WO2012016777A1 - Polymere triazine utilisable comme membrane dans une pile a combustible - Google Patents
Polymere triazine utilisable comme membrane dans une pile a combustible Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012016777A1 WO2012016777A1 PCT/EP2011/061423 EP2011061423W WO2012016777A1 WO 2012016777 A1 WO2012016777 A1 WO 2012016777A1 EP 2011061423 W EP2011061423 W EP 2011061423W WO 2012016777 A1 WO2012016777 A1 WO 2012016777A1
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- triazine
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- 0 C*c(c(*)c1*)c(*)c(*)c1-c1nc(-c2c(*)c(*)c(*)c(*)c2*)nc(-c(c(*)c2*)c(*)c(*)c2I)n1 Chemical compound C*c(c(*)c1*)c(*)c(*)c1-c1nc(-c2c(*)c(*)c(*)c(*)c2*)nc(-c(c(*)c2*)c(*)c(*)c2I)n1 0.000 description 3
- XQJPMQBXOYDJHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oc(cc1)ccc1S(c(cc1)ccc1-c1nc(-c(cc2)ccc2S(c(cc2)ccc2O)(=O)=O)nc(-c2ccccc2)n1)(=O)=O Chemical compound Oc(cc1)ccc1S(c(cc1)ccc1-c1nc(-c(cc2)ccc2S(c(cc2)ccc2O)(=O)=O)nc(-c2ccccc2)n1)(=O)=O XQJPMQBXOYDJHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G73/0622—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C08G73/0638—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with at least three nitrogen atoms in the ring
- C08G73/0644—Poly(1,3,5)triazines
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- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives
- C08G65/38—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives derived from phenols
- C08G65/40—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives derived from phenols from phenols (I) and other compounds (II), e.g. OH-Ar-OH + X-Ar-X, where X is halogen atom, i.e. leaving group
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- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/02—Polythioethers
- C08G75/0204—Polyarylenethioethers
- C08G75/0209—Polyarylenethioethers derived from monomers containing one aromatic ring
- C08G75/0213—Polyarylenethioethers derived from monomers containing one aromatic ring containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen or sulfur
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- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/02—Polythioethers
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- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/02—Polythioethers
- C08G75/0204—Polyarylenethioethers
- C08G75/0236—Polyarylenethioethers containing atoms other than carbon or sulfur in a linkage between arylene groups
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- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G75/20—Polysulfones
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- C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
- C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
- C08J5/2218—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- C08J5/2256—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions other than those involving carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. obtained by polycondensation
- C08J5/2262—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions other than those involving carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. obtained by polycondensation containing fluorine
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- C08L81/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of polysulfones; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L81/02—Polythioethers; Polythioether-ethers
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- C08L81/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of polysulfones; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L81/06—Polysulfones; Polyethersulfones
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/103—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having nitrogen, e.g. sulfonated polybenzimidazoles [S-PBI], polybenzimidazoles with phosphoric acid, sulfonated polyamides [S-PA] or sulfonated polyphosphazenes [S-PPh]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1058—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by a porous support having no ion-conducting properties
- H01M8/106—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by a porous support having no ion-conducting properties characterised by the chemical composition of the porous support
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08J2381/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Polysulfones; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2381/06—Polysulfones; Polyethersulfones
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the polymers which can be used, in sulphonated form, as solid electrolyte or membrane in a fuel cell. It is more particularly relative to the above polymers of the aromatic type and comprising triazine core structural units.
- a fuel cell is an electrochemical energy generator in which a chemical reaction is maintained under control between hydrogen and oxygen which will produce water (reverse reaction of electrolysis). ). It produces electrical energy and heat.
- the electrolyte typically consists of a polymer membrane PEM (abbreviation for "Polymer Electrolyte Membrane”) proton-conducting and capable of separating the reactive species, consisting of two distinct nanophases: on the one hand a hydrophobic part ensuring the mechanical integrity, waterproof and gas (3 ⁇ 4 and 0 2 ), on the other hand a sulfonated portion consisting of narrow hydrophilic channels allowing the passage of protons and thus ensuring the ionic conductivity of the battery.
- PEM Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
- This polymer membrane is disposed between the anode and the cathode of the cell, such an assembly being commonly called “MEA” (Membrane Electrode Assembly).
- MEA Membrane Electrode Assembly
- Such fuel cells, MEA assemblies as well as their general principles of operation are well known, they have been described in a very large number of documents; as examples, mention may be made of the general article entitled “Functional Fluoropolymers for Fuel Cell Membranes” by Renaud Souzy & Bruno Ameduri, Prog. Polymer Sci. 30 (2005), 644-687, as well as patent applications WO 2005/006472, WO 2006/012953, WO 2006/012954, WO 2006/100029, WO 2008/125174.
- a good candidate polymeric material for a PEM fuel cell must meet very high requirements with respect to its mechanical, physical and chemical properties.
- the MEA assembly is expected to operate for thousands of hours at relatively high temperatures (60 to 100 ° C in the case of PEM batteries, up to 160 ° C in the case of DMFC methanol) while being exposed to particularly high humidity and acid pH values close to zero.
- Most of the known polymers undergo decomposition under such conditions, whether of aliphatic or aromatic type.
- Aliphatic copolymers derived from perfluorosulfonic acid commercialized for example under the name Nafion ® or Flemion ®, have been used extensively as conducting membranes in fuel cells the hydrogen / air type, hydrogen / oxygen or methanol / air.
- Nafion ® type polymers is firstly not suitable for use in fuel cells methanol type, this due to a reduced performance for the highest use temperatures, due to a significant increase in permeability of the membrane to methanol.
- a second fluorinated polymer especially a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) of the expanded microporous type (or "ePTFE”).
- Nafion ® type polymers are their cost of synthesis, not to mention a basic chemistry which no longer meets the latest requirements in terms of environment, hygiene and security. Also, much research has been conducted in the past to try to reduce the cost of PEM membranes.
- polystyrene resin examples of such polymers are for example poly (arylene-ether-sulfone), sold in particular under the names “Udel”, “Radel” or poly (ether-ether-ketone) marketed for example under the name “PEEK”.
