WO2011128061A1 - Matières fonctionnalisées et leurs utilisations - Google Patents
Matières fonctionnalisées et leurs utilisations Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011128061A1 WO2011128061A1 PCT/EP2011/001815 EP2011001815W WO2011128061A1 WO 2011128061 A1 WO2011128061 A1 WO 2011128061A1 EP 2011001815 W EP2011001815 W EP 2011001815W WO 2011128061 A1 WO2011128061 A1 WO 2011128061A1
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- Prior art keywords
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- integer
- metal
- alkyl group
- ratio
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 58
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004400 (C1-C12) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 24
- -1 aromatics Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 10
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 3
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000013011 aqueous formulation Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013385 inorganic framework Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XXJGBENTLXFVFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-amino-methylene Chemical compound N[CH2] XXJGBENTLXFVFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001636 atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013384 organic framework Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-YPZZEJLDSA-N ruthenium-99 Chemical compound [99Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-YPZZEJLDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanyl Chemical class [SH] PXQLVRUNWNTZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
- C22B11/04—Obtaining noble metals by wet processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/42—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by ion-exchange extraction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
- B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/262—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. obtained by polycondensation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/0834—Compounds having one or more O-Si linkage
- C07F7/0838—Compounds with one or more Si-O-Si sequences
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/22—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by physical processes, e.g. by filtration, by magnetic means, or by thermal decomposition
- C22B3/24—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by physical processes, e.g. by filtration, by magnetic means, or by thermal decomposition by adsorption on solid substances, e.g. by extraction with solid resins
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Definitions
- the invention relates to functionalised materials and their uses, and in particular a treatment involving a metal scavenger and a process to selectively remove one of more specific metal species from a stream containing a range of metal ions and complexes.
- Precious metals including platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and gold are a limited resource and are used extensively in numerous different applications across a vast array of industries. In addition more and more applications are being found and developed where precious metals are required. Thus there is a growing need to develop or improve systems and processes where the losses of precious metals are minimised. Losses can occur both in their application and in the refining and purification of precious metals. In such cases the precious metal is typically present in either a solid or a liquid. Systems have been developed to manage the former. However recovering precious metals from liquid streams remains a significant challenge given the wide range of formulations and compositions that are used for a diverse range of applications.
- Functionalised materials are one of several systems that are being developed to remove precious metals from organic and aqueous liquids.
- a liquid containing one or more precious metals is passed through a material, often described as a metal scavenger, which contains a functional group that possesses an affinity for precious metals.
- a metal scavenger which contains a functional group that possesses an affinity for precious metals.
- suitable functionalised materials to remove the desired metal species.
- precious metals are generally found in the presence of further metal species and in a vast range of different chemical environments. These conditions pose significant technical challenges and improved removal and selectivity to particular metals is desirable.
- precious metals may be present at low concentrations, for example 0.5 to 2000 ppm along with further metal species at higher concentrations for example 500 to 50,000 ppm.
- the treatment of these streams with functionalised materials typically results in some initial removal of some of the precious metals present and then the removal of these metals stops.
- the overall results are very low removal of the desired precious metals from the stream, very low loading of the desired precious metals on the metal scavenger and a very high concentration of the further metal ions on the metal scavenger.
- Currently a high percentage of these precious metal streams are not being treated in a satisfactory manner or at all and so significant quantities of precious metals are not recovered.
- their removal from process streams is desirable from an environmental and health perspective or for reasons of quality control, for example in the pharmaceutical industry. New functionalised materials and processes are thus required to improve the capture of these limited and valuable resources.
- the inventors have devised a treatment involving the use of a functionalised material which has a high and selective affinity for precious metals and a low affinity for further metals along with a periodic washing process that in combination selectively removes the desired precious metal to a high level from a stream containing a high concentration of further metals and complexes for example base and transition metals.
