WO2011118731A1 - チオスルホナート化合物、タンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤並びに可溶化方法 - Google Patents
チオスルホナート化合物、タンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤並びに可溶化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- the present invention relates to a thiosulfonate compound, a reversible cationizing agent and a solubilization method for proteins and / or peptides. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel thiosulfonate compound, a reversible cationizing agent and a solubilization method for proteins and / or peptides using the same.
- Proteins and peptides often undergo three-dimensional structure collapse (denaturation) under non-physiological conditions, resulting in precipitation that is insoluble in water.
- the molecular mechanism of insolubilization of proteins is caused by aggregation of hydrophobic interactions between molecules by exposing hydrophobic amino acid residues embedded in the interior of proteins with native structure as a result of denaturation. (Refer to the left in FIG. 1).
- a technique for introducing a highly hydrophilic functional group using a chemical modification method has been developed.
- this highly hydrophilic functional group those having a charge are preferable, and a functional group having a positive charge (cation) is particularly advantageous (see FIG. 1, right, Non-Patent Document 1).
- (A) on the right side of FIG. 1 is an example using an irreversible cationizing reagent, but in this case, it cannot be reconstituted (refolded) after solubilization.
- a positive charge is applied to Cys (cysteine) residues in the protein via a reversible disulfide bond (SS bond).
- SS bond reversible disulfide bond
- TAPS-sulfonate trimethylammoniopropylmethanethiosulfonate bromide
- This reagent can add a monovalent quaternary ammonium ion to the denatured protein via an SS bond.
- a derivative of a polymer having a cationic group such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) is disclosed (for example, see Patent Documents 1 to 3).
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose PEI-SPDP (mixed reaction reagent of polyethyleneimine and N-succinimidyl-3- (2-pyridylthio) propionate) and the like.
- TAPS-sulfonate (see FIG. 3) is a monovalent cationization reagent and only one cation can be introduced into one Cys residue, it is more in terms of the solubility index (SI) shown in FIG. In some cases, the solubility of the protein could not be made sufficient.
- the PEI derivatives described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 and the like are considered useful for cationization of highly hydrophobic (slightly soluble) proteins because a large number of cations can be introduced.
- reagents such as PEI-SPDP are very useful for introducing a multivalent positive charge, but because they are derivatives of polymer compounds, their molecular weight and structure (degree of branching) are not uniform, and the cation There have been problems such as the heterogeneous charge distribution of the protein after conversion, and the cation cannot completely cationize due to steric hindrance and a trace amount of SH groups remain. In addition to the difficulty of quantitative cationization, there is also a problem of tendency to condense when lyophilized.
- reversibly denatured cationized proteins obtained by conventional methods dissolve well in pure water, but are physiological salt solutions that can be used for cell culture. There is also a problem that the solubility in the medium is low, and the solution is desired.
- efficient solubilization methods such as recombinant proteins expressed in bacterial hosts, total proteins extracted from living cells (cancer cells, etc.) and tissues in a denatured state are required. Not yet established. Particularly in cancer immunotherapy, it is desirable to efficiently solubilize cancer antigen proteins, but it is not easy to solubilize all of them by conventional freeze-thaw methods.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described situation, and can be used for novel purification and recovery, which can accurately and reversibly cationize a wider range of proteins and peptides with high quality stability. It is an object of the present invention to provide a sulfonate compound, a reversible cationizing agent for proteins and / or peptides, and a method for solubilizing proteins and / or peptides using the same.
- the novel compound of the present invention is structurally clear in the number of cations per molecule, is structurally resistant to steric hindrance, etc., and can react with all Cys residues. Is clear and quantitative, can be cationized by accurately introducing a cation into a cysteine residue of a protein or peptide, and can be solubilized. (3) Although the denatured protein reversibly cationized by the conventional method shows relatively high solubility in pure water, it does not show sufficient solubility as the ionic strength of the solvent increases.
- the cationized and denatured protein obtained using the novel compound of the present invention exhibits high solubility in physiological salt solutions such as physiological saline, and can withstand a concentration step such as lyophilization.
- the total intracellular protein preferably denatured intracellular total protein
- the cationized protein exhibits high solubility in physiological saline, it is possible to purify and collect the protein with high purity under physiological conditions. It can also withstand operations such as reversible hydration after lyophilization.
