WO2011122042A1 - 燃料電池システム - Google Patents
燃料電池システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011122042A1 WO2011122042A1 PCT/JP2011/001947 JP2011001947W WO2011122042A1 WO 2011122042 A1 WO2011122042 A1 WO 2011122042A1 JP 2011001947 W JP2011001947 W JP 2011001947W WO 2011122042 A1 WO2011122042 A1 WO 2011122042A1
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- catalyst layer
- gas
- fuel cell
- cathode
- anode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04126—Humidifying
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04225—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04303—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2483—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system having a fuel cell that generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell has a basic structure in which a polymer electrolyte membrane, which is an electrolyte membrane, is disposed between a fuel electrode and an air electrode, and the fuel electrode contains hydrogen and hydrogen, and the air electrode contains oxygen. It is an apparatus that supplies an oxidant gas and generates electricity by the following electrochemical reaction.
- Fuel electrode H 2 ⁇ 2H + + 2e ⁇ (1)
- Air electrode 1 / 2O 2 + 2H + + 2e ⁇ ⁇ H 2 O (2)
- the anode and cathode each have a structure in which a catalyst layer and a gas diffusion layer are laminated.
- the catalyst layers of the electrodes are arranged opposite to each other with the solid polymer electrolyte membrane interposed therebetween to constitute a fuel cell.
- the catalyst layer is a layer formed by binding carbon particles carrying a catalyst with an ion exchange resin.
- the gas diffusion layer becomes a passage for the oxidant gas and the fuel gas.
- Upstream anode H 2 ⁇ 2H + + 2e ⁇ (3)
- Cathode O 2 + 4H + + 4e ⁇ ⁇ 2H 2 O
- Downstream anode O 2 + 4H + + 4e ⁇ ⁇ 2H 2 O
- Cathode C + 2H 2 O ⁇ CO 2 + 4H + + 4e ⁇ (6)
- the present invention has been made in view of these problems, and an object of the present invention is to form a catalyst layer by reverse current generation for at least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer when the fuel cell system is started. It is to provide a technology for suppressing deterioration of materials.
- a fuel cell system is provided on one surface of an electrolyte membrane, the electrolyte membrane, an anode including an anode catalyst layer, and the other surface of the electrolyte membrane.
- the adjusting means is a relative humidity (relative humidity) of the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer at the time of stopping the fuel cell, before starting the power generation after supplying the raw fuel, or before starting the power generation until the output reaches the rated output. RH) and / or the relative humidity of the gas in contact with the cathode catalyst layer is reduced to less than 100%.
- the deterioration of the material constituting the catalyst layer due to the generation of the reverse current can be remarkably suppressed with respect to at least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer. Moreover, even if the fuel cell system is repeatedly activated under a higher temperature condition than before, the durability of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer can be improved.
- “at the time of start-up” means that the humidified gas is supplied to the fuel cell (cell stack) after the raw fuel is input and before power generation is started, that is, after the raw fuel is input to the fuel cell system (to the anode). This refers to the period from when the humidified fuel gas is supplied and when the humidified oxidant gas is supplied to the cathode) and immediately before power generation is started (load connection is started).
- the adjusting means may further have a function of adjusting the temperature.
- the adjusting means is configured so that the relative humidity of the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer and the cathode at the time of stopping the fuel cell, before the start of power generation after supplying raw fuel, or at least until the output reaches the rated output after the start of power generation.
- the relative humidity is adjusted between at least one of the relative humidity of the gas in contact with the catalyst layer and, if necessary, at least one of the temperature of the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer and the temperature of the gas in contact with the cathode catalyst layer.
- Relative so that the relationship between the relative humidity (x) of the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer or the cathode catalyst layer and the reduction rate (y) of the electrochemical specific surface area satisfies the following (Formula I) to (Formula III) Humidity (x) and temperature may be adjusted if necessary. 0.2302e 0.0499x ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3013e 0.056x (Formula I) x ⁇ 100 (formula II) 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 35 (formula III)
- the fuel cell system at the time of starting the fuel cell system, it is possible to more effectively suppress the deterioration of the material constituting the catalyst layer due to the generation of the reverse current with respect to at least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer. Moreover, even if the fuel cell system is repeatedly activated at a higher temperature than before, the durability of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer can be further improved and the life can be further extended.
- the adjusting means supplies a gas having a relative humidity of less than 100% to at least one of the anode and the cathode whose relative humidity is adjusted, so that the relative humidity of the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer
- the relative humidity of at least one of the relative humidity of the gas in contact with the cathode catalyst layer may be lowered to less than 100%.
- a voltage measuring unit that continuously measures the output voltage of the fuel cell may be further provided.
- the adjusting means may adjust the relative humidity (x) and the temperature when the difference between the reference value and the output voltage measured by the voltage measuring unit is a predetermined value or more.
- the adjusting means may be connected to the fuel cell by a bypass path.
- the deterioration of the material constituting the catalyst layer due to the generation of reverse current is more easily and efficiently suppressed with respect to at least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer. Can do.
- the apparatus further includes a raw fuel supply unit and a desulfurization unit that desulfurizes a sulfur component of the raw fuel supplied from the raw fuel supply unit, and the bypass path is supplied from the raw fuel supply unit, It may be a path for supplying raw fuel desulfurized to 20 ppb or less to at least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer.
- the deterioration of the material constituting the catalyst layer due to the generation of reverse current is more easily and efficiently suppressed with respect to at least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer. Can do.
- the adjusting means may supply non-humidified air to the cathode catalyst layer by a bypass path.
- the deterioration of the material constituting the catalyst layer due to the generation of reverse current can be more easily and efficiently suppressed with respect to the cathode catalyst layer.
- the deterioration of the material constituting the catalyst layer due to the generation of reverse current is suppressed for at least one of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an overall configuration of a fuel cell system according to a first embodiment.
- 1 is a perspective view schematically showing the structure of a fuel cell according to a first embodiment. It is a flowchart which shows the control for adjusting the relative humidity which concerns on 1st Embodiment. It is the schematic which shows the whole structure of the fuel cell system which concerns on 2nd Embodiment. It is the schematic which shows the whole structure of the fuel cell system which concerns on 3rd Embodiment.
- 5 is a graph showing the residual ratio of electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) when starting and stopping are performed a predetermined number of times for fuel cell systems according to Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1.
