WO2011096524A1 - 摺動部材 - Google Patents
摺動部材 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011096524A1 WO2011096524A1 PCT/JP2011/052397 JP2011052397W WO2011096524A1 WO 2011096524 A1 WO2011096524 A1 WO 2011096524A1 JP 2011052397 W JP2011052397 W JP 2011052397W WO 2011096524 A1 WO2011096524 A1 WO 2011096524A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- based particles
- layer
- alloy
- particles
- overlay layer
- Prior art date
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/10—Bearings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C17/00—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
- F16C17/02—Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement for radial load only
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
- F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
- F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
- F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
- F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/54—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of metals not provided for in groups C25D3/04 - C25D3/50
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
- F16C2204/20—Alloys based on aluminium
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
- F16C2204/30—Alloys based on one of tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, indium, e.g. materials for providing sliding surfaces
- F16C2204/36—Alloys based on bismuth
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sliding member having an overlay layer containing Bi-based particles made of Bi or Bi alloy.
- the base of a sliding bearing used for an internal combustion engine such as an automobile among sliding members is composed of a back metal layer made of, for example, steel and a bearing alloy layer made of Cu alloy or Al alloy provided on the back metal layer. Has been. On this base, an overlay layer is usually provided in order to improve bearing characteristics such as fatigue resistance and non-seizure properties.
- the overlay layer is conventionally formed of a soft Pb alloy.
- Bi has been proposed to use Bi as an alternative material for Pb, which has a large environmental load. Since Bi has a brittle nature, in general, the fatigue resistance and non-seizure property of a slide bearing having an overlay layer formed of Bi is the fatigue resistance of a slide bearing having an overlay layer formed of a Pb alloy and There is a problem that it is inferior to non-seizure property.
- Patent Document 1 Bi or Bi alloy crystal grains forming an overlay layer are formed into columnar crystals.
- the columnar crystal referred to in Patent Document 1 is a crystal structure grown in a substantially vertical direction from the surface of the base, in other words, a crystal grain that is long in the thickness direction of the overlay layer.
- the load of a counterpart shaft that is a sliding counterpart such as a crankshaft is supported by crystal grains oriented in the longitudinal direction of Bi or Bi alloy to improve the fatigue resistance of the overlay layer.
- Patent Document 1 a dense uneven surface is formed on the sliding surface of the overlay layer by protrusions on the sliding surface side of the Bi crystal particles, and a lubricant is held in the recessed portion of the sliding surface to The non-seizure property of the layer is improved.
- the connecting rods are thinned to reduce the weight in order to improve fuel efficiency.
- the connecting rod is easily deformed due to a decrease in rigidity. Therefore, the slide bearing provided on the connecting rod is also easily deformed, and fatigue is easily generated in the slide bearing by repeatedly performing this deformation.
- the lubricating oil film tends to break due to the load of the counterpart shaft. As a result, there is a problem that the mating shaft easily comes into contact with the sliding surface of the slide bearing without passing through the lubricating oil, thereby causing seizure.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a sliding member having an overlay layer containing Bi-based particles made of Bi or a Bi alloy and having excellent fatigue resistance and non-seizure properties. That is.
- the inventors of the present invention have made extensive studies focusing on the shape of Bi-based particles in an overlay layer containing Bi-based particles made of Bi or Bi alloy. As a result, the present inventors classified the Bi-based particles contained in the overlay layer into three according to the shape, and the proportion of the Bi-based particles classified into the three in the overlay layer falls within a predetermined range. As a result, it was recognized that a sliding member having excellent fatigue resistance and non-seizure properties can be obtained. Based on this recognition, the present inventors have created the following invention.
- the sliding member according to the present invention has a base and an overlay layer provided on the base and including Bi-based particles made of Bi or Bi alloy.
- the major axis of the Bi-based particles contained in the overlay layer is X
- the minor axis perpendicular to the major axis X at the midpoint position of the major axis X is Y.
- X ⁇ Y is the aspect ratio Z
- the Bi-based particles are the first Bi-based particles satisfying Z ⁇ 2, the second Bi-based particles satisfying 2 ⁇ Z ⁇ 3, and the third Bi satisfying 3 ⁇ Z. It is classified into any one of the base particles.