- the present inventors have also found that these functions and effects are exhibited not only when applied to proteins but also to peptides, and the novel compounds of the present invention allow reagents to reversibly cationize proteins and / or peptides. That is, it has been found useful as a reversible cationizing agent for proteins and / or peptides. Among them, it is particularly useful as a reversible cationizing agent for highly hydrophobic denatured proteins and / or peptides, specifically, recombinant proteins produced by Escherichia coli or the like, or all proteins and peptides of animal cells.
- the reversible cationizing agent is useful as a solubilizing agent for proteins and / or peptides, and a method for solubilizing proteins and / or peptides using the solubilizing agents deals with proteins and / or peptides.
- This is a very useful technology in the field.
- Such a technique of the present invention is useful in both basic research and clinical fields such as analysis of intracellular proteins and application to cancer immunotherapy using dendritic cells. Chemistry research, medical and other applications The range is considered wide.
- the target dendritic cell vaccine can be prepared more efficiently and contribute to the improvement of therapeutic effect, etc. It can be said that this technology has great potential and developability.
- the present invention is a thiosulfonate compound having three or more cations derived from a quaternary ammonium group in one molecule.
- the present invention is also a reversible cationizing agent for reversibly cationizing a protein and / or peptide, wherein the reversible cationizing agent is a reversible protein and / or peptide comprising the thiosulfonate compound. It is also an active cationizing agent.
- the present invention further relates to a method for solubilizing proteins and / or peptides, which is also a method for solubilizing proteins and / or peptides using a reversible cationizing agent for the proteins and / or peptides.
- the present invention is also a method for solubilizing a mixture of denatured total proteins extracted from cultured cells and / or living tissue in a physiological salt solution, the solubilization method comprising the above-mentioned protein and / or peptide. It is also a solubilization method using a reversible cationizing agent.
- the present invention is described in detail below.
- the thiosulfonate compound of the present invention is a compound having three or more cations derived from a quaternary ammonium group and having a thiosulfonate group in one molecule. Moreover, the form which has a halogen ion etc. as a counter anion is suitable. The structure of the compound of the present invention can be confirmed by NMR or elemental analysis.
- the thiosulfonate compound is preferably the following general formula (1):
- R 1 is the same or different and represents an alkylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms; R 2 represents a lower alkyl group; n is an integer of 3 or more).
- N in the general formula (1) represents the number of cations derived from a quaternary ammonium group. If the number of cations is too large, it may be difficult to quantitatively cationize proteins and / or peptides due to steric hindrance or the like. Therefore, when the thiosulfonate compound of the present invention is used as a reversible cationizing agent or solubilizing agent for protein and / or peptide, the quantitative property of the reaction with the protein and / or peptide and the solubilized protein In view of the relationship with the application range of the peptide, n is preferably 3 to 10. More preferably, n is 3 to 8, more preferably 3 to 5, and particularly preferably 3.
- R 1 in the general formula (1) is the same or different and represents an alkylene group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
- Such an alkylene group may be a linear alkylene group or an alkylene group having a branched chain or a cyclic chain.
- the thiosulfonate compound of the present invention is used as a reversible cationizing agent or solubilizing agent for proteins and / or peptides, it is preferably a linear alkylene group or a branched lower alkylene group. It is. This is because the steric hindrance increases the reactivity between the thiosulfonate compound and the protein and / or peptide, and the usability may be affected (for example, a process such as lyophilization cannot be used). ).
- the alkylene group represented by R 1 is used as a reversible cationizing agent or solubilizing agent for proteins and / or peptides since the hydrophobicity of the thiosulfonate compound increases as the number of carbon atoms increases. Since it is contrary to the purpose of the case, that is, the purpose of improving the hydrophilicity by cationization, it is preferably 10 or less. In consideration of stability, the number of carbon atoms of the alkylene group represented by R 1 is selected from 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 6, and more preferably 2 to 4. R 1 is preferably a linear alkylene, particularly preferably a propylene group. When R 1 is different from each other, their bonding order in the structure of the compound represented by the general formula (1) is arbitrary.
- the lower alkyl group represented by R 2 is preferably a methyl group.
- the molecular weight of the thiosulfonate compound is preferably 300 to 3000, for example. Among them, when used as a reversible cationizing agent or solubilizing agent for proteins and / or peptides, it is more preferably 300 to 2000 in consideration of steric hindrance and the like. More preferably, it is 300 to 1000.
- the molecular weight here is a value calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of the constituent elements.