- the invention provides both a process for treating a feed material comprising a precious metal or a range of precious metals to be removed and further metals or complexes, the further metal species being present in concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 10 s times the combined concentration of the precious metals, the process comprising contacting the feed material and a metal scavenging compound or mixture of compounds to selectively remove the precious metal or metals to be removed from the feed material in the presence of further metals or complexes along with a periodic washing process and optionally a pH adjustment of the feed stream that in combination produces a feed material depleted in the removed precious metal or metals
- the metal scavenging compounds include functionalised materials and polymers where the framework is an organic polymer such as polystyrene or polyolefin; or an inorganic framework such as silica or alumina, and a functional group is attached to the framework; and the use of a metal scavenging compound or mixtures of said compounds for the recovery of precious metal or metals from a feed
- X is selected from NRR 2 , NR[(CH 2 ) p NR 1 ]iR 2 , SR, S(CH 2 ) e SR, S(CH 2 ) f U, S[(CH 2 )jS],R, S[(CH 2 ) e S] t (CH 2 ) s Z, NRC(S)NR H, SCH 2 CH(NHR)C0 2 E, SCH2CH(C0 2 E)CH 2 C0 2 E, S(CH 2 )
- U is a heteroaromatic ring
- Z is Si0 3 2 or a heteroaromatic ring
- E is a H, C-MO alkyl or a metal ion M and W is OH, OR, OM or and
- R, R , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, C -22 -alkyl group, C 1-22 -aryl group and a C 1-22 -alkylaryl group;
- R 2 is selected from hydrogen, C -22 -alkyl group, or a C 2 .
- 10 - alkyl Si(0) 3/2 group, I, s, t and u are independently integers from 1 to 100; i is an integer from 1 to 10,000; m is an integer from 1 to 100; n is an integer from 1 to 100 and e, f, j, p are independently integer from 2 to 20;
- V is a group which is optionally substituted and selected from a C 1-22 -alkyl group, C 2 . 22 - alkenyl group, a C 2-22 -alkynyl group, an aryl group a C -22 -alkylaryl group, a Ci_ 22 -alkyl group substituted with or containing as part of a chain a sulfide, a sulfoxide, a sulfone, an amine, a polyalkyl amine, a phosphine or other phosphorous containing group; M is a metal ion including base and transition ions; the free valences of the silicate oxygen atoms are saturated by one or more of:
- a silicon atom of other groups of General Formula A hydrogen, a linear or branched C 1-22 - alkyl group, an end group R 5 3 M 1 0 1/2 , a cross-linking bridge member or by a chain R ⁇ M ⁇ OR ⁇ g Owa or AI(OR 6 ) 3 - h O h/2 or R 5 AI(OR 6 ) 2 . r O r/2 ;
- M 1 is Si or Ti
- R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from a linear or branched C 1-22 alkyl group, an aryl group and a C ⁇ -alkylaryl group;
- k is an integer from 1 to 3
- q is an integer from 1 to 2
- h is an integer from 1 to 3;
- r is an integer from 1 to 2;
- metal is zirconium, boron, magnesium, iron, nickel or a lanthanide
- a, b, c and d are integers such that the ratio of b:a is from 0.00001 to 100000 and a and b are always greater than 0 and when c is greater than 0 the ratio of c to a+b is from 0.00001 to 100000 and when d is greater than 0 the ratio of d to a+b is from 0.00001 to 100000.
- the term "metal" as employed herein includes any species of the metal whether solid metal, a complex or any other form of the metal.
- the ratio of end group, cross linker or polymer chains to a+b+c+d is from 0 to 999:1 preferably 0.001 to 999:1 and especially 0.01 to 99:1.
- the removal of the precious metals from the feed material may be due to the precious metals being bound through donor interactions with the functional groups of the metal scavenging compound such as a functionalised polystyrene or polyolefin or a composition of General Formula A, or may be as a result of an ion exchange process.
- the metal scavenging compound such as a functionalised polystyrene or polyolefin or a composition of General Formula A, or may be as a result of an ion exchange process.
- the process of the invention is carried out to achieve a pre-determined loading of the desired precious metal or metals on the metal scavenger.
- the loading of the desired precious metal or metals will be influenced by the available time to treat the feed material. High loadings up to 10% weight are preferred but levels of between 0.4 to 6% weight is acceptable.
- the feed material may be a continuous stream for example a continuous process reaction feedstock, or may be in the form of a batch of material for discrete treatment.
- the feed material for example a waste water or a waste process stream or a product stream, may be treated to selectively remove components of the feed material in the presence of similar or higher concentration of other components.