- aromatic polymers are generally poorly mixed with an ePTFE-type polymer and the resulting membranes can not therefore be easily reinforced by an ePTFE polymer, such reinforcement requiring a prior surface treatment of the ePTFE polymer by plasma or by in a very aggressive chemical environment (see, for example, article entitled “Challenging reinforced composite polymer electrolyte membranes based on disulfonated poly (arylene-ether-sulfone) -impregnated expanded PTFE for fuel cell applications", Xiaobing Zhu et al., J. Mat. Chem., 2007, 386-397).
- aromatic type polymers have been described more recently in the documents US2005 / 0221135 and US 7037614. These are sulfonated triazine polymers whose monomers are connected by ether bridges (-O-).
- the syntheses described in these documents are complex, expensive and difficult to reproduce. It has further been found that their stability, chemical and dimensional, is insufficient even after a final treatment of crosslinking membranes, which treatment also requires another complex and expensive chemistry.
- this polymer of the invention has significantly improved chemical stability and oxidation resistance. It enables the production of PEM membranes unexpectedly compared to commercial Nafion ® membranes of the type developed for a long time, have at least equivalent chemical and dimensional stability and ionic conductivity.
- the polymer of the invention is derived from inexpensive monomers and is capable of being prepared according to simple and economical synthetic methods. Finally, which is not its least advantage, it can be made compatible with a microporous polymer ePTFE for an optimal reinforcement of the membrane, without requiring the surface treatments which have been mentioned above.
- the triazine polymer of the invention is characterized in that it comprises basic structural units comprising at least one unit corresponding to the formula (I ) below :
- Ari and Ar 2 which are identical or different, represent a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group
- Ar 3 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group
- Tz represents the 1,3-triazine ring.
- the subject of the invention is also the use of a triazine polymer according to the invention, in sulphonated form, as a membrane (solid electrolyte) in a fuel cell.
- the subject of the invention is also a fuel cell membrane comprising a triazine polymer according to the invention, as well as a composite type membrane comprising a triazine polymer according to the invention and reinforced with a layer of ePTFE (expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene) ).
- ePTFE expanded microporous polytetrafluoroethylene
- the invention also relates to a fuel cell whose membrane is in accordance with the invention.
- the invention as well as its advantages will be easily understood in the light of the detailed description and the following exemplary embodiments, as well as figures relating to these examples which represent or schematize: examples of basic structural units comprising patterns of general formula (I), of particular formulas (1-1), (1-2) and (1-3) respectively (Figs 1A, 1B and 1C);
- Examples of basic structural units comprising units of general formula (I), of particular formulas (I-A-1), (I-A-2) and (I-A-3) respectively ( Figure 2A, 2B and 2C);
- Examples of basic structural units comprising units of general formula (I), of particular formulas (I-B-1), (I-B-2) and (I-B-3) respectively (Fig. 3A, 3B and 3C);
- Examples of basic structural units comprising units of general formula (I), of particular formulas (I-B-4), (I-B-5) and (I-B-6) respectively ( Figures 4A, 4B and 4C);
- Examples of additional structural units of formula ( ⁇ - ⁇ ), of particular formulas (II-B-1), (II-B-2) and (II-B-3) (Fig. 6A, 6B and 6C) ); examples of triazine polymer sequences according to the invention of respective formulas (III-1), ( ⁇ -2) and (III-3), comprising both basic structural units comprising units of formula (1- 1) and additional structural units of the respective formulas (II-A-1), (II-A-2) and (II-A-3)
- the triazine polymer of the invention which can be used especially in sulphonated form as an electrolyte (or membrane, which is equivalent) in a fuel cell, therefore has the essential characteristic of comprising a plurality of basic, recurrent structural units which comprise each at least one unit having the formula (I):
- Ari and Ar 2 which are identical or different, represent a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group
- Ar 3 represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group
- Tz represents the 1,3-triazine ring.
- polymer is intended to be understood herein any homopolymer or copolymer, especially a block copolymer, comprising the basic structural units of formula (I) above.
- 1,3,5-triazine also called “triazine s”
- triazine s has the formula:
- Triphenyl 1-1, 3,5-triazine is therefore represented in formula (I) above by:
- the central unit of general formula (I) of the basic structural units corresponds to one of the three formulas 1-1, 1-2 and 1 3 respectively shown in Figures 1A, 1B and 1C appended.
- the unit of the basic structural units of general formula (I) corresponds to the particular formula (I-A):
- the central unit of the general formula (IA) of the basic structural units corresponds to one of the three formulas IAl, IA-2 IA-3 and shown respectively in Figures 2A , 2B and 2C appended.
- the central unit of general formula (I) of the basic structural units of formula (I) corresponds to the particular formula (IB):
- the perfluorinated hydrocarbon chain above is a perfluoroalkylene of formula (CF 2 ) m in which m varies from 1 to 20, more preferably from 2 to 20, in particular from 2 to 8.
- the perfluorinated hydrocarbon chain is a perfluorocyclobutylene, as a reminder of the formula:
- the unit of formula (IB) of the structural units base is one of three formulas IB-4, IB-5 and IB-6 shown respectively in Figures 4A, 4B and 4C appended hereto.
- the phenyl or phenylene groups Ar ls Ar 2 , Ar 3 , Ar 4 and Ar 5 previously described may be substituted or unsubstituted.
- the invention applies in particular to the case where only one of the phenyl or phenylene groups per basic structural unit of formula (I) (or triazine ring) is substituted, as well as in cases where several of the phenyl groups are substituted. or phenylene per triazine ring are substituted, one or more substituents, which may be identical or different, may be present on the same phenyl or phenylene group or on the same phenyl or phenylene groups.
- substituents of aromatic rings that is to say more exactly hydrogen atoms of these phenyl or phenylene groups
- substituents of aromatic rings there may be mentioned in particular the following substituents: o - F; - Cl; - Br; - CN; - CF 3 ; - N0 2 ; N (CH 3 ) 2 ;
- substituents are preferably selected from the group consisting of the substituents - F, - CN, - CF 3 , - PO 3 H, - PO 3 M, - SO 3 H, - SO 3 M and the mixtures of these substituents.
- the triazine polymer of the invention comprises, in addition to basic structural units comprising at least the central unit of formula (I), additional structural units of formula (II) chosen from the formulas ( ⁇ - ⁇ ), (II-B) and (II-C):
- the symbols X 3 , X 4 and X 5 which are identical or different, represent (like the symbols Xi and X 2 above ) S, SO or S0 2 ;
- m varies from 1 to 20, more preferably from 2 to 20, in particular from 2 to 8.
- FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C are examples of triazine polymer sequences according to the invention, of the respective formulas (III-1), ( ⁇ -2) and (III-3), comprising at the same time structural units base unit comprising units of formula (1-1) as previously described and additional structural units of the respective formulas (II-A-1), (II-A-2) and (II-A-3) above.
- FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C show other examples of triazine polymer sequences according to the invention, of respective formulas (IV-1), (IV-2) and (IV-3), comprising at the same time units basic structural units comprising units of the formulas (1-1), (1-2) and (1-3) as previously described and additional structural units of formula (II-B-3) above.
- the phenylene groups Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 , Arn, Ari 2 and Arn can be substituted or unsubstituted .
- the invention applies in particular to cases where only one of the phenylene groups per additional structural unit of formula (II) is substituted, as in the case where several of the phenylene groups per additional structural unit of formula (II) are substituted, one or more substituents, identical or different, may be present on the same group (s) phenylene.
- substituents are preferably selected from the group consisting of the substituents - F, - CN, - CF 3 , - PO 3 H, - PO 3 M, - SO 3 H, - SO 3 M and the mixtures of these substituents.
- the different basic structural units comprising units of formula (I) and, where appropriate, the additional structural units of formula (II) of the triazine polymer of the invention may be interconnected by any appropriate chemical bonds.
- at least a part of the basic structural units and, where appropriate, additional structural units are connected to one another by bridges chosen from the group consisting of ether bonds (-O-) and thioether bonds.
- ether bonds -O-
- thioether bonds thioether bonds.
- -S- sulphoxide bonds
- - SO- sulphone bonds
- mixtures of such bonds due to the high chemical stability of such bonds with respect to the risks of degradation of the polymer by hydrolysis.
- all the basic structural units and, where appropriate, all the additional structural units are connected to one another by bridges chosen from the group consisting of ether bonds (-O-), thio-ether bonds (- S-), sulfoxide bonds (- SO-), sulphone bonds (-SO 2 -) and mixtures of such bonds.
- triazine polymers according to the invention comprising basic structural units comprising units of formula (I) and, where appropriate, additional structural units of formula (II), linked together by ether bonds (-0 -) have been shown in Figures 9 to 14, 16 and 17, which will be described in detail later.
- Other particularly preferred examples of triazine polymers according to the invention comprising basic structural units comprising units of formula (I), linked together by thio-ether (-S-) or sulphone (-SO 2 ) bonds. ), have been shown in Figure 15 which will be described later.
- the triazine polymer of the invention comprises terminators or ends of blocked chains, preferably by so-called “blocking" groups of the hydrophobic type, sterically bulky, capable of reducing the solubility of the membrane in the water. More preferably, the chain ends are blocked by aromatic blocking groups.
- aromatic blocking groups include, in particular, groups which are selected from the group consisting of substituted phenyls, substituted benzophenones, substituted diphenylsulfones, substituted phenyl-perfluoroalkylsulfones and mixtures of such groups, these groups being more preferably monosubstituted.
- Examples of such monosubstituted aromatic blocking groups which may be present on all or part of the chain ends of the triazine polymer of the invention, are for example those represented in the formulas below (with m integer varying preferably from 1 to 20):
- Triazine polymers in accordance with the invention having blocked chain ends are illustrated for example in FIGS. 24 and 25 (the symbol B signifying in these figures the benzophenone group) which will be described in detail later.
- B - S0 2 - P - S0 2 - B comprises, at least one and more preferentially at each of the ends of its molecular chains, a blocking group; this blocking group noted above “B” is preferably linked to the polymer P by ether (-O-), thioether (-S-), sulphoxide (-SO-), sulphone (-SO 2 -) bridges, such bridges resulting for example from the reaction between terminal groups hydroxyl or thiol (-OH or -SH) present on the one hand at the ends of the chains of the initial starting triazine polymer (thus, at this stage, in an unblocked form), on the other hand on the sterically hindered hydrophobic aromatic molecules previously described for reacting with the chain ends of said initial triazine polymer.
- the triazine polymer of the invention is particularly useful as an electrolyte, in particular in a PEM fuel cell, when it is in sulphonated form.
- sulfonated polymer is meant, by definition, and in a well-known manner, a polymer carrying one or more sulfonic groups (-SO3H), sulfonates (-SO3M), or mixtures of such groups, M representing a metal cation alkali preferably selected from lithium (Li), cesium (Cs) sodium (Na) and potassium (K), more preferably from sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
- sulfonic groups which in the PEM stack ensure the proton conductivity of the polymer.
- Figures 9 to 17 annexed represent several preferred examples of triazine polymers according to the invention as well as various possible synthetic schemes of these polymers.
- the triazine polymer (hereinafter referred to as "Polymer 1") of FIG. 9 has the characteristic of comprising basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3) and additional structural units of formula (II-B-3) interconnected by ether bridges (-0-).
- Polymer 1 is here present in sulphonated form, the sulphonate groups -SO 3 M (M being preferably Na + or K + ) being provided by the additional structural units of formula (II-B-3).
- This Polymer 1 can be prepared by polycondensation of the monomers Al and Bl (disulfonated Bl) shown in FIG. 9, in the presence of a base and an organic solvent, according to a procedure which will be described in detail below.
- the triazine polymer (hereinafter referred to as "Polymer 2") of FIG. 10 comprises basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3) and additional structural units of formula (II-B-3) linked together by ether bridges, such as Polymer 1 above. It may be noted that Polymer 2 is in a sulphonated form, the sulphonate groups - SO 3 M (M being preferably Na + or K + ) being here provided by the basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3).
- This Polymer 2 can be prepared by polycondensation of A2 (sulfonated) and B2 monomers shown in Figure 10, as previously for Polymer 1, in the presence of a suitable base and organic solvent.
- the triazine polymer (hereinafter referred to as "Polymer 3") of FIG. 11 comprises both basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3) and additional structural units of formula (II-B-3) interconnected by ether bridges.
- Polymer 3 is here in sulphonated form, its sulphonate groups (-SO3M, M being preferably Na + or K + ) being provided both by the basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3) and by the additional structural units (II-B-3).
- This Polymer 3 can be prepared by polycondensation of the monomers denoted A3 (sulfonated, identical to the monomer A2) and B3 (disulfonated, identical to the monomer B1) represented in FIG. 11, as previously for the Polymers 1 and 2, in the presence of a base and an appropriate organic solvent.
