WO2011111714A1 - 新規なep4アゴニスト - Google Patents
新規なep4アゴニスト Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011111714A1 WO2011111714A1 PCT/JP2011/055411 JP2011055411W WO2011111714A1 WO 2011111714 A1 WO2011111714 A1 WO 2011111714A1 JP 2011055411 W JP2011055411 W JP 2011055411W WO 2011111714 A1 WO2011111714 A1 WO 2011111714A1
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Definitions
- Natural PGs bind to specific receptors, respectively, and each exerts a characteristic action.
- Receptors of PGI 2 , PGE 2 , PGD 2 , PGF 2 ⁇ , and thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) are called IP, EP, DP, FP, and TP.
- IP Receptors of PGI 2 , PGE 2 , PGD 2 , PGF 2 ⁇ , and thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 )
- IP IP
- EP DP
- FP thromboxane A 2
- TP thromboxane A 2
- These PG receptors have different expression patterns in organs and cells, and even when expressed in the same cell, their expressed actions are different.
- derivatives of natural PGs are affected by the original carbon skeleton, they are bound to various receptors with structural changes (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Patent Documents 1-4 and Non-Patent Document 2 PG derivatives having a tetrazole group instead of the C-1 carboxy group of prostaglandin have been reported in the following Patent Documents 1-4 and Non-Patent Document 2. Furthermore, there are reports on 7,7-difluoroPGI 2 and their production methods (Patent Documents 5 and 6). Further, 7,7-difluoroPGI 2 is described as being useful as a preventive or therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases (Patent Document 5). While 7,7-difluoroPGI 2 binds strongly to IP, it binds to EP1-4 weakly (Non-patent Documents 4 and 5). However, 7,7-difluoroPGI 2 has a weak binding property to IP, EP1, EP2, and EP3, and a selective EP4 agonist that selectively and strongly binds only to EP4 has not been reported.
- EP4 is expressed in immune cells, inflammatory cells, digestive organs, blood vessels, nerve cells, eyes, kidneys, bones, etc.
- EP4 agonists are immune diseases, digestive tract diseases, cardiovascular diseases, heart diseases, neurological diseases, eyes Research and development is being conducted as a medicine for diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, bone diseases and the like.
- EP4 agonists suppress TNF- ⁇ production, promote IL-10 production, suppress inflammation and immune responses, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic Autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus, rejection after organ transplantation, asthma, neuronal cell death, arthritis, lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, liver injury, acute hepatitis, nephritis ( Acute nephritis, chronic nephritis), renal failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, hemophagocytic syndrome, macrophage activation syndrome, Still's disease, Kawasaki disease, burns, systemic granulomas, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease It is considered useful for the prevention and / or treatment of immune diseases and inflammatory diseases such as hypercytokinemia during dia
- EP4 agonist suppresses macrophage activation, it is considered useful for prevention and / or treatment of arteriosclerosis (Non-patent Document 6). Since EP4 agonist has a protective action against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart, it is considered useful as a preventive and / or therapeutic agent for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (Non-patent Document 7). Since EP4 agonists also have a protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, it is considered useful as a preventive and / or therapeutic agent for brain injury caused by cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, etc. (Non-Patent Document 8).
- EP4 agonists are considered to be useful as preventive and / or therapeutic agents for ischemia-reperfusion injury even in the liver (Non-patent Document 9).
- EP4 agonists have an intraocular pressure lowering effect and are considered useful as preventive and / or therapeutic agents for glaucoma (Non-patent Document 10).
- EP4 is abundantly expressed in renal glomeruli, and EP4 agonists are considered to be useful for the prevention and / or treatment of glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephritis (Non-patent Document 11).
- EP4 is also related to hair growth and hair growth action, and EP4 agonists are considered to be useful for the prevention and / or treatment of baldness, alopecia and the like (Non-patent Document 12). Since EP4 is also involved in cervical ripening, EP4 agonists are considered useful as cervical ripening (acceleration) agents (Non-patent Document 13). EP4 is also related to the osteogenic action, and EP4 agonists are considered to be useful as preventive and / or therapeutic agents for osteoporosis and as healing agents for fractures (Non-patent Documents 14 and 15).
- EP4 is expressed in blood vessels, and EP4 agonists relax blood vessels and contribute to increased blood flow, so pulmonary arterial hypertension, peripheral arterial occlusion (occlusive arteriosclerosis and occlusive thromboangiitis) And various symptom based on peripheral circulatory disturbance (intermittent claudication / lower limb numbness associated with lumbar spinal canal stenosis, Raynaud's syndrome, erectile dysfunction, hemorrhoids, etc.). Reference 16-20).
- EP4 is expressed in fibroblasts, and EP4 agonists are thought to promote expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and are useful for promoting healing of wounds and wounds (Non-patent Document 21).
- EP4 is expressed in the cochlea, and EP4 agonists have been reported to be useful for the prevention and / or treatment of hearing loss caused by sound (Non-patent Document 22).
- Gastrointestinal inflammation is observed in the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus, with acute and chronic inflammation.
- the mucosal epithelium is subjected to physical or chemical irritation or bacterial or viral infection, inflammation occurs and, depending on the degree, erosion and ulcer lesions.
- Excessive gastric acid secretion due to stress results in gastritis, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers.
- excessive intake of alcohol leads to gastric acid reflux due to stasis in mucosal blood flow and decreased gastric movement, resulting in gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and esophagitis.
- inflammatory bowel diseases those in which inflammation occurs in the intestinal tract are referred to as inflammatory bowel diseases in a broad sense.
- ulcerative colitis ulcerative colitis
- Crohn's disease Crohn's disease
- Ulcerative colitis is a chronic colorectal disease that continuously erupts from the rectum to the mucosa of the large intestine and forms ulcers.
- Crohn's disease can cause lesions in all digestive tracts from the oral cavity to the large intestine and anus.
- the features of this disease are discontinuous longitudinal (longitudinal) ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract and paving stones. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and malnutrition due to impaired absorption of nutrients and anemia.
- Prevention and / or treatment of inflammation in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract remove or suppress the cause when the cause is known.
- antacids, anticholinergic agents, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors and the like are used for the suppression of gastric acid secretion and its action for inflammation such as gastritis and stomach / duodenal ulcer.
- PGE derivatives and the like are used for the purpose of supplementing PGE 2 whose production is inhibited by the drugs.
- PGI 2 derivatives are never used.
- prevention or treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in a narrow sense includes drug therapy, nutrition (dietary) therapy, and surgical therapy.
- drug therapy 5-aminosalicylic acid preparations (pentasa, salazopyrine), steroids (prednisolone), immunosuppressants (azathiopurine, mercaptopurine, and tacrolimus), anti-TNF- ⁇ antibody (infliximab), and the like are used.
- EP4 agonists are effective for inflammatory bowel disease (Non-patent Documents 23-25).
- EP4 is also related to mucosal protective action, and EP4 agonists are considered to be useful for the prevention and / or treatment of gastrointestinal damage and stomatitis such as gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer (Non-patent Document 26).
- An object of the present invention is to provide a novel prostaglandin I 2 derivative which is excellent in metabolic stability and selectively binds to a specific prostaglandin receptor.
- the present inventors have synthesized novel PGs imparted with special properties possessed by fluorine atoms, and have studied to clarify their physical properties and physiological activities.
- the novel 7,7-difluoroPGI 2 derivative in which the C-1 carboxy group of the prostanoic acid skeleton is replaced by a tetrazole group and two fluorine atoms are bonded has very excellent physical properties and pharmacological action.
- it has a selective EP4 agonistic action in which the IP agonist action recognized in the C-1 carboxylic acid form despite being a PGI 2 derivative is extremely attenuated, and as a pharmaceutical due to such an agonist action.
- a selective EP4 agonist can be an active ingredient of a medicine with reduced side effects via other receptors.
- the present inventors know that CGI of PG is a tetrazole group and PGI 2 having two fluorine atoms in C-7 is completely different from the synthesis examples, physical properties, physiological activities, etc. Not published.
- the present invention relates to a 7,7-difluoroPGI 2 derivative represented by the following formula (1) which is a selective EP4 agonist (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as compound (1) of the present invention), its pharmaceutical Pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceuticals containing them as active ingredients,
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a linear alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R 3 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or alkoxyalkyl; A group, an aryl group, a halogen atom, or a halogenated alkyl group) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, [2]
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
- R 1 is a methyl group
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
- the novel 7,7-difluoroPGI 2 derivative provided by the present invention maintains the blood concentration for a long period of time by parenteral administration or oral administration and exhibits a pharmacological action. Inflammation of the digestive tract and diarrhea / blood stool in inflammatory bowel disease It is possible to provide a medicament for preventing and treating the onset of gastric cancer, preventing and treating ulcers in gastritis, gastric ulcers, small intestinal ulcers and the like. Furthermore, a medicament for preventing and treating immune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, heart diseases, respiratory diseases, eye diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, bone diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, neurological diseases, skin diseases, etc. by EP4 agonistic action Can be provided.
- the compound of the present invention is clinically expected to have a similar effect on a disease group in which an EP4 agonist is effective, and also has an effect on the circulatory system brought about by an IP agonist action, thereby causing bleeding, hypotension, There are few concerns about side effects such as increased heartbeat and flushing of the face.
- the compounds of the present invention are based on EP4 agonistic action, and are associated with gastrointestinal inflammation involving immunity, drug-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury, gastrointestinal injury based on mucosal regeneration disorder and delayed healing, eye disease, kidney disease, and liver Effective against disease.
- ulcerative colitis inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease, alcoholic gastritis / gastric ulcer and small intestine ulcer, nephritis, glaucoma / high intraocular pressure, hepatitis and the like.
- DSS colitis model Effect on mouse blood pressure Effect on mouse heart rate Effect on defecation disorder in mouse (BALB / c) DSS colitis model Effect on shortening of large intestine in mouse (BALB / c) DSS colitis model Effects of BPS on defecation in mice (C57BL / 6) DSS colitis model Effect on defecation in mouse (C57BL / 6) DSS colitis model Effect of BPS on shortening of large intestine in mouse (C57BL / 6) DSS colitis model Effect on colon shortening in mouse (C57BL / 6) DSS colitis model Effect on defecation disorder in rat DSS colitis model Effect on colon shortening in rat DSS colitis model Effects on colonic tissue injury in rat DSS colitis model Effect on defecation disorder in remission / relapse model of mouse DSS colitis Effect on loose stool score in mouse T-cell enterocolitis model Effect on fecal occult
- selective EP4 agonist means that the agonistic action (pharmacological activity) on PGI 2 receptor (IP) usually observed in PGI 2 class is weak and the agonistic action on PGE 2 receptor subtype EP4 is IP. It means a compound that is significantly superior to the agonistic action.
- the EP4 agonistic action can be measured according to the method for measuring agonist activity described in Example 19 described later.
- the IP agonistic action can be measured according to the method described in Example 20. Whether a compound is a selective EP4 agonist is evaluated by determining the ratio of binding inhibition constant Ki values (IP / EP4 ratio) between EP4 and IP of the same species according to the measurement method described in Example 18. be able to.
- Examples of the selective EP4 agonist include compounds having the ratio of 5 or more, preferably 10 or more, more preferably 50 or more, and most preferably 100 or more.
- prostaglandin I 2 derivative in the present specification means a compound whose structure is modified based on the structure of natural PGI 2 using a common technique in the field of organic chemistry.
- the compound of the present invention will be described.
- the numbers used to indicate the positions in the PG skeleton use numbers corresponding to the numbers of the prostanoic acid skeleton.
- a group in which a hydrogen atom of an alkyl group is substituted is also referred to as a substituted alkyl group.
- the term “lower” for an organic group such as an alkyl group means that the number of carbon atoms is 1-6.
- the “lower” organic group preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- alkyl group may be linear or branched. Unless otherwise specified, the alkyl group is preferably a lower alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, particularly preferably a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, or a hexyl group.
- alkoxy group is preferably a lower alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, particularly preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the alkoxy group may be linear or branched. Examples of the alkoxy group include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, or a butoxy group.
- Alkoxyalkyl group refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group.
- the alkoxy group of the alkoxyalkyl group is preferably a lower alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- the alkyl group of the alkoxyalkyl group is preferably a lower alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the alkoxyalkyl group is preferably a lower alkoxyalkyl group (that is, the entire alkoxyalkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms), more preferably a lower alkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the alkoxyalkyl group include a methoxymethyl group, an ethoxymethyl group, a propoxymethyl group, and an ethoxyethyl group.
- the “aryl group” refers to a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent.
- the aryl group having no substituent is preferably a phenyl group.
- the “substituted aryl group” (referring to an aryl group having a substituent), one or more hydrogen atoms in the aryl group are a lower alkyl group, a halogen atom, a halogenated (lower alkyl) group, a lower alkoxy group, or the like A group substituted with is preferred.
- the substituted aryl group is preferably a substituted phenyl group, particularly a monohalophenyl group (eg, chlorophenyl group, fluorophenyl group, bromophenyl group), (halogenated lower alkyl) substituted phenyl group (eg, trifluoromethylphenyl group, etc.) ) Or (lower alkoxy) phenyl group (for example, methoxyphenyl group, ethoxyphenyl group, etc.).
- a monohalophenyl group eg, chlorophenyl group, fluorophenyl group, bromophenyl group
- halogenated lower alkyl substituted phenyl group eg, trifluoromethylphenyl group, etc.
- lower alkoxy for example, methoxyphenyl group, ethoxyphenyl group, etc.
- Halogen atom refers to a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or an iodine atom.