- the removed component may be a desirable or an undesirable material in the feed material.
- This process may be used for example in removing desired species such as precious metals from a feed material in a refining or purification process prior to disposal or use of the feed material.
- the process can also act to provide a desired composition for the feed material that has been depleted in the selectively removed component or components after contact with the metal scavenger.
- metal scavengers typically comprise a functional group attached to a solid organic or inorganic framework.
- organic polymer frameworks include polystyrene, polyaromatic or polyolefin resins or fibres.
- An example of a polyolefin framework is the Smopex® range of metal scavengers.
- functional groups include carboxylic acids and salts, pyridine, sulfonics acids, amines, sulfides and mercapto containing compounds as well as combination of these functional groups.
- Preferred compounds of General Formula A include those wherein: X is selected from NRR 2 , NR[(CH 2 ) p NR ]iR 2 , SR, S(CH 2 ) e SR, S[(CH 2 ) j S],R, S[(CH 2 ) e S] t (CH 2 ) s Z, NRC(S)NR 1 H, S(CH 2 ) u C(0)W, S(CH 2 ) j NRC(S)NR 1 H and OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 NR[(CH 2 ) p NR 1 ]iR 3 where Z is Si0 3/2 or a heteroaromatic ring and W is NR[(CH 2 ) p NR 1 ]jR 2 .
- Y is selected from NRR 2 , NR[(CH 2 ) p NR 1 ]iR 2 , SR, S(CH 2 ) e SR, S[(CH 2 ) j S],R, or S[(CH 2 ) e S],(CH 2 ) s Z;
- R, and R 1 are independently selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ o-alkyl group, Ci_ 22 -aryl group and a C 1-22 -alkylaryl group;
- R 2 is selected from hydrogen, C 1 -2 2-alkyl group, or a C 2 _i 0 - alkyl Si(0) 3/2 group,
- R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen;
- s, t and u are independently integers from 1 to 20;
- i is an integer from 1 to 10,000;
- m is an integer from 1 to 10;
- n is an integer from 1 to 10 and e, j, p are independently integer from 2 to 20.
- V is a group which is optionally substituted and selected from a C -22 -alkyl group, C 2-22 -alkenyl group, a C 2-22 -alkynyl group, an aryl group a Ci_ 22 -alkylaryl group, a 22 -alkyl group substituted with or containing as part of a chain a sulfide, a sulfoxide, a sulfone, an amine, or a polyalkyl amine.
- the free valences of the silicate oxygen atoms are saturated by one or more of: a silicon atom of other groups of General Formula A, hydrogen, a linear or branched C 1-10 - alkyl group, an end group R 5 3 M 1 Oi 2 , a cross-linking bridge member or by a chain R 5 q M 1 (OR e ) e Ow2 or AI(OR 6 ) 3 - h O h/2 or R 5 AI(OR 6 ) 2 . r O r/2 ;
- M 1 is Si or Ti
- R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from a linear or branched Ci. 2 alkyl group, an aryl group and a C ⁇ o-alkylaryl group;
- k is an integer from 1 to 3
- q is an integer from 1 to 2
- h is an integer from 1 to 3;
- r is an integer from 1 to 2;
- metal zirconium, boron, magnesium, iron, nickel or a lanthanide.
- a, b, c and d are integers such that the ratio of b:a is from 0.00001 to 100 and a and b are always greater than 0 and when c is greater than 0 the ratio of c to a+b is from 0.00001 to 100 and when d is greater than 0 the ratio of d to a+b is from 0.00001 to 00.
- the composition comprises in combination two or more of these preferred features. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the composition comprises in combination all of these preferred features.
- the ratio of end group, cross linker or polymer chains to a+b+c+d is from 0 to 999:1 preferably 0.001 to 999:1 and especially 0.01 to 99:1.