- the triazine polymers (hereinafter referred to as "Polymer 4A” and “Polymer 4B") of Figure 12 comprise both basic structural units with units of formula (IA1) or (IA-3), respectively, and additional structural units of formula (II-A-3), all interconnected by ether bridges, the sulphonate groups (-SO3M, M being preferably Na + or K + ) being for example carried by a part of the additional structural units of formula (II-A-3).
- Polymers 4A and 4B can be prepared by copolymerization of three monomers denoted A4, B4 and C4 (disulfonated C4 monomer) in FIG. 12, in the presence of a suitable base and an organic solvent, as previously for Polymers 1 , 2 or 3.
- the first polymer (Polymer 4A) thus obtained is then oxidized by hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen peroxide) to obtain the final polymer (Polymer 4B).
- the monomers A4 and C4 are known, commercially available monomer B-4 is prepared according to a procedure which will be described in detail later.
- This Polymer 13 comprises only basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3) linked together by ether bridges, the sulphonate groups (-SO 3 M, M being preferably Na + or K + ) being for example carried by only a part of these basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3).
- This Polymer 5 can be prepared by polycondensation of the two triazine monomers denoted A5 (monosulphonated, identical to monomer A2) and B5 (identical to monomer B1) in FIG. 13, in the presence of a suitable base and an organic solvent.
- FIG. 14 illustrates yet another example of a method of possible synthesis of Polymer 5, by polycondensation of two triazine monomers denoted by C5 and E5 (monosulphonated monomer E5) and of an aromatic dithiol monomer (monomer D5) as represented in FIG. the FIG. 14.
- the polymer (Polymer A) initially obtained comprises only basic structural units with units of formula (IA 1) connected to each other by thio-ether bridges.
- Polymer 5A is then oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to obtain the final polymer (Polymer 5B identical to the above Polymer).
- the triazine polymer (“Polymer 6B") of FIG. 15 only comprises basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3) linked together by sulphone bridges (-SO 2 -), sulphonate groups (SO3M, preferably Na + or K + ) being, for example, carried by only a part of the base structural units with units of formula (IA-3).
- This Polymer 6B can be prepared by polycondensation of two triazine monomers denoted here A6 (identical to the preceding monomer C5) and C6 (disulfonated C6 monomer, identical to the previous monomer E5) and an aromatic dithiol monomer (monomer B6, identical to the monomer D5 ) as shown in Figure 15, in the presence of a suitable base and organic solvent.
- the polymer (Polymer 6A) obtained initially comprises only basic structural units with units of formula (IAl) connected to each other by thio-ether bridges.
- Polymer 6A is then oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to obtain the final polymer (Polymer 6B) comprising only basic structural units with units of formula (IA-3) linked together, this time, by sulphone bridges.
- the triazine polymer (hereinafter referred to as "Polymer 7") of FIG. 16 comprises both basic structural units with units of formula (IAl) and additional structural units of formula (II-B-3) connected to each other. by ether bridges.
- Polymer 7 is here in sulphonated form, the sulphonate groups (SO 3 M, M ant preferably Na + or K + ) being provided by the additional structural units (II-B-3).
- This Polymer 7 can be prepared by polycondensation of the monomers A7 and B7 (disulphonated B7, identical to the monomer B1 above) as shown in FIG. 16, as previously indicated in the presence of a suitable base and an organic solvent, according to a operating mode which will be described in more detail later.
- the triazine polymer (hereinafter referred to as "Polymer 8") of FIG. 17 comprises both basic structural units with units of formula (IAl) and additional structural units of formula (II-C) connected together by ether bridges.
- Polymer 8 is here in sulphonated form, the sulphonate groups (SO3M, M being preferably Na + or K + ) being provided by monomer B8.
- This Polymer 8 can be prepared by polycondensation of the monomers A8 (identical to the previous monomer A7) and B8 (disulfonated) represented in FIG. 17, as previously indicated in the presence of a base and of an appropriate organic solvent, according to a procedure which will be described in more detail later.
- the symbols Xi, X 2 , X 3 , X 4 and X 5 all represent the group S0 2 .
- the triazine polymer of the invention comprises one or more sulphonate or sulphonate groups which are carried: by at least one phenyl or phenylene group or, where appropriate, by at least one substituent of said phenyl groups or phenylene, in at least one of the basic structural units of said polymer or in at least one of the additional structural units of said polymer; or
- Polymer 1 and Polymer 8 are characterized and tested as a proton-conducting membrane in a PEM-type fuel cell.
- Al monomer is 2,4 - [(4-hydroxy-phenylsulfonyl phenyl)] - 6- (phenyl) - [1,3,5] triazine, the formula (already shown in Figure 9) is as follows :
- This Al monomer (or Compound 3 in Fig. 18) was prepared according to the procedure schematized in Fig. 18, in three successive steps, as detailed below.
- Compound 1 or 2,4-bis- (p -fluorophenyl) -6-phenyl- [l, 3,5] -triazine is prepared, according to the following procedure and schematized in FIG. 18A.
- the reaction product is cooled to room temperature (about 23 ° C) and hydrolyzed by adding 300 g of ice and 60 g of 36% HCl.
- the solid is filtered, then dispersed in water and washed until a neutral pH is obtained.
- the white solid is stirred in 500 ml of methanol heated at reflux for 30 min, then allowed to cool to room temperature. Finally, the product is filtered and dried at 60 ° C. under vacuum.
- Compound 2 (also referred to as monomer B4 - see for example Fig. 12) or 2,4 - [(4-hydroxy-phenylsulfanyl phenyl)] - 6- (phenyl) - [1, is prepared. 3,5] -triazine, according to the following procedure and schematized in Figure 18B.
- 4-hydroxythiophenol 4-HTP (99%, Acros) is stored under nitrogen and in solid form.
- Compound 1 and K 2 CO 3 are dried separately overnight at 150 ° C under vacuum.
- a magnetic bar is placed in a 2 1 round flask (equipped with a condenser, a thermometer and a nitrogen inlet / outlet). The apparatus is placed under vacuum and dried.
- a two-way valve is used to replace the vacuum with nitrogen and continuously purge with the inert gas during addition of reagents.