- the “halogenated alkyl group” refers to a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group are substituted with a halogen atom, and a lower halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is preferable. Examples of the halogenated alkyl group include a fluoromethyl group, a difluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoroethyl group, a pentafluoroethyl group, a chloromethyl group, and a bromomethyl group.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a linear alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably each independently a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. In particular, it is preferable that one of R 1 and R 2 is a hydrogen atom and the other is a methyl group.
- R 3 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxyalkyl group, an aryl group, a halogen atom, or a halogenated alkyl group, and further a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a methoxymethyl group.
- Preferred are lower alkoxyalkyl groups such as halogen atoms such as chlorine atoms and fluorine atoms, or lower halogenated alkyl groups such as lower fluoroalkyl groups.
- a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a chlorine atom, or a halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferably a methyl group and an ethyl group, and the halogenated alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferably a trifluoromethyl group.
- R 3 is most preferably a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or a trifluoromethyl group.
- R 3 is substituted at any position of ortho (o), meta (m), or para (p) with respect to the position where the main chain of the prostaglandin skeleton is substituted with the benzene ring. Also good. R 3 is particularly preferably substituted at the meta (m) position.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 in the compound (1) of the present invention are as follows.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom
- R 3 is a hydrogen atom
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom
- R 3 is a methyl group.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom
- R 3 is a chlorine atom.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom
- R 3 is a trifluoromethyl group.
- R 1 is a methyl group
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom
- R 3 is a hydrogen atom.
- R 1 is a methyl group, R 2 is a hydrogen atom, and R 3 is a methyl group.
- R 1 is a methyl group, R 2 is a hydrogen atom, and R 3 is a chlorine atom.
- R 1 is a methyl group, R 2 is a hydrogen atom, and R 3 is a trifluoromethyl group.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom, R 2 is a methyl group, and R 3 is a hydrogen atom.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom, R 2 is a methyl group, and R 3 is a methyl group.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom, R 2 is a methyl group, and R 3 is a chlorine atom.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom, R 2 is a methyl group, and R 3 is a trifluoromethyl group.
- R 1 is a methyl group, R 2 is a methyl group, and R 3 is a hydrogen atom.
- R 1 is a methyl group, R 2 is a methyl group, and R 3 is a methyl group.
- R 1 is a methyl group, R 2 is a methyl group, and R 3 is a chlorine atom.
- R 1 is a methyl group, R 2 is a methyl group, and R 3 is a trifluoromethyl group.
- preferred combinations are as follows from the viewpoint of high selective EP4 agonist activity.
- R 1 is a methyl group
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom
- R 3 is a methyl group
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom
- R 2 is a methyl group
- R 3 is a methyl group.
- the most preferable combinations are as follows.
- R 1 is a methyl group
- R 2 is a hydrogen atom
- R 3 is an m-methyl group.
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom
- R 2 is a methyl group
- R 3 is an m-methyl group.
- the compound (1) of the present invention can be produced, for example, based on the methods described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 07-324081 and 08-217772 related to the inventors' invention.
- an ⁇ chain is first introduced, and then converted to a fluorinated difluorocorey lactone by fluorination.
- the ⁇ chain unit is introduced by addition reaction and dehydration reaction of an organometallic reactant having a tetrazole group at the end, or Wittig reaction using a phosphonium salt having a tetrazole group at the end, and deprotection of the hydroxyl group as desired. By doing so, it can be synthesized.
- difluoro Cory lactone is obtained by fluorination, and then an addition reaction and dehydration reaction of an organometallic reagent having a tetrazole group at the terminal, or a Wittig using a phosphonium salt having a tetrazole group at the terminal
- an organometallic reagent having a tetrazole group at the terminal or a Wittig using a phosphonium salt having a tetrazole group at the terminal
- the carboxylic acid derivative described in JP-A-07-324081 can also be synthesized by converting a carboxy group to a cyano group and then converting to a tetrazole derivative.
- the resulting ⁇ chain-attached Corey lactone (6) is fluorinated to have 2 fluorine atoms at the ⁇ -position of the carbonyl group.
- a PGI 2 derivative in which a hydroxyl group is protected by producing a difluorocorey lactone with ⁇ chain (3), and then reacting the difluorolactone (3) with a phosphorane (4) to introduce an ⁇ chain unit. (2) is obtained.
- the protective group of a hydroxyl group is deprotected to obtain the compound (1) of the present invention.
- the phospholanes (4) can be obtained from the phosphonium salts (5).
- the lactone (6) is a known compound.
- the novel lactones (6) in which R 1 to R 3 are specific substituents can be produced in the same manner as the known lactones (6).
- a novel lactone (6) can be produced by reacting 3-aryl-2-oxoalkylphosphonic acid diester with a Corey lactone having a formyl group.
- the alkyl chain of the alkylphosphonic acid has 3 or more carbon atoms.
- R 4 , R 5 and R 7 are each independently a hydroxyl protecting group.
- R 4 , R 5 , and R 7 may be the same protecting group.
- Protective groups include, for example, “New Experimental Chemistry Course 14, Synthesis and Reaction of Organic Compounds (V)” (Maruzen), “Protective / Groups / In / Organic / Synthesis” (by TW Greene, J. Wiley & Sons). ) And the like can be used. Specific examples include a triorganosilyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, and a monovalent group having a cyclic ether structure.
- the triorganosilyl group is preferably a group in which three alkyl groups, aryl groups, aralkyl groups, or alkoxy groups are bonded to a silicon atom, and particularly preferably a group in which three lower alkyl groups or aryl groups are bonded to a silicon atom.
- Specific examples of the protecting group are preferably a tetrahydropyranyl group, a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group, a tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group, a triethylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, or a triisopropylsilyl group.
- a tetrahydropyranyl group, a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group, a tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group and the like are preferable.
- Hydroxyl protecting groups can be easily deprotected.
- a conventional method can be adopted as a method for deprotecting the protected hydroxyl group.
- “New Experimental Chemistry Lecture 14, Synthesis and Reaction of Organic Compounds (I), (II), (V)” (Maruzen), “Protective / Groups / In / Organic / Synthesis” (by TW Greene, J. Wiley & Sons) can be employed.
- Various known fluorination methods can be applied to subject the lactone (6) to a fluorination reaction to obtain the difluorolactone (3).
- the method of making it react in an inert solvent using various electrophilic fluorinating agents is employ
- an electrophilic fluorinating agent it is preferable to use an electrophilic fluorinating agent.
- a known or well-known electrophilic fluorinating agent can be used as the electrophilic fluorinating agent.
- electrophilic fluorinating agents described in Tomoya Kitazume, Takashi Ishihara, Takeo Taguchi “Fluorine Chemistry” (Kodansha Scientific) and the like can be mentioned.
- Specific examples include N-fluorosulfonamides, N-sulfonimides, acetyl hypofluorite, and fluorine gas.
- the electrophilic fluorinating agent is preferably used in the presence of an inert solvent.
- the inert solvent include ether solvents, hydrocarbon solvents, polar solvents, or mixed solvents thereof.
- the difluorolactones (3) obtained by the fluorination reaction are then reacted with the phosphoranes (4) to give PGI 2 derivatives (2) in which the hydroxyl groups are protected.
- the phosphoranes (4) are produced from the corresponding phosphonium salts (5) in an inert solvent in the presence of a base, and the resulting phosphoranes (4) are directly isolated from the difluorolactones (3) without isolation.
- the Wittig reaction is preferably used.
- R 6 in the phosphoranes (4) and phosphonium salts (5) is preferably an aryl group such as a phenyl group or a tolyl group, and particularly preferably a phenyl group.
- the inert solvent include ether solvents, hydrocarbon solvents, polar solvents, aqueous solvents, alcohol solvents, or mixed solvents thereof.
- the compound (1) is obtained by deprotecting the hydroxyl-protecting group of the PGI 2 derivative (2) protected by the above method.
- the compound (1) of the present invention since the compound (1) of the present invention has an asymmetric carbon in its structure, there are various stereoisomers and optical isomers. In the present invention, all these stereoisomers and optical isomers exist. And mixtures thereof.
- Specific examples of the compound (1) of the present invention include compounds represented by the following formula (8).
- R 1, R 2 in the formula (8), and R 3 include compounds is a structure shown in Table 1 below.
- the compound (1) of the present invention is a PGI 2 derivative that is not easily metabolized in vivo and has improved stability. Since the carboxy group of the PG skeleton is converted to a tetrazole group, it is difficult to undergo metabolism due to ⁇ oxidation, which is known as a general metabolic pathway of fatty acids such as PG. For this reason, compared with a compound having a carboxy group in the PG skeleton, the blood half-life is longer and the effective blood concentration can be maintained longer. In addition, since the metabolic stability is improved, the bioavailability of the drug can be improved.
- the compound (1) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof exhibits an action as a selective EP4 agonist.
- action is the same as the preferable example of the said compound (1).
- the medicament of the present invention contains Compound (1) and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Compound (1), and may further contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
- the medicament of the present invention comprises Compound (1) and / or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Compound (1), or a hydrate thereof, and further a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally Other therapeutic ingredients may also be included.
- the daily dose varies depending on the patient's age, weight, disease state, severity, etc., but is usually 0.0001 to 10 mg, preferably 0.01 to It is desirable to administer 1 mg in 1 to several divided doses.
- 0.001 to 3 mg is preferable, and 0.001 to 0.5 mg is particularly preferable.
- 0.001 to 0.1 mg is particularly preferable.
- the dose can be appropriately increased or decreased depending on the disease or disease state.
- oral administration When used as a medicine, it can be administered in vivo by oral administration and parenteral administration (for example, intravascular (venous, arterial), subcutaneous, rectal administration, etc.).
- parenteral administration for example, intravascular (venous, arterial), subcutaneous, rectal administration, etc.
- dosage forms include oral dosage forms such as tablets, capsules and syrups, liquid injections such as solutions, emulsions and suspensions, drops, suppositories, nasal drops, patches, inhalants and the like.
- Parenteral dosage forms are exemplified. It is particularly desirable to administer orally.
- the compound (1) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is mixed with additives necessary for the preparation such as usual carriers, excipients, binders, stabilizers and the like, It can be produced by formulating by a conventional method.
- the preparation is a powder, granule, tablet or the like, it can be produced using any pharmaceutical carrier suitable for producing a solid preparation, for example, an excipient, a lubricant, a disintegrant, a binder and the like. it can.
- excipients include, for example, inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate, or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch, or alginic acid; binders such as It may be starch, gelatin or gum arabic, and lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
- inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate, or sodium phosphate
- granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch, or alginic acid
- binders such as It may be starch, gelatin or gum arabic
- lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
- These tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period of time.
- the hard gelatin capsule in which the compound (1) of the present invention is mixed with an inert solid diluent such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin may also be used.
- an inert solid diluent such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin
- it may be provided as a soft gelatin capsule mixed with a water-miscible solvent such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and ethanol, or an oil medium such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
- a stabilizer for example, a suspending agent, a flavoring agent, a fragrance and the like can be selected as appropriate.
- active ingredients are made isotonic with hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, lactose, sodium lactate, acetic acid, sodium monohydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, etc., sodium chloride, glucose, etc. Dissolve in distilled water for injection together with the preparation and prepare aseptically. It may be prepared using an inert non-aqueous diluent such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, olive oil, ethanol, polysorbate 80 and the like.
- mannitol, dextrin, cyclodextrin, gelatin and the like may be added and lyophilized under vacuum to form an injection for dissolution at the time of use.
- liposome preparations and fat emulsions can be prepared and used as injections by known methods in order to improve stabilization and reachability of lesions.
- preparations for rectal administration may be prepared using suppository bases such as cacao butter, fatty acid triglycerides, fatty acid diglycerides, fatty acid monoglycerides, polyethylene glycol and the like.
- water-soluble bases such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, glycerin, and glycerogelatin, white petrolatum, hard fat, paraffin, liquid paraffin, plastibase, lanolin, and refined lanolin.
- Intrarectal infusion ointments can also be prepared.
- the compound (1) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be locally administered to the skin or mucosa, that is, transdermally or transmucosally.
- Common dosage forms for this purpose include gels, hydrogels, lotions, solutions, creams, ointments, sprays, dressings, foam formulations, films, skin patches, wafers, implants, sponges, fibers, bandages, and Examples include microemulsions.
- Usable carriers include alcohol, water, mineral oil, liquid paraffin, white petrolatum, glycerin, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
- compound (1) of the present invention contains cyclodextrin and its appropriate derivatives or polyethylene glycol. It can be mixed with soluble polymer units such as polymers.
- soluble polymer units such as polymers.
- drug-cyclodextrin complexes and the like have generally been found to be useful for most dosage forms and administration routes. Both inclusion and non-inclusion complexes can be used.
- cyclodextrin can also be used as an auxiliary additive, ie a carrier, excipient or solubilizer.
- ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrins and the like are generally used.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound (1) of the present invention is a salt of the tetrazole group moiety of the derivative and a basic substance, and is a compound in which the hydrogen atom of the tetrazole group is substituted with a cation.
- Examples of the cation include alkali metal cations such as Na + and K + , metal cations other than alkali metals such as 1 / 2Ca 2+ , 1 / 2Mg 2+ , 1 / 2Zn 2+ and 1 / 3Al 3+ , NH 4 + And organic amines such as triethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, tromethamine, lysine and arginine, and ammonium cations of amino acids. Preferred cations are sodium ion and potassium ion.
- acceptable salts refer to salts prepared from non-toxic bases that are pharmaceutically acceptable including inorganic bases and organic bases.
- the salt derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic inorganic base include the sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, zinc salt, aluminum salt, ammonium salt, lithium salt, copper salt, ferric salt And salts such as ferrous salt, ferric manganese salt, and ferrous manganese salt.
- sodium salts, potassium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts and ammonium salts are preferable, and sodium salts and potassium salts are particularly preferable.
- Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic organic bases include primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins. Contains salt.
- organic amine and amino acid described above for example, isopropylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, ethylenediamine, N, N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, Examples include morpholine, N-ethyl-morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, betaine, caffeine, choline, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, methylglucamine, polyamine resin, procaine, purine, theobromine and the like.
- a medicament comprising the compound (1) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient is applied to a disease involving EP4, preferably a disease whose symptoms can be alleviated by selective EP4 agonistic action. be able to. Specifically, it is useful for immune diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, heart diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological diseases, eye diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, bone diseases, skin diseases and the like.
- the immunological diseases in the present invention include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc., rejection after organ transplantation, asthma, neuronal cell death, Arthritis, lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, liver injury, acute hepatitis, nephritis (acute nephritis, chronic nephritis), renal failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, hemophagocytic syndrome , Macrophage activation syndrome, Still disease, Kawasaki disease, burns, systemic granulomas, hypercytokinemia during dialysis, multiple organ failure, shock, psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases.
- the gastrointestinal tract disease in the present invention is caused by physical stimulation, chemical stimulation such as gastric juice, drug stimulation such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids, immune diseases with unknown causes, autoimmune diseases, mental disorders, etc.
- chemical stimulation such as gastric juice
- drug stimulation such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids
- immune diseases with unknown causes autoimmune diseases, mental disorders, etc.
- gastrointestinal epithelium, mucous membrane, and underlying tissues are diseases having inflammation and ulcers, abnormal proliferation of mucosal epithelium and functional disorders, including inflammatory diseases and ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include inflammatory bowel diseases, particularly ulcerative colitis, nonspecific granulomatous inflammatory disease with fibrosis or ulcers, Crohn's disease, intestinal Behcet's disease or simple ulcer .
- the ulcerative diseases of the digestive tract in the present invention include oral inflammation, oral after, esophagitis, esophageal ulcer, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and small intestinal ulcer.
- gastritis and gastric ulcer include drug-induced gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastritis caused by alcohol and gastric ulcer, and the drug-induced gastritis and gastric ulcer include gastritis and gastric ulcer caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
- the small intestinal ulcer includes a pharmaceutical small intestinal ulcer and a small intestinal ulcer resulting from alcohol, and the pharmaceutical small intestinal ulcer includes a small intestinal ulcer resulting from a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent.
- the medicament of the present invention is useful as a medicament for preventing or treating ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, gastritis / gastric ulcer, and small intestinal ulcer.
- Cardiovascular diseases and heart diseases are arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cerebral disorder caused by cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral disorder caused by cerebral infarction, cerebral disorder caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage, pulmonary arterial hypertension, peripheral artery occlusion Symptom (occlusive arteriosclerosis and obstructive thromboangiitis) and various symptoms (peripheral claudication / limb numbness associated with lumbar spinal canal stenosis, Raynaud's syndrome, erectile dysfunction, hemorrhoids, etc.).
- Respiratory diseases include asthma, lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic obstructive respiratory disease.
- Neurological diseases include neuronal cell death, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and brain damage (brain damage caused by cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and subarachnoid hemorrhage).
- Eye diseases include glaucoma and high intraocular pressure.
- Renal diseases include glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, ischemia-reperfusion nephropathy.
- Liver diseases include hepatitis, liver damage, ischemia-reperfusion liver damage.
- Bone diseases include osteoporosis, fractures, and recovery period after osteotomy.
- Skin diseases include wounds and wounds.
- the medicament comprising the compound (1) of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient is a prophylactic and / or therapeutic agent for alopecia, baldness, or hearing loss (eg, hearing loss caused by sound), Alternatively, it is also useful as a cervical ripening (promoting) agent.
- test compound solution was instantaneously administered intravenously at 1 mL / kg from the femoral vein to non-fasted rats subjected to light ether anesthesia.
- Venous blood was collected from the tail vein at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after administration. Heparin was mixed and plasma was obtained by centrifugation (3000 rpm, 4 ° C., 15 minutes).
- the plasma compound concentration was measured by an internal standard method using LC-MS / MS. The quantitative range of this analysis method was 0.1 to 100 ng / mL.
- the obtained compound concentration was subjected to non-model analysis for each individual using the pharmacokinetic analysis software WinNonlin (ver. 3.3), and the mean ⁇ standard deviation of 3 mice in each group was obtained.
- the apparent half-life (t 1/2 ) in the disappearing phase is shown in Table 3 below.
- t 1/2 of the compounds F and J of the present invention is about 1 to 2 hours, which is significantly longer than the carboxylic acid compound in less than 10 minutes, and has excellent metabolic stability. Showed sex.
- Receptor binding properties The PG receptor binding properties of the compounds F and J of the present invention were evaluated.
- Compound F used was synthesized in Example 9, and Compound J was prepared by separating and purifying the compound synthesized in Example 14 using a column (the same preparation was used in the following Examples).
- the mouse EP4, human EP1-4 and human IP genes were introduced into COS-7 cells to forcibly express the receptor, and the cell membrane was recovered.
- As the labeled ligand tritium-labeled PGE 2 was used in EP, and tritium-labeled iloprost was used in IP. According to a conventional method, after obtaining a dissociation constant Kd value, a binding inhibition constant Ki value of each test compound was obtained.
- the EP4 agonist activity of Compound F and Compound J of the present invention was evaluated according to a conventional method. Briefly, COS-7 cells were transfected with the human EP4 gene and CRE-LUC reporter gene, and one day later, the test compound was added and incubated for 3 hours. The cells were washed, a luminescent substrate was added, and the luminescence intensity was measured to determine agonist activity. As a comparative control, PGE 2 was used, the maximum activity was taken as 100%, and the concentration (EC 50 ) showing 50% action was calculated, and the agonist activity effect of the test compound was compared. As a result, as shown in Table 5, compounds F and J were EP4 agonists.
- the inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation of compounds F and J and the respective carboxylic acid forms was evaluated.
- the carboxylic acid compound was prepared by separating and purifying the compound synthesized in Example 15 using a column. Blood was collected from 3 healthy individuals using sodium citrate as an anticoagulant to prepare platelet-rich plasma. Platelet-rich plasma is treated with physiological saline or a test compound, and after 2 minutes, platelet aggregation is induced with adenosine diphosphate (ADP, final concentration 10 ⁇ mol / L) and recorded with a platelet aggregation measuring device (turbidimetric method). did.
- ADP adenosine diphosphate
- the concentration (IC 50 ) of the test compound that suppresses it by 50% was calculated, and the inhibitory effect was examined.
- the compounds F and J had considerably weaker aggregation-inhibiting effects than the IP agonists BPS and carboxylic acid compounds.
- ICR mice Male, 5 weeks old (Japan SLC) were purchased and acclimated for 6 days and used for the test. Treatment and measurement were performed under isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (induction of anesthesia 2.5%, anesthesia maintenance 1.8-2.1%) while maintaining the body temperature at 37 ° C. using a body temperature controller (ATC-402, unique medical). went. A catheter was inserted into the left femoral vein to provide a drug administration route, a catheter was inserted into the right femoral artery, connected to a pressure transducer, and each parameter of hemodynamics was recorded.
- ATC-402 body temperature controller
- Compound F the carboxylic acid form of compound F and BPS are administered intravenously at a dose of 0.01 mg / 5 mL / kg, and the effects on mean blood pressure and heart rate are evaluated using circulatory dynamics analysis software (Fraclet, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma). did.
- the solvent (1.2% ethanol solution) was intravenously administered similarly at 5 mL / kg.
- the results are shown as the rate of change of each parameter before and after drug administration. Three to six animals were used for each group, and results were expressed as mean ⁇ standard deviation.
- the compounds of the present invention including the compound F are EP4-selective agonists that have been greatly attenuated in the IP agonist activity recognized in the C-1 carboxylic acid form despite being PGI 2 derivatives. is there.
- the compound of the present invention is expected to have a similar effect on diseases in which EP4 agonists are effective in clinical practice.
- the compound has less concern about side effects such as bleeding, hypotension, increased heartbeat, flushing of the face, etc. due to weakening of the effects on the circulatory system brought about by the IP agonist action.
- inflammatory bowel disease is a disease accompanied by intestinal bleeding, and it is important to attenuate the IP agonist action.
- Compound F was used to examine the efficacy of the compound of the present invention in various pathological models including inflammatory bowel disease.
- BALB / c mice female, 6 weeks old (Japan SLC) were purchased and acclimated for 1 week before use in the test. Except for the normal group, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, MP Biochemicals, MW 36,000-50,000, Lot No. 3439J) solution adjusted to 2.2 w / v% is allowed to drink freely for 9 days. Caused colitis.
- Compound F was orally administered at a dose of 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg / kg once daily every day from the DSS drinking start date (day 0) to the day before the autopsy day (day 9). In the control group, the solvent (1 vol% ethanol solution) was orally administered similarly at 10 mL / kg.
- feces of mice correlated with the water content of feces and their shape. Therefore, in order to show the degree of diarrhea, the feces are classified into 6 stages, that is, normal (0 points), spherical feces of 50% or more (1 point), banana-like feces of less than 50% (2 points), banana-like More than 50% of feces (3 points), mud stool (4 points), and watery stool (6 points) were scored (soft stool score).
- the fecal occult blood (including bleeding) score is 6 grades using a fecal occult blood slide 5 Shionogi II (Shionogi Pharmaceutical), ie, negative (slide color does not change from yellow at all, 0 points), weak Positive (slightly blue-green, 1 point), positive (blue-green, 2 points), moderate positive (clear blue-green, 3 points), strong positive (instant dark blue, 4 points with color reagent), anal bleeding Scored (5 points).
- the sum of the loose stool score and the occult blood score was defined as the defecation disorder score. 8-10 animals were used for each group, and results were expressed as mean ⁇ standard deviation. Laparotomy was performed under ether anesthesia on the day of necropsy.
- IP Agonist in Mouse Dextran Sulfate-Induced Colitis Model
- BPS mouse Dextran Sulfate-Induced Colitis Model
- C57BL / 6 strain mice, female, 6 weeks old (Japan SLC) were purchased, acclimated and bred for 1 week, and used for the test. Except for the normal group, colitis was induced by allowing 3 or 2 w / v% DSS (MP Biochemicals, Lot No. 5653H and 5464H, respectively) solutions to drink freely for one week.
- BPS was dosed at a dose of 0.3 mg / kg, and Compound F was dosed orally once daily every day from the DSS drinking start date (day 0) to the day before necropsy at doses of 0.3 and 1 mg / kg.
- the solvent (1 vol% ethanol solution) was orally administered similarly at 10 mL / kg. Stool hardness is evaluated as normal (0 points), partially loose stool (1 point), loose stool (2 points), diarrhea (4 points), blood stool is normal (0 points), partially bloody stool (1 point), In addition to bloody stool (2 points) and bloody stool, anal bleeding (4 points) was evaluated. Further, the length of the large intestine was also measured in the same manner as in Example 23.
- Compound F was orally administered at a dose of 0.3 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, and 3 mg / kg once a day every day from the day before the start of DSS drinking to the day before the autopsy (DSS drinking on the seventh day).
- the solvent (1 vol% ethanol solution) was orally administered at 5 mL / kg.
- a 1.25 w / v% Evans blue solution was administered at 0.2 mL / 100 g from the tail vein, and 30 minutes later, the abdomen was opened under ether anesthesia, and the blood was lethal. Thereafter, the large intestine from just below the cecum to the anus was removed, and the length was measured with a ruler. After removing the contents of the large intestine, the tissue 7 cm from the anus was washed three times with physiological saline and then dried overnight using a vacuum pump. The next day, after measuring the dry weight, 2 mL of formamide was added, followed by dye extraction at 50 ° C. overnight, and the degree was measured at 620 nm. A calibration curve was prepared with an Evans blue standard solution, calculated as the amount (mg) of Evans blue in the large intestine tissue in 1 g, and the degree was evaluated as a large intestine tissue injury.
- the stool shape is divided into 6 levels, that is, normal (0 point), rod shape is less than 50% (1 point), rod shape is 50% or more (2 points), rod shape and partially mud candy ( 3 points), mud (4 points), and watery (6 points) (stool score).
- the occult blood score was evaluated by the method described in Example 23. The sum of the loose stool score and the occult blood score was defined as the defecation disorder score. Seven to ten animals were used for each group, and results were expressed as mean ⁇ standard deviation.
- mice Female, 6 weeks old, weight around 20 g (Japan SLC) were purchased and acclimated for 1 week before use in the test. After the mice were divided into a colitis-induced group and a normal group, a 2.6 w / v% DSS (MP Biochemicals, MW 36,000-50,000, Lot No. 4556J) solution was added to the colitis-induced group. Was allowed to drink freely to induce colitis.
- mice were in the control group, the compound F 1 mg / kg administration group, salazosulfapyridine (SIGMA, Lot No. .085K1930 (hereinafter abbreviated as SASP) were divided into 100 mg / kg administration groups, and the DSS solution was exchanged with distilled water, followed by drinking for 9 days (this was regarded as a remission period).
- SASP salazosulfapyridine
- the defecation score was evaluated once every 3 to 4 days, and when the score of the control group reached about 1, the DSS solution was drunk again and the disease state recurred (this was regarded as the relapse period). This remission and relapse was one cycle, and this was repeated for five cycles. However, the fifth cycle was performed only during remission.
- 1 mg / kg of Compound F and 100 mg / kg of SASP are from the first remission period (2.6 w / v% DSS drinking start day 8) to the fifth remission period (2.6 w / v% DSS drinking start day 57) Orally) once a day every day for 50 days.
