the general
• R is CI -6 alkyl
• R 2 is hydrogen or CI -3 alkyl
• each R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is independently hydrogen or Cl-6 alkyl
• R 1 is Cl-6 alkyl
• R 2 is methyl
• each R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is independently hydrogen or Cl-3 alkyl
• R 6 is hydro gen or Cl-6 alkyl
• R 1 is Cl-4 alkyl
• R 2 is methyl
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R 6 is hydrogen or Cl-3 alkyl
• R 7 is hydrogen
• R 1 is Cl-4 alkyl
• R 2 is methyl
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R 6 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl
• R 7 is hydrogen
• the ketal adduct is the 1,2-propanediol adduct of a levulinic acid ester, having formula (la):
• Ethyl levulinate propylene glycol ketal (“EtLPK”) is obtained when R 1 is ethyl in formula (la).
• the ketal adducts of formula (1) can be obtained by the acid-catalyzed reaction of the corresponding ketoacid ester of formula (2) with a polyol of formula (3):
• each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , and R 7 , and a and b are as defined above.
• Reaction conditions are described in WO 09/032905, for example.
• Many of the compounds falling within the scope of formulas (2) and (3) can be bio-sourced.
• the ketal adducts thus provide an entry point for a broad variety of bio-sourced solvents.
• levulinic acid is produced by the thermochemical treatment of various carbohydrates such as cellulose; subsequent esterification with bio-sourced alkanols and ketalization of the levulinate ester with polyhydroxy compounds such glycerol or propylene glycol produces a bioderived solvent.
• each of the specific R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , and R 7 groups and a and b in the ketal adducts of formula (1) allows the chemical and physical properties of the ketal adducts to be adjusted to achieve the desired combination of properties, for example, solubilizing activity, and volatility.
• the ability to adjust each of these features using a single scaffold provides greater flexibility in designing solvents that achieve the technical requirements of the foregoing compositions.
• each of the specific R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , and R 7 groups and a and b are selected to provide a desired solubilizing activity, that is, the ability of the ketal adduct to solubilize a solute.
• a desired solubilizing activity that is, the ability of the ketal adduct to solubilize a solute.
• the presence of ester and ether-like functionality allows interaction of the ketal adduct with a variety of solute functional groups.
• the ketal adducts (1) are further advantageous due to their low volatility, which can be especially desirable for paint and graffiti removal where rapid volatilization of the remover formulation necessitates re-application of the product.
• Volatility manifests itself in a number of key properties for solvents, including boiling point, vapor pressure, relative evaporation rate, flammability, odor, and volatile organic compound (VOC) content.
• the desired volatility profile of a solvent varies considerably by application, and there are often conflicting considerations. For instance, highly volatile process solvents require less energy to remove after use, but in many cases also require special handling due to higher flammability.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , and R 7 groups and a and b can further provide a selected volatility.
• EtLPK in particular is of acceptably low volatility and low flammability.
• the ketal adducts (1) are useful in paint stripping and graffiti removal compositions.
• the two types of compositions are related, as graffiti is often applied using paint.
• the ketal adducts are useful for the removal of adhesives, mastic, ink, photoresist, asphalt, pitch, grease, oil, and other types of coating.
• the ketal adducts have excellent combination of properties for use in these applications, including solubilizing activity, low flammability, long work times, biodegradability, non-corrosiveness, and low odor.
• the removal compositions contain only the ketal adduct (1), specifically (la), and 0 to 1% by weight of water, based on the total weight of the removal composition.
• the removal compositions comprise the ketal adduct (1), specifically (la); 0 to 1% by weight of water, based on the total weight of the removal composition; and one or more additional components, for example a cosolvent and/or other components as described in more detail below.
