WO2011154720A2 - Solar photovoltaic systems - Google Patents

Solar photovoltaic systems Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011154720A2
WO2011154720A2 PCT/GB2011/051028 GB2011051028W WO2011154720A2 WO 2011154720 A2 WO2011154720 A2 WO 2011154720A2 GB 2011051028 W GB2011051028 W GB 2011051028W WO 2011154720 A2 WO2011154720 A2 WO 2011154720A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
input
conditioning unit
mains
photovoltaic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2011/051028
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2011154720A3 (en
Inventor
Lesley Chisenga
Andrew John Matthews
Paul Randal Engle
Original Assignee
Enecsys Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Enecsys Limited filed Critical Enecsys Limited
Priority to EP11724014.3A priority Critical patent/EP2577828B1/de
Publication of WO2011154720A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011154720A2/en
Publication of WO2011154720A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011154720A3/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H02M3/33523—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improved techniques for photovoltaic power generation with maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
  • MPPT maximum power point tracking
  • a photovoltaic power generation system comprising: at least two photovoltaic panels each having a dc power output; a power conditioning unit having a dc power input and an ac mains power supply output for delivering an ac mains supply; wherein said dc power outputs of said at least two photovoltaic panels are connected in parallel with one another to said dc power input of said power conditioning unit; wherein said power conditioning unit comprises a dc-to-dc converter having an input coupled to said dc power input and having an output coupled to a dc link of said power conditioning unit, a dc-to-ac converter having an input coupled to said dc link and having an output coupled to said ac mains power supply output, and an energy storage capacitor coupled to said dc link; wherein said power conditioning unit is configured to perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) responsive to a level of power flowing into said dc power input, and wherein said level
  • MPPT maximum power point tracking
  • the invention provides a photovoltaic power generation system, the system comprising: at least two photovoltaic panels each having a dc power output; a power conditioning unit having a dc power input and an ac mains power supply output for delivering an ac mains power supply; wherein said dc power outputs of said at least two photovoltaic panels are connected in parallel with one another to said dc power input of said power conditioning unit; wherein said power conditioning unit includes an energy storage capacitor to store energy from said photovoltaic panels and a dc-to-ac converter having a dc input coupled to said energy storage capacitor and an ac output coupled to said ac mains power supply output; wherein said power conditioning unit comprises a controller coupled to control said dc-to-ac converter to perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT); wherein said controller has a sense input coupled to said energy storage capacitor to sense at said energy storage capacitor a signal responsive to a level of power flowing into said dc power input of said power
  • MPPT
  • the inventors have recognised that by using an energy storage capacitor on the dc link, and by performing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based upon a power flow sensed at this link two or more parallel connected (that is positive to positive and negative to negative connected) solar photovoltaic panels may be employed and still achieve almost an optimal harvesting of power from the pair (or more) of panels:
  • MPPT maximum power point tracking
  • the approximate ac mains power generation cost per watt is approximately halved, since only a relatively small up-rating of the inverter is typically needed, for example by increasing the value of the energy storage capacitor by perhaps 30%, up to say 36 ⁇ for an ac power output of up to around 350 watts.
  • the power conditioning unit operates more efficiently with greater input power, in part because of a fixed overhead for the power required by the internal circuitry (which is particularly significant for microinverters). Because of this providing an input from two or more parallel connected panels tends to maintain the input power even under cloudy conditions, maintaining the inverter in a more efficient mode of operation for one.
  • the power conditioning unit tracks the MPPT without directly measuring a dc voltage or current from the panels - instead in embodiments a voltage (but not a current) is sensed on the dc link to which the energy storage capacitor is connected.
  • a controller senses the level of a ripple voltage on this link to sense an intermediate power flow through the dc link which, in the absence of losses, measures a combined dc input power flow from the photovoltaic panels to the power conditioning unit.
  • the controller controls the dc-to-ac converter to maximise the ripple voltage and hence this intermediate power flow, thereby maximizing the combined dc input power from the pair of solar photovoltaic panels.
  • a substantially fixed amplitude dc-to-dc converter is connected between the dc input of the power conditioning unit and the dc link to provide a substantially fixed amplification factor increasing the input dc voltage from the panels to an intermediate dc voltage typically greater than 100 volts, 200 volts, 300 volts, 400 volts or 500 volts.