- a solvent (1 vol% ethanol solution) was orally administered at 10 mL / kg.
- the remission rate was calculated as the remission rate when the soft stool score and occult blood score on the last day of each remission period reached 0, and the percentage of remission individuals in each group was calculated as the remission rate (%). 8-10 animals were used for each group, and the results were expressed as average values.
- the defecation disorder score of the control group increased during the relapse period and decreased during the remission period, but was almost significantly higher from the beginning than in the normal group (FIG. 5).
- the remission rate averaged 35.5% for 5 remission periods (Table 8).
- Compound F decreased the defecation score in the remission period early, and suppressed the increase in the score in the relapse period.
- the remission rate was 60% or higher in any remission period, and the average was 66.0%, which was clearly higher than that of the control group.
- SASP did not show a clear effect on the bowel score in either remission or relapse.
- the remission rate was slightly higher than that of the control group at the 1st, 3rd and 4th cycles, but it was lower at the 2nd and 5th cycles, and the average value was the same as that of the control group.
- Compound F has not only a preventive effect but also a therapeutic effect, and showed a remission maintaining effect. Furthermore, the effect is considered to be far superior to the SASP used clinically.
- T cell transfer enteritis The effect on Crohn's disease, another disease state of inflammatory bowel disease, was examined.
- the T cell transfer model is well known as a Crohn's disease model and develops chronic gastritis and enteritis (Reference: Documents F, G, H). It can also be regarded as a pathological model of intestinal Behcet's disease / simple ulcer that produces similar intestinal ulcers accompanied by T cell activation (Reference: References I and J).
- BALB / cA Jcl mice female, 6 weeks old, body weight 19-23 g (CLEA Japan) and CB-17 / Icr-scid mice, female, 6 weeks old (CLEA Japan) were purchased and acclimated for 1 week After rearing, it was used for testing.
- a BALB / cA Jcl mouse was laparotomized under ether anesthesia, then exsanguinated from the abdominal vena cava, and the spleen was removed. Spleen cells were prepared from the spleen using CD4 + T cell Isolation Kit (No. 130-090-860, Milky Biotech) and CD25-Biotin antibodies (No.
- CD4 + CD25 ⁇ T cells were prepared. Separation of the cells was performed using The autoMACS Separator (Milky Biotech Co., Ltd.). The isolated CD4 + CD25 ⁇ T cells are suspended in physiological phosphate buffer, and 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells per mouse are intraperitoneally administered to CB-17 / Icr-scid mice to induce colitis. did.
- Compound F or prednisolone was each administered at 1 mg / kg, initially administered 5 hours before the transfer of CD4 + CD25 ⁇ T cells, and then orally administered once a day for 20 days thereafter.
- a solvent (1 vol% ethanol solution) was orally administered at 10 mL / kg.
- the pathological evaluation items were a soft stool score (0 to 5 points), a fecal occult blood score (0 to 4 points), and a weight loss score (0 to 5 points).
- Maximum score 14 The soft stool score is rated as normal (0 points), slightly soft (1 point), slightly soft (2 points), soft (3 points), fairly soft (4 points), and diarrhea (5 points). did.
- the fecal occult blood score was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 23.
- the weight loss score is the change in body weight with weight gain (0 point), less than 3% decrease (1 point), 3% to less than 6% decrease (2 points), 6% to less than 9% decrease (3 points) Score), a decrease of 9% or more and less than 12% (4 points), and a decrease of 12% or more (5 points). 8-10 animals were used for each group, and the results were expressed as average values.
- the soft stool score and the fecal occult blood score of the control group showed a clear increase from 12 days after T cell transfer, and the weight loss score showed a clear increase on the 19th day, and both reached almost the maximum after 21 days. It was.
- Compound F suppressed the increase in the soft stool score as shown in FIG. 6A and the increase in the fecal occult blood score as shown in FIG. 6B, and almost completely suppressed the increase in the weight loss score as shown in FIG. 6C.
- prednisolone showed almost the same degree of inhibition as the administration of Compound F on the increase in fecal occult blood score as shown in FIG.
- V8A5862 1.5 mL was orally administered to induce gastric mucosal injury.
- Compound F was orally administered at doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg / kg, each at a volume of 5 mL / kg 30 minutes before induction of gastric mucosal injury.
- the solvent (1 vol% ethanol solution) was orally administered similarly at 5 mL / kg.
- Eight animals in each group were used. Rats were exsanguinated from the abdominal arteriovenous vein under ether anesthesia 1 hour after ethanol administration, and the stomach was removed. The excised stomach was immediately filled with 6 mL of 2 vol% neutral formalin solution and fixed for 15 minutes.
- the stomach was incised along the central part of the ridge from the cardia to the pylorus and extended to a vinyl chloride plate.
- the length and width of each ulcer were measured under a stereomicroscope, the area was calculated, and the total of these was taken as the total ulcer area.
- the average total ulcer area of the control group was 103 mm 2 .
- Compound F significantly reduced the total ulcer area from 0.01 mg / kg in a dose-dependent manner and almost completely at 1 mg / kg (FIG. 7).
- Compound F suppressed gastric mucosal injury.
- NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- This model is characterized by small intestinal mucosal injury induced by administration of indomethacin, an NSAIDs, to rats, and shows a pathological condition similar to human NSAIDs-induced small intestinal injury or Crohn's disease (Literatures L and M). SD rats, male, 7 weeks old (Charles River) were purchased and acclimated for 1 week before use in the test.
- Rats were divided into groups based on body weight, and indomethacin (SIGMA, Lot No. 19F0018) was subcutaneously administered at 15 mg / 5 mL / kg to all groups to induce small intestinal injury.
- Compound F was orally administered at doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg / kg, each at a volume of 5 mL / kg, 30 minutes before and 6 hours after subcutaneous administration of indomethacin.
- the solvent (1 vol% ethanol solution) was orally administered similarly at 5 mL / kg. Eight animals in each group were used. Rats were intravenously administered with 2 mL of 10 mg / mL Evans Blue solution under ether anesthesia 23.5 hours after administration of indomethacin.
- the blood was lethal from the abdominal arteriovenous vein under ether anesthesia, and the small intestine was removed.
- the extracted small intestine was filled with an appropriate amount (about 35 mL) of 2 vol% neutral formalin solution and fixed for about 15 minutes. Then, the entire small intestine is incised along the intestinal tract attachment site, stretched on a vinyl chloride plate, the length and width of each ulcer are measured under a stereomicroscope, the area is calculated, and the total of these is the total ulcer area It was.
- the total ulcer area of the small intestine was about 730 mm 2 .
- the ulcer area was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner from the 0.1 mg / kg administration, and complete at 1 mg / kg administration (FIG. 8).
- Compound F strongly suppressed small intestinal injury.
- Compound F exhibited an excellent inhibitory action against direct injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa caused by alcohol or the like, and mucosal regeneration injury caused by NSAIDs or the like. That is, Compound F is expected to have a protective effect and tissue repair effect against gastrointestinal mucosa injury.
- the compound of the present invention is effective in treating gastrointestinal tract injury and healing based on gastrointestinal inflammation involving immunity, drug-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury, and drug-induced mucosal regeneration disorder. It is effective against delay. Specifically, it is useful for ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease, alcoholic gastritis / gastric ulcer and small intestinal ulcer. These actions are based on the EP4 agonist action and are not limited to the exemplified diseases.
- the urine was collected every day 3 days after antibody administration. Seven days after antibody administration, autopsy was performed, the right kidney was removed, and after weight measurement, formalin was fixed. Five to eight animals were used for each group, and results were expressed as mean ⁇ standard deviation.
- the body weight of the control group was inhibited from increasing 1 day after administration of the antibody compared to the normal group, but showed an increase similar to that of the normal group after 3 days.
- the body weight of the compound F / J administration group showed the same transition as that of the control group.
- the 24-hour urine volume increased in the control group compared to the normal group, but the compound F / J administration group was comparable to the normal group (FIG. 9A).
- the 24-hour urine protein level was markedly increased in the control group, but the compound F / J administration group showed a lower value (FIG. 9B).
- the relative kidney weight was markedly increased in the control group, but the compound F / J administration group showed a lower value and was close to normal (FIG. 9C).
- the increase in the total number of glomerular cells, the mesangial region and the number of glomerular PCNA positive cells was remarkable.
- all of these increases were significantly suppressed (FIGS. 9D, 9E, and 9F). Therefore, the compound of the present invention normalizes urine volume, reduces proteinuria, suppresses glomerular immune and proliferative reactions, and is effective for nephritis.
- the compound F group showed a decrease in intraocular pressure of 6.9 mmHg 1 hour after administration, and thereafter maintained a significant decrease of 9.3 mmHg at 2 hours and 6.6 mmHg at 6 hours.
- the reicular eye drop group showed a decrease in intraocular pressure almost the same as that of the compound F group (FIG. 10).
- the compound F group local ocular irritation was confirmed by conjunctival edema and closed eyes in some individuals 1 hour after administration.
- conjunctival edema and closed eyes were observed in some individuals after 1 hour and persisted until 2 hours, and then recovered.
- Compound F of the present invention exhibits an intraocular pressure lowering effect equivalent to that of a reicular ophthalmic solution, has the same local eye irritation, and is useful as a therapeutic agent for glaucoma / high intraocular pressure.
- ConA concanavalin A
- This model is a hepatitis model in which hepatocytes are damaged in a T cell-dependent manner, and clinically has a pathological condition similar to autoimmune hepatitis or fulminant hepatitis (Reference: Documents N, O, P).
- BALB / c mice, females, 7 weeks old (Japan SLC) were purchased, acclimated and bred for 1 week, and used for the test.
- ConA type IV, Sigma-Aldrich
- hepatitis except for the non-pathologically induced group, for 20 hours.
- the abdomen was opened under ether anesthesia, and 0.5 mL of blood was collected from the abdominal vena cava to obtain heparin plasma. Plasma ALT and AST activities were measured.
- the test substance was a 1 mg / 10 mL solution of Compound F, a 5 mg / 10 mL suspension of prednisolone (Nacalai Tesque) (using 0.5 w / v% methylcellulose), and water for injection administered to a control group. Orally administered in a volume of 10 mL / kg 1 hour before administration.
- One-way analysis of variance was performed with 7-9 examples in each group and logarithmically transformed.
- the plasma ALT activity and plasma AST activity of the control group were significantly increased compared to the non-induced group.
- Compound F and prednisolone showed a significant and strong inhibitory effect on this increase.
- FIG. 11 shows plasma ALT data. Therefore, Compound F is effective against hepatitis involving T cells.
- the compound (1) of the present invention is useful as an active ingredient of a medicine.
- the pharmaceutical comprising the compound (1) of the present invention as an active ingredient is an immune disease, gastrointestinal disease, cardiovascular disease, heart disease, respiratory disease, neurological disease, eye disease, kidney disease, liver disease, bone related to EP4.
- Useful for diseases, skin diseases and the like is useful as a medicament for the prevention or treatment of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, gastritis or gastric ulcer, small intestinal ulcer, nephritis, glaucoma, or hepatitis.
