WO2012015023A1 - 抗がん剤のスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
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- WO2012015023A1 WO2012015023A1 PCT/JP2011/067393 JP2011067393W WO2012015023A1 WO 2012015023 A1 WO2012015023 A1 WO 2012015023A1 JP 2011067393 W JP2011067393 W JP 2011067393W WO 2012015023 A1 WO2012015023 A1 WO 2012015023A1
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5011—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing antineoplastic activity
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
- A01K67/0271—Chimeric vertebrates, e.g. comprising exogenous cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
- A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2207/00—Modified animals
- A01K2207/12—Animals modified by administration of exogenous cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/10—Mammal
- A01K2227/105—Murine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
- A01K2267/0331—Animal model for proliferative diseases
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a screening method for an anticancer drug, and more specifically, a screening method for an anticancer drug using a natural cancer metastasis model animal, a natural cancer metastasis model animal used in the screening method, and the Cancer cell lines used for the production of model animals, screening methods for anticancer agents that select substances that increase the expression of RECK in cancer cells, mammalian cells used for the screening methods, and these screening methods
- the present invention relates to an anticancer agent comprising a compound as an active ingredient.
- RECK conversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs
- RECK conversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs
- a high frequency of expression decrease was observed in many cancers such as pancreas and prostate, and that the expression level of RECK in the tumor tissue had a positive correlation with the survival rate of patients.
- a cancer cell line in which RECK was forcibly expressed was transplanted into nude mice, suppression of tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, etc. was observed as compared with the parent line.
- Non-Patent Document 6 As a protocol for spontaneous metastasis, a tumor is inoculated into the palm of a mouse, and when the tumor reaches a certain size, the hand is cut to remove the primary lesion, and dissected 40 to 100 days later to observe lung metastasis A method is known (Non-Patent Document 6). However, there is a problem that it takes a long time to determine, and establishment of an experimental system that can determine natural transition in a short period is desired.
- the membrane-anchored MMP inhibitor RECK is a key regulator of extracellular matrix integrity and angiogenesis. Cell 107, 789-800 (2001). Noda M, Oh J, Takahashi R, Kondo S, Kitayama H, Takahashi C. RECK: a novel suppressor of malignancy linking oncogenic signaling to extracellular matrix remodeling.
- the present invention relates to a cancer cell line used for determining natural metastasis in a short period of time, a cancer natural metastasis model animal using the cancer cell line and a method for producing the same, and a screening using the cancer natural metastasis model animal It is an object to provide an anticancer agent or a cancer metastasis inhibitor obtained by the method and the screening method.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a screening method for selecting a substance that increases RECK expression in cancer cells, a mammalian cell used in the screening method, and an anticancer agent obtained by the screening method.
- the present invention includes the following inventions in order to solve the above problems.
- RM72 cells (Accession number NITE BP-1110).
- [2] A natural cancer metastasis model animal comprising the cell-derived tumor according to [1].
- [3] The animal model for spontaneous cancer metastasis according to [2], which is a rodent.
- [4] The animal model for spontaneous cancer metastasis according to [3], which is a mouse.
- a method for producing a model animal with spontaneous cancer metastasis which comprises inoculating an experimental animal with the cell according to [1].
- [6] The method for producing a model animal for spontaneous cancer metastasis according to [5], wherein the cell according to [1] is inoculated subcutaneously into an experimental animal to form a tumor.
- a method for screening a substance having anticancer activity and / or cancer metastasis inhibiting activity comprising the step of: adding a test substance to a cancer natural metastasis model animal according to any one of [2] to [4] above , The step of evaluating the size of the tumor at the cell inoculation site and the number and / or size of metastases in the target organ after the start of administration of the test substance, the animal and test substance administered with the test substance And a step of comparing the size of the tumor at the cell inoculation site of an animal that has not been administered, and the number and / or size of metastases in the target organ.
- a method for screening for a substance having anticancer activity and / or cancer metastasis inhibiting activity comprising the step of: adding a test substance to a cancer natural metastasis model animal according to any one of [2] to [4] above , The step of administering luciferin to the animal after the start of administration of the test substance, the step of recording a chemiluminescence image of the cell inoculation site and / or target organ of the animal after the administration of luciferin, and the administration of the test substance And a step of comparing chemiluminescence images of a cell inoculation site and / or a target organ of an animal not administered with the test substance.
- a screening method for an anticancer substance comprising selecting a substance that increases the expression of RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) in cancer cells.
- the substance that increases the expression of RECK in cancer cells is a substance that enhances Reck gene promoter activity in cancer cells.
- a cell comprising a reporter system comprising a Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene and an HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by a tetracycline expression induction system is used.
- a CREF cell having a HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by a Tet-off system wherein a cell comprising a reporter system containing a Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene and an HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by a tetracycline expression induction system
- a cell comprising a reporter system containing a Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene and an HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by a tetracycline expression induction system
- a cell derived from a strain, having a 4.1 kb region upstream of the mouse Reck gene as a Reck gene promoter, a secreted alkaline phosphatase gene as a reporter gene, and further having a neomycin resistance gene and a blasticidin S resistance gene The screening method according to [11] above, wherein [13] A mammalian cell comprising a reporter system comprising a Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene and an HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by
- Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene a cell derived CREF cell lines with a HRAS 12V oncogene which is controlled by the reporter system and the tetracycline expression induction system including, HRAS 12V controlled by Tet-off system
- the mammalian cell according to the above [13] which has an oncogene, a fragment of the 4.1 kb region upstream of the mouse Reck gene as a Reck gene promoter, a secreted alkaline phosphatase gene as a reporter gene, and a neomycin resistance gene and a blasticidin S resistance gene.
- the present invention can provide a cancer cell line used for determining natural metastasis in a short period of time.
- a model animal with spontaneous cancer metastasis By inoculating the cell line into a laboratory animal, a model animal with spontaneous cancer metastasis can be prepared.
- an anticancer agent or an inhibitor of cancer metastasis is effective.
- Substances that can be components can be obtained.
- a substance that can be an active ingredient of an anticancer drug can be obtained by a screening method for selecting a substance that increases the expression of RECK.
- the screening method for selecting a substance that increases the expression of RECK is useful as a primary screening method for the screening method using the above-mentioned animal model for natural cancer metastasis.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relative tumor size and relative lung metastasis of the Pyt group and the Hr group with respect to the solvent group, as a result of evaluating the antitumor activity and the metastasis inhibitory activity of Pyt and Hr using natural lung metastasis model mice inoculated with RM72 cells. It is. Results of evaluation of antitumor activity and metastasis suppression activity of Pyt and Hr using spontaneous lung metastasis model mice inoculated with RM72 cells, and distribution of lung metastasis and tumor size of each individual in the solvent group, Pyt group and Hr group FIG.
- the graph shows the relative tumor size and relative lung metastasis of the Gra group and the Lyc group with respect to the solvent group, as a result of evaluating the antitumor activity and metastasis inhibitory activity of Gra and Lyc using natural lung metastasis model mice inoculated with RM72 cells. It is. Results of evaluation of antitumor activity and metastasis inhibitory activity of Gra and Lyc using spontaneous lung metastasis model mice inoculated with RM72 cells, distribution of lung metastasis and tumor size in each of the solvent group, Gra group and Lyc group FIG.
- RM72 cells The present invention relates to an RM72 cell (Accession No. NITE BP-1110 as an independent administrative agency, Product Evaluation Technology Base Organization Patent Microorganism Deposit Center (Kazusa Kamashichi 2-5-8, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba, Japan, postal code 292-0818). International deposit has been made. Date of deposit: June 22, 2011) RM72 cells are derived from a human fibrosarcoma-derived cell line HT1080 (ATCC # CCL-121), and neo (E. coli-derived kanamycin resistance gene) and Hygro (E. coli-derived hygromycin B resistance gene) as selectable markers for HT1080 cells.
- HT1080 human fibrosarcoma-derived cell line HT1080
- neo E. coli-derived kanamycin resistance gene
- Hygro E. coli-derived hygromycin B resistance gene
- RM72 cells are inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice, a tumor is formed and spontaneous metastasis to the lung is observed within 2 weeks after inoculation.
- RM72 cells can be cultured using Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing, for example, 10% fetal bovine serum at 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. It is preferable that penicillin (for example, about 100 U / ml), streptomycin (for example, about 100 ⁇ g / ml), hygromycin B (for example, about 400 U / ml) and G418 (for example, about 100 mg / ml) are added to the medium.
- DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- penicillin for example, about 100 U / ml
- streptomycin for example, about 100 ⁇ g / ml
- hygromycin B for example, about 400 U / ml
- G418 for example, about 100 mg / ml
- the cancer natural metastasis model animal of the present invention only needs to have a tumor derived from RM72 cells.
- the cancer natural metastasis model animal of the present invention is very useful in that tumor formation and natural cancer metastasis can be evaluated simultaneously.
- spontaneous metastasis of cancer can be evaluated in a short time of about 2 weeks after subcutaneous inoculation of cells, and it takes a long time (40 to 100 days) to determine as in the conventional method (Non-Patent Document 6). It is very excellent in that it does not require.
- the luciferase expression vector since the luciferase expression vector has been introduced into RM72 cells, the position and volume of the primary and metastatic lesions can be visualized by administering luciferin to animals and recording whole body chemiluminescence images.
- it is an epoch-making animal model for natural cancer metastasis in that tumor formation and natural cancer metastasis can be evaluated without dissecting the animal.
- the animal model for spontaneous metastasis of the present invention can be produced by inoculating RM72 cells into an experimental animal.
- the experimental animal is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include mammals such as mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats and monkeys. Preferred are rodents such as mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs, and more preferred are mice.
- the animal is preferably an immunodeficient animal. Examples of immunodeficient animals include nude mice, nude rats, SCID mice, and the like.
- the site where RM72 cells are inoculated is not particularly limited as long as the RM72 cells tend to form tumors. It is preferable to inoculate the animal subcutaneously because it is easy to inoculate and easily forms a tumor. Specifically, back subcutaneous and abdominal subcutaneous are suitable.
- the number of RM72 cells to be inoculated can be appropriately selected according to the type and size of the animal, the site of inoculation, and the like.
- subcutaneously inoculating nude mice for example, about 1 to 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells may be suspended in about 100 ⁇ l of PBS and inoculated using a syringe. The presence or absence of tumor formation can be confirmed about 5-7 days after inoculation. Usually, a tumor with a diameter of about 3 mm is formed about 5 to 7 days after inoculation. Animals in which tumor formation has been confirmed can be used as model animals with spontaneous cancer metastasis.
- the screening method of the present invention only needs to include the following steps (1) to (3).
- a substance having anticancer activity for example, tumor growth inhibition, tumor regression, tumor disappearance, etc.
- a substance having cancer metastasis inhibiting activity for example, tumor growth inhibition, tumor regression, tumor disappearance, etc.
- a substance having cancer metastasis inhibiting activity for example, tumor growth inhibition, tumor regression, tumor disappearance, etc.
- a substance having both activities can be obtained. it can.
- the test substance is not limited.
- nucleic acid, peptide, protein, non-peptidic compound, synthetic compound, fermentation product, cell extract, cell culture supernatant, plant extract, mammalian Examples include tissue extract and plasma.
- the test substance may be a novel substance or a known substance. These test substances may form a salt, and a salt with a physiologically acceptable acid or base is used as the salt of the test substance.
- the dose of the test substance is not particularly limited, and may be set as appropriate based on known literature and preliminary tests.
- the administration route may be selected according to the test substance, and can be appropriately selected from known administration routes such as oral administration, intravenous administration, intraperitoneal administration, subcutaneous administration, intramuscular administration, and intratumoral administration.
- the administration period, administration interval, evaluation time, evaluation frequency, etc. are not particularly limited.
- the screening method of the present invention can be evaluated after about 2 weeks from inoculation of RM72 cells to the animal, and has the advantage that the tumor and metastasis at the cell inoculation site can be evaluated without dissecting the animal. Therefore, based on such characteristics, the administration period, administration interval, evaluation time, and number of evaluations may be appropriately set according to the test substance to be used. It is preferable to provide a negative control group (for example, administration of a solvent) in addition to the test substance administration group. Moreover, you may provide the positive control group which administers a known anticancer substance.
- the evaluation may be performed at any time after the start of administration of the test substance. It may be during the administration period of the test substance, at the end of the administration period, or after an arbitrary period has elapsed from the end of the administration period. As will be described later, if evaluation is performed by chemiluminescence of RM72 cells, multiple evaluations can be performed without dissecting the animal.
- the method for evaluating the size of the tumor at the cell inoculation site is not particularly limited. For example, a method of measuring the length, width, and height of a tumor with a caliper and calculating the tumor volume, a method of extracting a tumor and measuring its weight, and the like can be mentioned.
- the method for evaluating the number or size of metastatic lesions in the target organ is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include a method of dissecting an animal to collect a target organ and measuring the number or size of metastatic lesions with the naked eye or under a microscope.
- the target organ may be any organ as long as it can metastasize from a tumor generated at the cell inoculation site.
- lung, lymph node, liver, bone, brain and the like can be mentioned.
- step (2) the animal is dissected by administering luciferin to the animal and then recording the chemiluminescence image of the cell inoculation site and the target organ.
- the size of the tumor at the site of cell inoculation and the number and / or size of metastases in the target organ can be assessed. That is, in this case, the step (2) preferably includes the following steps (2-1) and (2-2).
- (2-2) A step of recording a chemiluminescence image of a cell inoculation site and / or a target organ after administration of luciferin
- d-luciferin can be suitably used as luciferin to be administered to animals.
- the luciferin solution can be prepared by, for example, dissolving luciferin in PBS or physiological saline.
- the administration method and administration route may be selected so that luciferin can reach the site of RM72 cells in the animal. Therefore, systemic administration such as intraperitoneal administration and intravenous administration is preferred.
- the administration dose is not particularly limited, but in the case of systemic administration, it may be appropriately selected from the range of, for example, about 40 to 80 mg / kg.
- the chemiluminescence image may be recorded by any method as long as the chemiluminescence image of the cell inoculation site and / or target organ of the animal can be recorded, but the whole body chemiluminescence image of the animal can be recorded under anesthesia. preferable.
- the time until the chemiluminescence image is recorded after administration of luciferin is not particularly limited. For example, in the case of intraperitoneal administration, the clearance time is considered to be about 30 minutes. Therefore, it is preferable to record within 30 minutes after administration of luciferin. More preferably, it is within 0 to about 20 minutes after luciferin administration.
- Whole body chemiluminescence can be recorded using a commercially available in-vivo luminescence imaging system (for example, IVIS-Imaging-System manufactured by Xenogen).
- the obtained image can be analyzed using commercially available image analysis software (for example, Living® Image® software manufactured by Xenogen).
- the size of the tumor at the cell inoculation site of the animal administered with the test substance and the animal not administered with the test substance, and the number and / or size of metastases in the target organ are compared.
- An animal that has not been administered a test substance usually corresponds to a negative control group (for example, a solvent administration group). If the tumor of the animal to which the test substance is administered is smaller than the tumor size of the animal to which the test substance is not administered, the test substance has anticancer activity (eg, tumor growth inhibition, tumor regression, tumor disappearance). Etc.).
- a test substance that reduces the tumor size to 50% or less, more preferably a test substance that reduces the tumor size to 10% or less is determined as an anticancer substance.
- the test substance has cancer metastasis inhibitory activity. Can be determined. In addition, if the size of the metastasis in the animal to which the test substance is administered is small compared to the size of the metastasis in the target organ of the animal to which the test substance is not administered, the test substance has cancer metastasis inhibitory activity. Can be determined. Preferably, a test substance that reduces the number or size of metastases to 20% or less, more preferably a test substance that decreases to 5% or less, is determined as a cancer metastasis inhibitor.
- the present invention provides a screening method for an anticancer substance, which comprises selecting a substance that increases the expression of RECK in cancer cells.
- RECK is useful as a prognostic marker and is considered promising as a target molecule for cancer treatment. Therefore, a substance that increases the expression of RECK in cancer cells is considered useful as an active ingredient of an anticancer agent.
- the method for screening an anticancer substance characterized by selecting a substance that increases the expression of RECK in a cancer cell of the present invention includes, for example, bringing a test substance into contact with a cultured cancer cell, and the RECK protein in the cell
- a method for measuring the amount of mRNA or the amount of mRNA and analyzing the change in the amount of protein or mRNA of RECK dependent on the test substance is included, but is not limited thereto.
- the test substance is not limited, and examples thereof include nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, non-peptide compounds, synthetic compounds, fermentation products, cell extracts, cell culture supernatants, plant extracts, mammalian tissue extracts, plasma and the like. Can be mentioned.
- the test substance may be a novel substance or a known substance. These test substances may form a salt, and a salt with a physiologically acceptable acid or base is used as the salt of the test substance.