• Exemplary cosolvents include: aliphatic hydrocarbons, for example C6-30 straight, branched-chain, or cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons, that are preferably liquid at ambient temperatures and have a boiling point of at least about 100°C, e.g., mineral oil (also referred to as liquid petrolatum or liquid paraffin), mineral spirits (also referred to as ligroin or petroleum spirits), and low flashpoint cuts of hydrocarbon distillates (e.g., Conosol® C-145 (primarily of ClO-13 cycloparaffinic and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons), Conosol® C-170 (composed primarily of CI 0-15 cycloparaffinic and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons), Conosol® C-200 (a composed primarily of C12-16 cycloparaffinic and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons), and Conosol® 215 (composed primarily of C12-15 cycloparaffinic and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons), from Calumet Special
• aromatic hydrocarbons for example naphthalene, Cl-8 alkyl derivatives of benzene, and Cl-8 alkyl derivatives of naphthalene, specifically toluene, xylene (o, m, or p), cumene, ethyl benzene, mesitylene, durene, sec-amylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, naphthalene, and methyl naphthalene;
• terpenes for example, turpentine, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and d-limonene;
• organic sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfoxides, for example dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO);
• chlorinated solvents for example chlorinated CI -6 aliphatic compounds such as allyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, dichloroethylether, 1,2- dichloroethylene, dichloroisopropyl ether, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, isopropyl chloride, methyl chloride, perchloroethylene, propylene dichloride, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene 1,2,3 trichloropropene, and methylene chloride (dichloromethane, or DCM);
• chlorinated CI -6 aliphatic compounds such as allyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, 1,1-dichloroethane, dichloroethylether, 1,2- dichloroethylene, dichloroisopropyl ether, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, iso
• alcohols for example amyl alcohol, n-butanol, 3-butoxyethyl-2-propanol, benzyl alcohol, benzyloxyethanol, diethoxyethanol, diisobutyl carbinol, dimethyl heptanol, ethanol, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, 1-hexanol, isobutanol, isopropanol, methanol, methyl amyl alcohol, 2-methyl-l-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, propylene glycol, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (commercially available as UCAR)
• glycol ethers for example diethylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-n- butyl ether (commercially available as Butyl CARBITOL from Dow), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (commercially available as CARBITOL from Dow), diethylene glycol monohexyl ether (commercially available as Hexyl CARBITOL from Dow), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (commercially available as Methyl CARBITOL from Dow), diethylene glycol monopropyl ether (commercially available as Propyl CARBITOL from Dow), diethylene glycol n-butyl ether acetate (commercially available as Butyl
• CARBITOLTM Acetate from Dow dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether (commercially available as DOWANOLTM DPnB from Dow), dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (commercially available as DOWANOL DPM from Dow), dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether (commercially available as DOWANOL DPnP from Dow), dipropylene glycol tert- butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate (commercially available as Methyl
• water-soluble ethoxylates of propylene glycol monophenyl ether preferably, containing an average of at least 2 oxyethylene moieties per molecule
• water-soluble or water-dispersible polymeric amines such as poly (ethylene imine); amides such as acetamidophenol, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl formamide (DMF), and acetanilide, and cyclic amides such as l-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, N- isopropyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2-hydroxyethyl-2-pyrrolidone, N- dimethylaminopropyl-2-pyrrolidone, vinyl-pyrrolidone, and 2-pyrrolidone; amines such as 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, 2-acetyl-l-methylpyrrole, 2-amino-2- methyl-l-propanolalkanolamines (e.g., n-butyldiethanolamine, diethanolamine,
• methylisopropanolamine phenyl diethanolamine, and triethanolamine
• cyclic amines e.g., N-methyl pyrrolidine, N-methylpyyrole, morpholine, and oxazolidines
• n- butylaminoethanol diethylaminoethanol
• diglycolamine 2-methylaminoethanol
• trialkylamines e.g. triethylamine
• ketones and cyclic ketones such as isobutyl heptyl ketone, isophorone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, diacetone alcohol, acetophenone, methyl n-amyl ketone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone;
• dialkyl carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, diisopropyl carbonate, and dibutyl carbonate;
• cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate
• dibasic esters such as dimethyl adipate, dimethyl succinate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl malonate, diethyl adipate, diethyl succinate, diethyl glutarate, dibutyl succinate, dibutyl glutarate and products available under the trade designations DBETM, DBE-3, DBE-4, DBE-5, DBE-6, DBE-9, DBE-IB, and DBE-ME from Invista;
• alkoxylated aromatic alcohols as described in U.S. Patent No. 7179775, in particular the alkoxylated aromatic alcohols containing at least one aromatic ring per molecule and alkoxylate units of general formula -(CR ⁇ -CR -O R 5 wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently hydrogen or methyl; R 5 is hydrogen, a Cl-6 alkyl, or phenyl; and n is 2- 10, wherein the alkoxylate units are attached to the aromatic ring directly or through an ether (oxygen) linkage or an oxymethylene (-CHR 8 0-) linkage, wherein R 8 is hydrogen or CI -4 alkyl.
• the cosolvent is NMP.
• the ratio of ketal adduct to cosolvent can vary widely depending on the ketal adduct, the cosolvent, and the intended use, and can be from 1:99 to 99:1, specifically from 10:90 to 90:10, more specifically from 20:80 to 80:20, from 30:70 to 70:30, or from 40:60 to 60:40, all by volume.
• the removal compositions can be formulated as, for example, a paint remover, graffiti remover, ink remover, adhesive remover, mastic remover, photoresist remover, wax remover, asphalt remover, concrete cleaner, form cleaner, hand cleaner, body cleaner, sap remover, oil remover, or grease remover.
• a single composition can have more than one use, for example a single composition can be used as both a paint and ink remover, as a paint, oil, and grease remover.