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Abstract
Description
天然型PG類の誘導体は、元の炭素骨格の影響は受けるものの、構造変化に伴い、種々の受容体に結合するようになる(非特許文献1及び2)。
EP4アゴニストは、TNF-α産生を抑制し、IL-10の産生を促進し、炎症や免疫反応を抑制し、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、多発性硬化症、シェーグレン症候群、関節リウマチ、全身性エリテマトーデス等の自己免疫疾患、臓器移植後の拒絶反応等、喘息、神経細胞死、関節炎、肺傷害、肺線維症、肺気腫、気管支炎、慢性閉塞性呼吸器疾患、肝障害、急性肝炎、腎炎(急性腎炎、慢性腎炎)、腎不全、全身性炎症反応症候群、敗血症、血球貪食症候群、マクロファージ活性化症候群、スチル(Still)病、川崎病、熱傷、全身性肉芽腫、潰瘍性大腸炎、クローン病、透析時の高サイトカイン血症、多臓器不全、ショック、乾癬等の免疫疾患や炎症性疾患の予防および/または治療に有用であると考えられている。
EP4アゴニストは、心臓の虚血-再灌流性障害に対して保護作用を有するので、狭心症や心筋梗塞の予防および/または治療剤として有用であると考えられる(非特許文献7)。
EP4アゴニストは、脳においても虚血-再灌流性障害に対して保護作用を有するので、脳出血、脳梗塞、クモ膜下出血等により生じる脳障害の予防および/または治療剤として有用であると考えられる(非特許文献8)。
EP4アゴニストは、肝においても虚血-再灌流性障害の予防および/または治療剤として有用であると考えられる(非特許文献9)。
EP4アゴニストは、眼圧下降作用を有し、緑内障の予防および/または治療剤として有用であると考えられる(非特許文献10)。
EP4は腎糸球体に多く発現し、EP4アゴニストは、糸球体腎炎や糖尿病性腎炎の予防および/または治療にも有用であると考えられる(非特許文献11)。
EP4は発毛および育毛作用にも関係しており、EP4アゴニストは、禿頭症、脱毛症等の予防および/または治療にも有用であると考えられる(非特許文献12)。
EP4は子宮頚管の熟化にも関与しているため、EP4アゴニストは、子宮頚管熟化(促進)剤としても有用であると考えられる(非特許文献13)。
EP4は、骨形成作用にも関係しており、EP4アゴニストは、骨粗鬆症の予防および/または治療剤として、骨折の治癒促進剤として有用であると考えられる(非特許文献14及び15)。
EP4は、血管に発現しており、EP4アゴニストは、血管を弛緩させ、血流増加に寄与するので、肺動脈性肺高血圧症、末梢動脈閉塞症(閉塞性動脈硬化症や閉塞性血栓血管炎)及び末梢循環障害に基づく種々の症状(腰部脊柱管狭窄症に伴う間歇性跛行・下肢しびれ、レイノー症候群、勃起不全、痔疾等)の予防および/または治療剤として有用であると考えられる(非特許文献16-20)。
EP4は、線維芽細胞に発現しており、EP4アゴニストは、塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子の発現を促進し、褥創や創傷の治癒促進に有用であると考えられる(非特許文献21)。
EP4は、蝸牛に発現し、EP4アゴニストは、音響が原因の難聴の予防および/または治療にも有用であると報告されている(非特許文献22)。
潰瘍性大腸炎は、直腸から連続して大腸粘膜にびらん、潰瘍を形成する慢性の大腸疾患であり、その症状は、腹痛、下痢、粘血便、発熱等である。一方、クローン病は、口腔から大腸、肛門までのすべての消化管に病変が起こりうる。本症の特徴は、消化管の非連続性の縦走(縦長)潰瘍と敷石像であり、その症状は、腹痛、下痢、発熱や栄養の吸収障害による低栄養や貧血等である。
また、EP4は粘膜保護作用にも関係しており、EP4アゴニストは、胃潰瘍、十二指腸潰瘍等の消化管損傷や口内炎の予防および/または治療に有用であると考えられる(非特許文献26)。
なお、本発明者らの知るところでは、PGのC-1がテトラゾール基で、C-7に2個のフッ素原子を有するPGI2類については、その合成例、物性、生理活性等について、全く公表されていない。
〔2〕R1がメチル基である〔1〕に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔3〕R3がメチル基である〔1〕または〔2〕に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔4〕R2が水素原子である〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれかに記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔5〕R1がメチル基であり、R2が水素原子である〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれかに記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔6〕R3がm-メチル基である〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれかに記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔7〕R1はメチル基であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3はメチル基である〔1〕に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔8〕R1は水素原子であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3はメチル基である〔1〕に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔9〕4-[(Z)-(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4RS)-3-ヒドロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ヒドロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-イリデン]-1-(テトラゾール-5-イル)ブタン、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔10〕4-[(Z)-(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4R)-3-ヒドロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ヒドロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-イリデン]-1-(テトラゾール-5-イル)ブタン、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔11〕4-[(Z)-(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4S)-3-ヒドロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ヒドロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-イリデン]-1-(テトラゾール-5-イル)ブタン、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩、
〔12〕〔1〕~〔11〕のいずれかに記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩を有効成分として含有する医薬、
〔13〕〔1〕~〔11〕のいずれかに記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩を有効成分として含有する消化管疾患の予防または治療のための医薬、
〔14〕消化管疾患が、消化管の炎症性疾患または消化管の潰瘍性疾患である、〔13〕に記載の医薬、
〔15〕消化管の炎症性疾患が、炎症性腸疾患である〔14〕に記載の医薬、
〔16〕炎症性腸疾患が、潰瘍性大腸炎またはクローン病である〔15〕に記載の医薬、
〔17〕炎症性腸疾患が、腸管ベーチェット病または単純性潰瘍である〔15〕に記載の医薬、
〔18〕消化管の潰瘍性疾患が、食道炎、食道潰瘍、胃炎、または胃潰瘍である〔14〕に記載の医薬、
〔19〕胃炎または胃潰瘍が、薬剤性の胃炎または胃潰瘍である〔18〕に記載の医薬、
〔20〕薬剤性の胃炎または胃潰瘍が、非ステロイド性抗炎症剤に起因する胃炎または胃潰瘍である〔19〕に記載の医薬、
〔21〕胃炎または胃潰瘍が、アルコールに起因する胃炎または胃潰瘍である〔18〕に記載の医薬、
〔22〕消化管の潰瘍性疾患が、小腸潰瘍である〔14〕に記載の医薬、
〔23〕小腸潰瘍が、薬剤性小腸潰瘍である〔22〕に記載の医薬、
〔24〕薬剤性小腸潰瘍が、非ステロイド性抗炎症剤に起因する小腸潰瘍である〔23〕に記載の医薬、
〔25〕小腸潰瘍が、アルコールに起因する小腸潰瘍である〔22〕に記載の医薬、
〔26〕〔1〕~〔11〕のいずれかに記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩からなるEP4アゴニスト、
〔27〕〔26〕のEP4アゴニストを有効成分として含有する医薬、
〔28〕EP4の関与する疾患の予防または治療のための〔27〕に記載の医薬、
〔29〕選択的なEP4アゴニスト作用により症状を緩和させることができる疾患の予防または治療のための〔28〕に記載の医薬、
〔30〕選択的なEP4アゴニスト作用により症状を緩和させることができる疾患が、免疫疾患、循環器疾患、心疾患、呼吸器疾患、眼疾患、腎疾患、肝疾患、骨疾患、消化管疾患、神経疾患または皮膚疾患である、〔29〕に記載の医薬、
〔31〕免疫疾患が、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、多発性硬化症、シェーグレン症候群、関節リウマチ、全身性エリテマトーデス、臓器移植後の拒絶反応、関節炎、全身性炎症反応症候群、敗血症、血球貪食症候群、マクロファージ活性化症候群、スチル(Still)病、川崎病、透析時の高サイトカイン血症、多臓器不全、ショックまたは乾癬である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔32〕循環器疾患または心疾患が、動脈硬化症、狭心症、心筋梗塞、脳出血により生じる脳障害、脳梗塞により生じる脳障害、クモ膜下出血により生じる脳障害、肺動脈性肺高血圧症、末梢動脈閉塞症(閉塞性動脈硬化症や閉塞性血栓血管炎)または末梢循環障害に基づく種々の症状(腰部脊柱管狭窄症に伴う間歇性跛行・下肢しびれ、レイノー症候群、勃起不全、痔疾等)である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔33〕呼吸器疾患が、喘息、肺傷害、肺線維症、肺気腫、気管支炎、または慢性閉塞性呼吸器疾患である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔34〕眼疾患が、緑内障または高眼圧である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔35〕腎疾患が、糸球体腎炎、糖尿病性腎症、IgA腎症または虚血-再灌流性腎障害である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔36〕肝疾患が、肝炎、肝障害または虚血-再灌流性肝障害である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔37〕骨疾患が、骨粗鬆症、骨折または骨切り術後の回復期である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔38〕神経疾患が、神経細胞死である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔39〕皮膚疾患が、褥創や創傷である、〔30〕に記載の医薬、
〔40〕EP4の関与する疾患が、禿頭症、脱毛症、子宮頚管熟化不全、および難聴からなる群から選択される疾患である、〔28〕に記載の医薬、に関する。
発明の効果
本明細書における「選択的なEP4アゴニスト」とは、PGI2類において通常みられるPGI2受容体(IP)に対するアゴニスト作用(薬理活性)が弱く、PGE2受容体サブタイプEP4に対するアゴニスト作用がIPアゴニスト作用と比較して顕著に優位となった化合物を意味する。EP4アゴニスト作用は、後述する実施例19に記載のアゴニスト活性の測定方法に従って測定することができる。IPアゴニスト作用は、実施例20に記載の方法に従って測定することができる。化合物が選択的なEP4アゴニストであるか否かは、実施例18に記載の測定方法に従って、同一種のEP4とIPで結合阻害定数Ki値の比(IP/EP4比)を求めることによって評価することができる。選択的なEP4アゴニストとしては、前記比が5以上、好ましくは10以上、より好ましくは50以上、最も好ましくは100以上の化合物が例示される。
本明細書における化合物の命名において、PG骨格における位置を示すために用いる数字は、プロスタン酸骨格の数字に対応する数字を用いる。本明細書において、アルキル基の水素原子が置換された基を、置換アルキル基とも記す。他の基においても同様である。
また、アルキル基等の有機基が「低級」とはその炭素数が1~6であることをいう。なお、「低級」有機基の炭素数は1~4が好ましい。
「置換アリール基」(置換基を有するアリール基をいう)としては、アリール基中の水素原子の1個以上が、低級アルキル基、ハロゲン原子、ハロゲン化(低級アルキル)基、または低級アルコキシ基等で置換された基が好ましい。置換アリール基としては置換フェニル基が好ましく、特にモノハロフェニル基(例えば、クロロフェニル基、フルオロフェニル基、ブロモフェニル基等)、(ハロゲン化低級アルキル)置換フェニル基(例えば、トリフルオロメチルフェニル基等)、または(低級アルコキシ)フェニル基(例えば、メトキシフェニル基、エトキシフェニル基等)が挙げられる。
「ハロゲン化アルキル基」とは、アルキル基中の水素原子の1個以上がハロゲン原子で置換された基をいい、炭素数が1~6である低級ハロゲン化アルキル基が好ましい。ハロゲン化アルキル基の例としては、フルオロメチル基、ジフルオロメチル基、トリフルオロメチル基、トリフルオロエチル基、ペンタフルオロエチル基、クロロメチル基、またはブロモメチル基等が挙げられる。
すなわち、R1、R2は、それぞれ独立に水素原子または炭素数1~3の直鎖アルキル基であり、それぞれ独立に水素原子またはメチル基が好ましい。特にR1、R2の一方が水素原子で他方がメチル基であることが好ましい。
R3は、水素原子、炭素数1~4のアルキル基、アルコキシアルキル基、アリール基、ハロゲン原子、またはハロゲン化アルキル基であり、さらに水素原子、炭素数1~4のアルキル基、メトキシメチル基等の低級アルコキシアルキル基、塩素原子、フッ素原子等のハロゲン原子、または低級フルオロアルキル基等の低級ハロゲン化アルキル基が好ましい。特に、水素原子、炭素数1~4のアルキル基、塩素原子または炭素数1~4のハロゲン化アルキル基が好ましい。なお、炭素数1~4のアルキル基としては、メチル基とエチル基が好ましく、炭素数1~4のハロゲン化アルキル基としてはトリフルオロメチル基が好ましい。
なお、R3としては、水素原子、メチル基、トリフルオロメチル基が最も好ましい。
加えて、R3はプロスタグランジン骨格の主鎖がベンゼン環に置換している位置に対して、オルト(o)、メタ(m)、あるいはパラ(p)のいずれの位置に置換していてもよい。R3は特にメタ(m)位に置換していることが好ましい。
加えて、本発明の化合物(1)における好ましいR1,R2及びR3の組み合わせは、以下の通りである。
R1は水素原子であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3は水素原子である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3はメチル基である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3は塩素原子である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3はトリフルオロメチル基である。
R1はメチル基であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3は水素原子である。
R1はメチル基であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3はメチル基である。
R1はメチル基であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3は塩素原子である。
R1はメチル基であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3はトリフルオロメチル基である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3は水素原子である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3はメチル基である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3は塩素原子である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3はトリフルオロメチル基である。
R1はメチル基であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3は水素原子である。
R1はメチル基であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3はメチル基である。
R1はメチル基であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3は塩素原子である。
R1はメチル基であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3はトリフルオロメチル基である。
さらに、上記の中でも好ましい組み合わせは、選択的EP4アゴニスト作用が高いという観点から、以下の通りである。
R1はメチル基であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3はメチル基である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3はメチル基である。
さらに、最も好ましい組み合わせは、以下の通りである。
R1はメチル基であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3はm-メチル基である。
R1は水素原子であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3はm-メチル基である。
本発明の化合物(1)は、例えば、本発明者らの発明に係わる特開平07-324081号公報や特開平08-217772号公報に記載の方法を基にして製造できる。例えば、コーリーラクトンを出発原料として、ω鎖をまず導入したのち、フッ素化により、ω鎖付ジフルオロコーリーラクトンに変換する。次いで、末端にテトラゾール基を有する有機金属反応剤の付加反応と脱水反応、あるいは、末端にテトラゾール基を有するホスホニウム塩を用いるウィティッヒ反応、等によりα鎖ユニットを導入し、所望により水酸基の脱保護を行うことにより、合成することができる。
または、特開平07-324081号公報に記載のカルボン酸誘導体からカルボキシ基をシアノ基に変換したのちテトラゾール誘導体に変換することによっても合成することができる。