- Examples of the production method (synthesis method) of the thiosulfonate compound include ammonioalkyl halides (for example, (3-bromopropyl) trimethylammonium having one or more cations derived from a quaternary ammonium group in one molecule. It is obtained by reacting a trialkyldiamine such as trimethyldiamine or triethyldiamine with a dihaloalkane such as dibromopropane and then reacting with a thiosulfonate salt such as sodium methanethiosulfonate. be able to. In addition, you may make it react by changing the number of cations of an ammonioalkyl halide according to the number of the quaternary ammonium group origin cations in the target thiosulfonate compound.
- ammonioalkyl halides for example, (3-bromopropyl) trimethylammonium having one or more cations derived from a
- the reversible cationizing agent for the protein and / or peptide of the present invention contains the above-described thiosulfonate compound of the present invention. That is, the thiosulfonate compound of the present invention is used as a reversible cationizing agent for proteins and / or peptides.
- a reversible cationizing agent is very effective for reversible cationization of highly hydrophobic denatured proteins and peptides as compared with conventional reagents.
- the reversible cationizing agent of the present invention has a clear charge and can be quantitatively processed, it can be cationized and solubilized by accurately introducing a cation into a cysteine residue of a protein or peptide. Is possible. Furthermore, perhaps in connection with these advantages, it can be solubilized even under conditions where it is difficult to solubilize denatured proteins such as physiological saline other than water, highly hydrophobic peptides, etc.
- tissue proteins and peptides in a denatured state free of nucleic acids can be solubilized, purified and recovered in physiological saline. That is, if necessary, the protein or peptide of interest can be isolated and purified by refolding in a test tube or in a cell. For this reason, biochemical research, medical care, and other fields of application are considered wide.
- the target dendritic cells can be prepared more efficiently and contribute to the improvement of the therapeutic effect. it is conceivable that.
- cancer immunotherapy it is desirable to efficiently solubilize cancer antigen proteins, but it is not easy to solubilize all of them by conventional freeze-thaw methods.
- the model was used as a model, and it was confirmed that about 50% of the cancer antigen protein gp100 became insoluble after freeze-thaw (see FIG. 9).
- the solubilization technology developed by the present invention is utilized, the total protein in the cell can be solubilized, and the EGF receptor, TRP2 and gp100 proteins that can actually become cancer antigens are quantified.
- the reversible cationizing agent for the protein and / or peptide of the present invention may further contain one or more other components other than the thiosulfonate compound as long as it contains the thiosulfonate compound of the present invention. It does not have to be included.
- reversibly cationizing a protein and / or peptide in the present invention means introducing a positive charge through a reversible bond.
- a mercapto group possessed by a protein and / or peptide is disulfide. And a positive charge is introduced.
- protein and / or peptide means a compound formed by binding two or more amino acids by peptide bonds, for example, a complex protein and / or a sugar chain, a lipid, a phosphate group, etc. bound thereto. It may be a peptide.
- proteins and / or peptides include peptides, enzymes, antibodies, and other functionalities (physiological activities such as pharmacological activity), and proteins and / or peptides that are useful as pharmaceuticals and drugs.
- the molecular weight is preferably 100 to 1,000,000.
- the reversible cationizing agent can be used to solubilize proteins and / or peptides in any form, but is preferably used to solubilize denatured proteins and / or peptides. That is, the protein and / or peptide to be reversibly cationized by the reversible cationizing agent is preferably a denatured protein and / or peptide (denatured protein and / or denatured peptide). Thereby, the expression of the above-described effect can be further confirmed.
- Examples of the denatured state include a state in which a specific three-dimensional structure corresponding to a natural state (native state) exhibited by a protein and / or peptide molecule under almost physiological conditions is lost without covalent bond breakage. It is done.
- Examples of proteins and / or peptides in such a state include proteins and / or peptides that are difficult to obtain in the native state; denaturation and precipitation in the process of cationizing proteins and / or peptides for introduction into cells.
- the reversible cationizing agent for the protein and / or peptide is used.
- the solubilization method is particularly preferably a method of solubilizing a denatured protein and / or peptide. That is, the protein and / or peptide to be solubilized by the solubilization method is preferably a denatured protein and / or peptide (denatured protein and / or denatured peptide).
- the modifying agent for example, urea or guanidine hydrochloride can be used.
- the protein and / or peptide target protein and / or peptide
- the reversible cationizing agent used in this reversible cationization reaction is such that the reversible cationizing agent has a molar concentration of 1 to 100 times the molar concentration of the mercapto group of the target protein and / or peptide. It is preferable to set so that. More preferably, it is 1.1 to 2 times.