• the removal compositions can contain other components to aid in the function of the compositions, for example abrasive particles, organic amine accelerators, organic acid accelerators, antioxidants, antirust additives, biocides, colorants, corrosion inhibitors, cosolvents, defoamers, dyes, enzymes, light stabilizers, odor masking agents (including perfumes), plasticizers, preservatives, surfactants (including amphoteric, anionic, cationic, nonionic, or zwitterionic), thickeners, and combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing.
• abrasive particles for example abrasive particles, organic amine accelerators, organic acid accelerators, antioxidants, antirust additives, biocides, colorants, corrosion inhibitors, cosolvents, defoamers, dyes, enzymes, light stabilizers, odor masking agents (including perfumes), plasticizers, preservatives, surfactants (including amphoteric, anionic, cationic, nonionic, or
• a single additive can have more than one function, and that characterization of an additive as having that function (e.g., as a cosolvent) does not exclude the additive from performing another function.
• concentrations of the individual additives of the removal compositions can be varied as depending upon components of the removal composition, the type of material to be removed, and the rate at which material removal is to be effected. Optimal concentrations for a particular application can be readily determined by a worker skilled in the art using standard experimental methods, and the guidelines provided below.
• the removal composition comprises an amide cosolvent, for example NMP, an amine accelerator, for example morpholine, a thickener, for example a cellulose thickener such as methylcellulose, and a surfactant.
• an amide cosolvent for example NMP
• an amine accelerator for example morpholine
• a thickener for example a cellulose thickener such as methylcellulose
• surfactant for example NMP
• the removal composition comprises a sulfoxide cosolvent, for example dimethyl sulfoxide, an amine accelerator, for example morpholine, a thickener, for example a cellulose thickener such as methylcellulose, and a surfactant.
• a sulfoxide cosolvent for example dimethyl sulfoxide
• an amine accelerator for example morpholine
• a thickener for example a cellulose thickener such as methylcellulose
• surfactant for example dimethyl sulfoxide
• a sulfoxide cosolvent for example dimethyl sulfoxide
• an amine accelerator for example morpholine
• a thickener for example a cellulose thickener such as methylcellulose
• the organic amine accelerators can include those listed above as cosolvents. Accelerators are believed to accentuate the performance of the composition by chemically attacking the organic binder of the coating and thereby weakening the adhesion and cohesion of the coating.
• Exemplary amine accelerators include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, morpholine, triethanolamine, triethylamine, and 2-(N,N'- diethylamino)ethanol).
• the amine accelerator can be present in an amount from 0.1 to 20 wt.%, or from 1 to 10 wt.%, although these amounts are merely illustrative.
• Exemplary organic acid accelerators include Cl-22 carboxylic acids (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, and hydroxyacetic acid).
• the organic acid accelerator can be present in an amount from 0.1 to 20 wt.%, or from 1 to 10 wt.%, although these amounts are merely illustrative.
• Corrosion inhibitors can be present, particularly where the composition is provided in a metal container, or when an acid accelerator is present.
• Corrosion inhibitors can be, for example, a molecule that has both an oil soluble portion and a water soluble portion, such as an amphoteric surfactant containing an amine functionality in an amount from about 0.05% to about 2% by weight, specifically about 0.25% to about 1.0%, such as the disodium N-lauryl iminodipropionate esters available as DERIPHAT® amphoteric surfactants from Cognis Corporation.
• corrosion inhibitors include amine soaps of fatty acids and fatty alkanolamides such as the C$ to Ci 8 fatty alkanolamides, examples of which include STAND AMID® alkanolamides, available from Cognis Corporation.
• Such corrosion inhibitors can also be used for post-application anti-corrosion effects on surfaces that will rust or corrode because of the presence of water in the cleaning compositions, such as on metal surfaces such as iron and steel and the like.
• the removal compositions can also contain an effective amount of odor masking agents, such as essential oils, aroma chemicals, perfumes, and the like, for example, ambergris, borneol and its esters, carvone, castoreum, civet, cinnamaldehyde, citrals, clove oil, galbanum, jasmine, limonene, linalool and its esters, pinenes (alphas, betas, etc.), rosemary oil, sandalwood, terpineols, terpinenes, and the like, benzaldehyde, benzoin, isoamyl acetate (banana); isobutyl propionate (rum); methyl anthranilate (grape); benzyl acetate (peach), dipentene, methyl butyrate (apple); ethyl butyrate (pineapple); octyl acetate (orange); n-propyl acetate (pe
• Exemplary plasticizers include phthalate esters, for example dibutyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, and diethyl phthalate; aliphatic diesters, for example dioctyl adipate; terephthalate esters, for example dioctyl terephthalate; citrate esters, for example acetyl triethyl citrate and acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate; ketal based plasticizers, such as those described in PCT Application WO 2010/151558, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
• the plasticizer is present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the removal composition.