- the purification of the product can not be done in a single step: about 250 ml of aliquot of the reaction are collected and poured into an extraction bulb (3 liters) containing 2.6 liters of ethyl acetate / water (ratio 1/1). The rest of the product is kept under a constant stream of nitrogen. The mixture placed in the extraction funnel is shaken (the color changes from orange to lemon yellow) and the desired product is extracted into the ethyl acetate phase (the DMSO / H 2 O phase contains only traces of the desired product ). The organic phase is washed with 100 ml of NaHCO 3 solution, followed by washing with 100 ml of H 2 O; the organic phase is then dried with anhydrous MgSO 4 . The process is repeated twice with the other two remaining 250 ml aliquots of the reaction mixture.
- the ethyl acetate phase is evaporated using the rotary evaporator, there remains a slightly orange viscous liquid such as honey (containing a small amount of DMSO).
- DMSO residues are removed at 100 ° C under reduced pressure.
- a small amount of acetone (10 ml) is added followed by 40 ml of diethyl ether.
- the solid becomes immediately creamy white, it is filtered on a ceramic filter.
- the residual thiol is removed from the reaction product by column chromatography using hexane / CH 2 Cl 2 / ethyl acetate / methanol (4/2/1/1 weight ratios) as the mobile phase. This gives 13.1 g (ie a yield of about 89%) of Compound 2.
- NMR analysis gives the following results:
- Compound 3 (Al monomer) is prepared according to the following procedure and shown schematically in FIG. 18C.
- a round 250 ml round ball is equipped with a magnetic bar, a thermometer, a refrigerant and an opening for the addition of reagents.
- a suspension is prepared by adding 6.69 g of Compound 2 (12 mmol) in 150 ml of glacial acetic acid. Once the reagent is added, the suspension is heated to 70 ° C, the reagent dissolves giving a slight, transparent yellow color. Subsequently, 18.0 g of 50% hydrogen peroxide (264 mmol) is added dropwise to the reaction (no exotherm is observed).
- acetic acid are removed by distillation at reduced pressure (vacuum generated by water pump). After distillation, during cooling, white crystals begin to precipitate in the solution as soon as the temperature falls below 80 ° C. The solution is left overnight at room temperature so that the product crystallizes in acetic acid. The acetic acid is then removed by filtration and the final white product is washed with 300 ml of distilled water. Then, about 18 g of wet product thus obtained is transferred to a round bottom flask and 75 ml of distilled water are added, all stirred for about 15 minutes. The product is then filtered and washed to a neutral pH value. The still wet product is dried for 2 hours at 60 ° C. under vacuum and then at 100 ° C. overnight (about 12 hours) under vacuum.
- FIG. 19 reproduces the 1 H NMR spectrum (360 MHz) of the monomer Al thus obtained, dissolved in DMSO- 3 ⁇ 4.
- This B1 monomer (or Compound 6 in Fig. 20) was prepared according to the procedure schematized in Fig. 20, in three successive steps, as detailed below.
- Step 1 In a first step, Compound 4 or 1,4-bis- (4-fluorophenylthio) perfluorobutane is prepared according to the procedure which follows and shown schematically in FIG. 20A.
- the product is extracted with 7 liters of chloroform.
- the hydrolysed MnO 2 is filtered each time on a filter paper plus a textile filter.
- the solvent chloroform / acetic acid
- the product is dissolved in 1 liter of chloroform.
- the organic phase is then washed successively with 200 ml of a saturated solution of NaHCC-3, then with 200 ml of distilled water, finally dried with MgSO.sub.4.
- the solvent is removed on a rotary evaporator and the product is then purified. by column chromatography using hexane / ethyl acetate / methanol (15/3/2) as eluent to give Compound 5.
- the product in the form of white crystals is dried overnight at 60 ° C under vacuum. It is then recrystallized from acetone to obtain transparent crystals. DSC analysis reveals a melting point of about 127 ° C.
- Compound 6 or monomer B 1 (3,3'-bis (4-fluorophenyl sulfonyl) -perfluorobutane disulfonated) is prepared according to the procedure which follows and is shown schematically in FIG. 20C.
- Compound 5 (5.0 g, 9.65 mmol) is placed in a four-necked round-bottomed flask sprayed with hot air and then placed under nitrogen (magnetic bar covered with glass). The concentrated sulfuric acid (23.6 g) is then added using a previously dried graduated glass cylinder. Most of the compound does not solubilize in sulfuric acid at room temperature (the solution becomes slightly violet). Finally, 20.06 g of oleum (65% Merck product> SO 3 ) is added using a pre-dried graduated addition funnel. The gas outlet bubbler is filled with concentrated sulfuric acid and the gaseous products are purged through an empty trap and then through a hatch filled with 10% NaOH. The reaction medium is heated to 120 ° C.
- the solution is cooled to room temperature; at that time, most of the product precipitated.
- the white product is separated from the aqueous phase by filtration.
- the product remaining in the aqueous phase is precipitated by adding 15 g of NaCl.
- the product is filtered and dried overnight at 150 ° C under vacuum. No further purification is necessary.
- Figure 21 reproduces the 1H NMR spectrum (500 MHz) of the resulting B monomer dissolved in DMSO- 3 ⁇ 4.
- the monomer B8 is disulfonated 1,4-bis- (4-fluorobenzophenone) -perfluorobutane, the formula of which is as follows:
- This monomer B8 (or Compound 9) was prepared according to the procedure shown diagrammatically in FIG. 22, in three successive steps, as detailed below.
- the final product (about 30 g) is purified by silica chromatography (300 g) using hexane / ethyl acetate (16/4 weight ratio) as the mobile phase. The product is separated from the mobile phase on a rotary evaporator and dried at 80 ° C overnight (under vacuum). The final cream-colored product (25 g) was found to be pure by NMR analysis and TLC chromatography in hexane / ethyl acetate (16/4 ratio), with a melting point (measured by DSC) of about 137 °. vs. Compound 7 is thus obtained, of formula:
- the reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature and then poured into 500 ml of cold water; the product precipitates, then it is filtered and dissolved with 1 liter of dichloromethane. The organic phase is then dried with anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 .
- the final product is purified by chromatography on silica (300 g) in a dichloromethane / cyclohexane mixture (1/1).
- the melting temperature of the product (measured by DSC) is about 222 ° C.
- Step 3 the disulfonated Compound 9 or 1,4-bis- (4-fluorobenzophenone) -perfluorobutane is prepared according to the procedure which follows and shown schematically in FIG. 22C.
- Compound 8 (2.5 g, ie 4.18 mmol) is placed in a 50 ml 4-neck flask dried beforehand with the aid of a hot-air gun and put under a stream of nitrogen. 6 g of sulfuric acid (twice distilled, Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 g of oleum (65%, Merck) are added directly to the solid. The reaction medium immediately becomes dark.