- Humidity adjustment gas when the stack internal volume is set to 1 after starting and stopping 2000 times (a reformed gas having a relative humidity of 50% obtained by reforming LP gas into hydrogen for the anode catalyst layer and a relative humidity for the cathode catalyst layer)
- mV voltage drop Relationship between the degree of substitution and the voltage drop (mV) of the humidity adjustment gas (the LPG gas is supplied after desulfurization without humidification in both the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer) when the stack volume after starting and stopping 2000 times is 1. It is a graph which shows.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the overall configuration of a fuel cell system 10 according to the first embodiment. Note that the schematic diagram of FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing mainly the functions and connections of each component, and does not limit the positional relationship or arrangement of each component.
- the fuel cell system 10 mainly includes a reforming unit 140, a CO conversion unit 46, a CO removing unit 48, a fuel cell 100 (fuel cell stack), a fuel wet heat exchanger 60, an oxidant wet heat exchanger 70, A converter 90, an inverter 92, and a control unit 200 are included.
- the reforming unit 140 generates hydrogen-rich reformed gas by steam reforming using the supplied raw fuel. Further, the reforming unit 140 is supplied with the purified water that has been subjected to the water treatment by the water treatment device 42 that treats the water from the purified water using the reverse osmosis membrane and the ion exchange resin. . The reforming unit 140 performs steam reforming using the reforming water.
- the battery off gas which is the reformed gas discharged unreacted by the fuel cell 100 (fuel cell stack), is sent to the reforming unit 140 via the gas-liquid separator 44.
- the gas-liquid separator 44 only the gas component of the battery off-gas is taken out and sent to the reforming unit 140 and used as fuel for the burner.
- the gas-liquid separator 44 also has a heat exchange function that allows the battery off gas and the reforming water to exchange heat, and the reforming water is heated by the heat of the battery off gas.
- the reformed gas generated by the reforming unit 140 is supplied to the CO conversion unit 46.
- carbon monoxide is converted to hydrogen by a shift reaction. Thereby, the hydrogen concentration is increased and the CO concentration is reduced to about 1%.
- the reformed gas whose CO concentration has been reduced by the CO conversion unit 46 is supplied to the CO removal unit 48.
- the CO concentration is reduced to 10 ppm or less by the CO oxidation reaction using the CO selective oxidation catalyst. Note that air necessary for the CO oxidation reaction is supplied to the reformed gas whose CO concentration has been reduced by the CO shifter 46.
- the reformed gas whose CO concentration is further lowered by the CO removing unit 48 is sent to the wet heat exchanger 60 for fuel.
- the wet heat exchanger 60 for fuel adjusts the relative humidity and temperature of the reformed gas by bubbling the reformed gas using the water stored in the tank according to the instruction of the control unit 200.
- the reformed gas humidified and heated by the fuel wet heat exchanger 60 is supplied to the anode 122 of the fuel cell 100.
- the anode 122 has the anode catalyst layer 26 shown in FIG.
- the air taken in from the outside is first sent to the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70.
- the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70 adjusts the relative humidity and temperature of the air by bubbling the air using the water stored in the tank according to the instruction of the control unit 200.
- the air gas humidified and heated by the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70 is supplied to the cathode 124 of the fuel cell 100.
- the cathode 124 has the cathode catalyst layer 30 shown in FIG.
- the fuel cell system 10 is provided with a cooling water circulation system 250 that circulates cooling water for cooling the fuel cell 100.
- the cooling water flows through the cooling water plate 190 provided in each cell of the fuel cell 100, whereby the fuel cell 100 is cooled.
- a part of the cooling water discharged from the fuel cell 100 is stored in the tank of the fuel wet heat exchanger 60 and then stored in the tank of the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70 and discharged from the fuel cell 100. The remainder is sent directly to the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70 and stored in the tank of the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70.
- the fuel cell 100 generates power using hydrogen contained in the reformed gas and oxygen contained in the air. Specifically, in each cell (single cell) constituting the fuel cell 100, an electrode reaction represented by the formula (1) occurs at the anode 122 in contact with one surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120. On the other hand, at the cathode 124 in contact with the other surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120, an electrode reaction represented by the formula (2) occurs. Each cell is cooled by cooling water flowing through the cooling water plate 190 and adjusted to an appropriate temperature of about 70 to 80 ° C. Anode: H 2 ⁇ 2H + + 2e ⁇ (1) Cathode: 1 / 2O 2 + 2H + + 2e ⁇ ⁇ H 2 O (2)
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view schematically showing the structure of the fuel cell 100 according to the first embodiment.
- the fuel cell 100 includes a flat membrane electrode assembly 50, and a separator 34 and a separator 36 are provided on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly 50.
- a separator 34 and a separator 36 are provided on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly 50.
- only one membrane electrode assembly 50 is shown, but a plurality of membrane electrode assemblies 50 may be stacked via the separator 34 or the separator 36 to constitute a fuel cell stack.
- the membrane electrode assembly 50 includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120, an anode 122, and a cathode 124.
- the anode 122 has a laminate composed of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the gas diffusion layer 28.
- the cathode 124 has a laminate composed of the cathode catalyst layer 30 and the gas diffusion layer 32.
- the anode catalyst layer 26 of the anode 122 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 of the cathode 124 are provided so as to face each other with the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120 interposed therebetween.
- a gas flow path 38 is provided in the separator 34 provided on the anode 122 side. Fuel gas is distributed to a gas flow path 38 from a fuel supply manifold (not shown), and the fuel gas is supplied to the membrane electrode assembly 50 through the gas flow path 38. Specifically, when the fuel cell system 10 is operated, a reformed gas containing a fuel gas, for example, hydrogen gas, flows through the gas flow path 38 along the surface of the gas diffusion layer 28 from above to below. Fuel gas is supplied to the anode 122.
- a fuel supply manifold not shown
- a gas flow path 40 is provided in the separator 36 provided on the cathode 124 side.
- the oxidant gas is distributed to the gas flow path 40 from the oxidant supply manifold (not shown), and the oxidant gas is supplied to the membrane electrode assembly 50 through the gas flow path 40.
- an oxidant gas for example, air flows through the gas flow path 40 along the surface of the gas diffusion layer 32 from the upper side to the lower side, whereby the oxidant gas is supplied to the cathode 124.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120 exhibits good ion conductivity in a wet state, and functions as an ion exchange membrane that moves protons between the anode 122 and the cathode 124.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120 is formed of a solid polymer material such as a fluorine-containing polymer or a non-fluorine polymer, and includes, for example, a sulfonic acid type perfluorocarbon polymer, a polysulfone resin, a phosphonic acid group or a carboxylic acid group-containing perfluorocarbon polymer.