- the reversible cationization reaction in the presence of a denaturing agent and a reducing agent, or to react the reducing agent after the reversible cationization reaction.
- a denaturing agent and a reducing agent for example, DTT (dithiothreitol) or ⁇ -mercaptoethanol is preferably used.
- the reversible cationizing agent is taken into consideration in consideration of the total molar concentration of the reducing agent and the mercapto group of the protein and / or peptide contained in the reaction solution. It is preferable to react by adding 1.1 to 2 times the amount.
- the temperature at which the reversible cationization reaction is performed is preferably 5 to 40 ° C. More preferably, it is 25 degreeC.
- reversibly cationized proteins and / or peptides can be purified by a conventional method such as dialysis or column chromatography.
- the purification is preferably performed under acidic conditions.
- dialysis under acidic conditions, disulfide bonds are sufficiently stabilized, and the solubility and yield of the resulting reversible cationized protein and / or peptide are improved.
- reversible cationized protein and / or When the peptide is introduced into the cell it can be easily activated in the cell.
- coli are used, contaminants (nucleic acid, sugar, lipid) derived from E. coli are easily insolubilized under acidic conditions, and subsequent purification can be performed more easily. . More preferably, purification is performed under conditions of pH 6 or less.
- the total protein derived from living tissue or cultured cells is solubilized as a material
- the total protein from which nucleic acids have been removed in advance using Trizol reagent manufactured by Invitrogen, phenol / guanidine isothiocyanate
- Trizol reagent manufactured by Invitrogen, phenol / guanidine isothiocyanate
- the solubilization procedure is in accordance with the above reversible modification cationization method.
- the solvent of these reversibly denatured cationized proteins is preferably pure water. However, if it is necessary to replace with a physiological salt solution, high solubility can be maintained by devising a dialysis procedure or purification method. .
- solubility in the target salt solution can be improved.
- solubility can also be improved by refine
- protocols can be applied by applying a multi-step protocol combining a plurality of protocols used for solubilization, purification, etc. (for example, dialysis, HPLC, etc.). It becomes possible to solubilize proteins and the like in a salt solution.
- protocols and conditions are known to those skilled in the art. Further, the number and combination of protocols are not particularly limited.
- the product may be concentrated by lyophilization or the like during or after the solubilization.
- the obtained product When freeze-dried, the obtained product can be stably stored as it is in a reconstituted state.
- the lyophilized product can be used after reconstitution with an appropriate solvent, if necessary, or further purified.
- the solubilizer of the present invention it has been confirmed that there is almost no deterioration in quality due to lyophilization (data not shown).
- the reversible cationizing agent may be further dissociated from the reversibly cationized protein and / or peptide as necessary.
- the dissociation of the reversible cationizing agent can be carried out using an SH / SS exchange reaction in the presence of a catalyst, or may be spontaneously dissociated in a reducing environment in the cytoplasm.
- the reversible cationizing agent is dissociated in the course of this SH / SS exchange reaction.
- the “rewinding rate” in Experimental Example 1 described later is evaluated by the lysis activity (enzyme activity) exhibited by lysozyme.
- the present invention provides a method for solubilizing a mixture of denatured total proteins extracted from cultured cells and / or living tissue in a physiological salt solution.
- a solubilization method it is preferable to use a reversible cationizing agent for proteins and / or peptides containing a thiosulfonate compound having a group represented by the general formula (1). That is, a method of solubilizing a mixture of denatured total proteins extracted from cultured cells and / or living tissue in a physiological salt solution, the solubilization method comprising reversible protein and / or peptide.
- a solubilization method using a cationizing agent is also one aspect of the present invention.
- the thiosulfonate compound is preferably a thiosulfonate compound in which R 2 in the general formula (1) is a methyl group. Moreover, it is suitable for the said solubilization method to use combining the said 1 or 2 or more said purification protocol as needed.
- novel thiosulfonate compound of the present invention is configured as described above, it can reversibly cationize a wider range of proteins and peptides with high quality stability and accuracy, and can be used for advanced purification and recovery. It is a useful compound and an extremely excellent compound as a reversible cationizing agent for proteins and / or peptides.