- the amount of RECK protein can be quantified by extracting a protein from a cell by a known method and using a known protein amount measuring method.
- known protein amount measurement methods include Western blot method, EIA method, ELISA method, RIA method, and a method using a protein measurement reagent.
- the amount of RECK mRNA can be quantified by extracting RNA from cells by a known method and using a known mRNA amount measuring method.
- Known methods for measuring the amount of mRNA include Northern blotting, RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, RNase protection assay, and the like.
- the method for analyzing the change in the amount of RECK protein or mRNA dependent on the test substance is not particularly limited.
- the test substance is brought into contact with the test substance compared to the amount of RECK protein or mRNA in a control group that is not contacted with the test substance. If the amount of RECK protein or mRNA is increased, the test substance can be selected as the target substance.
- the degree to which the test substance increases the amount of protein or mRNA of RECK is not particularly limited, but for example, a test substance that is 150% or more compared to the amount of protein or mRNA of cells not contacted with the test substance is preferable, A test substance to be 175% or more is more preferable.
- the present inventors established a cell line suitable for efficiently screening for a substance that increases the expression of RECK in cancer cells.
- This cell is a cell equipped with a HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by a reporter system including a Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene and a tetracycline expression induction system.
- This cell shows the form of a cancer cell and a normal cell depending on the presence or absence of tetracycline. Therefore, the present screening method can easily compare the induction of RECK expression in cancer cells and normal cells. It is suitable as a cell to be used.
- the reporter is compared with the case where the test substance is not contacted in the form of cancer cells. If the gene expression level is increased, the test substance can be selected as the target substance. When the same test substance is brought into contact with cancer cells and normal cells in the presence or absence of tetracycline, the expression level of the reporter gene in both cells may be the same. It is preferable that the expression level is higher.
- the expression level of the reporter gene in cancerous cells is more preferably 1.5 times or more, and more preferably 2 or more times higher than the expression level of reporter genes in normal form cells.
- the cells established by the present inventors include a CREF cell line (rat fibroblast cell line, reference Fisher PB, Babiss LE, Weinstein IB, Ginsberg HS. Analysis of type 5 adenovirus transformation with a cloned rat embryo. cell line (CREF). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 3527-3531.) HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by Tet-off system, upstream of mouse Reck gene as Reck gene promoter 4 .1 kb region fragment, secretory alkaline phosphatase gene as reporter gene, neomycin resistance gene and blasticidin S resistance gene.
- This cell can be prepared by the method described in Example 1 (1).
- the present inventors selected one clone having the highest degree of increase in the expression of SEAP after treatment with doxycycline, which is a tetracycline antibiotic, from the cells prepared by the method described in Example 1 (1).
- This cell line is named YM3 and is used in the screening method. Therefore, a particularly preferred cell line for efficiently screening for a substance that increases the expression of RECK in cancer cells is the YM3 cell line.
- the present inventors use a secretory alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene as a reporter gene, but the present invention is not limited to this. Any commonly used reporter gene can be suitably used.
- the reporter gene is preferably a stable and easily quantifiable activity. Examples thereof include genes encoding luciferase, ⁇ -galactosidase, ⁇ -glucuronidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the like.
- the present inventors use a 4.1 kb region upstream of the mouse Reck gene (Gene ID: 53614, Chromosome 4-NC_000070.5, 43884251-43888453) as the Reck gene promoter, but is not limited thereto.
- Other mammalian Reck gene promoters can also be suitably used.
- Other mammals include humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, dogs, cows, rats, guinea pigs and the like, preferably humans.
- the base sequence of the Reck gene promoter region of various animals can be obtained from a known database (DDBJ / GenBank / EMBL, etc.).
- the human RECK gene promoter region has Gene ID: 8434, Chromosome 9-NC_000009.11 36,032,644-36,036,971.
- HRAS 12V oncogene which is controlled by the Tet-off system
- HRAS 12V oncogene which is controlled by the Tet-on system
- the present inventors use a neomycin resistance gene and a blasticidin S resistance gene as selection markers, but are not limited thereto. Any known selectable marker that can be used for mammalian cells can be preferably used. Specific examples include puromycin, hygromycin B, zeocin and the like.
- the present invention includes cells suitable for efficiently screening for a substance that increases the expression of RECK in the cancer cells. That is, a mammalian cell comprising a reporter system including a Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene and an HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by a tetracycline expression induction system is also included in the present invention.
- a cell derived from a CREF cell line comprising an HRAS 12V oncogene controlled by a reporter system including a Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene and a tetracycline expression induction system, and controlled by a Tet-off system
- a reporter system including a Reck gene promoter and a reporter gene and a tetracycline expression induction system
- Tet-off system A mammalian cell having a 12V oncogene, a fragment of the upstream 4.1 kb region of the mouse Reck gene as a Reck gene promoter, a secreted alkaline phosphatase gene as a reporter gene, and a neomycin resistance gene and a blasticidin S resistance gene.
- the screening method for selecting a substance that increases the expression of RECK in cancer cells of the present invention can be suitably used for prescreening of a test substance to be used in the screening method using the above-mentioned cancer natural metastasis model animal.
- the substance that increases the expression of RECK selected by the screening method of the present invention is useful as an active ingredient, an active ingredient candidate, or a lead compound of a Reck activator, an anticancer agent, or a cancer metastasis inhibitor.
- the present inventors screened 880 chemical libraries using the screening method of the present invention, and selected 34 compounds that activate the Reck gene promoter in a concentration-dependent manner.
- the present invention provides a Reck activator, anticancer agent or cancer metastasis inhibitor comprising one kind selected from the group consisting of the above 34 kinds of compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient. provide.
- At least five of disulfram, harmine, pyrithione sodium salt, gramicidin and lycorine were used for anticancer activity (for example, tumor growth) by the screening method using the natural cancer metastasis model animal of the present invention. Suppression, tumor regression, tumor disappearance, etc.) and cancer metastasis inhibitory activity.
- the present invention provides an anticancer agent comprising as an active ingredient one selected from the group consisting of disulfiram, harmine, pyrithione, graphicidin and lycorine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
- an anticancer agent comprising as an active ingredient one selected from the group consisting of disulfiram, harmine, pyrithione, graphicidin and lycorine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
- a cancer metastasis inhibitor comprising as an active ingredient one selected from the group consisting of harmine, pyrithione, graphicidin, and lycorine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include, for example, salts of alkali metals (eg, potassium, sodium, lithium, etc.), salts of alkaline earth metals (eg, calcium, magnesium, etc.), ammonium salts (eg, tetra Methylammonium salt, tetrabutylammonium salt, etc.), organic amines (eg, triethylamine, methylamine, dimethylamine, cyclopentylamine, benzylamine, phenethylamine, piperidine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, tris (hydroxymethyl) methylamine, lysine, Salts of arginine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, etc., acid adduct salts (for example, inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate); For example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, lactate, tart
- the above-mentioned 34 kinds of compounds are all known compounds and can be produced by known methods, respectively, and commercially available products can be purchased.
- the compound having an isomer such as an optical isomer, a stereoisomer, a positional isomer, or a rotational isomer may be either one isomer or a mixture.
- the 34 kinds of compounds may be hydrates or solvates, and may be labeled with an isotope or the like.
- a pharmaceutical comprising the above compound obtained by the screening method of the present invention as an active ingredient is one selected from the group consisting of the above 34 types or the above 5 compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and further additives can be appropriately blended to prepare a preparation.
- oral preparations such as tablets, coated tablets, pills, powders, granules, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions; parenterals such as injections, infusions, suppositories, ointments, patches, etc. can do. What is necessary is just to set suitably about the mixture ratio of a carrier or an additive based on the range normally employ
- Carriers or additives that can be blended are not particularly limited.
- various carriers such as water, physiological saline, other aqueous solvents, aqueous or oily bases; excipients, binders, pH adjusters, disintegrants, absorption
- Various additives such as an accelerator, a lubricant, a colorant, a corrigent, and a fragrance are included.
- Additives that can be mixed into tablets, capsules and the like include binders such as gelatin, corn starch, tragacanth and gum arabic, excipients such as crystalline cellulose, corn starch, gelatin, alginic acid and the like. Leavening agents, lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sweeteners such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin, flavoring agents such as peppermint, red mono oil or cherry.
- a liquid carrier such as fats and oils can be further contained in the above type of material.