- a fluorocarbon polymer or the like can be used.
- sulfonic acid type perfluorocarbon polymer examples include Nafion (manufactured by DuPont: registered trademark) 112.
- non-fluorine polymers include sulfonated aromatic polyetheretherketone and polysulfone.
- a typical film thickness of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120 is 5 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the anode catalyst layer 26 constituting the anode 122 is composed of an ion conductor (ion exchange resin) and carbon particles carrying a metal catalyst, that is, catalyst-carrying carbon particles.
- a typical film thickness of the anode catalyst layer 26 is 10 ⁇ m.
- the ion conductor connects the carbon particles supporting the alloy catalyst and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120, and has a role of transmitting protons between the two.
- the ionic conductor may be formed from the same polymer material as the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120.
- Examples of the metal catalyst used for the anode catalyst layer 26 include an alloy catalyst made of a noble metal and ruthenium.
- Examples of the noble metal used for the alloy catalyst include platinum and palladium.
- Examples of the carbon particles supporting the metal catalyst include acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, and carbon nano-onion.
- the gas diffusion layer 28 constituting the anode 122 may have an anode gas diffusion base material and a microporous layer applied to the anode gas diffusion base material.
- the anode gas diffusion base material is preferably composed of a porous body having electron conductivity, and for example, carbon paper, carbon woven fabric or nonwoven fabric can be used.
- the microporous layer is a paste-like kneaded product obtained by kneading a conductive powder and a water repellent.
- carbon black can be used as the conductive powder.
- a fluorine resin such as tetrafluoroethylene resin (PTFE) or tetrafluoroethylene / hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP) can be used.
- PTFE tetrafluoroethylene resin
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene / hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- the water repellent has a binding property.
- the binding property refers to a property that can be made sticky (state) by joining things that are less sticky or those that tend to break apart. Since the water repellent has binding properties, a paste can be obtained by kneading the conductive powder and the water repellent.
- the cathode catalyst layer 30 constituting the cathode 124 is composed of an ion conductor (ion exchange resin) and carbon particles carrying a catalyst, that is, catalyst-carrying carbon particles.
- the ionic conductor connects the carbon particles carrying the catalyst and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120, and has a role of transmitting protons between the two.
- the ionic conductor may be formed from the same polymer material as the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 120.
- platinum or a platinum alloy can be used as the supported catalyst.
- the metal used for the platinum alloy include cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, iridium and the like.
- Examples of the carbon particles supporting the catalyst include acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, and carbon nano-onion.
- the gas diffusion layer 32 is formed of a cathode gas diffusion base material.
- the cathode gas diffusion base material is preferably composed of a porous body having electron conductivity.
- a metal plate, a metal film, a conductive polymer, carbon paper, a carbon woven fabric or a non-woven fabric can be used. .
- the DC power generated in the fuel cell 100 is converted into DC power of a predetermined voltage (for example, 24 V) by the converter 90 and then converted to AC power (for example, 100 V) by the inverter 92.
- the AC power converted by the inverter 92 is output to the system 94.
- the DC power of a predetermined voltage converted by the converter 90 is used as a power source for the control unit 200 and the like.
- the control unit 200 controls the amount of power generated by the fuel cell 100 by adjusting the amount of fuel supplied from the reforming unit 140 and the amount of air taken in from the outside. In addition, the control unit 200 controls the amount of cooling water by adjusting the opening of a control valve provided in the piping for cooling water and the circulation pump. The control unit 200 transmits and receives electrical signals to and from the converter 90 and the inverter 92, and controls these various devices.
- the control unit 200 may be capable of infrared communication with the remote controller 96. As a result, the user can set the operation of the fuel cell system 10 using the remote controller 96.
- the controller 200 is provided with a temperature / humidity setting unit 210 for controlling the relative humidity and temperature of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 uses the adjustment means including the dry gas cylinder 300, the temperature regulator 302, the anode side bypass 304, the cathode side bypass 306, the anode piping valve 308, and the cathode piping valve 310, and uses the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode. The relative humidity and temperature of the catalyst layer 30 are adjusted.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 controls the anode piping valve 308 to connect the path from the fuel wet heat exchanger 60 to the anode 122 and the anode side bypass 304 from the dry gas cylinder 300 to the anode 122.
- the open / close state is controlled exclusively.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 controls the cathode piping valve 310 to open and close the path from the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70 to the cathode 124 and the cathode-side bypass 306 from the dry gas cylinder 300 to the cathode 124.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 passes the anode-side bypass 304 and the cathode-side bypass 306 to the anode catalyst layer 26 that constitutes the anode 122 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 that constitutes the cathode 324.
- Supply a humidity control gas a humidity control gas.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 adjusts the temperature of the dry gas by controlling the temperature regulator 302 and cooling or heating the dry gas supplied from the dry gas cylinder 300 when necessary.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 controls the anode piping valve 308 and the cathode piping valve 310 to control the supply amount (L) and supply time of the humidity adjusting gas supplied to the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30. Adjust.
- the supply amount (L) of the humidity adjusting gas to the fuel cell 100 is discharged after the humidity adjusting gas flows into the gas flow path 38 and the gas flow path 40 of the fuel cell 100 and a fuel supply manifold (not shown).
- the volume up to (the volume in the stack) is 1, it is preferable to set 1 ⁇ L ⁇ 50.
- the supply amount (L) is less than 1, the gas in the fuel cell 100 is not sufficiently replaced, and deterioration of the materials constituting the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 cannot be suppressed.
- the supply amount (L) is 50 or more, the moisture in the membrane / electrode assembly 50 is reduced, the membrane / electrode assembly 50 is dried, and the durability may be lowered.
- the supply amount (L) of the humidity adjusting gas is more preferably 2 ⁇ L ⁇ 20. Thereby, the voltage drop of the fuel cell 100 is significantly suppressed.
- the supply amount (L) of the humidity adjusting gas is more preferably 3 ⁇ L ⁇ 10. Thereby, the voltage drop of the fuel cell 100 is further suppressed.
- the relationship between the range of the supply amount (L) and the volume may be slightly different depending on the structure of the fuel cell 100, the type of the humidity adjustment gas, the flow rate, and the like.
- the fuel cell 100 measures the potential change when supplying hydrogen with adjusted humidity to the anode catalyst layer 26 and air with adjusted humidity to the cathode catalyst layer 30 without connecting a load.
- the amount of gas required before rising may be L.
- the timing for supplying the humidity adjustment gas under the control of the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 is when the fuel cell is stopped, started (after starting raw fuel and before starting power generation), or until the output reaches the rated output after starting power generation.