- Methods for solubilizing proteins and / or peptides using such reversible cationizing agents include analysis of intracellular proteins, research reagents and pharmaceuticals characterized by introducing proteins into cells, It is useful in both basic research and clinical fields, such as the use of cells with artificial functions by introducing proteins by the method, and application to cancer immunotherapy that introduces antigen proteins into dendritic cells and in vivo. , Chemical research, medical and other applications are considered wide.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows the example of the process conditions which can maintain the high water solubility of the total protein extracted from the cell with a denatured state. It is a figure which shows the example of the two-step dialysis protocol which highly solubilizes the intracellular protein of a denatured state in a physiological saline.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows the solubility of the intracellular total protein of a denatured state by the two-step dialysis protocol of FIG. Included in lysate in physiological saline prepared by cationization of total protein contained in human epithelioid cell carcinoma-derived cell line A431 and mouse melanoma B16-F10 cells using TAP3S-Sulfonate by the procedure shown in FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of Western blotting (WB) using an anti- ⁇ -tubulin antibody, an anti-EGF receptor antibody, an anti-TRP2 antibody, and an anti-gp100 antibody.
- WB Western blotting
- TAP3S-Sulfonate Synthesis of Novel Cationizing Reagent (TAP3S-Sulfonate) Synthesis of TAP3S-Sulfonate, which is a novel compound of the present invention, was carried out according to the following schemes (i) to (iii). This will be specifically described below.
- the demonstration experiment was conducted as follows. Human ⁇ -actin expressed in Escherichia coli is recovered as an insoluble fraction (inclusion body) by centrifugation after lysis by ultrasonic disruption. The analysis by SDS-PAGE has a purity of 90% or more at this point in time. It was confirmed. This human ⁇ -actin was dissolved in 6M guanidine hydrochloride, and DTT was added to a final concentration of 30 mM, followed by treatment at 37 ° C. for 2 hours to completely reduce the protein. Next, TAPS-sulfate and TAP3S-Sulfonate were added to a final concentration of 90 mM, reacted at 37 ° C. for 30 minutes, sufficiently dialyzed against pure water, and reversibly denatured cationized ⁇ Actin and did.
- Table 4 summarizes the evaluation of the solubility of the reversibly denatured cationized ⁇ Actin protein prepared under the above-described purification conditions A to C in physiological saline.