なお、ホスホラン類(4)はホスホニウム塩類(5)より得られる。
R4、R5及びR7はそれぞれ独立に水酸基の保護基である。R4、R5、及びR7は同一の保護基であってもよい。保護基としては、例えば「新実験化学講座14、有機化合物の合成と反応(V)」(丸善)、「プロテクティブ/グループス/イン/オーガニック/シンセシス」(T.W.Greene著、J.Wiley&Sons)等に記載の水酸基の保護基を用いることができる。具体的には、トリオルガノシリル基、アルコキシアルキル基、環状エーテル構造を有する1価基等が挙げられる。トリオルガノシリル基としては、アルキル基、アリール基、アルアルキル基、またはアルコキシ基がケイ素原子に3個結合した基が好ましく、特に低級アルキル基またはアリール基がケイ素原子に3個結合した基が好ましい。保護基の具体例としては、テトラヒドロピラニル基、tert-ブチルジメチルシリル基、tert-ブチルジフェニルシリル基、トリエチルシリル基、トリフェニルシリル基、またはトリイソプロピルシリル基等が好ましい。特にテトラヒドロピラニル基、tert-ブチルジメチルシリル基、tert-ブチルジフェニルシリル基等が好ましい。
ラクトン類(6)のフッ素化反応では、求電子的フッ素化剤を使用するのが好ましい。求電子的フッ素化剤としては、公知または周知の求電子的フッ素化剤を使用できる。例えば、北爪智也、石原孝、田口武夫著「フッ素の化学」(講談社サイエンティフィック)等に記載される求電子的フッ素化剤が挙げられる。具体的には、N-フルオロスルホンアミド類、N-スルホンイミド類、アセチルハイポフルオライト、フッ素ガス等が挙げられる。
フッ素化反応で得られたジフルオロラクトン類(3)は、次にホスホラン類(4)と反応させて水酸基が保護されたPGI2誘導体(2)とする。ホスホラン類(4)は、対応するホスホニウム塩類(5)より、不活性溶媒中、塩基の存在下に製造され、生成したホスホラン類(4)は、単離せずにそのままジフルオロラクトン類(3)とのウィッティヒ反応に用いるのが好ましい。ホスホラン類(4)及びホスホニウム塩類(5)の製造方法は、DE2242239号明細書、DE2405255号明細書等に記載の方法等を採用できる。ホスホラン類(4)やホスホニウム塩類(5)におけるR6としては、フェニル基、トリル基等のアリール基が好ましく、フェニル基が特に好ましい。不活性溶媒としては、エーテル系溶媒、炭化水素系溶媒、極性溶媒、水系溶媒、アルコール系溶媒、またはこれらの混合溶媒等が挙げられる。
なお、本発明の化合物(1)はその構造中に不斉炭素を有するため、各種の立体異性体、光学異性体が存在するが、本発明においては、これらすべての立体異性体、光学異性体、及びそれらの混合物を包含する。
本発明の化合物(1)の具体例としては、下記式(8)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
また、式(8)においてR1、R2、及びR3が下記表1に示す構造である化合物が挙げられる。
本発明の化合物(1)は、生体内において代謝を受けにくく、安定性が向上したPGI2誘導体である。PG骨格のカルボキシ基がテトラゾール基に変換されているため、PG等の脂肪酸の一般的な代謝経路として知られているβ酸化による代謝を受けにくい。このため、PG骨格にカルボキシ基を有する化合物に比べて、血中半減期が長く、有効血中濃度を長く維持することができる。また、このように代謝的な安定性が向上していることにより、薬物のバイオアベイラビリティーを改善することができる。
本発明の化合物(1)またはその薬学的に許容できる塩は、選択的なEP4アゴニストとしての作用を示す。該作用を示す好ましい化合物(1)の例は、前記の化合物(1)の好ましい例と同じである。
本発明の医薬は、化合物(1)及び/又は薬学的に許容される化合物(1)の塩を含み、さらに薬剤として許容される担体、及び場合によっては他の治療成分も含めてもよい。
加えて、本発明の医薬は、化合物(1)及び/又は薬学的に許容される化合物(1)の塩、またはそれらの水和物を含み、さらに薬剤として許容される担体、及び場合によっては他の治療成分も含めてもよい。
これらの賦形剤は例えば、不活性希釈剤、例えば、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸ナトリウム、ラクトース、リン酸カルシウム、またはリン酸ナトリウム;グラニュール化剤及び崩壊剤、例えば、コーンスターチ、またはアルギン酸;結合剤、例えば、デンプン、ゼラチンまたはアラビアゴム、及び潤滑剤、例えば、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ステアリン酸またはタルクであってもよい。これらの錠剤は、コーティングされていなくてもよく、またはこれらは、胃腸管における崩壊及び吸収を遅らせ、これによってより長時間にわたって持続作用を与えるために、公知技術によってコーティングされてもよい。例えば、時間遅延材料、例えば、グリセリルモノステアレート、またはグリセリルジステアレートが用いられてもよい。
本発明の化合物(1)の薬学的に許容できる塩は、該誘導体のテトラゾール基部分と塩基性物質の塩であり、テトラゾール基の水素原子が陽イオンに置換された化合物である。
この陽イオンとしては、例えば、Na+、K+等のアルカリ金属カチオン、1/2Ca2+、1/2Mg2+、1/2Zn2+、1/3Al3+等のアルカリ金属以外の金属カチオン、NH4 +、及びトリエタノールアミン、ジエタノールアミン、エタノールアミン、トロメタミン、リジン、アルギニン等の有機アミンやアミノ酸のアンモニウムカチオン等がある。好ましい陽イオンはナトリウムイオンとカリウムイオンである。
本発明の化合物(1)またはその薬学的に許容できる塩を有効成分とする医薬は、EP4の関与する疾患、好ましくは選択的なEP4アゴニスト作用によりその症状を緩和させることができる疾患に適用することができる。具体的には、免疫疾患、消化管疾患、循環器疾患、心疾患、呼吸器疾患、神経疾患、眼疾患、腎疾患、肝疾患、骨疾患、皮膚疾患等に対して有用である。
特に、本発明の医薬は、潰瘍性大腸炎、クローン病、胃炎・胃潰瘍、小腸潰瘍の予防または治療のための医薬として有用である。
さらに、本発明の化合物(1)またはその薬学的に許容できる塩を有効成分とする医薬は、脱毛症、禿頭症、または難聴(例、音響が原因の難聴)の予防および/または治療剤、あるいは子宮頚管熟化(促進)剤としても有用である。
(2R)-2-(m-トリル)プロピオン酸12.45gにメタノール14.83g、濃硫酸6.46gを加え,還流下で6時間撹拌した。続いて、10%炭酸ナトリウム水溶液で中和し、ヘキサンで抽出した。さらに、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後,減圧濃縮して標題化合物12.79gを得た。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
メチルホスホン酸ジメチルエステル1.97gにテトラヒドロフラン(THF)25mLを加え、-78℃に冷却後にn-ブチルリチウム(1.5Mヘキサン溶液)10mLを加え、1時間攪拌した。次に、実施例1で合成したメチルエステル{(2R)-2-(m-トリル)プロピオン酸メチルエステル}1.34gのTHF(3.8mL)溶液を-78℃で加え、2時間攪拌した。25mL飽和重曹水で反応を停止し、酢酸エチルで抽出した。さらに、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、減圧濃縮した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(ヘキサン/酢酸エチル 5:1~1:5)で精製して、標題化合物1.63gを得た。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
水素化ナトリウム(55%)8.75gを1,2-ジメトキシエタン(DME)300mLに分散させ氷冷し、そこに実施例2で合成したホスホナート{(3R)-2-オキソ-3-(m-トリル)ブチルホスホン酸ジメチル}54.7gのDME(50mL)溶液を加え、1時間攪拌した。上記の溶液に(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-ホルミル-7-ベンゾイルオキシ-2-オキサビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オン50.0gのDME(400mL)溶液を加え、1時間攪拌した後、350mLの10%食塩水で反応を停止し、酢酸エチルで抽出した。さらに、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、減圧濃縮した。濃縮した粗生成物をt-ブチルメチルエーテルから再結晶して、標題化合物64.7gを得た。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
実施例3で合成したエノン{(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,4R)-3-オキソ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ベンゾイルオキシ-2-オキサビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オン}147.0gのTHF(1480mL)溶液を-40℃まで冷却し、(-)-B-クロロジイソピノカンフェイルボラン(1.7Mヘキサン溶液)721mLを加えた後、氷冷下で20時間攪拌した。アセトン183mLを加え3時間攪拌した後に、重曹水を加え、t-ブチルメチルエーテルで抽出した。そして、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、減圧濃縮し、粗製の標題化合物649.9gを得た。
実施例4で合成した粗製アルコール、{(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4R)-3-ヒドロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ベンゾイルオキシ-2-オキサビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オン}649.9gをメタノール740mLに溶解し、炭酸カリウム116.3gを加え、室温で17時間撹拌した。酢酸でpHを7にした後にメタノールを留去し、水を加え、酢酸エチルで抽出した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(ヘキサン/酢酸エチル=4/1~0/1)で精製し、標題化合物22.3gを得た。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
実施例5で合成したジオール、{(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4R)-3-ヒドロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ヒドロキシ-2-オキサビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オン}988mgのN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)(10mL)溶液に室温でt-ブチルジメチルシリルクロリド1.17g、イミダゾール1.08gを加え、2時間半撹拌した。反応液を飽和重曹水に注ぎ、ヘキサン/酢酸エチル=2/1混合物で抽出した。硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、減圧濃縮した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(ヘキサン/酢酸エチル 20:1~10:1)で精製して、標題化合物1.56gを得た。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
臭化マンガン1.48g、N-フルオロベンゼンスルホンイミド2.48gにテトラヒドロフラン(THF)19mLを加え30分攪拌した後、-78℃に冷却した。実施例6で合成したラクトン、{(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4R)-3-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-2-オキサビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オン}0.5gのTHF(5mL)溶液を加え、その後カリウムビス(トリメチルシリル)アミドのトルエン溶液(0.5M、13mL)を加えて3時間半かけて0℃まで昇温させた。反応液を飽和重曹水に注ぎ、ヘキサン/酢酸エチル=1/1混合物で抽出した。硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、減圧濃縮した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(ヘキサン/酢酸エチル 20:1)で精製して、標題化合物0.32gを得た。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
19F-NMR(CDCl3):-113.1(d, J=279.3 Hz),-91.0(dd, J=279.3, 25.9 Hz).
4-(テトラゾール-5-イル)ブチルトリフェニルホスホニウム ブロミド14.0gのトルエン(390mL)懸濁液に、カリウムビス(トリメチルシリル)アミドのトルエン溶液(0.5M、120mL)を加え、60℃で1時間撹拌した。実施例7で合成したジフルオロラクトン、{(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4R)-3-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オン}4.32gのトルエン(130mL)溶液を-10℃で加え、室温まで昇温させながら18時間撹拌した。重曹水を加えて反応を停止し、ヘキサン/酢酸エチル=1/1混合物で抽出した。硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、減圧濃縮した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(ヘキサン/酢酸エチル=5/1~0/1)で精製し、標題化合物4.1gを得た。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
19F-NMR(CDCl3): -112.3(d, J=253.4 Hz),-81.4(dd, J=253.4, 18.7 Hz).
実施例8で合成した化合物4.1gにTHF81mL、水81mL、酢酸244mLを加え、35℃で46時間攪拌した。水500mLを加えクロロホルムで抽出し、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、減圧濃縮した。シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(ヘキサン/酢酸エチル=1/5~0/1)で精製し、ジエチルエーテルで再結晶を行い、標題化合物1.1gを得た。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
19F-NMR(CD3OD):-116.6(d, J=250.5 Hz), -84.8(ddd, J=251.9, 17.3, 14.4 Hz).
ラセミ体の2-(m-トリル)プロピオン酸を用いて実施例1~2の方法と同様にして表題の化合物を合成した。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
ラセミ体の2-オキソ-3-(m-トリル)ブチルホスホン酸ジメチルを用い実施例3~6の方法と同様にして表題の化合物を合成した。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
実施例11で合成した(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4RS)-3-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-2-オキサビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オンを用いて実施例7の方法と同様にして表題の化合物を合成した。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
19F-NMR(CDCl3):-113.6 - -112.8(m), -91.7 - -90.6(m).
実施例12で合成した(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4RS)-3-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オンを用いて実施例8の方法と同様にして表題の化合物を合成した。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
19F-NMR(CDCl3):-113.0 - -111.3(m), -82.0 - -80.7(m).
実施例13で合成した4-[(Z)-(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4RS)-3-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-イリデン]-1-(テトラゾール-5-イル)ブタンを用いて実施例9の方法と同様にして表題の化合物を合成した。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
19F-NMR(CDCl3): -114.5 - -112.7(m), -83.5 - -81.8(m).
実施例12で合成した(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4RS)-3-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-t-ブチルジメチルシロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-オンと(4-カルボキシブチル)トリフェニルホスホニウムブロミドから、実施例8~9と同様にして表題の化合物を合成した。なお、構造特性は以下の通りである。
表1記載の本発明の化合物Fと化合物Jの混合物(F:J=52:41、実施例14で合成)、化合物Fと化合物JのC-1のテトラゾール基がカルボン酸に置換された化合物の混合物(カルボン酸体と呼ぶ、F:J=54:34、実施例15で合成)を試験した。
まず、ラット肝臓より下記文献Aに準じてミトコンドリア画分を調製した。下記文献B、Cに記載のYAMAGUCHIらの方法を参考にNADPH非依存型β酸化の反応を検討した。反応は、37℃で30分間とし、適当な内部標準物質を加えたメタノール溶液で停止させた。各化合物は、高分解能液体クロマトグラフ質量分析装置(LC-MS/MS)を用いて内部標準法で定量した。化合物F、J及びそれぞれのカルボン酸体のラットミトコンドリア画分における代謝反応後の化合物残存率を下記表2に3回実施の平均±標準偏差で示した。
A)社団法人日本生化学会編集、生化学実験講座12 エネルギー代謝と生体酸化(上),東京化学同人,p.217-218,第1版第2刷,1979年7月11日発行.
B)Drug Metabolism And Disposition 23(11): 1195-1201(1995).
C)Xenobiotica 26(6): 613-626(1996).