• a wide variety of surfactants can be utilized, depending on the application, and can be amphoteric, anionic, cationic, nonionic, or zwitterionic.
• a surfactant or combination of surfactants can be present in order to improve wetting of the coating to be removed and to hasten penetration of the active components.
• a surfactant can facilitate water rinsing and water clean-up of the substrate after removal of the coating.
• Exemplary amphoteric surfactants include amine oxide compounds having the formula RR'R"N— >0 wherein each R, R' and R" is independently a C1-C24 alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl group) that can optionally contain one or more P, O, S or N heteroatoms.
• Exemplary amphoteric surfactants also include betaine compounds of the formula
• each R, R' and R" is independently a C C 2 4 alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl group) that can optionally contain one or more P, O, S or N heteroatoms and n is about 1 to about 10.
• n is about 1 to about 10.
• Exemplary anionic surfactants include the water-soluble salts of alkylbenzene sulfonates such as the isopropylamine salt of a Cio-14 alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, and/or a Cg- 14 fatty alcohol sulfate, alkyl sulfates, alkyl polyethoxy ether sulfates, paraffin sulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates and sulfosuccinates, alpha- sulfocarboxylates and their esters, alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, fatty acid monoglyceride sulfates and sulfonates, alkyl phenol polyethoxyether sulfates, the water-soluble salts or esters of alpha- sulfonated fatty acids containing from about 6 to about 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acid group and from about 1 to about 10
• the anionic surfactant can be present in the composition in an amount from about 0.1 to about 15% by weight, from about 3 to about 12% by weight, and most preferably from about 5 to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
• a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing can be used.
• a short-chain surfactant can be present, for example C3-C6 alcohols, glycols, glycol ethers such as propylene glycol n- butyl ether, pyrrolidones, glycol ether esters, and the like. A combination comprising at least one of the foregoing can be used.
• Exemplary cationic surfactants include quaternary amine compounds having the formula RR'R"R"'N + X where each R, R', R" and R'" is independently a Ci-C 24 alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl group) that can optionally contain one or more P, O, S or N heteroatoms, and X is F, CI, Br, I or an alkyl sulfate. A combination comprising at least one of the foregoing can be used.
• Exemplary nonionic surfactants include alcohol ethoxylates (e.g., C 6 -C2 4 or C 6 -Ci6 alcohol ethoxylates) having 1 to about 20 ethylene oxide groups (e.g., about 9 to about 20 ethylene oxide groups), alkylphenol ethoxylates (e.g., C 6 -C2 4 or Cs-Cio alkylphenol ethoxylates) having 1 to about 100 ethylene oxide groups (e.g., about 12 to about 20 ethylene oxide groups), alkylpolyglycosides (e.g., C 6 -C2 4 or C5-C2 0 alkylpolyglycosides) having 1 to about 20 glycoside groups (e.g., about 9 to about 20 glycoside groups).
• a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing can be used.
• the amount of surfactant can be about 0.1 to about 20%, about 0.1 to about 15% or about 2 to about 15% of the total weight of the removal composition.
• Thickeners can be present to adjust the rheological properties of the removal compositions.
• the removal of partially dried paint removal from automotive paint spray booths, for example, is generally performed by spraying a coatings remover onto the spray booth.
• the coatings remover must be thin enough to spray easily but must rapidly build in viscosity under low shear conditions to effectively cling to vertical surfaces.
• a higher viscosity formulation is generally desired if the coatings remover is to be painted on while a low viscosity formulation containing no added thickener is typically used where the coated substrate is to be soaked in a tank.
• Thickeners can also serve to increase the effectiveness of the coatings removers by decreasing the rate of evaporation of the volatile components after application to a coated substrate.
• Use of a thickener in the composition enables the composition to be applied onto vertical surfaces without any attendant dripping or run-off therefrom, and also inhibits dissipation of the composition into porous substrates such as brick or concrete.