- the ratio of the number of particles occupied by the first Bi-based particles to the total number of Bi-based particles is a%
- the ratio of the number of particles occupied by the second Bi-based particles is b%.
- a ⁇ b is d
- a ⁇ c is e
- a ⁇ 30, 0.5 ⁇ d ⁇ 6.0, and 0 .5 ⁇ e ⁇ 6.0 is satisfied.
- the “base” in the present invention means a portion that supports the overlay layer as a part of the sliding member.
- the back metal layer, the bearing alloy layer, and the intermediate layer are It is.
- the back metal layer and the bearing alloy layer are the base.
- the overlay layer is provided directly on the back metal layer, the back metal layer is the base.
- the bearing alloy layer is an Al-based bearing alloy layer, a Cu-based bearing alloy layer, or a bearing alloy layer formed of other metals.
- the overlay layer contains Bi-based particles. Bi-based particles are crystal particles made of Bi or Bi alloy. Examples of the Bi alloy include a Bi—Cu alloy, a Bi—Sn alloy, and a Bi—Sn—Cu alloy.
- the back metal layer, the bearing alloy layer, the intermediate layer, and the overlay layer may contain components other than the above components, and contain unavoidable impurities.
- the cross-section of the overlay layer can be observed with a transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, FIB / SIM (Focus Ion Beam / scanning ion microscope), EBSP (electron backscatter analysis image method), or other methods that can observe crystal particles. Done.
- the observation field is 5 ⁇ m ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, and the measurement magnification in this case is preferably 25,000 times.
- the “thickness direction” in the present invention means a direction perpendicular to the surface of the base portion when the surface on the overlay layer side is regarded as a horizontal plane among the surfaces of the base portion.
- the Bi-based particles contained in the overlay layer are classified into three according to the shape. Specifically, the major axis of the Bi-based particles contained in the overlay layer is X, the minor axis is Y, X ⁇ Y is the aspect ratio Z, and the Bi-based particles are Z ⁇ 2 as shown in FIG.
- the long axis X is a straight line when a straight line is drawn at the maximum length of the Bi-based particles.
- the short axis Y is a straight line when a straight line perpendicular to the long axis X is drawn at the midpoint of the long axis X.
- the long axis X and the short axis Y are obtained by observing the cross section of the overlay layer with the electron microscope or the like and actually measuring the dimensions of the Bi-based particles.
- the “aspect ratio” is a value obtained by dividing the major axis X by the minor axis Y as described above. For example, if the particle is a sphere, the major axis X and the minor axis Y have the same length, and the aspect ratio Z is 1. In the present invention, when the Bi-based particles are classified into the above three shapes, the first Bi-based particles have a shape closest to the sphere.
- the ratio of the number of particles occupied by the first Bi-based particles to the total number of Bi-based particles is a%
- the ratio of the number of particles occupied by the second Bi-based particles is b%
- a ⁇ b is the aspect ratio d
- a ⁇ c is the aspect ratio e
- the size of the Bi-based particles is adjusted so that 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 6.0.
- the total number of Bi-based particles is the total of the number of first Bi-based particles, the number of second Bi-based particles, and the number of third Bi-based particles.
- the number of particles of Bi-based particles (first Bi-based particles, second Bi-based particles, and third Bi-based particles) can be determined by observing the cross section of the overlay layer with the above-mentioned electron microscope, etc. Obtained by counting.
- the ratio “a ⁇ 30” of the number of particles occupied by the first Bi-based particles indicates that the ratio of the number of particles occupied by the first Bi-based particles is 30% or more with respect to the total number of particles of the Bi-based particles. ing.
- the load of the counterpart member is applied to the sliding surface of the overlay layer, this load is supported by the Bi-based particles.
- the first Bi-based particles are easily deformed in the downward direction and the left-right direction by the applied load. Therefore, the vicinity of the surface where the load is applied is easily deformed on the sliding surface of the overlay layer, thereby improving the conformability of the sliding member.