- Sterile compositions for injection can be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice, such as dissolving or suspending active substances in vehicles such as water for injection, naturally occurring vegetable oils such as sesame oil, coconut oil and the like.
- aqueous liquid for injection for example, isotonic solutions containing physiological saline, glucose and other adjuvants (for example, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, sodium chloride, etc.) are used.
- alcohols eg, ethanol
- polyalcohols eg, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol
- nonionic surfactants eg, polysorbate 80 TM , HCO-50
- oily liquid for example, sesame oil, soybean oil and the like are used, and they may be used in combination with solubilizing agents such as benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol.
- Buffers eg, phosphate buffer, sodium acetate buffer
- soothing agents eg, benzalkonium chloride, procaine, etc.
- stabilizers eg, human serum albumin, polyethylene glycol, etc.
- storage You may mix
- the preparation thus obtained can be administered to, for example, humans and other mammals (eg, rats, mice, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cows, cats, dogs, monkeys, etc.).
- the dose, the number of doses, the administration interval, etc. may be appropriately set according to the condition of the animal to be administered, the target cancer type, symptoms, administration method and the like.
- the present invention includes the following inventions.
- A For mammals, one of the 34 or 5 compounds described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- a method for treating cancer comprising administering an effective amount.
- B Use of one type selected from the group consisting of the above 34 types or the above 5 types of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for producing an anticancer agent.
- C One type selected from the group consisting of the above 34 types or the above 5 types of compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of cancer.
- D A method for inhibiting cancer metastasis, comprising administering to a mammal an effective amount of any one of the above five compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- Example 1 Establishment of cell line
- the present inventors previously described a rat fibroblast cell line CREF (Fisher PB, Babiss LE, Weinstein IB, Ginsberg HS. Analysis of type 5 adenovirus transformation with a cloned rat embryo cell line (CREF). Proc Natl Acad.
- TF323-C3 cells can be distributed from the present inventor Ryo Noda.
- plasmids pGL4 including a luciferase gene derived from Photinus pyralis, manufactured by Promega
- pcDNA3.1 ( ⁇ )-Hygro containing a hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (resistance gene), manufactured by Invitrogen
- a culture solution containing G418 (1 mg / ml) and hygromycin B (400 U / ml) to isolate a clone exhibiting high luciferase activity.
- several clones having high gelatinase activity were selected and each was subcutaneously transplanted into nude mice. As a result, one strain showing pulmonary metastasis was found in 2 weeks, and this was named RM72.
- Example 2 SEAP assay
- YM3 cells were seeded at 1 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 100 ⁇ l / well in a 96-well plate and incubated for 5 hours to fix the cells, and then a compound solution (500 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ l) was added to the medium.
- a chemical library Prestwick Chemical Library (Prestwick Chemical, Illkirch, France) consisting of 880 structurally different known biologically active compounds dissolved in nanopure dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) is used. did.
- SF reagent Nacalai
- a 450 absorbance at 450 nm
- the SEAP activity data were obtained by dividing “SEAP activity per cell” by “SEAP measured value / A 450 ” and dividing “SEAP activity per cell” by “SEAP activity per cell” of the negative control by “relative It was defined as “SEAP activity”, and the average value and error of “relative SEAP activity” between duplicate samples were determined.
- SEAP activity the value obtained by dividing the SF measurement value of each compound by the SF measurement value of the negative control was defined as “relative cell number”, and the average value and error between duplicate samples were obtained. Re-experiment was conducted for those with large errors.
- Example 3 Confirmation of concentration-dependent activity
- DSF disulfiram
- DXR doxorubicin
- Gra gramicidin
- Pyt pyrithione sodium salt
- HT1080 cells stably transfected with pGL3-4110 were exposed to DSF, Pyt, DXR, or ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (hereinafter “pDTC”) for 48 hours at the dose shown in FIG.
- pDTC ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
- HT1080 cells stably transfected with pGL3-4110 were seeded in a 96-well plate (5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 100 ⁇ l / well), cultured for 24 hours, and then 1 ⁇ l compound solution or solvent (DMSO) was added to the wells. Added every time.
- Example 5 Confirmation of endogenous RECK expression induction activity (part 1)]
- Five human malignant tumor-derived cell lines (HT1080, RZmet3, A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cells) or SW480 (human colon adenocarcinoma cells), RM72 were allowed to act on each IC 50 with DSF, DXR, Gra and Pyt. (PZTC was also used for RZmet3 and RM72), cells were lysed 48 hours or 72 hours later, and the expression level of endogenous RECK protein was examined by immunoblotting.
- HT1080 and A549 are 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells, RZmet3 is 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells, SW480 is 1.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells), and each compound acts with IC 50 determined by colony formation assay.
- HPM (1 ⁇ g / ml) as a positive treatment, 1% DM as a negative control SO (solvent) was used, and the duration of action was 48 hours for HT1080, RZmet3, and RM72, and 72 hours for A549 and SW480.
- a cell lysate was prepared, and immunization with an anti-RECK antibody (5B11D12) was used.
- Blot assay was submitted and analyzed, followed by stripping and reprobing with anti-GAPDH antibody (6C5, Ambion) .
- Anti-GAPDH antibody (6C5, Ambion)
- Enhanced Chemiluminescence kit (Millipore) for visualization and HRP-labeled anti-mouse as secondary antibody IgG-F (ab ′) monoclonal antibody (Cell Signaling) was used, and images were recorded and analyzed using LAS-3000 and MultiGauge software (FUJIFILM). It is, after standardization based on the GAPDH, was determined by dividing the value after normalization of cells solvent treatment.
- FIGS. 7 (A) to (E) The results are shown in FIGS. 7 (A) to (E).
- (A) is the result of HT1080 cells
- (B) is the result of RZmet3 cells
- (C) is the result of A549 cells
- (D) is the result of SW480 cells
- (E) is the result of RM72 cells.
- all of the compounds enhanced the expression of endogenous RECK in the human malignant tumor-derived cell line.
- Example 6 Confirmation of endogenous RECK expression-inducing activity (part 2)] Induction of endogenous RECK expression on RM72 cells for lycorine (hereinafter “Lyc”, emetic alkaloid) and harmine (hereinafter “Hr”, monoamine oxidase A) among 34 compounds selected in the secondary screening The activity was confirmed. Specifically, Lyc (1.3 ⁇ M) or Hr (11 ⁇ M) corresponding to IC 30 was allowed to act on RM72 cells in culture for 48 hours, and RECK mRNA (RT-PCR method) and RECK protein (immunoblot method) were applied. Examined. The relative band intensity was obtained by normalization based on HPRT1 for mRNA and GAPDH for protein, and then dividing by the value after standardization of solvent-treated cells.
- Lyc emetic alkaloid
- Hr monoamine oxidase A
- FIGS. 8 (A) and (B) show the results of RECK mRNA
- (B) shows the result of RECK protein.
- both the Lyc and Hr increased the expression of RECK at the mRNA level, but at the protein level, only Hr increased the expression and Lyc decreased the expression.
- Example 7 Confirmation of the effect of DSF on tumor cells in vitro
- the morphology and behavior of RZmet3 cells in the presence or absence of DSF were examined using a time-lapse video microscope. Specifically, RZmet3 cells (2 ⁇ 10 4 cells) were seeded in a 35 mm glass dish (IWAKI), cultured for 24 hours, and replaced with a growth medium containing 1% DMSO (solvent) or 10 ⁇ M DSF. After further incubation for 24 hours, the medium was replaced with Leibovitz's L-15 (GIBCO) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% DMSO or 10 ⁇ M DSF.
- GIBCO Leibovitz's L-15
- FIGS. 9 (A) to (C) The results are shown in FIGS. 9 (A) to (C).
- (A) is a differential interference contrast image of RZmet3 cells cultured for 24 hours in the presence or absence of DSF
- (B) is the result of expressing the cell spread as a ratio to the control
- DSF induces flattening and diffusion of RZmet3 cells and suppresses random migration rate. This result was consistent with the result of introducing the RECK expression vector into the transformed cells.
- Example 8 Gelatin zymography
- Gelatin zymography was performed using the culture supernatant of RM72 cells treated with DSF, DXR, Gra, Pyt, pDTC, HPM and DMSO (solvent).
- RM72 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate (2 ⁇ 10 4 cells / well) and cultured for 24 hours, and a medium containing the above compound (DSF: 16 ⁇ M, DXR: 210 nM, Gra: 32 nM, Pyt: 5 ⁇ M).