- the following timings (1) to (4) can be considered. (1) When the fuel cell 100 is stopped or immediately before starting (during non-power generation), the humidity adjustment gas is supplied, and after the inside of the fuel cell 100 is sufficiently dried, the gas is further supplied. (2) When the fuel cell 100 is started (during non-power generation), the humidity adjustment gas is supplied for a certain period of time to dry the inside of the fuel cell 100.
- the humidity adjustment gas is supplied until the output reaches the rated output, and the inside of the fuel cell 100 is dried.
- fuel gas hydrogen, reformed gas or the like
- an oxidant gas such as air or oxygen
- the humidity adjustment gas may be supplied for a certain time after the fuel cell 100 starts generating power.
- the inside of the fuel cell 100 is dried by the combination of (1) to (3).
- the relative humidity (x) and temperature may be adjusted by the temperature / humidity setting unit 210.
- a voltage measurement unit (not shown) to continuously measure the cell voltage that is the output voltage of each cell or a plurality of cells of the fuel cell 100, the mixing of air into the anode catalyst layer 26 is detected. Under the same atmosphere, the cathode potential can be considered constant.
- the cell voltage (mV) represented by the following formula IV decreases.
- the predetermined value that serves as an index for judging air contamination can be 1 to 1000 mV per cell. If it is less than 1 mV, the possibility of erroneous detection due to noise (for example, voltage fluctuation due to cathode potential change or anode pressure change) increases. Moreover, when it exceeds 1000 mV, mixing of a trace amount of air may not be determined accurately.
- the predetermined value is preferably 10 to 300 mV per cell. In this case, erroneous detection due to noise can be reduced, and a minute amount of air can be accurately determined. Further, the predetermined value is more preferably 50 to 200 mV per cell. In this case, erroneous detection due to noise can be further reduced and more accurate determination can be made. As described above, by measuring the cell voltage using the voltage measuring unit, it is possible to predict the mixing of air into the anode catalyst layer 26 at a simpler and lower cost than the detection means such as an oxygen sensor.
- the dry gas cylinder 300 is filled with dry gas that does not substantially contain hydrogen.
- the humidity of the dry gas is adjusted by the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 and supplied as a humidity adjusting gas.
- the humidity adjusting gas refers to a gas having a relative humidity of less than 100% under the temperature conditions of the anode catalyst layer 26 or the cathode catalyst layer 30 during operation.
- the relative humidity of the humidity adjusting gas may be less than 100%, but in order to improve the durability of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 by suppressing the decrease rate of the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA), the humidity
- the relative humidity of the adjustment gas is preferably 0 to 80%, more preferably 0 to 70%.
- an inert gas is preferable.
- raw fuel such as propane or city gas is used for the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30, or non-humidified air is used for the cathode catalyst layer 30. You can also. This point will be described in detail in the second embodiment.
- the relative humidity of the humidity adjusting gas may be lower than the relative humidity of the gas in contact with the control side of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 as long as the control described later can be performed.
- the relative humidity is not limited as long as the reaction in the fuel cell 100 is not hindered.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing control for adjusting the relative humidity according to the first embodiment.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 determines whether or not the fuel cell system 10 is being started, that is, whether or not the fuel cell system 10 is powered on and before fuel is supplied to the anode 122 and the cathode 124. Is determined (S10).
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 determines that the fuel cell system 10 is in operation (Y in S10), the supply of humidity adjustment gas is started. Specifically, the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 sets the anode so that the path from the fuel wet heat exchanger 60 to the anode 122 is closed and the anode-side bypass 304 from the dry gas cylinder 300 to the anode 122 is opened. The piping valve 308 is controlled. In addition, the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 is configured so that the path from the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70 to the cathode 124 is closed and the cathode side bypass 306 from the dry gas cylinder 300 to the cathode 124 is opened. 310 is controlled.
- the humidity adjusting gas whose temperature is adjusted using the temperature regulator 302 is supplied (S20).
- the relative humidity of both the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 can be reduced to a desired value.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 determines that a predetermined time has elapsed since the start of the supply of the humidity adjustment gas (Y in S30), the supply of the humidity adjustment gas is stopped.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 is configured so that the path from the fuel wet heat exchanger 60 to the anode 122 is opened, and the anode-side bypass 304 from the dry gas cylinder 300 to the anode 122 is closed.
- the piping valve 308 is controlled.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 has a cathode pipe valve so that the path from the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70 to the cathode 124 is opened and the cathode bypass 306 from the dry gas cylinder 300 to the cathode 124 is closed. 310 is controlled.
- the predetermined time refers to the relative humidity and temperature of the humidity adjusting gas supplied to the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30, and the relative humidity and temperature of the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30. This is the time until a sufficient time elapses after being almost equal.
- the fuel supply is started by controlling the wet heat exchanger for fuel 60, the wet heat exchanger for oxidant 70, and the like (S40).
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 determines that the fuel cell system 10 is not activated (N in S10), the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 includes the anode piping valve 308, the cathode piping valve 310, and the temperature regulator 302. The process ends without controlling the above. If the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 determines that the predetermined time has not elapsed since the supply of the humidity adjusting gas has started (N in S30), the open / close state of the anode piping valve 308 and the cathode piping valve 310 is changed. The supply of the humidity adjusting gas is continued while keeping (S20).
- the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 are activated when the fuel cell system 10 is started. Lower the relative humidity of the gas in contact with 30. Furthermore, when necessary, the temperature of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 is adjusted by changing the temperature of the humidity adjusting gas using the temperature controller 302.
- the temperature and humidity setting unit 210 adjusts the relative humidity, the generation of the reverse current in the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 as described above is suppressed. Thereby, peeling off from the catalyst layer such as platinum (Pt) which is a material constituting the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 is remarkably suppressed. As a result, even after the fuel cell system 10 is started and stopped, for example, 10,000 times, the rate of decrease in the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) can be suppressed to a desired value (for example, less than 35%). The durability of the layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 can be greatly improved.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 uses the temperature controller 302 to adjust the relative humidity of the dry gas filled in the dry gas cylinder 300 and, if necessary, the temperature, the anode catalyst layer whose relative humidity is adjusted. 26 or relative humidity (x) so that the relationship between the relative humidity (x) of the gas in contact with the cathode catalyst layer 30 and the reduction rate (y) of the electrochemical specific surface area satisfies the following (formula I) to (formula III): It is preferable to adjust x) and the temperature. Details of this adjustment will be described later. 0.2302e 0.0499x ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3013e 0.056x (Formula I) x ⁇ 100 (formula II) 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 35 (formula III)
- a decrease in electrochemical specific surface area can be suppressed, and as a result, a voltage decrease (mV) can be significantly suppressed. More preferably, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 20. In this case, the voltage drop (mV) can be further suppressed. More preferably, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 5. In this case, the voltage drop (mV) hardly occurs.