- Particularly preferred compounds of General Formula A include those wherein: X is selected from NRR 2 , NH[(CH 2 ) p NH]iR 2 , SR, S(CH 2 ) e SH, S[(CH 2 ) j S],H, S[(CH 2 ) e S] t (CH 2 ) s Z, NHC(S)NR 1 H, S(CH 2 ) u C(0)W, S(CH 2 ) j NRC(S)NR H and OCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 NH[(CH 2 ) p NH]iH where Z is Si0 32 or a heteroaromatic ring and W is NH[(CH 2 ) p NH]iH; and when c is greater than 0, Y is selected from NRR 2 , NH[(CH 2 ) p NH]iR 2 , SR, S(CH 2 ) e SH, S[(CH 2 ) j S] t H, or S[(CH 2
- R and R are independently selected from hydrogen, C 1-10 -alkyl group, C 1-22 -aryl group and a C 1-22 -alkylaryl group;
- R 2 is selected from hydrogen, d.i 2 -alkyl group, or a C 3 -alkyl Si(0) 3/2 group,
- R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen;
- s, t and u are independently integers from 1 to 10;
- i is an integer from 1 to 10,000;
- m is an integer from 1 to 5;
- V is a group which is optionally substituted and selected from a Ci_i 2 -alkyl group, C 2-22 - alkenyl group, a Ci. 22 -alkyl group substituted with or containing as part of a chain a sulfide, or an amine; the free valences of the silicate oxygen atoms are saturated by one or more of:
- a silicon atom of other groups of General Formula A hydrogen, a linear or branched C 1-10 - alkyl group, an end group R 5 3 M 1 0i 2 , a cross-linking bridge member or by a chain or AI(OR 6 ) 3 . h O h/2 or R 5 AI(OR 6 ) 2 . r O r / 2 ;
- M 1 is Si
- R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from a linear or branched C 1-6 alkyl group, and an aryl group;
- k is an integer from 1 to 3
- q is an integer from 1 to 2
- h is an integer from 1 to 3; and r is an integer from 1 to 2;
- a, b, c and d are integers such that the ratio of b:a is from 0.00001 to 10 and a and b are always greater than 0 and when c is greater than 0 the ratio of c to a+b is from 0.00001 to 10 and when d is greater than 0 the ratio of d to a+b is from 0.00001 to 10.
- the ratio of end group, cross linker or polymer chains to a+b+c+d is from 0 to 999:1 preferably 0.001 to 999:1 and especially 0.01 to 99:1.
- the process comprises passing the feed material through a fixed bed containing one or more metal scavengers.
- the feed material suitably comprises an aqueous solution and may range in pH between 0 and 10.
- the feed material may comprise an acid, for example hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid or a mixture of acids.
- the pH of the feed material may optionally be adjusted using either acid or base to increase the desired metal uptake.
- the feed material may be passed either up or down through a fixed bed containing a metal scavenger at flow rates suitable for the efficient removal of the desired component.
- the stream Whilst passing the feed material through a fixed bed of a metal scavenger the stream may be held for a period of time ranging from 1 second to 48 hours so as to ensure effective contact with the desired component to be removed.
- the fixed bed of a metal scavenger is preferably washed with a suitable compatible solvent to remove the build up of the unwanted ions and complexes around the metal scavenger.
- the functional group of the metal scavenger possesses a differential affinity, suitably a very high affinity for precious metal as compared to further metals.
- the flow rate and washing frequency and volume will depend on the volume of feed material to be treated, the nature, combination and concentrations of the precious metals, the concentration of the further metal ions and complexes and the nature of the feed material such as solvent and pH.
- Flow rate values are preferably from 0.1 to 2000 litres/hour and more preferably 0.1 to 50 litres/hour.
- the washing volume is suitably from 1 to 1000 Bed Volumes of solvent with desirably 1 to 10 Bed Volumes.
- the washing frequency preferably is from 30 minutes to 4 days.
- Suitable washing solvents include water, deionised water, aqueous formulations, alcohols, hydrocarbons, aromatics, and polar solvents.
- the pH may range from 0-10 with 4-8 preferred.
- the washing solvent may be passed either up or down through the metal scavenger at flow rates suitable for the efficient removal of the unwanted ions and complexes.
- the washing solvent may be held in the metal scavenger for a period of time so as to ensure effective washing. The period of time may range from 1 second to 24 hours.
- the overall process may be conducted at temperatures from 5 to 80°C and pressures up to 10 bar. Preferred temperatures are in the range of 10-60°C.
- the process also encompasses recycling the feed material through the metal scavenger where necessary or desirable with the aim of removing higher levels of precious metal species as compared to a single pass and loading onto the metal scavenger.