- HPM 1 ⁇ g / ml
- pDTC 20 ⁇ M
- the medium was changed to 100 ⁇ l DMEM containing 0.1% FBS, and further cultured for 12 hours. Collect the culture supernatant and remove the solids by centrifugation.
- the literature (Takahashi C, Sheng Z, Horan TP, Kitayama H, Maki M, Hitomi K, Kitaura Y, Takai S, Sasahara RM, Horimoto A, Ikawa Y, Ratzkin BJ, Arakawa T, Noda M. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and inhibition of tumor invasion by the membrane-anchored glycoprotein RECK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 13221-13226.) Analyzed graphically. The band intensity was normalized by the number of cells measured by SF assay.
- mice [Example 9: Confirmation of antitumor activity and metastasis inhibitory activity of DSF]
- FIG. 15 shows the results of contrasting the degree of lung metastasis by standardizing with the tumor size. Note that no significant side effects were observed in all cases of the DSF group. From these results, it was revealed that DSF has weak antitumor activity and strong metastasis inhibitory activity.
- Example 10 Confirmation of antitumor activity and metastasis inhibitory activity of Pyt, Hr, Gra, Lyc
- Antitumor activity and metastasis inhibitory activity were confirmed for Pyt, Hr, Gra, and Lyc by the same protocol as in Example 9.
- the experiment was performed in two steps. In Experiment 1, three groups of a Pyt group, an Hr group, and a solvent group were provided. In Experiment 2, three groups of a Gra group, a Lyc group, and a solvent group were provided. The dose of the test compound was set to two amounts considered appropriate based on the literature (see Tables 3 and 4).
- FIG. 16 shows whole body and lung bioluminescence images of representative individuals in the solvent group, the Gra group, and the Lyc group.
- FIG. 17A shows the relative tumor size and relative lung metastasis of the Pyt group and the Hr group with respect to the solvent group
- FIG. 17B shows the lung metastasis and tumor size distribution of each individual of the Pyt group, the Hr group, and the solvent group.
- FIG. 17C shows the relative tumor size and relative lung metastasis of the Gra, Lyc and solvent groups with respect to the solvent group
- FIG. 17D shows the distribution of lung metastasis and tumor size of each individual of the Gra group, Lyc group and solvent group. Respectively.
- the natural lung metastasis model using RM72 cells can reliably produce results in a small number of animals for a short period of time. Furthermore, this natural lung metastasis model is also excellent in that metastasis can be determined without dissection. In treatment experiments that require daily administration, it is critically important that results be obtained in a short period of time, and this is considered to be a useful experimental system that opens a new breakthrough in preclinical studies.
- the compound screening method using the Reck promoter has both an approach that uses biological activity such as induction of normal recovery as an index and a molecular target approach that searches for an activator of RECK that is a tumor suppressor molecule. .
- the compound screening method using the Reck promoter can detect conventional anticancer agents very efficiently, and can simultaneously detect new types of compounds that have low toxicity, such as DSF, and have metastasis-inhibiting activity. It became clear.
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Abstract
Description
[1]RM72細胞(受託番号NITE BP-1110)。
[2]前記[1]に記載の細胞由来の腫瘍を有することを特徴とするがん自然転移モデル動物。
[3]げっ歯類である前記[2]に記載のがん自然転移モデル動物。
[4]マウスである前記[3]に記載のがん自然転移モデル動物。
[5]前記[1]に記載の細胞を実験動物に接種することを特徴とするがん自然転移モデル動物の作製方法。
[6]前記[1]に記載の細胞を実験動物の皮下に接種し、腫瘍を形成させることを特徴とする前記[5]に記載のがん自然転移モデル動物の作製方法。
[7]抗がん活性および/またはがん転移抑制活性を有する物質をスクリーニングする方法であって、前記[2]~[4]のいずれかに記載のがん自然転移モデル動物に、被験物質を投与する工程と、被験物質の投与開始後に、細胞接種部位の腫瘍の大きさ、ならびに標的臓器における転移巣の数および/または大きさを評価する工程と、被験物質を投与した動物と被験物質を投与していない動物の細胞接種部位の腫瘍の大きさ、ならびに標的臓器における転移巣の数および/または大きさを比較する工程とを含むことを特徴とするスクリーニング方法。
[8]抗がん活性および/またはがん転移抑制活性を有する物質をスクリーニングする方法であって、前記[2]~[4]のいずれかに記載のがん自然転移モデル動物に、被験物質を投与する工程と、被験物質の投与開始後に、動物にルシフェリンを投与する工程と、ルシフェリン投与後に、動物の細胞接種部位および/または標的臓器の化学発光像を記録する工程と、被験物質を投与した動物と被験物質を投与していない動物の細胞接種部位および/または標的臓器の化学発光像を比較する工程とを含むことを特徴とするスクリーニング方法。
[9]がん細胞のRECK(reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs)の発現を増加させる物質を選択することを特徴とする抗がん物質のスクリーニング方法。
[10]がん細胞のRECKの発現を増加させる物質が、がん細胞のReck遺伝子プロモーター活性を高める物質であることを特徴とする前記[9]に記載のスクリーニング方法。
[11]Reck遺伝子プロモーターとレポーター遺伝子を含むレポーターシステムおよびテトラサイクリン発現誘導システムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を備えた細胞を用いることを特徴とする前記[10]に記載のスクリーニング方法。
[12]Reck遺伝子プロモーターとレポーター遺伝子を含むレポーターシステムおよびテトラサイクリン発現誘導システムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を備えた細胞が、Tet-offシステムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を有するCREF細胞株由来の細胞であり、Reck遺伝子プロモーターとしてマウスReck遺伝子の上流4.1kb領域の断片を有し、レポーター遺伝子として分泌型アルカリホスファターゼ遺伝子を有し、さらにネオマイシン耐性遺伝子およびブラスチシジンS耐性遺伝子を有する細胞であることを特徴とする前記[11]に記載のスクリーニング方法。
[13]Reck遺伝子プロモーターとレポーター遺伝子を含むレポーターシステムおよびテトラサイクリン発現誘導システムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を備えることを特徴とする哺乳動物細胞。