- the relative humidity and temperature are lower.
- the temperature and the relative humidity generally have a relationship that the relative humidity decreases sharply when the temperature is increased, the temperature and humidity setting unit 210 slightly increases the temperature using the temperature controller 302, so that the relative humidity is increased. May be reduced.
- the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 can remarkably suppress the deterioration of the material constituting the catalyst layer due to the generation of reverse current.
- the fuel cell system in a state where the temperature of at least one of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 exceeds 85 ° C.
- the rate of decrease (y) of the electrochemical specific surface area becomes higher if the relative humidity (x) is the same as compared to the case of 85 ° C. or lower. Therefore, when the control is performed at a temperature exceeding 85 ° C., it is necessary to further reduce the relative humidity of the supplied humidity adjusting gas as compared with the case where the control is performed at 85 ° C. or less.
- the anode catalyst layer is prepared by reducing the relative humidity of the dry gas filled in the dry gas cylinder 300 lower than usual, or providing a dehumidifying mechanism inside the anode side bypass 304, cathode side bypass 306, or fuel cell 100. 26 and the relative humidity of the humidity adjusting gas supplied to the cathode catalyst layer 30 may be further reduced. Thereby, the decreasing rate (y) of the electrochemical specific surface area of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 can be further reduced. For example, when the control is performed at a temperature exceeding 85 ° C., the relative humidity of the humidity adjusting gas supplied by further heating the dry gas by adjusting the temperature of the temperature controller 302 is further reduced. The reduction rate (y) of the specific surface area can be lowered to a desired value.
- the fuel cell system 10 can be operated at a higher temperature, and the electrochemical specific surface area of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 can be reduced without lowering the temperature of the fuel cell 100 at the end of startup.
- the rate (y) can be greatly reduced.
- the same relative humidity (x) can be used.
- the reduction rate (y) of the specific surface area it is necessary to adjust the temperature of the dry gas supplied from the temperature controller 302 to be lower than that in the case where the temperature is controlled at 40 ° C. or higher. Therefore, the temperature of the dry gas supplied from the dry gas cylinder 300 by the temperature controller 302 may be further reduced. In that case, the relative humidity and temperature of the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 may be adjusted by using the temperature controller 302 and the above-described cooling water circulation system 250 together.
- the supply time of the humidity adjusting gas is set to a predetermined time in advance, the relative humidity and temperature of the supplied humidity adjusting gas, the relative humidity of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30, and Humidity adjustment gas was supplied until the temperature was almost equal.
- the fuel cell 100 is provided with a temperature / humidity sensor for measuring at least one of the relative humidity and temperature of the gas in contact with the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30, and the measured value of the temperature / humidity sensor is controlled by the control unit 200.
- the humidity adjusting gas may be supplied until the relative humidity and temperature of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 reach desired values.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 may supply the humidity adjustment gas to the fuel cell 100 after controlling at least one of the relative humidity and the temperature based on the measurement result of the temperature / humidity sensor.
- the adjusting means may be a means for controlling only one of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30.
- the temperature controller 302 may adjust the relative humidity of only one of the gases in contact with the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30.
- the temperature controller 302 may be shared by the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30, but may be separately provided on at least one of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30.
- the temperature controller 302 may have only one of a dry gas temperature adjustment function and a dehumidification function.
- the anode side bypass 304 and the cathode side bypass 306 are used to supply the humidity adjustment gas, but the humidity adjustment gas is supplied to the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 by other methods. Also good. Further, the temperature controller 302 may have a dehumidifying function for supplying humidity adjusting gas or gas contacting the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the overall configuration of the fuel cell system according to the second embodiment. Description of portions common to FIG. 1 will be omitted as appropriate, and only portions different from FIG. 1 will be described.
- raw fuel after desulfurization and non-humidified air are supplied as humidity adjustment gas.
- the raw fuel after desulfurization is supplied to the anode catalyst layer 26 in the anode 122 using the anode-side bypass 352, and non-humidified to the cathode catalyst layer 30 in the cathode 124 using the cathode-side bypass 354.
- Supply air The raw fuel contains a sulfur compound, which may poison the anode catalyst layer 26. Therefore, by providing the desulfurization section 350, it is desirable to supply the raw fuel as humidity adjustment gas after desulfurizing the sulfur component contained in the raw fuel before reforming.
- the sulfur component is preferably 20 ppb (parts per billion) or less so that the sulfur component does not adhere and deteriorate the performance of the anode catalyst layer 26.
- the sulfur component is more preferably 10 ppb or less. Thereby, the influence of the sulfur component on the anode catalyst layer 26 can be further reduced. Furthermore, the sulfur component is most preferably 5 ppb or less. Thereby, the influence of the sulfur component on the anode catalyst layer 26 can be substantially eliminated.
- the sulfur component include sulfur components contained in tertiary butyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and the like used as an odorant.
- LP gas liquefied petroleum gas
- propane gas city gas, hydrogen gas, and the like can be used as raw fuel.
- the non-humidified air supplied to the cathode catalyst layer 30 via the cathode side bypass 354 is air supplied without being humidified by the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 controls the anode piping valve 308 to exclude the open / closed state of the path from the fuel wet heat exchanger 60 to the anode 122 and the anode-side bypass 352 from the desulfurization unit 350 to the anode 122. Control. In addition, the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 exclusively controls the open / close state of the path from the oxidant wet heat exchanger 70 to the cathode 124 and the cathode side bypass 354 by controlling the cathode piping valve 310.
- a bypass for supplying raw fuel after desulfurization by the desulfurization unit 350 may be provided for the cathode 124 as well.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 210 may be controlled so that raw fuel is used for the anode 122 and non-humidified air is used for the cathode 124 as the humidity adjustment gas, but the temperature is set so that only one of them is used. Control by the humidity setting unit 210 may be performed. Furthermore, by supplying at least one of raw fuel and non-humidified air and supplying dry gas substantially free of hydrogen using the dry gas cylinder 300 of the first embodiment, the temperature and humidity setting unit Control by 210 may be performed.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the overall configuration of the fuel cell system 20 according to the third embodiment.
- the third embodiment is an in-vehicle fuel cell system 20 that includes a solid polymer fuel cell 400.