- a combination of different composition of metal scavengers and in particular of General Formula A may be employed to selectively remove different precious metals for example where different ions, oxidation states and complexes may be present.
- the invention also encompasses the use of a combination of compositions of metal scavengers to remove a range of specific metals from the feed material.
- the invention also encompasses the use of a combination of metal scavengers with compositions of General Formula A to remove a range of precious metals species from the feed material.
- metals such as but not limited to aluminium, iron, copper, bismuth, nickel, selenium and zinc are found or used to aid separation, in similar or higher concentrations than the desired precious metal species.
- process streams include but not limited to a combined precious metal content of 1-500 ppm along with metal ions such as iron, copper, nickel, aluminium and zinc ranging from 100- 50,000 ppm.
- Removal of the precious metal species from the feed material may be improved by including a periodic washing step in which a wash liquid is contacted periodically with the metal scavenger including a composition or a mixture of compositions of General Formula A.
- the washing step is carried out using a ratio of Bed Volume of wash liquid to Bed Volumes of feed material of at least 1 to 100, preferably at least 1 to 80, and desirably at least 1 to 50.
- the flow rate varied between 14-17 Litres/hour and the washing process involving passing 9 Bed Volumes of deionised water through the material after every 8 hours.
- the process was conducted at ambient temperature.
- the average reduction in metal content of the treated stream was platinum - 80%; palladium - 92% and rhodium - 40%.
- Deionised water 250 mL, 8 Bed Volumes
- a further 12.5 L of the same solution was passed through the fixed bed at the same flow rate of 0.6 IJh.
- Samples of the treated stream were taken every 50 mL and metal content was measured by ICP-OES using standard methodology. The average reduction in metal content of the treated solution was platinum - 99%; palladium - 99%, ruthenium - 70% and rhodium - 70%.
- the flow rate varied between 14-17 LJh and the process was conducted at ambient temperature. After every 8 hour continuous operation the fixed beds were washed with deionised water (20 L, 9 Bed Volumes) at a flow rate of 60 Uh. Samples of the treated feed material were taken every 120 L and metal content was measured by ICP-OES using standard methodology. The average reduction in metal content of the treated solution was platinum - 80%; palladium - 92% and rhodium - 40%.
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Abstract
L'invention concerne un traitement et une utilisation mettant en jeu un épurateur de métaux, tel qu'une matière organique ou inorganique fonctionnalisée et un procédé pour éliminer sélectivement des ions et complexes métalliques spécifiques à partir d'un courant contenant une gamme d'espèces métalliques dans des concentrations variables.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB1006368.3 | 2010-04-15 | ||
GBGB1006368.3A GB201006368D0 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2010-04-15 | Functionalised materials and uses thereof |
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WO2011128061A1 true WO2011128061A1 (fr) | 2011-10-20 |
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PCT/EP2011/001815 WO2011128061A1 (fr) | 2010-04-15 | 2011-04-12 | Matières fonctionnalisées et leurs utilisations |
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GB (1) | GB201006368D0 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2011128061A1 (fr) |
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EP4056607A1 (fr) | 2021-03-12 | 2022-09-14 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Mélange de diluant réactif pour la fixation chimique |
EP4177229A1 (fr) | 2021-11-09 | 2023-05-10 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Farine de brique en tant que charge dans les systèmes à composants multiples pour la fixation chimique |
EP4177235A1 (fr) | 2021-11-09 | 2023-05-10 | HILTI Aktiengesellschaft | Matières de recyclage pulvérisées en tant que charges pour systèmes à composants multiples destinées à la fixation chimique |
WO2023083612A1 (fr) | 2021-11-09 | 2023-05-19 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Poussière de brique utilisée en tant que charge dans des systèmes à composants multiples pour fixation chimique |
EP4257570A1 (fr) | 2022-04-06 | 2023-10-11 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Composés à base de composés recyclés pour systèmes de résines réactives à plusieurs composants destinés à la fixation chimique |
WO2023194122A1 (fr) | 2022-04-06 | 2023-10-12 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Composés à base de composés recyclés, pour des systèmes de résines réactives multicomposants pour fixation chimique |
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