• Exemplary thickeners are natural or synthetic clays including bentonite, hectorite, smectite and other silicates such as available grades of BENTOLITETM,
• CLAYTONETM and GELWHITETM bentonites PERMONTM smectites, CLOISITETM magnesium aluminum silicates, LAPONITETM silicates and GARAMITETM silicates (all available from Southern Clay Products, Inc.) and available grades of OPTIGELTM bentonites, hectorites, smectites and other clays (all from Sued-Chemie Group); stearates of organoclay compounds such as tetraalkyl ammonium bentonite; gums and other polysaccharides such as carrageenan gum (e.g., GENUVISCOTM X-906-02 (from CP Kelco)), cassia gum, diutan gum (e.g., GEO VISTM XT, KELCO-CRETETM 80, KELCO-CRETE 200 and KOC617 (all from CP Kelco)), gellan gum (e.g., KELCOGELTM, KELCOGEL F and
• hydrocolloids such as NOVEGUMTM C865, NOVEGUM C866 and NOVEGUM G888 (all from Noveon, Inc.); alginates such as agar; cellulose ethers such as ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and other alkyl or hydroxyalkyl cellulose ethers, commercially available, e.g., as METHOCELTM
• K15MDGSE, METHOCEL K4MDGSE, METHOCEL 311, METHOCEL F4M PRG and METHOCEL OS (all from Dow), XDS 8898.5 cellulose ether (from Dow), and KLUCELTM H, KLUCEL M or KLUCEL G (all from Ashland, Inc.); acrylic acid homopolymers or copolymers, e.g., those which may be neutralized with a salt including associative or non- associative thickeners such as ACUSOLTM 801s, ACUSOL 810, ACUSOL 810A, ACUSOL 820, ACUSOL 823 and ACUSOL 830 acrylate polymers (all from Rohm & Haas Co.) or those which may be crosslinked (e.g., with a polyalkenyl polyether) including
• CARBOPOLTM 674, CARBOPOL 676, CARBOPOL ETD 2691, CARBOPOL ETD 2623, CARBOPOL EZ-3, CARBOPOL EZ-3A, CARBOPOL EZ-4 and CARBOPOL ULTREZTM 21 (all from Noveon, Inc.); PEMULENTM 1622 copolymer (from Noveon, Inc.); polyethylene oxides (e.g., high molecular weight polyethylene oxides) such as polyethylene glycols and me thoxypoly ethylene glycols; polyvinyl alcohols; polyvinyl pyrrolidone; starches;
• polyurethanes including RHEOLATETM 266 (from Elementis Specialties, Inc.), and available grades of OPTIFLOTM associative thickeners (all available from Sud-Chemie Group); and methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymers.
• Other possible thickeners include hydrophobe-modified ethoxy urethane (HEUR) thickeners, hydrophobe-modified alkali soluble emulsion (HASE) thickeners, hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (HM- HEC) thickeners, and HEUR-ASE combination thickeners. A combination comprising at least one of the foregoing can be used.
• the thickener can be used in an amount from about 0.1 to about 30 wt.%, specifically about 2 to about 20 wt.%, and most specifically about 3 to about 10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the removal composition.
• a method of preparing a removal composition comprises combining the ketal adducts (1), specifically (la) and any cosolvent or other component to form the removal composition.
• the ketal adducts and additives can be added in any suitable order to the additional component(s) present in the composition, for example a thickener and an amide cosolvent to provide these additives in the removal composition.
• the removal compositions can be provided as a concentrate.
• the concentrates are usually diluted in water for use as a working water-based removing composition.
• a two-part concentrate package can be provided which typically comprises a Part A and a Part B, where each part contains a component likely to react with the other part, for example the ketal and an amine in Part A and an inorganic base in Part B.
• the removal compositions can alternatively be formulated in other forms useful for removal or cleaning compositions, for example gels, wipes, aerosols, and the like.
• the removal compositions can be formulated in gel form by the addition of an effective amount of a gelling agent such as fumed silica, organic gums, polymers, copolymers, paraffin wax, bentonite clay, and cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose commercially available as METHOCEL® cellulose ethers, from Dow Chemical.
• Wipes are generally a natural or synthetic fabric piece impregnated with the gel or liquid removal composition.
• the removal formulations When used as an aerosol, the removal formulations are formulated under pressure with a propellant as is known in the art.
• a method of removing a material from a substrate comprises contacting the material with a composition comprising ketal adduct (1), specifically (la) under conditions that effect removal, for example for a time effective to dissolve and/or lift the material; and separating the dissolved and/or lifted material from the substrate.
• a composition comprising ketal adduct (1), specifically (la) under conditions that effect removal, for example for a time effective to dissolve and/or lift the material; and separating the dissolved and/or lifted material from the substrate.
• dissolved includes partial dissolution of a material, often referred to as softening, such that the material can be further removed from the substrate by rinsing or mechanical action.
• the removal composition can also be at least partially removed by separating the material.
• the removal compositions can be used to remove a wide variety of materials, generally those soluble or softenable by organic solvents.
• materials such as inks for all types of substrates, including paper, wood, plastic, metal, textiles, ceramics, stone, skin, and for indoor or for outdoor use; adhesives and sealants, for example silicone, polyurethane, epoxy, polyvinyl acetate (including copolymers with ethylene), phenolic, amino resin, cyano acrylate, polyester, polyamide, rubber (styrene -butadiene and natural) or acrylic adhesives and sealants; mastics; photoresists; waxes, for example floor wax or bees wax; asphalts; saps (which as used herein includes pitches, rosins, tars, and natural resins such as tree sap); residual materials left in forms or molds, for example polymers such as alkyds, polyacetals, polyacrylates, polyacrylics, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyether
• the materials can be removed from surfaces that are reasonably resistant to the removal compositions, including natural and synthetic fabrics, wood, cardboard, and coated paper, especially if treated with a wax or other protective material, glass, thermoset resins, thermoplastic resins, ceramic, stone, masonry substrates, cement, or metals (e.g., aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, stainless steel, or galvanized steel).