- the intracellular total protein treated by the two-stage dialysis protocol exhibits high solubility even in physiological saline by the reversible denaturation cationization method (see FIG. 7).
- the protein cationized with TAP3S-Sulfonate has almost no decrease in solubility in physiological saline, and is very useful when it is necessary to maintain the physiological conditions of the cells, such as when added to cultured cells. was confirmed to be high.
- mice melanoma B16-F10 cells were frozen and thawed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at ⁇ 80 ° C. and thawed at 37 ° C. five times. After crushing, it was fractionated into a soluble fraction and an insoluble fraction by centrifugation, and the amount of gp100 protein contained in each fraction was determined by Western blotting using an anti-gp100 antibody (Santa cruz biotechnology: SC-33590). B.). As a result, it was confirmed that about 50% of gp100, which is a cancer antigen protein, became insoluble after freeze-thawing (see FIG. 9).
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
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Abstract
Description
しかし、TAPS-sulfonate(図3参照)は1価のカチオン化試薬であり、1ヶ所のCys残基に1つのカチオンしか導入できないため、図2に示すSolubility Index(SI)の点から、より多くのタンパク質の溶解性を充分なものとし得ない場合もあった。
また、特許文献1~2等に記載のPEI誘導体は、多数のカチオンを導入できることから、疎水性の高い(難溶性)タンパク質のカチオン化に有用と考えられている。しかし、PEI-SPDP等の試薬は、多価の正電荷を導入するのに非常に有用であるが、高分子化合物の誘導体であるために、分子量・構造(分岐度)が均一でなく、カチオン化後のタンパク質の電荷分布がヘテロになる、立体障害により完全にカチオン化することができず微量のSH基が残存する、等の問題があった。また、定量的なカチオン化が困難であることに加えて、凍結乾燥した際に凝縮傾向があるという問題もあった。
(1)疎水性のタンパク質の可溶化が容易になり、より広範な変性状態のタンパク質にも高い溶解性を付与することができる。
(2)本発明の新規化合物は、構造上、一分子あたりのカチオンの数が明確であり、かつ構造上立体障害等を受けにくく、全Cys残基と反応することが可能であるため、電荷が明確で定量的な処理が可能で、タンパク質やペプチドのシステイン残基に正確にカチオンを導入してカチオン化でき、可溶化することが可能である。
(3)従来法により可逆的にカチオン化された変性タンパク質は、純水中では比較的高い溶解性を示すが、溶媒のイオン強度が上がると充分な溶解性を示さなかった。しかし、本発明の新規化合物を用いて得られるカチオン化変性タンパク質は、生理食塩水等の生理的な塩溶液中でも高い溶解性を示し、かつ、凍結乾燥等の濃縮工程にも耐え得る。
(4)本発明の新規化合物を用いることにより(好ましくは、更に逆相HPLC等の高度可溶化プロトコルと組み合わせて)、核酸を含まない細胞内総タンパク質(好ましくは変性状態の細胞内総タンパク質)を可逆的に可溶化することが可能である。また、上記(3)に記載のとおり、カチオン化タンパク質は生理食塩水中でも高い溶解性を示すため、生理的な条件下でのタンパク質の高純度な精製、回収等が可能である。また、凍結乾燥後の可逆的な水和等の操作にも耐え得る。
本発明はまた、タンパク質及び/又はペプチドを可逆的にカチオン化するための可逆的カチオン化剤であって、該可逆的カチオン化剤は、上記チオスルホナート化合物を含むタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤でもある。
本発明は更に、タンパク質及び/又はペプチドを可溶化する方法であって、該可溶化方法は、上記タンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤を用いるタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可溶化方法でもある。
本発明はそして、培養細胞及び/又は生体組織から抽出した変性状態の総タンパク質の混合物を生理的な塩溶液中に可溶化する方法であって、該可溶化方法は、上記タンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤を用いる可溶化方法でもある。
以下に本発明を詳述する。
本発明のチオスルホナート化合物は、1分子内に、第4級アンモニウム基に由来するカチオンを3個以上有し、かつ、チオスルホナート基を有する化合物である。また、対アニオンとして、ハロゲンイオン等を有する形態が好適である。なお、本発明の化合物の構造は、NMRや元素分析等により確認することができる。
上記チオスルホナート化合物は、好ましくは、下記一般式(1):
上記R2で表される低級アルキル基としては、メチル基が好ましい。
ここでいう分子量は、構成する元素の原子量の総和として計算された値である。