- the gaseous products exit is purged in an empty glass door followed by a trap filled with 30% NaOH.
- the reaction medium is heated at about 130 ° C. (approximately 138 ° C. in the oil bath) for 4 hours under an average flow of nitrogen flowing over the solution.
- the reaction mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature and then poured into 63 g of ice and allowed to stir. Once all the ice melted, 6.25g of NaCl are added. The solution is heated to 100 ° C and then cooled to room temperature so that the sulfonated monomer precipitates. The precipitate is then dissolved again in 15 ml of water and heated again to 100 ° C to iron in liquid form. After all the product has dissolved, the pH is adjusted to 7.0 by adding 10% NaOH (aq) dropwise. The solution is allowed to cool to room temperature. The white-cream solid thus obtained is separated from the aqueous phase by filtration. The product is dried at 150 ° C overnight (under vacuum).
- Figure 23 reproduces the 1H NMR spectrum (500 MHz) of the monomer B8 thus obtained, dissolved in DMSO- 3 ⁇ 4.
- This example describes in detail the synthesis, from the monomers A1 and B1 previously described, of the polymer 1, in sulphonated form, blocked with benzophenone groups, as represented in FIG. 24.
- Al monomer is dried at 60 ° C under vacuum overnight.
- the monomers B 1 and Na 2 CC "3 are dried separately at 150 ° C. under vacuum overnight, and the three compounds are then mixed and dried at 160 ° C. under vacuum for one hour.
- the copolymerization of the monomers A1 and B1 is carried out in 100 ml round bottom flask The flask is equipped with a nitrogen inlet, a thermometer, a magnetic stirrer and a "Dean Stark” separator topped with a condenser. the apparatus are dried under vacuum using a hot air gun to reach a temperature of at least 100 ° C in the reaction flask.
- the reaction flask is charged with the monomer Al (1.89 g or 3.04 mmol or 1 eq.), The monomer B1 (2.20 g or 3.04 mmol or 1 eq.), The anhydrous sodium carbonate. (0.97 g, 9.13 mmol or 3 eq.), Anhydrous ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide (20 ml) and toluene (4.0 ml, azeotropic agent).
- the reaction flask is heated at 100 ° C in an oil bath for one hour (azeotropic distillation).
- the toluene circulation valve is then closed and the toluene is distilled at 100 ° C.
- the temperature of the oil bath is then raised to about 148 ° C and the toluene residues are distilled off for an additional 60 minutes so that all toluene is removed from the reaction and the temperature increases to 140 ° C. inside the balloon.
- the toluene is drained from the "Dean Stark" separator, the temperature of the oil bath is increased to about 159 ° C and maintained at this value overnight.
- the temperature of the oil bath is raised to about 168 ° C (about 152 ° C inside the flask) and the polymerization continues for 4 hours.
- the temperature of the reaction was lowered to about 130 ° C inside the flask, removing the flask from the oil bath.
- the monomer denoted A7 or B4 (Compound 2) is dried at 80 ° C under vacuum overnight.
- the monomer noted B7 or Bl (Compound 6) and Na 2 C03 were dried separately at 150 ° C, mixed and then the whole is dried at 160 ° C under vacuum for one hour.
- the copolymerization of the monomers A7 and B7 is carried out in a three-neck round flask of 100 ml. The flask is equipped with a nitrogen inlet, a thermometer, a magnetic stirrer and a "Dean Stark" separator surmounted by a coolant. The glass parts of the apparatus are dried under vacuum.
- the flask For a 50 mol% disulfonate, the flask is charged with the monomer A7 (1.695 g or 3.04 mmol or 1 eq.), The monomer B7 (2.196 g or 3.04 mmol or 1 eq.), The carbonate anhydrous sodium (0.968 g, 9.13 mmol, 3 eq.), anhydrous ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide (20 ml) and toluene (4.0 ml, azeotropic agent). The reaction flask is heated at 100 ° C in an oil bath for two hours (azeotropic distillation). The toluene circulation valve is then closed and the toluene is distilled at 100 ° C.
- the temperature of the oil bath is then raised to 148 ° C and the toluene residues are distilled off for an additional 1 hour so that all the toluene is removed from the reaction and the temperature increases to 140 ° C. inside the balloon.
- the toluene is drained from the "Dean Stark" separator and the temperature of the oil bath is increased to 159 ° C and then maintained at this value overnight.
- the flask is removed from the oil bath and allowed to cool to about 130 ° C inside the reaction flask. 8 mg of 4-fluorobenzophenone are then dissolved in 5 ml of anhydrous ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide, all added to the reaction by means of a syringe. The flask is returned to the oil bath and the reaction continues at about 145 ° C (about 158 ° C in the oil bath) for another 4 hours. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature; the product obtained is then poured into 200 ml of isopropanol. The fibrous precipitate is recovered by filtration.
- the polymer is then dried under vacuum at 80 ° C overnight.
- the sodium carbonate is extracted from the polymer by immersing the latter in 50 ml of distilled water while stirring with a magnetic bar for 30 minutes.
- the pH of the solution is adjusted to 7 by dropwise addition of 10% HCl (aq).
- the polymer is then dried at 80 ° C under vacuum (about 12 hours).
- the formula of Polymer 7 thus obtained, in sulfonated and blocked benzophenone form, is shown in FIG. 25, as well as its 1 H NMR spectrum (500 MHz), dissolved in DMSO- 3 ⁇ 4.
- the polymerization is conducted in a 100mL three-necked flask.
- the balloon is surmounted by a nitrogen inlet, a thermometer, a stirrer and a "Dean Stark” separator surmounted by a refrigerant.
- the glass parts of the equipment (including the coolant and the "Dean Stark” separator) are dried under vacuum using a hot air gun.
- the flask is charged with the monomer A8 (0.848 g or 1.52 mmol), the monomer B8 (1.22 g or 1.52 mmol), the anhydrous sodium carbonate (0.48 g or 4.57 mmol; three times), dry N, N-dimethylacetamide, DMA (20 ml) and toluene (4 ml, azeotropic agent).
- the reaction flask is heated in an oil bath at 100 ° C.
- the temperature of the oil bath is then increased to about 148 ° C and the residual toluene is distilled (140 ° C inside the reaction flask).