• the removal compositions can further be used to a part of the human body, for example hands or hair, as well as animals.
• the methods of contacting the surface with the removal composition can be accomplished in a number of ways, for example, in aerosol form or other spraying means such as by standard spray nozzles; brush application; dipping; coating; application in gel form such as from a squeeze bottle or brush, and the like, bit immersion and spraying can be specifically mentioned.
• spraying can be used.
• the spraying pressure will usually be from 1.3 bars to 8.0 bars absolute pressure.
• the mechanical force of the impinging removal composition facilitates removal of the material.
• immersion can be used.
• both methods can be used in combination and/or varied in ways apparent to those skilled in the art.
• the contact time needed to produce an effective degree of dissolution and/or lifting of the material from a surface will depend on the nature and thickness of the material, the composition of the removal composition, including the ingredient concentrations, the temperature of the composition, and other factors. With some materials and under some conditions, contact times of a few minutes (e.g., 2-3 minutes) can be sufficient. Operating temperature when using the removal compositions can be from 0 to 180°C or higher, specifically 15 to 90°C, or 21 to 55°C.
• the treatment is most conveniently carried out at ambient temperature, but lift time may be shortened as desired by heating the coatings remover and/or substrate. Heating can be achieved by local application of heat such as with a heat gun, or more general application of heat, such as with an electric heater, infrared heater, and the like. It is to be understood however, that those skilled in the art can determine optimal conditions for particular removal applications by minimal experimentation. Higher temperatures generally increase the rate at which the material is removed from the surface.
• Separating the ketal adduct and dissolved material from the substrate can include mechanical action, such as scraping, peeling, rubbing, wiping, and the like, or rinsing the substrate with additional removal composition or another solvent, including water or aqueous mixture of water with an organic solvent.
• the removal compositions described herein can accordingly be formulated for a wide variety of uses, such as paint removal (including cleaning and stripping), graffiti removal, ink removal, adhesive removal, mastic removal, photoresist removal, wax removal (including wax stripping), asphalt removal, concrete cleaning, form cleaning, mold cleaning, hand cleaning, sap removal, oil removal (including cleaning oil stains), degreasing (including parts degreasing and engine degreasing).
• EGBE ethylene glycol butyl ether
• DPM dipropylene glycol methyl ether
• PMA propylene glycol methyl ether acetate
• DBE dibasic esters
• DL d-Limonene
• SME soy methyl esters
• EPON 100 IF 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 1
• thermoplastic acrylics Paraloid B-72 and B-82 (Rohm and Haas Company), flexible polyurethanes Desmocoll 176 and 406 (Bayer MaterialScience LLC), cellulose acetate propionate CAP-482-0.5 (Eastman Chemical Company), solid epoxies D.E.R. 661 (The Dow Chemical Company) and EPON 1001F (Momentive Specialty Chemicals Inc.), phenoxy PKHH (InChem Corporation), polyvinyl butyral Butvar B-76 (Solutia, Inc.), and polyvinyl acetate (Sigma- Aldrich Corporation)
• EtLPK dissolves a variety of common polymers, unexpectedly outperforming EtLGK, and with performance similar to petroleum- based solvents ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPM), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PMA), and dibasic esters (DBE).
• EGBE ethylene glycol butyl ether
• DPM dipropylene glycol methyl ether
• PMA propylene glycol methyl ether acetate
• DBE dibasic esters
• Hildebrand solubility parameters were determined from the heat of vaporization and molar volume of each of EtLGK and EtLPK.
• the Hildebrand numbers for EtLGK and EtLPK were determined and are shown in Table 2. The higher value for EtLGK reflects the presence of a hydroxyl group.
• EtLPK 16.9 Table 3 shows the flammability of EtLGK, EtLPK, ethanol, propylene glycol methyl ether (PM), and ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE). Table 3 also shows the status of these compounds under the low vapor pressure (LVP) criteria established by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), which limit the total VOC content in consumer and institutional cleaning products, as well as certain personal care products and automotive aftercare products.
• LVP low vapor pressure
• EtLGK and EtLPK were tested as alternatives to DBE in graffiti removal formulations.
• the neat solvents were compared in their ability to remove graffiti by the TURI lab at the University of Massachusetts - Lowell.