- the fuel cell 400 includes an anode 422 and a cathode 414 with a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 412 interposed therebetween.
- the anode 422 and the cathode 414 have an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer (not shown), respectively.
- An anode side diffusion layer 428 is provided on the anode 422 side across the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 412, and the anode side diffusion layer 428 includes an anode side water management layer 424 and an anode side base material 426. Further, a cathode side diffusion layer 420 is provided on the cathode 414 side, and the cathode side diffusion layer 420 has a cathode side water management layer 416 and an anode side base material 418.
- pure hydrogen stored in the high-pressure hydrogen tank 454 is supplied to the anode 422 as fuel through a hydrogen filling port (not shown) from the outside.
- the fuel that has not contributed to power generation at the anode 422 is discharged from the fuel cell 400 and supplied again to the anode 422 via a path 430 by a hydrogen pump (not shown).
- a pressure regulator 458 is provided in the fuel supply path connecting the high-pressure hydrogen tank 454 and the fuel cell 400. The pressure regulator 458 adjusts the pressure of the fuel supplied from the high-pressure hydrogen tank 454 to the fuel cell 400 and adjusts the fuel discharged from the fuel cell 400 and circulating so as not to flow back to the high-pressure hydrogen tank 454.
- the air 462 compressed from the outside is supplied to the cathode 414.
- the air 462 exchanges heat with the exhaust air discharged from the cathode 414 and the heat exchanger 464 which is a total heat exchanger.
- the heat exchanger 464 can perform both sensible heat and latent heat exchange.
- the heat exchanger 464 is also a humidifying means on the cathode 414 side.
- the DC power generated by the fuel cell 400 is supplied to the motor 472 of the automobile via the inverter 470 and becomes a driving source of the automobile.
- the generated DC power is converted into DC power having a predetermined voltage (for example, 24V) by converter 480, and then converted to AC power (for example, 100V) by inverter 476, and can be supplied to sub motor 478 of the automobile.
- a secondary battery 474 or the like is normally connected to cope with a start of the automobile or a sudden load change, and a fuel cell 400 and the secondary battery 474 constitute a hybrid system.
- the controller 500 is provided with a temperature / humidity setting unit 510 for controlling the relative humidity and temperature of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 510, the dry gas cylinder 600, the temperature regulator 602, the anode side bypass 604, the cathode side bypass 606, the anode piping valve 608, and the cathode piping valve 610 are referred to as adjusting means.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 510 uses an adjusting means including a dry gas cylinder 600, a temperature controller 602, an anode-side bypass 604, a cathode-side bypass 606, an anode piping valve 608, and a cathode piping valve 610, and uses an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst. Adjust the relative humidity and temperature of the layer.
- the temperature / humidity setting unit 510 opens and closes the anode piping valve 608 and the cathode piping valve 610 at the time of startup, so that the anode side bypass 604 and the cathode side bypass 606 are opened. Then, a humidity adjustment gas, which is a dry gas with adjusted humidity, is supplied to at least one of the anode catalyst layer constituting the anode 422 and the cathode catalyst layer constituting the cathode 414.
- a humidity adjustment gas which is a dry gas with adjusted humidity
- control of the dry gas cylinder 600, the temperature controller 602, the anode piping valve 608 and the cathode piping valve 610 using the control unit 500 is the same as the control of the fuel cell system 10 according to the first embodiment, it is omitted. .
- Example 2 When the fuel cell system 10 of the first embodiment is repeatedly started and stopped at a predetermined temperature, the rate of decrease in the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) of the anode catalyst layer 26 and the cathode catalyst layer 30 is started and stopped. We analyzed how it changed compared to the case of not performing at all.
- the membrane electrode assembly 50 in the fuel cell 100 was produced according to the following production method.
- a predetermined Aciplex solution was diluted with an equal amount of ultrapure water, stirred with a glass rod for 3 minutes, and then subjected to ultrasonic dispersion for 1 hour using an ultrasonic cleaner to obtain an Aciplex aqueous solution. Thereafter, the aqueous Aciplex solution was slowly dropped into the catalyst dispersion. During the dropping, stirring was continuously performed using an ultrasonic stirrer. After completion of the Nafion solution dropping, 10 g (1: 1 by weight) of a mixed solution of 1-propanol and 1-butanol was dropped, and the resulting solution was used as a catalyst slurry. During mixing, the water temperature was all adjusted to about 60 ° C., and ethanol was evaporated and removed.
- Cathode fabrication> The catalyst slurry was applied onto the water retaining layer by screen printing (150 mesh), dried at 80 ° C. for 3 hours, and heat treated at 180 ° C. for 45 minutes.
- platinum-ruthenium-supported carbon TEC61E54, Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- Hot pressing is performed in a state where the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is sandwiched between the anode and the cathode produced by the above method.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane Aciplex (registered trademark) (SF7201x, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals) was used.
- a membrane electrode assembly was produced by hot pressing the anode, the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and the cathode under the bonding conditions of 190 ° C. and 100 seconds.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane had a thickness of about 50 ⁇ m, the cathode catalyst layer had a thickness of about 20 ⁇ m, and the anode catalyst layer had a thickness of about 20 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 1 corresponds to a measurement result of a fuel cell system that does not have an adjusting means for adjusting the relative humidity.
- the temperature of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer was fixed at 85 ° C., and start-stop was repeated.
- the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) was measured using an electrochemical measurement system (HZ-5000, manufactured by Hokuto Denko Co., Ltd.) with hydrogen (H 2 ) at the anode and nitrogen (N 2 ) at the cathode.
- HZ-5000 electrochemical measurement system
- N 2 nitrogen
- the potential scan is performed at a potential range of 0.05 V to 0.8 V, a scanning speed of 5 mV / s, and calculation is performed from the amount of electricity of the hydrogen desorption wave detected between 0.05 V and 0.4 V. went.
- FIG. 6 shows the residual ratio of the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) when the fuel cell system 10 according to Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 is started and stopped a predetermined number of times.
- the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) sharply decreased as the number of start / stop operations of the fuel cell system 10 increased.
- the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) is about 70% after 2000 stoppages, less than 50% after 4000 startdowns, and about 20% after 10,000 start / stops. It was.
- the performance of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer was reduced to about 1/5 of the initial value after 10,000 start-ups and stops.