- the "Dean Stark" trap door is emptied (toluene drained) and the temperature of the oil bath is increased to about 159 ° C (about 150 ° C inside the flask), then held at this temperature for about 20 minutes. hours.
- the temperature of the reaction is lowered to 100 ° C inside (the flask is mounted above the oil bath) and then 4 mg of 4-fluorobenzophenone dissolved in 5 ml of DMA are injected into the reaction. using a syringe.
- the blocking reaction is then continued in an oil bath set at about 145 ° C (internal temperature) for 4 hours.
- the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and then the polymer was poured into 300 ml of isopropanol.
- the fibrous precipitate is recovered by filtration and oven dried at 80 ° C overnight (under vacuum).
- Sodium carbonate is removed from the polymer by washing in 30 ml of water and acidified by dropwise addition of 10% HCl to pH 7.
- the final polymer thus obtained is dried at 100 ° C in vacuo.
- membranes of Polymer 1, Polymer 2 and Polymer 8 are prepared according to the so-called "solvent casting” technique as described below.
- the polymer (625 mg) previously dissolved in 8 ml of ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide is filtered through a microfilter (company "Millipore") PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) having a pore size of about 0.45 ⁇ .
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the polymer solution thus filtered is poured into a mold consisting of two superimposed glass plates, the upper plate having a recess (dimensions 9 cm ⁇ 9 cm) of depth equal to 1 mm; it is then heated at 50 ° C for 24 h and then 2 h at 60 ° C.
- traces of organic solvent are removed from the membrane thus formed by immersing the latter in a distilled water bath for about 12 hours.
- V-8 Characterization of PEM membranes V-8-A) Proton conductivity For the acidification of the membrane (as a reminder, exchange of the cation M + by H + ), Polymers 1, 2 and 8 are initially immersed in 200 ml of H 2 SO 4 (aq) respectively 3.8 M (for Polymer 1) and 1.9 M (for Polymers 2 and 8), for 2 h. Double-distilled H 2 SO 4 (Sigma Aldrich) is used to avoid traces of metals. Distilled water is then added in several steps (total time about 12 hours) to reach a pH equal to 7; the membrane is then stored in distilled water overnight (about 12 hours).
- the proton conductivity of the membrane expressed in S / cm is determined as indicated below. Disk-shaped membranes 2 cm in diameter (thickness 50 ⁇ ) are cut using a punch. The proton conductivity of the membrane is determined by the measurement of the real part (Ohmic) and the imaginary part (Capacitance) of the complex impedance, in the frequency range between 100 kHz and 10 Hz (with amplitude of 100 mV AC). Measurements are made with an impedance / AC potentiostat (Zahner, Germany). Nyquist plots are generated by the measurements of a successive stack of one, two, three and up to six membranes (totally moistened) sandwiched between two platinum electrodes of the same circular shape as the membranes.
- the value intercepting the real axis of Nyquist graph is reported, that is to say a value of the imaginary component of the impedance at zero.
- these points are aligned on an affine line whose slope directly determines the value of the resistance of the membrane. Its ordinate at the origin determines the contact resistance between the membranes and the platinum electrodes.
- the membranes resulting from Polymer 1, Polymer 2 and Polymer 8 showed remarkable proton conductivity values, respectively equal to 89 mS / cm, 73 mS / cm and 35 mS / cm at 25 ° C. (100% humidity). , of the same order of magnitude as or even greater than the conductivity value (about 70 mS / cm) measured on the commercial membrane ("Nafion ® 112") of the same thickness and rigorously tested under the same conditions.
- the membrane is acidified, it is dried under vacuum at 100 ° C. for 2 hours. Its weight is immediately measured before it captures moisture from the air. Then the membrane samples are immersed in distilled water at room temperature until saturation (no additional weight gain due to water is then observed).
- the water absorption capacity is calculated as the difference between the weights of the wet membrane and the dry membrane.
- the dimensional stability also expressed in%, is the ratio between the main dimension of the dry membrane and the main dimension of the totally humidified membrane.
- the membranes of Polymer 1, Polymer 2 and Polymer 8 have a water absorption capacity respectively equal to 27%, 17%> and 20%> of their weight, compared with a value of approximately 23% for the commercial membrane ("Nafion ® 112"). Their stability dimensional is respectively 20%, 5% and 1%, compared to a value of 7% for the commercial control membrane.
- the membranes according to the invention unexpectedly have not only a reduced water absorption capacity but also a remarkable dimensional stability, all of which are determining factors for endurance and durability. chemical stability of the membrane in operation in a PEM fuel cell. V-8-C) Surface morphology
- Horizontal and transverse sections of membrane are made (each sample of thickness approximately 70 nm), then are coated in a liquid epoxy resin.
- the resin is then polymerized at 60 ° C. for 48 hours in the presence of a hardener and an accelerator.
- FIG. 26 shows the electron micrographs recorded respectively on a horizontal section (FIG 28A) and on a cross section (FIG 28B) of a membrane according to the invention (Polymer 1).
- An average pore size of 2.4 nm with a standard deviation of 0.5 nm is a particularly remarkable and unexpected result for those skilled in the art.
- the invention thus makes it possible to obtain a highly improved surface morphology, with on the one hand pore sizes very substantially reduced, on the other hand a particularly narrow size distribution; such characteristics are decisive for the overall electrical performance of the membrane, for its gas impermeability properties and its ultimate endurance.
- V-8-D Performance in a PEM fuel cell
- the performance of the membranes is tested on a fuel cell test bench on which the temperature, pressure, flow and humidity of the gases can be adjusted.
- the gases used are pure hydrogen and oxygen at a temperature of 65 ° C.
- the battery used in these tests consists of a single cell comprising the polymer membrane to be tested, placed between two layers "GDE” (G as-Diffusion Electrode), two bipolar graphite plates and two standard electrodes ("ELE 0107” by Johnson Matthey) having a platinum content of about 0.4 mg / cm 2 .
- GDE G as-Diffusion Electrode
- ELE 0107 by Johnson Matthey
- the membrane to be tested is first dried between two nonwovens (sterile chamber quality, "Sontara Micropure 100" - DuPont supplier). It is then pressed between two glass plates, at 60 ° C for 3 hours.
- the MEA assembly is obtained by hot pressing a Pt / C catalyst layer disposed on each side of the membrane (115 ° C, 125 MPa). At this stage the MEA assembly can be assembled between two bipolar plates to form a fuel cell ready to operate when it is fed with hydrogen and oxygen.