• one set of stainless steel and wood coupons were coated with Dayetek Daye Black quick dry lithographic ink using a hand held swab; a second set of stainless steel and wood coupons were coated with Barnes Group Bowman Distribution Industrial Finish Gloss Black spray paint No 24700. Coated coupons were allowed to sit for several hours for drying of applied ink/paint.
• the spray paint was the easier of the two contaminants to be removed using 30 seconds of manual cleaning. Both the ketals solvents were ranked high for the ink removal from stainless steel. The EtLPK was ranked as the most effective of the four solvents for both surfaces for ink removal. According to the visual test, EtLPK was particularly effective at removing the ink. [0065] In the second test, the same procedure was used as in the first experiment, except the coupons were judged gravimetric ally - the coupons were weighed prior to cleaning to get the initial weight, and then weighed again after cleaning. Table 6 shows the amount of soil added, the amount remaining and the efficiency for each coupon, using EtLGK, EtLPK, a 50:50 blend of EtLGK and EtLPK, and DBE. Gravimetric analysis was inconclusive for both soils from the wood coupons due to weight gain in the final "clean" weights; therefore only the stainless steel results are shown in Table 6.
• a third test was run by the same procedure as above, except the cleaning unit was run until the coupons were completely cleaned or when no additional contaminant was removed from the surface (as determined by viewing the paper towel condition after at least 40 cycles); the total number of cycles was recorded. Cycle numbers for each solvent are shown in Table 7.
• EtLPK needed the least number of total cycles for cleaning both the ink and paint from the stainless steel.
• DBE performed best on wood, although none of the products removed all of the paint from the wood surfaces - both the ink and paint left visual traces on in the grain of the wood. Overall, EtLPK and DBE had similar number of cycles required to reach the end point.
• EtLPK was formulated into NMP-based paint stripper A shown in Table 8.
• NMP N-methyl pyrrolidone
• the paint stripper formulation A of Table 8 was compared to a commercial product B, Zinsser Magic Strip Citrus-Action Gel, which contains NMP, dibasic esters, and
• EtLPK was formulated as a pound- for-pound replacement of DBE and soy methyl esters in a paint stripper formulation to remove the confounding effects of different ingredients and levels as shown in Table 10.
• Methocell 311 was used as the thickener instead of Mecellose 9860. Results are shown in Table 11.
• NMP N-methyl pyrrolidone
• EtLPK shows better performance than soy methyl esters in the common formulated paint stripper system.
• a comparison of EtLPK versus DBE showed superior results in one case, equivalent results in one case, and inferior results in two cases.
• a black ultraviolet-curable printing ink (Kolorcure Series 7500 Super Dense Black UV curable printing ink) was applied to aluminum mill finish and ground steel impanels (cleaned with acetone and paper towel) with a 1 mil (0.025 mm) draw down bar and cured for 10 minutes in a Loctite Zeta 7401 UV chamber with 400W metal halide bulb.
• a comparative solvent formulation (Soy-Sol 2300) and EtLPK were applied by brush in a 2- inch (51 mm) stripe to the aluminum panel. After 2.5 hours, EtLPK easily removed the coating with a 2-inch (51 mm) plastic putty knife while Soy-Sol only removed 10% of the coating over the contact area. The same test was repeated on the steel-coated panels. After 5 hours, EtLPK removed 50% of the coating in the contact area, while Soy-Sol removed 0% of coating in the contact area.
• EtLPK, d-limonene, and Steposol SB-W were compared in their ability to remove an ultra violet (UV)-cured ink.
• Kolorcure 7500 75-112 Super Dense Black UV curable printing ink was applied over a standard vinyl floor tile using a drawdown bar at 1 mil (1.02 mm) wet film. The film was cured for 3 minutes using UV light in a Loctite Zeta 7401. The solvent was soaked into a cheesecloth that was affixed to the round side of a 16 oz ball-peen hammer. The hammer was attached to a motor that moved the hammer back and forth in a 3-inch (7.62 cm) stroke. The total number of double rub strokes was counted until the white tile showed through the removed black ink. Results are shown in
• a caulk (Loctite Polyseamseal All Purpose Adhesive Caulk (Henkel)) was applied to 4-inch x 1-inch (10.16 cm x 2.54 cm) steel panels by manually wiping the adhesive onto the panel with a latex glove and curing at room temperature for 24 hours. The coated panels were then dipped into a solution of 90 wt % EtLPK and 10 wt % Tomadol 25-9 surfactant solution under constant agitation using a stir bar that rotated at 280 rpm. The coated panels soaked in the agitated solution for 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours.
• An adhesive Liquid Nails, Small Project Repair Adhesive (Akzo Nobel) was applied to 4-inch by 1-inch (10.16 cm x 2.54 cm) steel panels by manually wiping the adhesive onto the panel with a latex glove and curing at room temperature for 24 hours.