本発明のタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤は、上述した本発明のチオスルホナート化合物を含む。すなわち、本発明のチオスルホナート化合物をタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤に用いることになる。このような可逆的カチオン化剤は、従来の試薬に比べ、疎水性の高い変性タンパク質やペプチドの可逆的カチオン化に非常に有効である。また、構造上、一分子あたりのカチオンの数が明確であり、かつ立体障害等を受けにくいことから、全Cys残基と反応することが可能である。このように、本発明の可逆的カチオン化剤は電荷が明確で定量的な処理が可能であることから、タンパク質やペプチドのシステイン残基に正確にカチオンを導入してカチオン化し、可溶化することが可能となる。更に、おそらくこれらの利点に関連して、水以外の生理食塩水のような変性状態のタンパク質や疎水性の高いペプチド等の可溶化が困難な条件下でも可溶化させることができるうえ、細胞や組織の、核酸不含の変性状態の全タンパク質やペプチドを、生理食塩水中で可溶化、精製、回収することができる。つまり、必要に応じて、試験管内又は細胞内でリフォールディングし、目的のタンパク質又はペプチドを単離、精製することができる。そのため、生化学の研究、医療、その他、応用範囲は広いと考えられる。例えば、脊髄等の組織への投与、癌細胞又は癌組織と樹状細胞を用いる癌の免疫療法等において、より効率よく目的の樹状細胞を調製し、治療効果の向上に寄与することができると考えられる。特に癌の免疫治療においては、癌抗原タンパク質を効率的に可溶化することが望ましいが、従来の凍結融解法ではその全てを可溶化することは容易ではない。例えば、マウスメラノーマ細胞を凍結融解法で処理した場合、をモデルとして実施した例では、癌抗原タンパク質であるgp100の約50%が凍結融解後に不溶性となることが確認されている(図9参照)。この課題に対し、本発明により開発した可溶化技術を活用すれば、細胞内の総タンパク質の可溶化が可能で、実際にがん抗原となり得るEGF受容体、TRP2及びgp100の各タンパク質を、定量的に、生理食塩水中に可溶化できることが確認されている(図8参照)。
なお、本発明のタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤は、本発明のチオスルホナート化合物を含む限り、更に該チオスルホナート化合物以外の他の成分を1種又は2種以上含んでもよく、含まなくてもよい。
本発明のタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可溶化方法では、上記タンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤を用いることになる。上記可溶化方法は特に、変性状態のタンパク質及び/又はペプチドを可溶化する方法であることが好適である。すなわち、上記可溶化方法が可溶化しようとするタンパク質及び/又はペプチドが、変性状態のタンパク質及び/又はペプチド(変性タンパク質及び/又は変性ペプチド)であることが好ましい。これによって、上述した効果の発現をより確認することができる。なお、変性剤として、例えば、尿素、塩酸グアニジンを用いることができる。
すなわち、培養細胞及び/又は生体組織から抽出した変性状態の総タンパク質の混合物を生理的な塩溶液中に可溶化する方法であって、該可溶化方法は、上記タンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤を用いる可溶化方法もまた、本発明の1つである。
上記チオスルホナート化合物は、一般式(1)中のR2がメチル基であるチオスルホナート化合物であることが好ましい。また、上記可溶化方法は、必要に応じて1又は2以上の上記精製プロトコルを組み合わせて用いることが好適である。
本発明の新規化合物であるTAP3S-Sulfonateの合成は、下記式(i)~(iii)示すスキームに従って行った。以下に具体的に説明する。
TAP-Br((3-bromopropyl)trimethylammonium bromide,J.Biochem.,116,852-857(1994))を35.1g(134mmol)量りとり、500mlのエタノールに溶解し、N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-1,3-diaminopropaneを87.5g(672mmol)加え、85℃で20時間還流しながら反応し(CH3)3 N+CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2・2Br-を得た。収量113mmol(収率86%)。
(CH3)3 N+CH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)2CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2・2Br-を40.89g(104.5mmol)量り500mlのエタノールに溶かし、100ml(979mmol)の1,3-dibromopropaneを加え85℃で還流させながら2日反応させTAP3-Brを得た。収量68.8mmol(収率66%)。
TAP3-Brを31.37g(52.9mmol)量りとり、500mlのエタノールに溶かし、CH3SO2SNaを7.096g(52.9mmol)加え85℃で還流させながら2日反応させTAP3S-Sulfonateを得た。生成物はNMRにより確認した。
1H-NMR(300MHz,D2O):δ 3.57-3.33(m,10H),3.50(s,3H),3.30(t,J=6.8Hz,2H),3.15(s,6H),3.14(ds,15H),2.40-2.18(m,6H)
収量30mmol(収率56%)
ニワトリ卵白リゾチーム(HEL、分子量14.3kDa、8Cys残基/mol)をモデルタンパク質とし、TAPS-sulfonate(非特許文献3~4等に記載の従来のカチオン化試薬)と、実施例1で調製したTAP3S-Sulfonate(新規カチオン化剤)との性能比較を行った。