  • a photovoltaic power generation system comprising: at least two photovoltaic panels each having a dc power output; a power conditioning unit having a dc power input and an ac mains power supply output for delivering an ac mains supply; wherein said dc power outputs of said at least two photovoltaic panels are connected in parallel with one another to said dc power input of said power conditioning unit; wherein said power conditioning unit comprises a dc-to-ac converter and a dc link between said dc power input of said power conditioning unit and an input of said dc-to-ac converter, wherein said dc-to-ac converter has an output coupled to said ac mains power supply output, and wherein said power conditioning unit further comprises an energy storage capacitor coupled to said dc link; wherein said energy storage capacitor is a non- electrolytic capacitor; and wherein said power conditioning unit is configured to perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) responsive to MPPT
  • Embodiments of the above power conditioning system can provide an effective cost saving per watt of power generated because of the way the component values scale with power. More particularly because the energy storage capacitor is located at the dc link, a relatively small, non-electrolytic capacitor may still be employed (see also our WO2007/080429, hereby incorporated by reference). With an energy storage capacitor located at the dc link, the required energy storage is still relatively low even when two or more PV panels are connected in parallel. Furthermore, even where the MPPT is sub-optimal because a microinverter can be physically located close to the PV panels to which it is connected the voltage drop across the connecting cables (which can be significant) is reduced, and this can help to mitigate any deficit in the MPPT.
  • Some preferred embodiments of the above system employ a controller to control an amplitude of an ac current injected into the ac mains such that it is substantially linearly dependent on or proportional to an amplitude of a sinusoidal component of ripple voltage (at twice the mains frequency) on the energy storage capacitor. More particularly the ac current injected into the mains is controlled by controlling the dc-to- ac converter, and in some preferred embodiments the same controller performs MPPT, controlling the injected current by sensing a voltage on the energy storage capacitor.
  • a transformerless power conditioning unit inverter
  • the power conditioning unit includes a dc-to-dc converter at the front end, as previously described.
  • use of a dc- to-dc converter between the dc input of the power conditioning unit and the dc link provides a convenient way of allowing a ripple voltage to be present on the energy storage capacitor when it is not present at the dc input of the power conditioning unit.
  • the invention provides a method generating an ac mains power supply from a plurality of photovoltaic panels, the method comprising: connecting dc power outputs from said photovoltaic panels in parallel to the input of a power conditioning unit; converting said flow of dc power into a said ac mains power supply using said power supply using said power conditioning unit, wherein said converting comprises converting said input flow of dc power units into an intermediate flow of dc power on a dc link of said power conditioning unit coupled to an energy storage capacitor, and converting said intermediate flow of dc power to said ac mains power supply; and tracking substantially a maximum power point of said common input flow of dc power.
  • embodiments by sensing the intermediate power flow rather than by employing MPPT tracking at the front end of the power conditioning unit substantially maximize the combined dc input power flow from the pair (or more) of parallel-connected solar photovoltaic panels.
  • the invention also provides a system for generating an ac mains power supply from a plurality of photovoltaic panels, the system comprising: means for connecting dc power outputs from said photovoltaic panels in parallel to the input of a power conditioning unit to provide a common flow of dc power; means for converting said flow of dc power into a said ac mains power supply using said power conditioning unit, wherein said converting comprises converting said input flow of dc power into an intermediate flow of dc power on a dc link of said power conditioning unit coupled to an energy storage capacitor; means for converting said intermediate flow of dc power to said ac mains power supply; and means for tracking substantially a maximum power point of said common input flow of dc power.
  • the photovoltaic panels are directly connected to one another in parallel that is without an intermediate series- connected panel or panels.
  • the parallel connections of the panels may be internal or external to the power conditioning unit.
  • two pairs of photovoltaic panels may be connected in series and then the pairs of panels connected in parallel.
  • the MPPT fails to operate properly if one panel is significantly shaded or fails, resulting in a voltage drift.
  • a microinverter may be defined as an inverter having a power rating suitable for connection to less than 10 or less than 5 panels and/or as an inverter having a dc input voltage which is less than half a peak-to-peak voltage of the ac mains, more typically less than 100 volts dc or less than 60 volts dc.
  • Preferred embodiments of the system provide single phase ac, but the techniques we describe are not limited to use with a single phase ac mains supply, and may also be applied to a photovoltaic power generation system providing a three phase ac mains supply. In this latter case, preferably one dc-to-ac converter per phase is employed.