• the coated panels were then dipped into a solution of 90 wt % EtLPK and 10 wt % Tomadol 25-9 surfactant solution under constant agitation using a stir bar that rotated at 280 rpm.
• the coated panels soaked in the agitated solution for 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours. At each interval, 1 panel from each solution was pulled out and wiped with a cloth to see how much of the adhesive was removed, as noted in the following table.
• a comparative example was also carried out using a mixture of 45% d-limonene/ 45% Steposol SB-W/ 10% Tomadol 25-9. Results are shown in Table 14. Iable 14.
• EtLPK performed better than the d-limonene/ soy methyl ester/ Tomadol solution at all time intervals for the adhesive.
• the final film after 8 hours of soak with d-limonene/ soy methyl ester showed minimal signs of delamination and, even when scraping, was still difficult to remove from the metal substrate.
• the Et LPK/ Tomadol solution performed similarly to the d-limonene/soy methyl ester/ Tomadol solution. In both cases, the adhesive was soft enough to scrape off but did not come off with wiping with a towel.
• EtLPK and Steposol SB-W were compared in their ability to remove wax coatings.
• a wax All- Wax Floor Wax by Lundmark Wax
• a pigment Sid Richardson Black pigment SR-630
• the colored wax solution was applied over a standard vinyl floor tile using a drawdown bar at 1, 2, and 3 mil(0.025, 0.055, and 0.076 mm) wet film and was allowed to try overnight.
• the solvent was then soaked into a cheese cloth that was affixed to the round side of a 16-oz (0.45 kg) ball-peen hammer.
• the hammer was attached to a motor that moved the hammer back and forth in a 3-inch (7.6 cm) stroke.
• the total number of double rub strokes was counted until the white tile showed through the removed black wax. Results are shown in Table 16.
• a wax SC Johnson Paste Wax
• a pigment Sid Richardson Black pigment SR-630
• the colored wax solution was applied over the tile using a towel at uniform thickness and was allowed to dry overnight.
• the solvent was soaked into a cheese cloth that was affixed to the round side of a 16-oz (0.45 kg) ball-peen hammer.
• the hammer was attached to a motor that moved the hammer back and forth in a 3-inch (7.6 cm) stroke. The total number of double rub strokes was counted until the white tile showed through the removed black wax. Results are shown in Table 17. Table 17.
• Pine tar pitch removal was performed using EtLPK, d-limonene, and Steposol SB-W (soy methyl ester). Pine tar pitch obtained from Jas Townsend and Son was melted by heating to 85 °C and then applied to glass slides with a sponge brush. The resulting coated slide, after cooling overnight, was inserted into the beaker containing the experimental solvent. The slides were removed at 90 and 180 minutes and were evaluated for pitch removal by amount of total residual with and without wiping. Results are shown in Table 18.
• the LPK removed the pitch after 180 minutes with wiping.
• An asphalt sealer (Sealbest 100 asphalt sealer) was applied to 4-inch x 1-inch (10.16 x 2.54 cm) panels by dipping them into the sealer and curing at 70°C for two hours.
• the coated panels were then dipped into a solution of 90 wt % EtLPK and 10 wt % Tomadol 25-9 surfactant solution under constant agitation using a stir bar that rotated at 280 rpm.
• the coated panels soaked in the agitated solution for 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours. At each interval, 1 panel from each solution was pulled out and wiped with a cloth to see how much of the adhesive was removed. Results are shown in Table 19.
• EtLPK and EtLGK were evaluated for their ability to remove labels from a child's plastic toy.
• the label was first removed by peeling off as much of the label that would come off. Then the area with the residual adhesive and paper from the label was soaked with the ketal for 1 minute; the area was then wiped with a towel to evaluate the performance.
• paint includes any protective exterior coatings that are also known as, for example, lacquer, electropaint, shellac, top coat, base coat, color coat, and the like.
• cover includes compositions that clean, spot clean, and strip, and “removal” includes cleaning, spot cleaning, and stripping.
• the compounds made by the above-described methods have, in embodiments, one or more isomers.
• an isomer can exist, it should be understood that the invention embodies methods that form any isomer thereof, including any stereoisomer, any conformational isomer, and any cis, trans isomer; isolated isomers thereof; and mixtures thereof.
• any position not substituted by any indicated group is understood to have its valency filled by a bond as indicated, or a hydrogen atom.
• a dash (“-") that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent.
• -CHO is attached through carbon of the carbonyl group.
• Alkyl groups may be straight-chained or branched.
• bivalent groups Such groups are the same as the monovalent groups that are similarly named, and are typically indicated with an "ene” suffix.
• a CI to C6 alkylene group is a bivalent linking group having the same structure as a CI to C6 alkyl group.

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• 2011
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