- the cell is subjected to stationary conditions (0.7 V) or to stop and start situations or "OCV” (Open Circuit Voltage), so as to know how to subject the membrane to the conditions of most aggressive operation (eg peroxides, free radicals, etc.) and finally deduce its overall chemical resistance.
- OCV Open Circuit Voltage
- FIG. 27 reproduces the so-called polarization curve, the cell voltage being recorded as a function of the current density delivered by the cell, on the one hand for the membrane constituted by Polymer 1 (curve C A ), on the other hand for the commercial membrane (polymer "Nafion ® 112" C curve B).
- the bias voltage is equivalent for the two membranes, which illustrates for the skilled person a gas permeability (0 2 and H 2 ) equivalent; then, we observe a substantially identical slope of the two curves in their central linear part (typically between 200 and 1200 mA / cm 2 ), which shows an identical electrical performance of the two membranes, without even a particular optimization of the electrodes (anode and cathode) for the specific membrane of the invention;
- FIG. 28 reproduces the results recorded on a membrane (curve C A ) constituted by Polymer 1 this time reinforced with a layer (thickness 10 ⁇ ) of ePTFE (porosity 80%, Donaldson supplier) to constitute a composite membrane conforming to the invention, compared to the same commercial membrane (unreinforced) as before (curve C B ).
- a membrane curve C A
- Polymer 1 this time reinforced with a layer (thickness 10 ⁇ ) of ePTFE (porosity 80%, Donaldson supplier) to constitute a composite membrane conforming to the invention, compared to the same commercial membrane (unreinforced) as before (curve C B ).
- ePTFE porosity 80%, Donaldson supplier
- the invention makes it possible to manufacture PEM membranes which, unexpectedly, exhibit a chemical and dimensional stability, an ionic conductivity at least equivalent to, if not greater than, commercial membranes of the Nafion® type developed for a very long time.
- the polymer of the invention is derived from relatively inexpensive monomers and is capable of being prepared according to simple, economical and environmentally friendly synthesis methods. Finally, it has a remarkable chemical stability and oxidation resistance in comparison with the prior art triazine polymers.
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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BR112013001608A BR112013001608A2 (pt) | 2010-08-04 | 2011-07-06 | polímero triazina utilizável com membrana em uma bateria de combustível |
CN201180038238.8A CN103210017B (zh) | 2010-08-04 | 2011-07-06 | 可用作燃料电池中的膜的三嗪聚合物 |
US13/812,885 US8889817B2 (en) | 2010-08-04 | 2011-07-06 | Triazine polymer that can be used as membrane in a fuel cell |
CA2805556A CA2805556A1 (fr) | 2010-08-04 | 2011-07-06 | Polymere triazine utilisable comme membrane dans une pile a combustible |
JP2013522168A JP5963747B2 (ja) | 2010-08-04 | 2011-07-06 | 燃料電池内の膜として使用し得るトリアジンポリマー |
EP11743204.7A EP2601243B1 (fr) | 2010-08-04 | 2011-07-06 | Polymere triazine utilisable comme membrane dans une pile a combustible |
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FR1056437A FR2963623B1 (fr) | 2010-08-04 | 2010-08-04 | Polymere triazine utilisable comme membrane dans une pile a combustible |
FR1056437 | 2010-08-04 |
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WO2012016777A1 true WO2012016777A1 (fr) | 2012-02-09 |
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PCT/EP2011/061423 WO2012016777A1 (fr) | 2010-08-04 | 2011-07-06 | Polymere triazine utilisable comme membrane dans une pile a combustible |
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US (1) | US8889817B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2601243B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5963747B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN103210017B (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112013001608A2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2805556A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2963623B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2012016777A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
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WO2014173839A1 (fr) | 2013-04-26 | 2014-10-30 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Composé polyol soufré utilisable comme monomère pour la synthèse de polyuréthane |
WO2016051028A1 (fr) | 2014-09-30 | 2016-04-07 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Composé polyol aromatique soufré |
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FR2965808B1 (fr) * | 2010-08-04 | 2013-10-18 | Michelin Soc Tech | Monomere triazine soufre utilisable pour la synthese d'une membrane polymere pour pile a combustible |
FR3005054B1 (fr) | 2013-04-26 | 2016-07-01 | Michelin & Cie | Polymere utilisable notamment comme primaire d'adhesion pour le collage de metal a du caoutchouc |
JP5960763B2 (ja) | 2014-08-22 | 2016-08-02 | タカハタプレシジョンジャパン株式会社 | 陰イオン交換樹脂、燃料電池用電解質膜、電極触媒層形成用バインダー、電池電極触媒層および燃料電池 |
CN107074706B (zh) * | 2014-10-28 | 2021-06-29 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 用于支化剂的氟系化合物、使用该氟系化合物的聚合物以及使用该聚合物的聚合物电解质膜 |
US20170279130A1 (en) * | 2016-03-24 | 2017-09-28 | United Technologies Corporation | Separator layer for flow battery |
US11056698B2 (en) | 2018-08-02 | 2021-07-06 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Redox flow battery with electrolyte balancing and compatibility enabling features |
CN111416140B (zh) * | 2020-01-11 | 2021-04-13 | 山东理工大学 | 2,4,6-三氧代-1,3,5-三嗪-三磷酸盐掺杂pbi质子交换膜的制备方法 |
US11271226B1 (en) | 2020-12-11 | 2022-03-08 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Redox flow battery with improved efficiency |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014173839A1 (fr) | 2013-04-26 | 2014-10-30 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Composé polyol soufré utilisable comme monomère pour la synthèse de polyuréthane |
WO2016051028A1 (fr) | 2014-09-30 | 2016-04-07 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Composé polyol aromatique soufré |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN103210017B (zh) | 2015-06-03 |
US8889817B2 (en) | 2014-11-18 |
EP2601243A1 (fr) | 2013-06-12 |
US20130217851A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
BR112013001608A2 (pt) | 2016-05-17 |
JP2013533364A (ja) | 2013-08-22 |
FR2963623A1 (fr) | 2012-02-10 |
EP2601243B1 (fr) | 2017-03-08 |
CN103210017A (zh) | 2013-07-17 |
FR2963623B1 (fr) | 2012-08-17 |
JP5963747B2 (ja) | 2016-08-03 |
CA2805556A1 (fr) | 2012-02-09 |
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