  • a particularly preferred power conditioning unit with maximum power point tracking for delivering power from a dc power source to an ac mains power supply output, comprises: an input for receiving power from said dc power source; an output for delivering ac power to said ac mains power supply; an energy storage capacitor for storing energy from said dc power source for delivering to said ac mains power supply output; a dc-to-ac converter coupled to said output for converting energy stored in said energy storage capacitor to ac power for said ac mains power supply output; a power injection control block having a sense input coupled to said energy storage capacitor and having an output coupled to said dc-to-ac converter, to control said dc-to-ac converter to control power injected into said ac mains power supply; and wherein said power injection control block is configured to track a maximum power point of said dc power source without measuring a dc voltage or dc current provided from said dc power source.
  • MPPT maximum power point tracking
  • a voltage on the energy storage capacitor has a sinusoidal voltage component (at twice the frequency of the ac mains), and the power injection control block is configured to control an amplitude of an ac current provided to the ac mains power supply output such that an amount of power transferred to the output is dependent on an amplitude of the sinusoidal voltage component on the energy storage capacitor.
  • the average energy transferred is linearly dependent on, more particularly proportional to, a squared value of the sinusoidal voltage component.
  • the sinusoidal voltage component is superimposed on a dc link voltage (input to the dc-to-ac converter), and this link voltage is relatively high, for example less than 200, 300, 400 or 500 volts.
  • the average power transferred is proportional to the difference between the peak (maximum) capacitor voltage squared and the trough (minimum) capacitor voltage squared (although alternatively a power conditioning unit may be arranged such that there is, on average, zero dc voltage on the energy storage capacitor).
  • the instantaneous power transferred to the ac mains power supply output is dependent on or proportional to the instantaneous value of voltage on the energy storage capacitor.
  • a power conditioning unit with maximum power point tracking for delivering power from a dc power source to an ac mains power supply output
  • the power conditioning unit comprising: an input for receiving power from said dc power source; an output for delivering ac power to said ac mains power supply; an energy storage capacitor for storing energy from said dc power source for delivering to said ac mains power supply output; a dc-to-ac converter coupled to said output for converting energy stored in said energy storage capacitor to ac power for said ac mains power supply output; a power injection control block having a sense input coupled to said energy storage capacitor and having an output coupled to said dc-to-ac converter, to control said dc-to-ac converter to control power injected into said ac mains power supply; and wherein, in operation, a voltage on said energy storage capacitor has a sinusoidal voltage component at twice a frequency of said ac mains; wherein said power injection control block is configured
  • an energy flow from the dc power source to the energy storage capacitor is substantially proportional to an amount of energy change in the energy storage capacitor (this is explained further below). Further, an amount of energy drawn from the energy storage capacitor and provided to the ac mains output is controlled by the power injection control block such that the amount of ac power delivered to the ac mains power supply is dependent on the amount of energy stored in the energy storage capacitor.
  • the power arrangement control block is thereby able to track the maximum power point of the dc power source by controlling the ac power delivered to the AC mains power supply by controlling the dc-to-ac converter, without the need for MPP tracking on the front end of the power conditioning unit, which typically includes a dc-to-dc converter.
  • the power injection loop pulls power, in the first instance, from the dc power source and delivers this into the energy storage capacitor. In the second instance the power injection loop extracts power from the energy storage capacitor and delivers this to the AC output.
  • this fluctuating sinusoidal component of (a generally dc) voltage on the energy storage capacitor has, in operation, a peak amplitude of at least 10 Volts, 20 Volts, 30 Volts, 40 Volts, 50 Volts, 60 Volts or 100 Volts.
  • the peak amplitude of this sinusoidal voltage component depends upon the current injected into the ac mains output.
  • an MPPT tracking algorithm would generally impose a degree of ripple on the dc input voltage to the power conditioning unit, in order that the operating point of the dc power source can be varied to hence determine the maximum power operating point.
  • the operating point automatically adjusts according to the energy change in the energy storage capacitor.
  • a "pull" arrangement in which power flows from the dc power source into the energy storage capacitor in effect on demand, the demand being controlled by the second, power injection control loop.
  • the degree of ripple on the DC link is effectively a measure of the amount of power drawn from the DC input, for example a solar photovoltaic panel. If the ripple reduces this implies that less power is being provided from the DC input and in broad terms the power injection control block then responds by reducing the current injected into the grid, that is by adjusting the power injection. In embodiments the current is regulated by adjusting the switching speed (rate) of the output DC-to-AC converter. When the system is tracking the maximum power point, if the power from the DC input reduces, the ripple reduces and the switching speed of the converter is adjusted downwards, to inject less current into the grid.
  • the control block then periodically increases the switching speed of the power injection block with the aim of increasing the amount of current flowing into the grid.