10mgのHELを1mlの6Mグアニジン塩酸塩、0.1M Tris-HCl、1mM EDTA pH8.5に溶解し、脱気、窒素置換を行った。次に、5mg(0.03 mmol)のDithiothreitol(DTT)を添加し、37℃で90分間の還元反応後、TAPS-sulfonate又はTAP3S-Sulfonateを、DTTの3倍モル量になるようにそれぞれ添加し、37℃で30分間反応した。得られた反応液は純水に対して充分に透析を行い、可溶性画分に得られた可逆的変性カチオン化HELを用いて物性評価を行った。各サンプルをSDS-PAGEにより解析を行った結果、TAPS-sulfonate及びTAP3S-Sulfonateともに、SS結合を介して定量的にタンパク質と結合していることが確認された(図4A参照)。
※1:活性構造の卵白リゾチームは1分子内に4組のSS結合が存在し、正しい組み合わせに巻き戻す必要があるが、活性構造の卵白リゾチームは自由エネルギーが最も低い(=安定な)構造になるため、最終的にカチオン化剤が解離して正しい4組のSS結合を形成した分子が生理活性を発現する。なお、本実験での「巻き戻し率」は、リゾチームが示す溶菌活性(酵素活性)で評価した。
図2に記載のSolubility Indexからも予想されるとおり、疎水性残基が多数含まれるタンパク質は、変性状態での溶解性が極めて低い。このようなモデルタンパク質の1つとして、ヒトβActin(表1参照)モデルとして可逆的変性カチオン化による可溶化の検証実験を進めた。表1に、ヒトβActinタンパク質のアミノ酸組成を示す。
未修飾:SI=(48-49)/72=-0.014
T1(TAPS化):SI(TAPS化)=(48-49+6)/72=+0.07
T3(TAP3化):SI(TAP3化)=(48-49+18)/72=+0.236
大腸菌で発現させたヒトβActinは超音波破砕による溶菌の後、遠心分離を行うと、不溶性画分(インクルージョンボディ)として回収され、SDS-PAGEによる解析では、この時点で90%以上の純度であることが確認された。このヒトβActinを6M塩酸グアニジン中で溶解し、終濃度30mMになるようにDTTを添加して37℃で2時間処理することでタンパク質を完全に還元した。次にTAPS-sulfonate及びTAP3S-Sulfonateを、それぞれ終濃度が90mMになるように添加し、37℃で30分反応した後、純水に対して充分に透析を行い、可逆的変性カチオン化βActinとした。
がん細胞等の含まれる総タンパク質を丸ごと可溶化するための手法を開発するために、本試薬の有効性を検証した。がん細胞等の生体組織を材料として、その中に含まれるタンパク質をカチオン化する場合には、生体組織内に多量に含まれる核酸が強い負電荷を持つため、カチオン化タンパク質と静電的に会合して不溶化することは明白であった。
そこで、生体組織から定量的に核酸とタンパク質を分離・精製することが可能なTrizol試薬(Invitrogen社製、フェノール/グアニジンイソチオシアナート)を活用して核酸フリーの総タンパク質を抽出することとした。この手法で取得した変性タンパク質の可溶化条件を検討するため、図5に示した手法で総タンパク質を処理したところ、未修飾の変性タンパク質の混合物が、水中でよく溶解することが判明した。このような変性タンパク質の溶解性に関する知見は報告されていないと思われるが、真核生物の細胞内タンパク質が示す本質的な性質であるものと推定され、タンパク質科学的にも非常に興味深い知見である。なお、図5の培養細胞として、マウスB16メラノーマを使用したが、他のヒトのがん細胞(HeLa、A431等)を用いた場合も結果はほぼ同じであった。
(1)ヒト上皮様細胞がん由来細胞株A431とマウスメラノーマB16-F10細胞に含有する総タンパク質を、図6に示した手順でTAP3S-Sulfonateを用いてカチオン化し、生理食塩水中で溶解したライセートを調製した。それぞれのライセート中に含まれるタンパク質を抗β-tubulin抗体(Cell signaling Technology:#2146)、抗EGF受容体抗体(Sigma社製:E2760)、抗TRP2抗体(Santa cruz biotechnology社製:SC-25544)、抗gp100抗体(Santa cruz biotechnology社製:SC-33590)を用いたウエスタンブロッティング(W.B.)により定量した。その結果、これらの抗体に対応する抗原タンパク質が溶解していることが確認された(図8参照)。本手法を活用して、がん細胞内に含まれる総タンパク質を生理食塩水中に完全溶解させることが可能で、実際に癌抗原タンパク質として知られているEGF受容体、TRP2、gp100の各抗原が溶解していることが確認された。本手法はがん細胞からがん治療用のワクチンを調製する上でも強力な手法と言える。
Claims (10)
- 1分子内に、第4級アンモニウム基に由来するカチオンを3個以上有することを特徴とするチオスルホナート化合物。
- 前記一般式(1)中のR1が、炭素原子数2~6の直鎖状アルキレン基であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のチオスルホナート化合物。
- 前記R1が、プロピレン基であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載のチオスルホナート化合物。
- 前記一般式(1)中のnが3であることを特徴とする請求項2~4のいずれかに記載のチオスルホナート化合物。
- 前記一般式(1)中のR2がメチル基であることを特徴とする請求項2~5のいずれかに記載のチオスルホナート化合物。
- タンパク質及び/又はペプチドを可逆的にカチオン化するための可逆的カチオン化剤であって、該可逆的カチオン化剤は、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のチオスルホナート化合物を含むことを特徴とするタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可逆的カチオン化剤。
- 請求項7に記載の可逆的カチオン化剤を用いることを特徴とするタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可溶化方法。
- 前記タンパク質及び/又はペプチドは、変性状態のタンパク質及び/又はペプチドであることを特徴とする請求項8に記載のタンパク質及び/又はペプチドの可溶化方法。
- 培養細胞及び/又は生体組織から抽出した変性状態の総タンパク質の混合物を生理的な塩溶液中に可溶化する方法であって、
該可溶化方法は、請求項7に記載の可逆的カチオン化剤を用いることを特徴とする可溶化方法。
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