- the overlay layer of the sliding member can easily disperse the load from the mating member, and the influence when the mating member hits the overlay layer locally can be reduced.
- the ratio of the aspect ratio “0.5 ⁇ d ⁇ 6.0” is that the number of particles is such that the first Bi-based particles are within the range of 0.5 to 6.0 times the second Bi-based particles. Is shown. Since the second Bi-based particle has an aspect ratio Z larger than that of the first Bi-based particle, the second Bi-based particle has an elongated shape as compared with the first Bi-based particle. When the second Bi-based particles are distributed in the overlay layer, the probability that the direction of the major axis X of the second Bi-based particles is along the thickness direction in the overlay layer is also increased.
- the load of the counterpart member when the load of the counterpart member is applied to the sliding surface of the overlay layer, the load is supported by the surface on the sliding surface side of the second Bi-based particles (hereinafter, the surface on the sliding surface side is referred to as the upper end surface). It becomes easy to be done. Therefore, when a load is applied from the upper end surface of the second Bi base particle toward the base in the thickness direction of the base, a compressive force acts on the second Bi base particle in the longitudinal direction. However, since the second Bi-based particles have a high strength in the longitudinal direction, they are not easily deformed in the longitudinal direction.
- the aspect ratio ratio “0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 6.0” indicates that the first Bi-based particle is 0.5 to 6.0 times the third Bi-based particle in the number of particles. Since the third Bi-based particles have an aspect ratio Z larger than that of the second Bi-based particles, the third Bi-based particles have an elongated shape as compared with the second Bi-based particles. The third Bi-based particles also produce the same action as the second Bi-based particles. In particular, since the third Bi-based particles have an elongated shape than the second Bi-based particles, they are more difficult to deform in the longitudinal direction than the second Bi-based particles.
- the sliding member which is one Embodiment of this invention satisfy
- the sliding member according to one embodiment of the present invention has a base having a back metal layer, a bearing alloy layer provided on the back metal layer, and an intermediate layer provided on the bearing alloy layer, and the intermediate layer is , Ni, Ni alloy, Ag, Ag alloy, Co, Co alloy, Cu, or Cu alloy.
- the Ni alloy includes a Ni—Sn alloy.
- the overlay layer is provided on the base portion having the back metal layer, the bearing alloy layer provided on the back metal layer, and the intermediate layer provided on the bearing alloy layer.
- an intermediate layer as an adhesive layer between the bearing alloy layer and the overlay layer, it is possible to prevent the overlay layer from peeling off from the base as much as possible.
- the intermediate layer made of Ni or the like easily adheres firmly to the bearing alloy layer and the overlay layer. Thereby, it can prevent effectively that an overlay layer peels from a base.
- the present inventors are able to generate Bi while producing a minute density of current density on the surface of the base. It was also confirmed that the shape of the Bi-based particles contained in the overlay layer can be changed by performing electroplating. That is, the present inventors supply micro / nano bubbles, which are minute bubbles, to the surface of the base when Bi electroplating is performed to provide an overlay layer on the base, and the current density is minute and dense on the surface of the base. It was confirmed that the first Bi-based particles, the second Bi-based particles, and the third Bi-based particles can be distributed in the overlay layer by generating
- the micro / nano bubble generation method includes an ejector type, a cavitation type, a swivel type, a pressure dissolution type, an ultrasonic use type, and a fine hole type.
- the micro / nano bubbles preferably have a diameter of 500 nm to 1000 nm. When the diameter of the micro / nano bubbles is 1000 nm or less, a minute density of current density is likely to occur on the surface of the base, and Bi-based particles having different shapes can be easily generated.
- the method for controlling the shape of the Bi-based particles is not limited to the above.
- the carbon content in the overlay layer is preferably 0.2% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.1% by mass or less.
- the overlay layer 13 becomes brittle as the amount of carbon increases, and the fatigue resistance of the overlay layer tends to decrease. It was confirmed.
- the inventors have confirmed through tests that the maximum surface pressure at which fatigue does not increase increases as the amount of carbon in the overlay layer decreases.