本発明の化合物のインビボでの代謝的安定性を確認する為に、ラットに静脈内投与し血中薬物動態を評価した。6週齡の雄性ラット(体重160~180g)を1週間馴化し、健康と判断された動物を使用した。表1記載の本発明の化合物Fと化合物Jの混合物(F:J=52:41)、化合物Fと化合物Jのカルボン酸体(F:J=54:34)、化合物F(実施例9で合成)を少量のエタノールで溶解し、さらに生理食塩液を添加し、被験化合物溶液を調製した。その被験化合物溶液を軽いエーテル麻酔を施した非絶食ラットに大腿静脈から1mL/kgで瞬時静脈内投与した。投与後5、15、30、45、60、90及び120分に尾静脈より静脈血を採取した。ヘパリンを混合し、遠心分離(3000rpm, 4℃, 15分)で血漿を得た。血漿中化合物濃度は、LC-MS/MSを用いた内部標準法により測定した。本分析法の定量範囲は0.1~100ng/mLであった。得られた化合物濃度を薬物動態解析ソフトウエアWinNonlin(ver.3.3)で個体ごとに非モデル解析し、各群3匹の平均±標準偏差を得た。消失相におけるみかけの半減期(t1/2)を、下記表3に示す。
本発明の化合物FとJのPG受容体結合性を評価した。化合物Fは、実施例9で合成したものを使用し、化合物Jは、実施例14で合成したものをカラムで分離精製し、調製した(以降の実施例でも同じ調製物を使用した)。COS-7細胞にマウスEP4、ヒトEP1-4及びヒトIPの遺伝子を導入し、受容体を強制発現させ、細胞膜を回収した。標識リガンドとして、EPにおいてトリチウム標識PGE2を、IPにおいてはトリチウム標識イロプロストを使用した。常法に従い、解離定数Kd値を得た後、各被験化合物の結合阻害定数Ki値を求めた。比較対照として、EPにおいてPGE2を、IPにおいてベラプロストナトリウム(BPS)を使用した。
その結果、解離定数は文献値に近似した。表4に示すようにPGE2はEP1-4に同等に結合し、これらのEPサブタイプに対する選択性はなかった。BPSはIPに選択的に結合した。化合物FとJは、マウス及びヒトEP4に結合した。化合物FのヒトEP4結合性は、ヒトEP1、EP2及びEP3受容体よりも60倍以上強く結合し、さらにIPと比べると100倍以上強かった。化合物JのヒトEP4への結合性は、ヒトIPへの結合性に比べて、40倍強かった。
本発明の化合物Fと化合物JのEP4アゴニスト活性を常法に従い評価した。簡潔に述べると、COS-7細胞にヒトEP4の遺伝子とCRE-LUCレポーター遺伝子を導入し、1日後に、被験化合物を添加し、3時間インキュベーションした。細胞を洗浄し、発光基質を加え、発光強度を測定して、アゴニスト活性とした。比較対照として、PGE2を使用し、その最大活性を100%とし、50%の作用を示す濃度(EC50)を算出し、被験化合物のアゴニスト活性効果を比べた。
その結果、表5に示すように化合物FとJは、EP4アゴニストであった。
化合物F及びJ、並びにそれぞれのカルボン酸体の血小板凝集における抑制効果を評価した。カルボン酸体は、実施例15で合成したものをカラムで分離精製し、調製した。健常人3名からクエン酸ナトリウムを抗凝固剤として血液を採取し、多血小板血漿を調製した。多血小板血漿を生理食塩液あるいは被験化合物で処理して、2分後にアデノシン2リン酸(ADP、終濃度10μmol/L)で血小板凝集を惹起し、血小板凝集能測定装置(比濁法)で記録した。生理食塩液処理群の最大凝集率を100%として、それを50%抑制する被験化合物の濃度(IC50)を算出し、抑制効果を調べた。
その結果、表6に示すとおりに化合物FやJは、IPアゴニストであるBPSやカルボン酸体に比べ、凝集抑制効果がかなり弱かった。
ICRマウス、雄性、5週齢(日本エスエルシー)を購入し、6日間馴化飼育した後に試験に使用した。処置および測定は、イソフルラン吸入麻酔下(麻酔導入2.5%、麻酔維持1.8-2.1%)で、体温コントローラー(ATC-402、ユニークメディカル)を用いて体温を37℃に保ちながら行った。左大腿静脈にカテーテルを挿入して薬物投与経路とし、右大腿動脈にカテーテルを挿入し、圧トランスデューサーに接続して循環動態の各パラメーターを記録した。化合物F、化合物Fのカルボン酸体及びBPSを0.01mg/5mL/kgの用量で静脈内投与し、平均血圧および心拍数に及ぼす影響を循環動態解析ソフト(フラクレット、大日本住友製薬)で評価した。対照群には溶媒(1.2%エタノール溶液)を5mL/kgで同様に静脈内投与した。結果は薬物投与前後での各パラメーターの変化率で示した。各群3~6匹の動物を使用し、結果は平均±標準偏差で表現した。
その結果、溶媒は、平均血圧に変化を与えなかったが、化合物Fのカルボン酸体及びBPSは、投与1分後に顕著に血圧を低下させ、その最大低下率はそれぞれ45%及び38%であった(図1A)。この血圧低下は10分後に回復したが、心拍数は上昇傾向を示し、10分後でも高値であった(図1B)。一方、化合物Fによる最大低下率は16.2%であったが、有意ではなかった(図1A)。また、化合物Fは、心拍数にほんど影響を与えなかった(図1B)。このように化合物Fの血圧及び心拍数への影響は、カルボン酸体やIPアゴニストであるBPSに比べて、極めて弱かった。
ヒト末梢血を用いて化合物F及びJの抗炎症効果をインビトロで検討した。健常人3名から血液を採取し、CD4陽性T細胞を調製した。抗CD3抗体と抗CD28抗体を添加し24時間後に培地中に遊離したIL-2及びTNF-α量をELISAで測定した。また、採取した全血を培地で希釈し、インドメタシン処理して内因性PGE2の産生を抑制した上で、リポポリサッカライドを添加し、48時間後に培地中に遊離したIP-10量をELISAで測定した。いずれの場合も被験化合物は、刺激30分前に添加した。溶媒対照群の産生量を100%として、それを50%抑制する濃度をIC50とした。
その結果、表7に示すようにPGE2と化合物Fは、極めて低濃度で炎症性サイトカインIL-2、TNF-α及びIP-10の産生を強く抑制した。化合物Jは、化合物Fに比べて弱いものの、同じくサイトカイン産生を抑制した。いずれの化合物もEP4結合活性やEP4アゴニスト活性を反映している。
以上のように化合物Fを始めとする本発明の化合物は、PGI2誘導体であるにもかかわらずC-1カルボン酸体で認められていたIPアゴニスト活性が極めて減弱した、EP4選択的なアゴニストである。本発明の化合物は、臨床においては、EP4アゴニストが奏効する疾患群に対して同様に薬効が期待される。対照的に、当該化合物は、IPアゴニスト作用がもたらす循環器系への作用も弱まることによって、出血、低血圧、心悸亢進、顔面紅潮等の副作用の懸念が少ない。例えば、炎症性腸疾患は、腸管出血を伴う疾患であり、IPアゴニスト作用を減弱させることは重要である。化合物Fを用いて、炎症性腸疾患を始め種々の病態モデルでの本発明の化合物の薬効を検討した。
化合物Fの潰瘍性大腸炎に対する予防効果をデキストラン硫酸ナトリウム誘発大腸炎モデルで検討した。本モデルは、大腸に限局した炎症をもたらし、下痢や血便を誘発させ、臨床的な潰瘍性大腸炎と酷似した病態である(参照:文献D、E)。
マウスの便は、糞の水分量とその形状が相関することが予備的検討で分かった。そこで、下痢の度合いを示すために、便を6段階、すなわち、正常(0点)、球状の糞が5割以上(1点)、バナナ状の糞が5割未満(2点)、バナナ状の糞が5割以上(3点)、泥状便(4点)、水様便(6点)で評点した(軟便スコア)。便潜血(出血を含む)スコアは、便潜血スライド5シオノギII(塩野義製薬)を用いて、その程度を6段階、すなわち、陰性(スライドの色が黄色から全く変化しない、0点)、弱陽性(わずかに青緑色、1点)、陽性(青緑色、2点)、中等度陽性(はっきりした青緑色、3点)、強陽性(発色試薬で瞬時に濃青色、4点)、肛門出血(5点)で評点した。軟便スコアと潜血スコアの合計値を排便障害スコアとした。各群8~10匹の動物を使用し、結果は平均±標準偏差で表現した。剖検日にエーテル麻酔下で開腹し、採血後に放血致死させ、盲腸直下から肛門までを摘出して長さを測定した。
D)Lab.Invest. 69(2):238-249(1993).
E)Inflamm.Res. 45(4):181-191(1996).
IPアゴニストが本病態モデルに効果を有するかどうかを、選択的なIPアゴニストであるBPSで検討してみた。
C57BL/6系マウス、雌性、6週齢(日本エスエルシー)を購入し、1週間馴化飼育した後、試験に使用した。正常群を除いて、3あるいは2w/v%DSS(MP Biochemicals、それぞれLot No.5653H及び5464H)溶液を1週間自由飲水させることにより大腸炎を誘発した。BPSを0.3mg/kgの用量で、化合物Fを0.3及び1mg/kgの用量で、DSS飲水開始日(0日目)から剖検前日まで連日1日1回、経口投与した。対照群には、溶媒(1vol%エタノール液)を10mL/kgで同様に経口投与した。便の硬さを正常(0点)、一部軟便(1点)、軟便(2点)、下痢(4点)で評価し、血便を正常(0点)、一部血便(1点)、血便(2点)、血便に加えて肛門出血(4点)で評価し、その合計値(最大8点)を求め、排便障害スコアとした。さらに、実施例23と同様に大腸の長さも測定した。各群6~10匹の動物を使用し、結果は平均±標準偏差で表現した。
その結果、IPアゴニストであるBPSは、排便障害スコアに無効どころか悪化させる傾向を示し、大腸短縮にも効果を示さなかった(図3A、3C)。しかし、化合物Fは、実施例23と同様に大腸炎の発症に対して優れた予防効果を示した(図3B、3D)。したがって、治療効果は、EP4アゴニスト作用によりもたらされるものであり、IPアゴニスト作用によって弱められることもある。したがって、選択的EP4アゴニストであることが重要である。
化合物Fの大腸炎に対する予防効果をラットでも検討した。SD系ラット、雄性、7週齢、体重210g~240g前後(チャールス リバー)を購入し、1週間馴化飼育した後、試験に使用した。正常群を除いて、5.5w/v%に調製したDSS(MP Biochemicals,M.W.36,000-50,000, Lot No.4556J)溶液を8日間自由飲水させることにより大腸炎を誘発した。化合物Fは、0.3 mg/kg、1mg/kg、3mg/kgの用量で、DSS飲水開始前日から剖検日前日(DSS飲水7日目)まで連日1日1回、経口投与した。対照群には溶媒(1vol%エタノール溶液)を5mL/kgで経口投与した。
次に慢性モデルで、化合物Fの大腸炎に対する治療効果を検討した。BALB/c系マウス、雌性、6週齢、体重20g前後(日本エスエルシー)を購入し、1週間馴化飼育した後、試験に使用した。マウスを大腸炎誘発群と正常群に群分けした後、大腸炎誘発群に2.6w/v%のDSS(MP Biochemicals, M.W.36,000-50,000, Lot No.4556J)溶液を自由飲水させて大腸炎を誘発した。実施例23で定義した大腸炎誘発群の排便障害スコアが約4.5に達した8日目に、マウスは対照群、化合物Fの1mg/kg投与群、サラゾスルファピリジン(SIGMA、Lot No.085K1930、以下SASPと略す)100mg/kg投与群に分け、DSS溶液を蒸留水に交換してその後9日間飲水させた(これを寛解期とした)。群分け後は、3~4日毎に一度排便スコアを評価し、対照群のスコアが約1になった時点で再びDSS溶液を飲水させ病態を再発させた(これを再燃期とした)。この寛解と再燃を1サイクルとし、これを5サイクル繰り返した。ただし、5サイクル目は寛解期のみ実施した。
以上のように、化合物Fは、予防効果のみならず、治療効果があり、寛解維持効果を示した。さらに、その効果は、臨床的に使用されているSASPに比べてはるかに優れていると考えられる。
炎症性腸疾患のもう一つの病態であるクローン病に対する効果を検討した。T細胞移入モデルは、クローン病モデルとしてよく知られ、慢性的な胃炎や腸炎を発症する(参照:文献F、G、H)。また、T細胞の活性化を伴う類似した腸潰瘍を生じる腸管ベーチェット病・単純性潰瘍の病態モデルともみなすことができる(参照:文献I、J)。
BALB/cA Jcl系マウスをエーテル麻酔下で開腹後、腹部大動静脈から放血致死させ、脾臓を摘出した。脾臓から脾細胞を調製し、CD4+T cell Isolation Kit(No.130-090-860、ミルキーバイオテク株式会社)及びCD25-Biotin antibodies(No.130-092-569、ミルキーバイオテク株式会社)を用いて、CD4+CD25-T細胞を調製した。細胞の分離は、The autoMACS Separator(ミルキーバイオテク株式会社)を用いて行った。分離したCD4+CD25-T細胞は、生理リン酸緩衝液に懸濁し、C.B-17/Icr-scidマウスに1匹あたり2.5×105細胞を腹腔内投与し、大腸炎を誘発した。
このように化合物Fは、潰瘍性大腸炎のみならず、クローン病、腸管ベーチェット病・単純性潰瘍の病態を既存の治療薬に比べて優れて抑制する。
F)Immunol Rev.182:190-200(2001).
G)Int.Immunopharmacol.6(8):1341-1354(2006).
H)J.Immunol.160(3):1212-1218(1998).
I)Clin.Exp.Immunol.139(2): 371-378(2005).
J)Histopathology.45(4):377-383(2004).