[14]Reck遺伝子プロモーターとレポーター遺伝子を含むレポーターシステムおよびテトラサイクリン発現誘導システムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を備えたCREF細胞株由来の細胞であって、Tet-offシステムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子、Reck遺伝子プロモーターとしてマウスReck遺伝子の上流4.1kb領域の断片、レポーター遺伝子として分泌型アルカリホスファターゼ遺伝子、ならびにネオマイシン耐性遺伝子およびブラスチシジンS耐性遺伝子を有する前記[13]に記載の哺乳動物細胞。
[15]前記[9]~[12]のいずれかに記載のスクリーニング方法により得られた、disulfiram、pyrithione、thimerosal、doxorubicin、camptothecine(s,+)、gramicidin、daunorubicin、cephaeline、mechlorethamine、emetine、mitoxantrone、diaziquone、haloprogin、lycorine、methotrexate、paclitaxel、menadione、albendazole、meclocycline、demeclocycline、minocycline、podophyllotoxin、harmine、pyrimethamine、trimeprazine、cycloheximide、perhexiline、triamterene、triflupromazine、raloxifene、piperlongumine、hycanthone、etoposideおよびdoxycyclineからなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩を有効成分とする抗がん剤。
[16]前記[9]~[12]のいずれかに記載のスクリーニング方法により得られるRECKの発現を増加させる物質を、被験物質として用いることを特徴とする前記[7]または[8]に記載のスクリーニング方法。
[17]前記[7]、[8]または[16]に記載のスクリーニング方法により得られた、disulfiram、harmine、pyrithione、gramicidinおよびlycorineからなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩を有効成分とする抗がん剤。
[18]前記[7]、[8]または[16]に記載のスクリーニング方法により得られた、disulfiram、harmine、pyrithione、gramicidinおよびlycorineからなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩を有効成分とするがん転移抑制剤。
本発明は、RM72細胞(受託番号NITE BP-1110として、独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構特許微生物寄託センター(日本国千葉県木更津市かずさ鎌足2-5-8、郵便番号292-0818)に国際寄託済み。受託日:2011年6月22日)を提供する。RM72細胞は、ヒト線維肉腫由来細胞株HT1080(ATCC #CCL-121)由来の細胞であり、HT1080細胞に選択マーカーとしてneo(大腸菌由来カナマイシン耐性遺伝子)およびHygro(大腸菌由来ハイグロマイシンB耐性遺伝子)、ならびにLuc(ホタル由来ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子)を発現するプラスミドを導入した細胞である(実施例1(2)参照)。RM72細胞をヌードマウスの皮下に接種すると腫瘍を形成するとともに、接種後2週間以内に肺への自然転移が見られる。
本発明のがん自然転移モデル動物は、RM72細胞由来の腫瘍を有するものであればよい。本発明のがん自然転移モデル動物は、腫瘍形成とがん自然転移を同時に評価することができる点で非常に有用である。さらに、がん自然転移は、細胞の皮下接種後約2週間という短時間で評価することが可能であり、従来法(非特許文献6)のように判定までに長時間(40~100日)を要しない点で非常に優れている。さらに、RM72細胞にはルシフェラーゼ発現ベクターが導入されているため、動物にルシフェリンを投与して全身の化学発光像を記録することにより原発巣および転移巣の位置と体積を映像化することができる。つまり、動物を解剖することなく腫瘍形成とがん自然転移を評価できる点で、画期的ながん自然転移モデル動物である。
本発明のスクリーニング方法は、以下の工程(1)~(3)を含むものであればよい。本発明のスクリーニング方法により、抗がん活性(例えば、腫瘍増殖抑制、腫瘍退縮、腫瘍消滅など)を有する物質、がん転移抑制活性を有する物質、および両方の活性を有する物質を取得することができる。
(1)上記本発明のがん自然転移モデル動物に被験物質を投与する工程
(2)被験物質の投与開始後に、細胞接種部位の腫瘍の大きさ、ならびに標的臓器における転移巣の数および/または大きさを評価する工程
(3)被験物質を投与した動物と被験物質を投与していない動物の細胞接種部位の腫瘍の大きさ、ならびに標的臓器における転移巣の数および/または大きさを比較する工程
被験物質の用量は特に限定されず、公知文献や予備試験等に基づいて適宜設定すればよい。投与経路は被験物質に応じて選択すればよく、例えば、経口投与、静脈内投与、腹腔内投与、皮下投与、筋肉内投与、腫瘍内投与等の公知の投与経路から適宜選択することができる。投与期間、投与間隔、評価時期、評価回数等も特に限定されない。本発明のスクリーニング方法は、動物へのRM72細胞接種から約2週間経過すれば評価が可能であり、動物を解剖することなく細胞接種部位の腫瘍と転移巣の評価を行うことができるという利点を有しているので、このような特徴を踏まえ、用いる被験物質に応じて投与期間、投与間隔、評価時期、評価回数を適宜設定すればよい。被験物質投与群の他に陰性対照群(例えば溶媒を投与)を設けることが好ましい。また、既知の抗がん物質を投与する陽性対照群を設けてもよい。
(2-1)被験物質の投与開始後に、動物にルシフェリンを投与する工程
(2-2)ルシフェリン投与後に、動物の細胞接種部位および/または標的臓器の化学発光像を記録する工程
被験物質を投与していない動物の腫瘍の大きさと比較して、被験物質を投与した動物の腫瘍のほうが小さければ、当該被験物質は抗がん活性(例えば、腫瘍増殖抑制、腫瘍退縮、腫瘍消滅など)を有していると判定できる。好ましくは腫瘍の大きさを50%以下に低下させる被験物質、より好ましくは10%以下に低下させる被験物質を抗がん物質と判定する。
被験物質を投与していない動物の標的臓器における転移巣の数と比較して、被験物質を投与した動物の転移巣の数が減少していれば、当該被験物質はがん転移抑制活性を有していると判定できる。また、被験物質を投与していない動物の標的臓器における転移巣の大きさと比較して、被験物質を投与した動物の転移巣の大きさが小さければ、当該被験物質はがん転移抑制活性を有していると判定できる。好ましくは転移巣の数または大きさを20%以下に減少させる被験物質、より好ましくは5%以下に減少させる被験物質をがん転移抑制物質と判定する。
本発明は、がん細胞のRECKの発現を増加させる物質を選択することを特徴とする抗がん物質のスクリーニング方法を提供する。RECKに関する本発明者らの過去の知見から(非特許文献1、2、3等)、RECKは予後マーカーとして有用であり、がん治療の標的分子としても有望であると考えられる。したがって、がん細胞のRECKの発現を増加させる物質は抗がん剤の有効成分として有用であると考えられる。
上記本発明のスクリーニング方法により選択されるRECKの発現を増加させる物質は、Reck活性化剤、抗がん剤、がん転移抑制剤の有効成分、有効成分候補、またはリード化合物として有用である。本発明者らは、880種のケミカルライブラリーを上記本発明のスクリーニング方法を用いてスクリーニングし、濃度依存的にReck遺伝子プロモーターを活性化させる34種の化合物を選択した。具体的には、disulfiram、pyrithione、thimerosal、doxorubicin、camptothecine(s,+)、gramicidin、daunorubicin、cephaeline、mechlorethamine、emetine、mitoxantrone、diaziquone、haloprogin、lycorine、methotrexate、paclitaxel、menadione、albendazole、meclocycline、demeclocycline、minocycline、podophyllotoxin、harmine、pyrimethamine、trimeprazine、cycloheximide、perhexiline、triamterene、triflupromazine、raloxifene、piperlongumine、hycanthone、etoposideおよびdoxycycline、またはこれらの薬学的に許容される塩である(実施例2の表1,2参照)。これらの化合物は、Reck活性化剤、抗がん剤またはがん転移抑制剤の有効成分として有用であると考えられる。したがって、本発明は、上記34種の化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩を有効成分とするReck活性化剤、抗がん剤またはがん転移抑制剤を提供する。
(a)哺乳動物に対して、上記34種もしくは上記5種の化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩またはこれらの薬学的に許容される塩のいずれかの有効量を投与することを特徴とするがん治療方法。
(b)抗がん剤を製造するための、上記34種もしくは上記5種の化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩の使用。
(c)癌の治療に使用するための、上記34種もしくは上記5種の化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
(d)哺乳動物に対して、上記5種の化合物またはこれらの薬学的に許容される塩のいずれかの有効量を投与することを特徴とするがん転移抑制方法。
(e)がん転移抑制剤を製造するための、上記5種の化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩の使用。
(f)がん転移抑制に使用するための、上記5種の化合物からなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
(1)Reck遺伝子プロモーターレポーターシステムを備えた細胞の樹立