- Example 1 even if the number of times of starting and stopping of the fuel cell system 10 is increased, the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) is only gradually decreased, and after about 10,000 times of starting and stopping, about 85% of electricity is generated. Retained chemical specific surface area (ECSA). Furthermore, in Example 2, even if the number of times of starting and stopping the fuel cell system 10 is increased, the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) is hardly reduced, and after starting and stopping 10,000 times, starting and stopping are not performed at all. The electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) was almost the same as that of each catalyst layer.
- Table 1 shows the rate of decrease in relative humidity (RH) and electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) at a given temperature.
- RH relative humidity
- ECSA electrochemical specific surface area
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the relative humidity (RH) at a predetermined temperature and the rate of decrease in electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA). That is, the result of Table 1 is represented in a graph.
- Curve B in FIG. 7 shows the regression obtained based on the experimental results (Examples 5 to 16 and Comparative Example 2) of the relative humidity (RH) at 70 ° C.
- Curve C in FIG. 7 is a regression obtained based on the experimental results (Examples 17 to 26, Comparative Example 3) of the relative humidity (RH) at 85 ° C. and the decrease rate of the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA).
- the temperature controller 302 adjusts the temperature of the dry gas filled in the dry gas cylinder 300, the relative humidity (x) and the electrochemical specific surface area of the anode catalyst layer or the cathode catalyst layer in which the relative humidity is adjusted. It is preferable to adjust the relative humidity (x) and the temperature so that the relationship with the rate of decrease (y) satisfies the following (formula I) to (formula III). 0.2302e 0.0499x ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3013e 0.056x (Formula I) x ⁇ 100 (formula II) 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 35 (formula III)
- the relative humidity of the supplied humidity adjusting gas may be less than 100%, but is preferably 0 to 80%, and more preferably 0 to 70%.
- the graph of FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between the decrease rate (y) of the electrochemical specific surface area and the voltage decrease (mV) after 2000 start / stop operations. The experiment was conducted while changing the humidity so that the rate of decrease (y) in the electrochemical specific surface area would be the values on the horizontal axis.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the degree of substitution of the humidity adjustment gas (supplying unhumidified air to both the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer) and the voltage drop (mV) when the stack volume after 2000 start-stops is 1. It is a graph which shows.
- FIG. 11 shows a humidity adjusting gas when the stack internal volume is set to 1 after starting and stopping 2000 times (a reformed gas having a relative humidity of 50% obtained by reforming LP gas into hydrogen is used as the anode catalyst layer) Is a graph showing the relationship between the degree of substitution (supplying air with a relative humidity of 50%) and voltage drop (mV).
- FIG. 11 shows a humidity adjusting gas when the stack internal volume is set to 1 after starting and stopping 2000 times (a reformed gas having a relative humidity of 50% obtained by reforming LP gas into hydrogen is used as the anode catalyst layer)
- the cell temperature of the fuel cell at the time of a stop was all 50 degreeC.
- the sulfur concentration of the LPG gas after desulfurization was 1 ppb or less.
- the supply amount of the humidity adjustment gas to the fuel cell is L, and the humidity adjustment gas flows from the flow path of the fuel cell to the fuel supply manifold (not shown) until it is discharged.
- the volume (volume in the stack) is 1, in the case of L ⁇ 1, the voltage drop (mV) has progressed remarkably compared to before 2000 start-stops. This is considered to be because the gas in the fuel cell was not sufficiently replaced and deterioration of the material constituting the catalyst layer could not be suppressed.
- the voltage drop (mV) progressed also when 50 ⁇ L. This is presumably because the durability of the membrane electrode assembly was lowered because the moisture in the membrane electrode assembly was reduced and the membrane electrode assembly was dried.