化合物Fの胃粘膜傷害に対する抑制効果をラットエタノール誘発胃粘膜傷害モデルで検討した。本モデルは、うっ血性粘膜傷害を伴うヒトの急性胃炎の動物モデルとして繁用されている(文献K)。
SD系ラット、雄性、7週齢(チャールス・リバー)を、オリエンタルバイオサービスを通じて購入し、1週間馴化飼育した後、試験に使用した。ラットは、体重を指標に群分けし、試験前日から金網を敷いたクリーンケージに移して19時間絶食(絶食16時間後から3時間は絶水)させた後、全ての群にエタノール(特級、ナカライテスク、Lot No.V8A5862)1.5mLを経口投与して胃粘膜傷害を誘発した。化合物Fは、0.01、0.1及び1mg/kgの用量で、胃粘膜傷害誘発30分前にそれぞれ5mL/kgの容量で経口投与した。対照群には、溶媒(1vol%エタノール液)を5mL/kgで同様に経口投与した。各群8匹の動物を使用した。
ラットは、エタノール投与1時間後にエーテル麻酔下で腹部大動静脈より放血致死させ、胃を摘出した。摘出した胃は、直ちに2vol%中性ホルマリン溶液6mLを充填し15分間固定した。その胃を噴門部から幽門部まで大弯中央部に沿って切開し、塩化ビニル板に伸展させた。実体顕微鏡下にて各潰瘍の長さと幅を測定し、面積を算出して、これらの合計を総潰瘍面積とした。
K)Dig Dis Sci. 31(2 Suppl), 81S-85S(1986).
化合物Fの小腸傷害に対する抑制効果をラットインドメタシン誘発小腸傷害モデルで検討した。非ステロイド系抗炎症剤(NSAIDs)の投与はヒトにおいて小腸に出血性の傷害を惹起することが知られている。本モデルは、ラットにNSAIDsであるインドメタシンを投与することにより誘発される小腸粘膜傷害を特徴とし、ヒトNSAIDs起因性小腸傷害あるいはクローン病に類似の病態を示す(文献L、M)。
SD系ラット、雄性、7週齢(チャールス・リバー)を購入し、1週間馴化飼育した後、試験に使用した。ラットは、体重を指標に群分けし、全ての群にインドメタシン(SIGMA、Lot No.19F0018)を15mg/5mL/kgで皮下投与し、小腸傷害を誘発した。化合物Fは、0.01、0.1及び1mg/kgの用量で、インドメタシン皮下投与の30分前と6時間後にそれぞれ5mL/kgの容量で経口投与した。対照群には、溶媒(1vol%エタノール液)を5mL/kgで同様に経口投与した。各群8匹の動物を使用した。
ラットは、インドメタシン投与23.5時間後にエーテル麻酔下に2mLの10mg/mLエバンスブルー溶液を静脈内投与した。その30分後にエーテル麻酔下で腹部大動静脈より放血致死させ、小腸を摘出した。摘出した小腸は、2vol%中性ホルマリン溶液を適当量(約35mL)充填し、約15分間固定した。その後、腸管膜付着部位に沿って全小腸を切開し、塩化ビニル板に伸展させて実体顕微鏡下にて各潰瘍の長さと幅を測定し、面積を算出して、これらの合計を総潰瘍面積とした。
L)Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 7(1):29-39(1993).
M)Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 57(5-6):306-309(1994).
上記実施例に示したとおりに、化合物Fに認められるように本発明の化合物は、免疫が関与する消化管炎症、薬剤性消化管粘膜傷害、薬剤性粘膜再生障害に基づく消化管傷害や治癒の遅延に対して有効である。具体的には、潰瘍性大腸炎、クローン病等の炎症性腸疾患、アルコール性胃炎・胃潰瘍や小腸潰瘍等において有用である。これらの作用は、EP4アゴニスト作用に基づくものであり、例示疾患に限定されるものではない。
Slc:Wistar系雄性ラット、6週齢(日本エスエルシー)を購入し、1週間予備飼育した。正常群を除き、動物に抗Thy-1抗体(マウス抗CD90抗体(UK-Serotech Ltd. Code:MCA47XZ、clone No: MRC OX-7、Lot No.0303))を1回静脈内投与した。化合物Fと化合物Jの混合物(F:J=52:41、化合物F/Jと記す)を、抗体投与当日(0日)から6日後までの連日1日2回、朝夕に0.3mg/kgで経口投与した。抗体投与3日後に1日尿を採取した。抗体投与7日後に剖検し、右腎の摘出を行い、重量測定後、ホルマリン固定した。各群5~8匹の動物を使用し、結果は平均±標準偏差で表現した。
その結果、対照群の体重は、正常群に比べて、抗体投与1日後より、増加抑制が認められたが、3日後より正常群と同様の増加を示した。化合物F/J投与群の体重は、対照群のそれと同様の推移を示した。24時間尿量は、対照群で正常群に比べて増加したが、化合物F/J投与群は正常群と同程度であった(図9A)。24時間尿蛋白量は、対照群で著明に増加したが、化合物F/J投与群はそれよりも低値を示した(図9B)。腎臓相対重量は、対照群で著明に増加したが、化合物F/J投与群はそれよりも低値を示し正常に近い値であった(図9C)。腎病理組織評価において、対照群は、糸球体総細胞数、メサンギウム領域及び糸球体PCNA陽性細胞数の増加が顕著であった。化合物F/J投与群は、これらの増加がいずれも有意に抑制されていた(図9D、9E、9F)。
したがって、本発明の化合物は、尿量を正常化し、蛋白尿を軽減し、糸球体の免疫反応や増殖反応を抑え、腎炎に有効である。
日本白色ウサギ、雄性、10週齢(株式会社バイオテック)を購入し、1週間予備飼育後に使用した。0.01w/v%の化合物F溶液を両眼角膜上にマイクロピペットを用いて50μL/眼で単回点眼投与した。右眼の眼圧を測定し、左眼で眼局所刺激作用を評価した。眼圧は、点眼投与前と投与1、2、3、4、6及び8時間後にオキシブプラノール(ベノキシール0.4%点眼液)で表面麻酔を施した後、ニューマトノメーター(アルコン社)を用いて測定した。また、眼局所刺激作用は結膜充血、結膜浮腫、角膜混濁、虹彩充血、排泄物及び閉眼動作についてそれぞれスコア化し、評価した。溶媒対照群にはリン酸緩衝液を、また、対照薬としてイソプロピルウノプロストン(レスキュラ点眼液、参天製薬)を用いて評価した。各群6匹の動物を使用し、結果は平均で表現した。
その結果、溶媒対照群の眼圧は、投与8時間後まで0時点から±2mmHgの範囲で推移した。化合物F群は、投与1時間後に6.9mmHgの眼圧低下を示し、その後2時間に9.3mmHg、6時間に6.6mmHgと有意な低下を維持した。一方、レスキュラ点眼液群は、化合物F群とほぼ同様の眼圧低下推移を示した(図10)。
眼局所刺激性は、化合物F群では、投与1時間後に一部の個体で結膜浮腫及び閉眼を認めたが、その後回復した。レスキュラ点眼液群は、1時間後に一部の個体で結膜浮腫及び閉眼を認め、2時間後まで持続し、その後回復した。
このように、本発明の化合物Fは、レスキュラ点眼液と同等の眼圧低下作用を示し、眼局所刺激性は同等であり、緑内障・高眼圧治療剤として有用である。
化合物Fの肝炎に対する予防効果をコンカナバリンA(以下、ConA)誘発肝炎モデルで検討した。本モデルは、T細胞依存性に肝実質細胞が傷害を受ける肝炎モデルで、臨床的には自己免疫性肝炎あるいは劇症肝炎と類似の病態である(参照:文献N、O、P)。
BALB/c系マウス、雌性、7週齢(日本エスエルシー)を購入し、1週間馴化飼育した後、試験に使用した。病態非惹起群を除いて、生理食塩水に溶解したConA(type IV、Sigma-Aldrich)を、12.5mg/10mL/kgの用量で動物に尾静脈内投与し、肝炎を誘発し、20時間後、エーテル麻酔下に開腹し、腹部大静脈より0.5mL採血し、ヘパリン血漿を得た。血漿ALT及びAST活性を測定した。試験物質は、化合物Fの1mg/10mL溶液、プレドニゾロン(ナカライテスク)の5mg/10mL懸濁液(0.5w/v%メチルセルロース使用)及び対照群に投与した注射用水であり、ConAの尾静脈内投与の1時間前に10mL/kgの容量で経口投与した。各群7-9例で実施し、対数変換して一元配置分散分析を実施した。
その結果、対照群の血漿ALT活性及び血漿AST活性は非惹起群に比して顕著に上昇した。この上昇を化合物F及びプレドニゾロンは、有意で強い抑制作用を示した。図11に血漿ALTのデータを示す。
したがって、化合物Fは、T細胞が関与する肝炎に対して有効である。
N)Eur.J.Immunol.28(12):4105-4113(1998).
O)Proc.Natl.Acad. Sci.97(10):5498-5503(2000).
P)J.Exp.Med.191(1):105-114(2000).
Claims (29)
- R1がメチル基である請求項1に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- R3がメチル基である請求項1または2に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- R2が水素原子である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- R1がメチル基であり、R2が水素原子である請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- R3がm-メチル基である請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- R1はメチル基であり、R2は水素原子であり、R3はメチル基である請求項1に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- R1は水素原子であり、R2はメチル基であり、R3はメチル基である請求項1に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- 4-[(Z)-(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4RS)-3-ヒドロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ヒドロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-イリデン]-1-(テトラゾール-5-イル)ブタン、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩からなる、請求項1に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- 4-[(Z)-(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4R)-3-ヒドロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ヒドロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-イリデン]-1-(テトラゾール-5-イル)ブタン、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩からなる、請求項1に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- 4-[(Z)-(1S,5R,6R,7R)-6-[(1E,3R,4S)-3-ヒドロキシ-4-(m-トリル)-1-ペンテニル]-7-ヒドロキシ-2-オキサ-4,4-ジフルオロ-ビシクロ[3.3.0]オクタン-3-イリデン]-1-(テトラゾール-5-イル)ブタン、またはその薬学的に許容できる塩からなる、請求項1に記載のEP4アゴニスト。
- 請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載のEP4アゴニストを有効成分として含有する医薬。
- EP4の関与する疾患の予防または治療のための請求項12に記載の医薬。
- 選択的なEP4アゴニスト作用により症状を緩和させることができる疾患の予防または治療のための請求項13に記載の医薬。
- 選択的なEP4アゴニスト作用により症状を緩和させることができる疾患が、免疫疾患、循環器疾患、心疾患、呼吸器疾患、眼疾患、腎疾患、肝疾患、骨疾患、神経疾患または皮膚疾患である、請求項14に記載の医薬。
- 免疫疾患が、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、多発性硬化症、シェーグレン症候群、関節リウマチ、全身性エリテマトーデス、臓器移植後の拒絶反応、関節炎、全身性炎症反応症候群、敗血症、血球貪食症候群、マクロファージ活性化症候群、スチル(Still)病、川崎病、透析時の高サイトカイン血症、多臓器不全、ショックまたは乾癬である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 循環器疾患または心疾患が、動脈硬化症、狭心症、心筋梗塞、脳出血により生じる脳障害、脳梗塞により生じる脳障害、クモ膜下出血により生じる脳障害、肺動脈性肺高血圧症、末梢動脈閉塞症または末梢循環障害に基づく種々の症状である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 呼吸器疾患が、喘息、肺傷害、肺線維症、肺気腫、気管支炎または慢性閉塞性呼吸器疾患である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 眼疾患が、緑内障または高眼圧である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 腎疾患が、糸球体腎炎、糖尿病性腎症、IgA腎症または虚血-再灌流性腎障害である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 肝疾患が、肝炎、肝障害または虚血-再灌流性肝障害である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 骨疾患が、骨粗鬆症、骨折または骨切り術後の回復期である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 神経疾患が、神経細胞死である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 皮膚疾患が、褥創または創傷である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- EP4の関与する疾患が、禿頭症、脱毛症、子宮頚管熟化不全、および難聴からなる群から選択される疾患である、請求項13に記載の医薬。
- 請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載のEP4アゴニストを有効成分として含有する、炎症性腸疾患の予防または治療のための医薬。
- 炎症性腸疾患が潰瘍性大腸炎またはクローン病である、請求項26に記載の医薬。
- 請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載のEP4アゴニストを有効成分として含有する、消化管の潰瘍性疾患の予防または治療のための医薬。
- 消化管の潰瘍性疾患が食道炎、食道潰瘍、胃炎、胃潰瘍または小腸潰瘍である、請求項28に記載の医薬。
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WO2021123848A1 (en) | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-24 | CHINOIN Gyógyszer és Vegyészeti Termékek Gyára Zrt. | Process for the preparation of a chiral prostaglandin enol intermediate and intermediate compounds useful in the process |
WO2023223951A1 (ja) * | 2022-05-16 | 2023-11-23 | Agc株式会社 | IL-6及び/又はIL-1β抑制剤 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2011225259B2 (en) | 2015-07-23 |
CA2792403C (en) | 2018-06-12 |
JP5734952B2 (ja) | 2015-06-17 |
AU2011225259A1 (en) | 2012-10-11 |
MX2012010483A (es) | 2012-10-09 |
EP2545917A1 (en) | 2013-01-16 |
ES2593229T3 (es) | 2016-12-07 |
CN102917703A (zh) | 2013-02-06 |
CA2792403A1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
RU2012142653A (ru) | 2014-04-20 |
EP2545917A4 (en) | 2014-09-10 |
DK2545917T3 (en) | 2016-11-14 |
KR101760970B1 (ko) | 2017-07-24 |
KR20130018753A (ko) | 2013-02-25 |
JPWO2011111714A1 (ja) | 2013-06-27 |
HUE030206T2 (en) | 2017-04-28 |
RU2564414C2 (ru) | 2015-09-27 |
TWI555744B (zh) | 2016-11-01 |
BR112012022632A2 (pt) | 2017-10-03 |
TW201139421A (en) | 2011-11-16 |
EP2545917B1 (en) | 2016-08-03 |
PT2545917T (pt) | 2016-10-25 |
CN102917703B (zh) | 2015-08-19 |
PL2545917T3 (pl) | 2017-01-31 |
BR112012022632B1 (pt) | 2020-03-31 |
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