マウスReck遺伝子の上流4.1kb領域(Gene ID: 53614、Chromosome 4 - NC_000070.5 43884251 - 43888453)をpSEAP2-Basicベクター(Clontech)に挿入し、pSEAP2-RP4.1プラスミドを構築した。一方、本発明者らは、以前に、ラット線維芽細胞株CREF(Fisher PB, Babiss LE, Weinstein IB, Ginsberg HS. Analysis of type 5 adenovirus transformation with a cloned rat embryo cell line (CREF). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79: 3527-3531.)にテトラサイクリン感受性トランスアクチベーター(Tet-off)システムによってHRAS12V遺伝子の発現を制御できるようにするためのプラスミド2種(trans-repressor 発現ベクターと標的ベクター)を安定導入し、通常培養液中ではHRAS12Vが発現して悪性形質を示し、ドキシサイクリン(Dox;2μg/ml)存在下ではHRAS12V発現が抑制されて正常細胞の形態を示す細胞株TF323-C3(G418耐性)を樹立した(Sasahara RM, Takahashi C, Noda M. Involvement of the Sp1 site in ras-mediated downregulation of the RECK metastasis suppressor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 264: 668-675.)。このTF323-C3細胞に、pSEAP-RP4.1とpUCSV-BSDとを4:1(w/w)の比で共導入した後、ブラスチシジンSを8μg/ml含有する増殖培地で選択した(G418/ブラスチシジンSの2重耐性)。Dox処理後のSEAPの発現上昇の程度が最も高い1つのクローンを選択し(YM3と命名)目的の細胞株を樹立した(図1、2参照)。YM3細胞のSEAPは、v-K-ras-形質転換細胞において平坦な形態の復帰体を誘導するMEK阻害剤であるHypothemycin(1μg/ml)による処理の後も上昇していた。なお、TF323-C3細胞は、本発明者の野田亮から分与可能である。
ヒト線維肉腫由来細胞株HT1080(ATCC #CCL-121)にneoマーカーを含むプラスミドを安定導入した株をヌードマウス皮下に移植し、約1か月後に腋下リンパ節に生じた腫瘤をG418(1mg/ml)を含む培養液中で分散培養し、生じたコロニーを分離してRZmet3株を得た。RZmet3細胞は、皮下移植すると2週間程度で腋下リンパ節への転移が見られる。次に、RZmet3細胞に2種のプラスミドpGL4(Photinus pyralis 由来のルシフェラーゼ遺伝子を含む、Promega社製)およびpcDNA3.1(-)-Hygro(hygromycin B phosphotransferase 遺伝子(耐性遺伝子)を含む、Invitrogen社製)を安定導入し、G418(1mg/ml)とハイグロマイシンB(400U/ml)を含む培養液中でクローニングを繰り返し、高いルシフェラーゼ活性を示すクローンを分離した。この中から、ゼラチナーゼ活性の高いクローン数種を選び、それぞれをヌードマウス皮下に移植したところ、2週間で肺転移を示す1株が見つかったため、これをRM72と命名した。
(1)実験方法
96ウェルプレートにYM3細胞を1×104個/100μl/ウェルで播種し、5時間インキュベートして細胞を定着させた後、化合物溶液(500μM、1μl)を培地に添加した。被験化合物として、880種の構造的に異なった既知の生物活性化合物からなるケミカルライブラリーPrestwick Chemical Library(Prestwick Chemical, Illkirch, France)をナノピュアーdimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO、和光純薬)で溶解したものを使用した。これらの異なる化合物の生物学的メカニズムまたは薬理学的効果は実験的に検証されており、85%以上の化合物は、広範囲の治療分野における医薬やサプリメントとして米国または欧州で市販されている。陰性対照として溶媒(DMSO、1μl)のみ、陽性対照としてHypothemycin(HPM、1mg/ml)をプレート毎に2ウェルずつ添加した。すべてのサンプルについて2プレートを用いた(2連サンプル)。
880種の既知生理活性低分子化合物からなるケミカルライブラリーにおいて、陽性対照のHPMよりも高い活性を示す化合物151種類が検出された。陽性対照のHPMはMEKを阻害することによって、通常約2倍SEAP活性を上昇させる薬剤である。図4に示すように、ほとんどのケースで、SEAP上昇の程度は、非形質転換細胞より形質転換細胞のほうが高かったが、30番目のクロルヘキシジンのように例外もあった。
Reck遺伝子プロモーター誘導活性が強く適用分野の異なる化合物として、disulfiram(以下「DSF」;抗アルコール剤)、doxorubicin(以下「DXR」;抗がん剤)、gramicidin(以下「Gra」;抗菌剤)、およびpyrithione sodium salt(以下「Pyt」;抗カビ薬)の4種を選択した。これらについて、再度YM3細胞に対する濃度依存的活性を確認した。
結果を図5に示した。グラフの下の表に、各化合物の濃度を示した。陰性対照(V、1%DMSO)および陽性対照(HPM、1μg/ml)のデータも示した。活性値は、平均値±SEM(n=4)で示した。
pGL3-4110を安定導入したHT1080細胞に対して、DSF、Pyt、DXRまたはammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(以下、「pDTC」)を図6に記載の用量で48時間曝露した。具体的には、pGL3-4110を安定導入したHT1080細胞を96ウェルプレートに播種し(5×104個/100μl/ウェル)、24時間培養した後、1μlの化合物溶液または溶媒(DMSO)をウェルごとに添加した。48時間培養後、細胞を溶解し、Steady-Glo Luciferase Assay Kit(Promega)を用いて細胞溶解液におけるホタルルシフェラーゼ活性を測定し、細胞ごとに標準化した。
結果を図6に示した。無処理対称(NT)、陰性対照(V、1%DMSO)および陽性対照(HPM、1μg/ml)のデータも示した。活性値は、平均値±SEM(n=4)で示した。溶媒(V)に対してStudent’s t-testを行った。*はP<0.05、**はP<0.01を表す。
5種のヒト悪性腫瘍由来細胞株(HT1080,RZmet3、A549(ヒト肺腺癌細胞)またはSW480(ヒト結腸腺癌細胞)、RM72に、DSF、DXR、GraおよびPytをそれぞれのIC50で作用させ(RZmet3およびRM72にはpDTCも用いた)、48時間あるいは72時間後に細胞を溶解し、免疫ブロット法にて内在性RECKタンパク質の発現量を検討した。具体的には、予め細胞(60mmディッシュあたりの細胞密度:HT1080およびA549は5×104個、RZmet3は1×105個、SW480は1.5×105個)播種しておき、コロニーフォーメーションアッセイで決定したIC50で各化合物を作用させた。また、陽性対処としてHPM(1μg/ml)、陰性対照として1%DMSO(溶媒)を用いた。作用時間は、HT1080、RZmet3およびRM72は48時間、A549およびSW480は72時間とした。培養終了後細胞溶解液を調製し、抗RECK抗体(5B11D12)を用いた免疫ブロットアッセイに供し、分析した。続いて、ストリッピングし、抗GAPDH抗体(6C5、Ambion)でリプロービングした。可視化するために、Enhanced Chemiluminescence kit(Millipore)を用い、二次抗体としてHRP標識抗マウスIgG-F(ab’)モノクローナル抗体(Cell Signaling)を用いた。画像はLAS-3000およびMultiGauge software(FUJIFILM)を用いて記録し、分析した。相対的なバンドの濃さは、GAPDHに基づいて標準化した後、溶媒処理した細胞の標準化後の値で割り算して求めた。
2次スクリーニングで選択された34種の化合物の中から、lycorine(以下「Lyc」、催嘔吐性アルカロイド)およびharmine(以下「Hr」、モノアミンオキシダーゼA)をについて、RM72細胞に対する内在性RECK発現誘導活性を確認した。具体的には、培養下のRM72細胞にIC30に相当するLyc(1.3μM)またはHr(11μM)を48時間作用させ、RECK mRNA(RT-PCR法)およびRECKタンパク質(免疫ブロット法)を調べた。相対的なバンドの濃さは、mRNAについてはHPRT1、タンパク質についてはGAPDHに基づいて標準化した後、溶媒処理した細胞の標準化後の値で割り算して求めた。
DSFの存在下または非存在下におけるRZmet3細胞の形態と挙動を、time-lapseビデオ顕微鏡を用いて調べた。具知的には、RZmet3細胞(2×104個)を35mmのガラスディッシュ(IWAKI)に播種し、24時間培養し、1%DMSO(溶媒)または10μMのDSFを含む増殖培地に交換した。さらに24時間培養後、培地を10%ウシ胎児血清と、1%DMSOまたは10μMのDSFとを含むLeibovitz’s L-15(GIBCO)に交換した。文献(Morioka Y, Monypenny J, Matsuzaki T, Shi S, Alexander DB, Kitayama H, Noda M. The membrane-anchored metalloproteinase regulator RECK stabilizes focal adhesions and anterior-posterior polarity in fibroblasts. Oncogene 2009; 28: 1454-1464.)の記載に準じて、細胞の運動性をtime-lapse顕微鏡を用いて3時間(3分間隔)記録した。移動スピードはDunnの式(Dunn GA. Characterising a kinesis response: time averaged measures of cell speed and directional persistence. Agents Actions Suppl 1983; 12: 14-33.)を用いて、時間の一連の座標(参照位置;核の中心)から計算した。統計的有意性は、Student’s T-testにより評価した。
DSF、DXR、Gra、Pyt、pDTC、HPM、DMSO(溶媒)で処理したRM72細胞の培養上清を用いたゼラチンザイモグラフィーを行った。具体的には、RM72細胞を96ウェルプレートに播種(2×104個/ウェル)して24時間培養し、上記化合物を含む培地(DSF:16μM、DXR:210nM、Gra:32nM、Pyt:5μM、HPM:1μg/ml、pDTC:20μM)に交換して48時間培養した。その後、0.1%FBSを含む100μlDMEMに培地交換し、さらに12時間培養した。培養上清を集め、遠心分離で固形物を除き、文献(Takahashi C, Sheng Z, Horan TP, Kitayama H, Maki M, Hitomi K, Kitaura Y, Takai S, Sasahara RM, Horimoto A, Ikawa Y, Ratzkin BJ, Arakawa T, Noda M. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and inhibition of tumor invasion by the membrane-anchored glycoprotein RECK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 13221-13226.)に記載の方法に準じてゼラチンザイモグラフィーで分析した。バンドの濃さはSFアッセイで測定した細胞数で標準化した。