  • This has the effect of increasing the ripple in the event that the amount of energy being provided by the DC source is greater than that being harvested, and hence the control loop effectively operates so as to maximise the ripple and therefore harvested energy.
  • this corresponds to servoing around the maximum power point, more particularly moving along the characteristic curve in a direction of decreasing current and increasing voltage (as in the just mentioned example), or increasing current and decreasing voltage, towards the maximum power point.
  • the power injection control block generates a template of the AC current injected into the mains. More particularly the template comprises a sinusoidal or half-sinusoidal voltage in phase with the grid mains and the amplitude of this template is adjusted dependent on the measured DC link ripple voltage, more particularly dependent on whether this has previously gone up or down. Thus the amplitude of this template signal is responsive to the ripple voltage on the energy storage capacitor/DC link.
  • An error signal dependent on the difference between the measured AC current injected into the grid mains and this template is used to control the switching rate of the power injection control block. In embodiments the error signal is used to increase the switching rate if the template magnitude is greater than the magnitude of the current injected into the AC mains. In this way the current injected is controlled with the aim of maximising the energy storage capacitor/ DC link ripple.
  • the ripple amplitude at the energy storage capacitor/DC link is used to effectively measure power provided from the DC source (photovoltaic panel).
  • the power provided from the DC power source may be assumed to be given by the product of voltage on and current through the DC link providing an input to the DC-to-AC converter.
  • our power conditioning unit have a ripple which is proportional to input power (assuming input and output power are substantially the same)
  • measuring the ripple is an advantageous technique for obtaining the desired power information.
  • MPPT maximum power point tracking
  • the power conditioning unit including an energy storage capacitor for storing energy from said dc power source for delivering to said ac mains power supply output
  • the method comprising: tracking a maximum power point of said dc power source by controlling a dc-to-ac converter converting energy stored in said energy storage capacitor to ac power for said ac mains power supply input, wherein said tracking comprises: sensing, at a circuit node coupled to said energy storage capacitor, a signal responsive to a level of power drawn from said dc power source; and controlling said dc-to-ac converter to adjust an amplitude of an ac output to substantially maximise said sensed signal.
  • the method/system comprises two independent control blocks.
  • the first block controls the voltage amplification stage that interfaces with the energy generator.
  • the energy generator is preferably a solar module.
  • the first control block does not function to regulate the amount of energy to be transmitted but functions only as a switch, either allowing energy flow or preventing any energy flow from the generator and through the amplification stage, regardless of the amount.
  • the output of the voltage amplification stage is coupled to an energy reservoir capacitor. Energy flow is therefore dependent on the amount of "room” (the amount of additional energy which can be stored) in the reservoir capacitor.
  • Figure 18b shows a power generation system 1850 with parallel connected series- coupled panels 1602, 1606 and 1604, 1608. This works, but unlike with directly parallel connected panels if one panel in the arrangement of Figure 18b is shaded this generates a voltage offset because the panel is series (as well as parallel) connected. This reduces the effectiveness of the MPPT when the panels are unevenly illuminated.
  • the panels are directly parallel connected - that is without intermediate series-connected panels. (The skilled person will appreciate that directly parallel connected panels may be connected either internally or externally to the inverter when making the parallel connections).
  • One potential advantage of the arrangement of Figure 18b is that it can be employed to remove the need for an input dc-to-dc converter to increase the dc input voltage, thus potentially avoiding the need for a transformer.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
PCT/GB2011/051028 2010-06-07 2011-06-01 Solar photovoltaic systems WO2011154720A2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP11724014.3A EP2577828B1 (de) 2010-06-07 2011-06-01 Fotovoltaische solarsysteme

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB201009430A GB2482653B (en) 2010-06-07 2010-06-07 Solar photovoltaic systems
GB1009430.8 2010-06-07
US12/947,116 2010-11-16
US12/947,116 US8674668B2 (en) 2010-06-07 2010-11-16 Solar photovoltaic systems

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011154720A2 true WO2011154720A2 (en) 2011-12-15
WO2011154720A3 WO2011154720A3 (en) 2012-06-14

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US (2) US8674668B2 (de)
EP (1) EP2577828B1 (de)
CN (1) CN202218176U (de)
GB (1) GB2482653B (de)
WO (1) WO2011154720A2 (de)

Cited By (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9496803B2 (en) 2010-06-07 2016-11-15 Solarcity Corporation Solar photovoltaic system with maximized ripple voltage on storage capacitor

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