- the voltage drop (mV) of the fuel cell was greatly suppressed as compared with the case of L ⁇ 1 and 50 ⁇ L. Further, in the case of 2 ⁇ L ⁇ 20, the voltage drop (mV) of the fuel cell was further suppressed. In addition, when 3 ⁇ L ⁇ 10, the voltage drop (mV) of the fuel cell was hardly observed.
- the present invention can be used in a fuel cell system having a fuel cell that generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
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Abstract
Description
空気極:1/2O2+2H++2e-→H2O・・・(2)
アノードおよびカソードは、それぞれ触媒層とガス拡散層が積層した構造からなる。各電極の触媒層が固体高分子電解質膜を挟んで対向配置され、燃料電池を構成する。触媒層は、触媒を担持した炭素粒子がイオン交換樹脂により結着されてなる層である。ガス拡散層は酸化剤ガスや燃料ガスの通過経路となる。
アノード:H2→2H++2e- ・・・(3)
カソード:O2+4H++4e-→2H2O ・・・(4)
下流側
アノード:O2+4H++4e-→2H2O ・・・(5)
カソード:C+2H2O→CO2+4H++4e- ・・・(6)
0.2302e0.0499x≦y≦0.3013e0.056x(式I)
x<100(式II)
0<y<35(式III)
図1は、第1の実施の形態に係る燃料電池システム10の全体構成を示す概略図である。なお、図1の概略図は、主に各構成の機能やつながりを模式的に示した図であり、各構成の位置関係または配置を限定するものではない。
アノード:H2→2H++2e- ・・・(1)
カソード:1/2O2+2H++2e-→H2O ・・・(2)
(1)燃料電池100の停止時や起動直前(非発電中)に湿度調整ガスを供給し、燃料電池100の内部を十分に乾燥させた後、さらに当該ガスを供給する。
(2)燃料電池100の起動時(非発電中)に、湿度調整ガスを一定時間供給し、燃料電池100の内部を乾燥させる。
(3)燃料電池100の起動後、燃料電池100の発電開始後に、出力が定格出力になるまで湿度調整ガスを供給し、燃料電池100の内部を乾燥させる。この場合、アノード触媒層26には湿度調整ガスとして燃料ガス(水素や改質ガスなど)を供給し、カソード触媒層30には湿度調整ガスとして空気や酸素などの酸化剤ガスを供給する。なお、湿度調整ガスを出力が定格出力になるまで供給することに代えて、燃料電池100が発電開始してから一定時間、湿度調整ガスを供給してもよい。
(4)(1)~(3)の組合せによって、燃料電池100の内部を乾燥させる。
(セル電圧)=(カソード電位)―(アノード電位) (式IV)
0.2302e0.0499x≦y≦0.3013e0.056x(式I)
x<100(式II)
0<y<35(式III)
図4は、第2の実施の形態に係る燃料電池システムの全体構成を示す概略図である。図1と共通の部分に関しては説明を適宜省略し、図1とは異なる部分のみ説明する。第2の実施の形態では、湿度調整ガスとして脱硫後の原燃料および無加湿の空気が供給される。
図5は、第3の実施の形態に係る燃料電池システム20の全体構成を示す概略図である。第3の実施の形態は、固体高分子形の燃料電池400を備えた、車載用の燃料電池システム20である。燃料電池400は、固体高分子電解質膜412を挟んで、アノード422とカソード414を有する。アノード422とカソード414は、それぞれ図示しないアノード触媒層とカソード触媒層を有する。固体高分子電解質膜412を挟んでアノード422側には、アノード側拡散層428が備えつけられ、アノード側拡散層428はアノード側水マネジメント層424とアノード側基材426とを有する。また、カソード414側には、カソード側拡散層420が備えつけられ、カソード側拡散層420はカソード側水マネジメント層416とアノード側基材418とを有する。
所定の温度において第1の実施の形態の燃料電池システム10の起動と停止を繰り返した場合に、アノード触媒層26とカソード触媒層30の電気化学的比表面積(ECSA)の低下率が起動と停止を全く行わない場合に比べてどう変化するかを解析した。燃料電池100中の膜電極接合体50は、以下の製造方法に従って作製した。
<カソード触媒スラリー作製>
カソード触媒として、白金-コバルト担持カーボン(TEC36F52,田中貴金属工業株式会社)を用い、イオン交換樹脂として、Aciplex(登録商標)SS700/20溶液(20%,Ew=780,旭化成イーマテリアルズ社製)を用いた。白金-コバルト担持カーボン5gに対し、10mLの超純水を添加し撹拌した後に、 15mLエタノールを添加した。この触媒分散溶液について、超音波スターラーを用いて1時間超音波撹拌分散を行った。所定のAciplex溶液を、等量の超純水で希釈を行いガラス棒で3分間撹拌した後、超音波洗浄器を用いて1時間超音波分散を行い、Aciplex水溶液を得た。その後、Aciplex水溶液をゆっくりと触媒分散液中に滴下した。滴下中は、超音波スターラーを用いて連続的に撹拌を行った。ナフィオン溶液滴下終了後、1-プロパノールと1-ブタノールの混合溶液10g(重量比1:1)の滴下を行い、得られた溶液を触媒スラリーとした。混合中は、すべて水温が約60℃になるように調整し、エタノールを蒸発、除去した。
触媒スラリーをスクリーン印刷(150メッシュ)によって、保水層の上に塗布し、80℃、3時間の乾燥および180℃、45分の熱処理を行った。
触媒に白金―ルテニウム担持カーボン(TEC61E54、田中貴金属工業株式会社)を用いたこと以外は上記カソード触媒スラリーと同様の方法で作製したアノード触媒スラリーをスクリーン印刷(150メッシュ)によって、バルカンXC72によって作製した細孔層付きのガス拡散層に塗布し、80℃、3時間の乾燥および180℃、30分の熱処理を行った。
上記の方法で作製したアノードとカソードとの間に固体高分子電解質膜を挟持した状態でホットプレスを行う。固体高分子電解質膜としてAciplex(登録商標)(SF7201x、旭化成ケミカルズ製)を用いた。190℃、100秒の接合条件でアノード、固体高分子電解質膜、およびカソードをホットプレスすることによって膜電極接合体を作製した。
所定の温度において第1の実施の形態の燃料電池システム10の起動と停止を10000回繰り返した場合に、相対湿度(RH)と電気化学的比表面積(ECSA)の低下率との関係がどうなるかを解析した。燃料電池100中の膜電極接合体50の製造方法および相対湿度(RH)と電気化学的比表面積(ECSA)の測定方法は実施例1と同様であるため、省略する。
0.2302e0.0499x≦y≦0.3013e0.056x(式I)
x<100(式II)
0<y<35(式III)
Claims (7)
- 電解質膜と、
前記電解質膜の一方の面に設けられ、アノード触媒層を含むアノードと、
前記電解質膜の他方の面に設けられ、カソード触媒層を含むカソードと、を有する燃料電池と、
前記燃料電池の停止時、原燃料の投入後発電開始前、または発電開始後に出力が定格出力になるまでの少なくともいずれかにおいて、前記アノード触媒層に接する気体の相対湿度と前記カソード触媒層に接する気体の相対湿度のうちの少なくとも一方を、100%未満に下げる調節手段と、を備えることを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 - 前記調節手段は、温度を調節する機能をさらに備え、
前記調節手段は、前記燃料電池の停止時、原燃料の投入後発電開始前、または発電開始後に出力が定格出力になるまでの少なくともいずれかにおいて、前記アノード触媒層に接する気体の相対湿度と前記カソード触媒層に接する気体の相対湿度のうちの少なくとも一方と、必要な場合には前記アノード触媒層に接する気体の温度と前記カソード触媒層に接する気体の温度のうちの少なくとも一方とを、相対湿度が調節される前記アノード触媒層または前記カソード触媒層に接する気体の相対湿度(x)と電気化学的比表面積の低下率(y)との関係が以下の(式I)~(式III)を満たすように、相対湿度(x)と温度とを調節することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の燃料電池システム。
0.2302e0.0499x≦y≦0.3013e0.056x(式I)
x<100(式II)
0<y<35(式III) - 前記調節手段は、相対湿度が100%未満のガスを、相対湿度が調節される前記アノードおよび前記カソードのうちの少なくとも一方に供給することにより、前記アノード触媒層に接する気体の相対湿度と前記カソード触媒層に接する気体の相対湿度のうちの少なくとも一方の相対湿度を、100%未満に下げることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の燃料電池システム。
- 前記燃料電池の出力電圧を継続的に測定する電圧測定部をさらに備え、
前記調節手段は、基準値と前記電圧測定部により測定された出力電圧との差が所定値以上のとき、相対湿度(x)と温度とを調節することを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記調節手段は、バイパス経路により前記燃料電池に接続されていることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の燃料電池システム。
- 原燃料供給部と、
原燃料供給部から供給される原燃料の硫黄成分を脱硫する脱硫部とをさらに備え、
前記バイパス経路は、原燃料供給部から供給され、脱硫部によって20ppb以下に脱硫された原燃料を前記アノード触媒層または前記カソード触媒層のうちの少なくとも一方に供給する経路であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の燃料電池システム。 - 前記調節手段は、前記バイパス経路によって前記カソード触媒層に対して無加湿の空気を供給するものであることを特徴とする請求項5または6に記載の燃料電池システム。
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EP11762284.5A EP2555299A4 (en) | 2010-03-31 | 2011-03-31 | FUEL CELL SYSTEM |
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