(1)実験方法
0.1mlのPBSに懸濁したRM72細胞(3×106個)を、Balb/cヌードマウス(6週齢、雄、Charles River)の右後部脇腹の皮下に注射した。注射5日後に小腫瘍(直径約3mm)が生じたマウスを無作為に2群に分け(n=5/群)オリーブオイルに溶解したDSF(50mg/kg/day)またはオリーブオイルのみ(溶媒)を24ゲージの針を用いて腹腔内注射した。14日間の治療後、マウスに麻酔をかけ、下記の方法でバイオルミネッセンスを記録した。全身のバイオルミネッセンスを記録後、肺を切除してPBS(-)で洗浄し、バイオルミネッセンス記録に供した。腫瘍サイズ(長さ×幅×高さ)の測定は、週に1回行った。統計的有意性は、Student’s T-testにより評価した。
PBS(-)に溶解したd-ルシフェリンを75mg/kgの用量で、麻酔下のマウスに腹腔内注射した。バイオルミネッセンス画像は、注射5分後にIVIS Imaging System(Xenogen)で取得した(Wang S, El-Deiry WS. Requirement of p53 targets in chemosensitization of colonic carcinoma to death ligand therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 15095-15100. 、Minn AJ, Kang Y, Serganova I, Gupta GP, Giri DD, Doubrovin M, Ponomarev V, Gerald WL, Blasberg R, Massague J. Distinct organ-specific metastatic potential of individual breast cancer cells and primary tumors. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 44-55.)。全身または単離した臓器から放出される光子を60秒間集め、積分した。画像はLiving Image software(Xenogen)を用いて分析した。
全身および肺のバイオルミネッセンス像を図11に示した。各個体の肺転移と腫瘍サイズの分布を図12に示した。溶媒群とDSF群の腫瘍サイズの比較を図13に示した。溶媒群とDSF群の肺転移の比較を図14に示した。肺転移の程度を腫瘍サイズで標準化して対比した結果を図15に示した。なお、DSF群の全例に顕著な副作用は認められなかった。これらの結果から、DSFは弱い抗腫瘍活性と、強い転移抑制活性を有することが明らかとなった。
実施例9と同様のプロトコールでPyt、Hr、Gra、Lycについて抗腫瘍活性および転移抑制活性を確認した。実験は2回に分けて行い、実験1はPyt群、Hr群および溶媒群の3群を設け、実験2ではGra群、Lyc群および溶媒群の3群を設けた。被験化合物の投与量は、文献に基づいて適当と考えられた2つの量を設定した(表3、4参照)。
これらの結果から、以下の知見が得られた。なお、いずれの群においても顕著な副作用は認められなかった。
(i) Pytは低い投与量において強い抗腫瘍活性と強い転移抑制活性を有し、高い投与量においては弱い抗腫瘍活性と強い転移抑制活性を有すること。
(ii) Hrはいずれの投与量においても強い抗腫瘍活性と強い転移抑制活性を有すること。
(iii) Graはいずれの投与量においても弱い抗腫瘍活性と強い転移抑制活性を有すること。
(iv) Lycはいずれの投与量においても強い抗腫瘍活性を有し、高い投与量においては強い転移抑制活性を有し、低い投与量においては弱い転移抑制活性を有すること。
また、Reckプロモーターを用いる化合物スクリーニング方法は、正常復帰誘導という生物活性を指標とするアプローチと、がん抑制分子であるRECKの活性化因子を探すという分子標的的なアプローチとの両方を兼ね備えている。Reckプロモーターを用いる化合物スクリーニング方法により、従来型の抗がん剤がきわめて効率良く検出できると共に、DSFに代表される毒性が弱く、転移抑制活性を持つような新たなタイプの化合物も同時に検出できることが明らかとなった。
識別の表示:RM72
受託番号:NITE BP-1110
受託日
2011年6月22日
国際受託当局
名称:独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構特許微生物寄託センター
住所:〒292-0818 日本国千葉県木更津市かずさ鎌足2-5-8
Claims (18)
- RM72細胞(受託番号NITE BP-1110)。
- 請求項1に記載の細胞由来の腫瘍を有することを特徴とするがん自然転移モデル動物。
- げっ歯類である請求項2に記載のがん自然転移モデル動物。
- マウスである請求項3に記載のがん自然転移モデル動物。
- 請求項1に記載の細胞を実験動物に接種することを特徴とするがん自然転移モデル動物の作製方法。
- 請求項1に記載の細胞を実験動物の皮下に接種し、腫瘍を形成させることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のがん自然転移モデル動物の作製方法。
- 抗がん活性および/またはがん転移抑制活性を有する物質をスクリーニングする方法であって、
請求項2~4のいずれかに記載のがん自然転移モデル動物に、被験物質を投与する工程と、
被験物質の投与開始後に、細胞接種部位の腫瘍の大きさ、ならびに標的臓器における転移巣の数および/または大きさを評価する工程と、
被験物質を投与した動物と被験物質を投与していない動物の細胞接種部位の腫瘍の大きさ、ならびに標的臓器における転移巣の数および/または大きさを比較する工程と
を含むことを特徴とするスクリーニング方法。 - 抗がん活性および/またはがん転移抑制活性を有する物質をスクリーニングする方法であって、
請求項2~4のいずれかに記載のがん自然転移モデル動物に、被験物質を投与する工程と、
被験物質の投与開始後に、動物にルシフェリンを投与する工程と、
ルシフェリン投与後に、動物の細胞接種部位および/または標的臓器の化学発光像を記録する工程と、
被験物質を投与した動物と被験物質を投与していない動物の細胞接種部位および/または標的臓器の化学発光像を比較する工程と
を含むことを特徴とするスクリーニング方法。 - がん細胞のRECK(reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs)の発現を増加させる物質を選択することを特徴とする抗がん物質のスクリーニング方法。
- がん細胞のRECKの発現を増加させる物質が、がん細胞のReck遺伝子プロモーター活性を高める物質であることを特徴とする請求項9に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- Reck遺伝子プロモーターとレポーター遺伝子を含むレポーターシステムおよびテトラサイクリン発現誘導システムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を備えた細胞を用いることを特徴とする請求項10に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- Reck遺伝子プロモーターとレポーター遺伝子を含むレポーターシステムおよびテトラサイクリン発現誘導システムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を備えた細胞が、Tet-offシステムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を有するCREF細胞株由来の細胞であり、Reck遺伝子プロモーターとしてマウスReck遺伝子の上流4.1kb領域の断片を有し、レポーター遺伝子として分泌型アルカリホスファターゼ遺伝子を有し、さらにネオマイシン耐性遺伝子およびブラスチシジンS耐性遺伝子を有する細胞であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- Reck遺伝子プロモーターとレポーター遺伝子を含むレポーターシステムおよびテトラサイクリン発現誘導システムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を備えることを特徴とする哺乳動物細胞。
- Reck遺伝子プロモーターとレポーター遺伝子を含むレポーターシステムおよびテトラサイクリン発現誘導システムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子を備えたCREF細胞株由来の細胞であって、Tet-offシステムで制御されるHRAS12Vがん遺伝子、Reck遺伝子プロモーターとしてマウスReck遺伝子の上流4.1kb領域の断片、レポーター遺伝子として分泌型アルカリホスファターゼ遺伝子、ならびにネオマイシン耐性遺伝子およびブラスチシジンS耐性遺伝子を有する請求項13に記載の哺乳動物細胞。
- 請求項9~12のいずれかに記載のスクリーニング方法により得られた、disulfiram、pyrithione、thimerosal、doxorubicin、camptothecine(s,+)、gramicidin、daunorubicin、cephaeline、mechlorethamine、emetine、mitoxantrone、diaziquone、haloprogin、lycorine、methotrexate、paclitaxel、menadione、albendazole、meclocycline、demeclocycline、minocycline、podophyllotoxin、harmine、pyrimethamine、trimeprazine、cycloheximide、perhexiline、triamterene、triflupromazine、raloxifene、piperlongumine、hycanthone、etoposideおよびdoxycyclineからなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩を有効成分とする抗がん剤。
- 請求項9~12のいずれかに記載のスクリーニング方法により得られるRECKの発現を増加させる物質を被験物質として用いることを特徴とする請求項7または8に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- 請求項7、8または16に記載のスクリーニング方法により得られた、disulfiram、harmine、pyrithione、gramicidinおよびlycorineからなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩を有効成分とする抗がん剤。
- 請求項7、8または16に記載のスクリーニング方法により得られた、disulfiram、harmine、pyrithione、gramicidinおよびlycorineからなる群より選ばれる1種、またはその薬学的に許容される塩を有効成分とするがん転移抑制剤。
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US9018438B2 (en) | 2015-04-28 |
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