- a sliding member having a carbon content of 0.2% by mass in the overlay layer has a maximum surface pressure of 5 to 10 MPa without fatigue as compared with a sliding member having a carbon content of 0.2% by mass in the overlay layer.
- the present inventors have confirmed that the cost is high.
- the amount of carbon in the overlay layer is proportional to the amount of additive in the Bi electroplating solution.
- the additive is an essential material for improving the stability of the coating such as uniform electrodeposition of the overlay layer.
- the present inventors for example, adopt the micro / nano bubble method in Bi electroplating, thereby reducing the amount of additive compared to the conventional method to the base.
- the present inventors provide a sliding member comprising a base and an overlay layer that is provided on the base and includes Bi-based particles formed of Bi or Bi alloy, in terms of improving the fatigue resistance of the sliding member. From the above, it was confirmed by a test that the crystal orientation of the overlay layer is preferably such that the (012) plane orientation index is 14% or less in terms of Miller index. According to this test, the smaller the (012) plane orientation index of the overlay layer, the higher the maximum surface pressure at which fatigue does not occur.
- the overlay layer in which the orientation index of the (012) plane is 14% or less supplies micro / nano bubbles, which are microbubbles, to the plating solution when Bi electroplating is performed, and the supply amount is constant for a certain period of time. It is obtained by changing every time. Specifically, by supplying micro / nano bubbles in Bi electroplating solution at 50 mL to 10 L / min every 5 to 60 seconds while changing the supply amount, the orientation index of the (012) plane of the overlay layer is 14 % Or less. Note that an overlay layer having an orientation index of (012) plane of 14% or less may be obtained by a method other than the method using micro / nano bubbles.
- Sectional drawing which shows typically the sliding member which is one Embodiment of this invention.
- the figure which shows the major axis X and the minor axis Y of Bi base particle contained in an overlay layer.
- a sliding member 11 shown in FIG. 1 includes a base portion 12 and an overlay layer 13 provided on the base portion 12.
- the “base” in the present invention is a portion of the sliding member that supports the overlay layer 13.
- a bearing alloy layer 12b is provided on the back metal layer 12a and an intermediate layer 12c as an adhesive layer is provided between the bearing alloy layer 12b and the overlay layer 13, the back metal layer 12a, Three layers of the bearing alloy layer 12 b and the intermediate layer 12 c are the base portion 12.
- the bearing alloy layer 12b is provided on the back metal layer 12a and the overlay layer 13 is provided on the bearing alloy layer 12b, the two layers of the back metal layer 12a and the bearing alloy layer 12b are the base portion 12. Further, when the overlay layer 13 is provided directly on the back metal layer 12 a, the back metal layer 12 a is the base 12.
- the bearing alloy layer 12b is formed of an Al-based bearing alloy layer, a Cu-based bearing alloy layer, or other metals.
- the overlay layer 13 includes Bi-based particles 14.
- the Bi-based particles 14 are crystal particles made of Bi or Bi alloy. Examples of the Bi alloy include a Bi—Cu alloy, a Bi—Sn alloy, and a Bi—Sn—Cu alloy.
- the back metal layer 12a, the bearing alloy layer 12b, the intermediate layer 12c, and the overlay layer 13 may contain components other than the above components, and contain unavoidable impurities.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows the Bi-based particles 14 in a cross section obtained by cutting the overlay layer 13 along the thickness direction.
- the “thickness direction” here means a direction perpendicular to the surface of the base 12 when the surface on the overlay layer 13 side of the surface of the base 12 is regarded as a horizontal surface.
- the Bi-based particles 14 included in the overlay layer 13 are classified into three according to the shape. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 2, the major axis of the Bi-based particles 14 included in the overlay layer 13 is X, the minor axis is Y, and X ⁇ Y is the aspect ratio Z. As shown in FIG. 1, any one of the first Bi-based particles 14 a with Z ⁇ 2 and the second Bi-based particles 14 b with 2 ⁇ Z ⁇ 3, and the third Bi-based particles 14 c with 3 ⁇ Z. Classification. As shown in FIG. 2, the long axis X indicates a straight line when a straight line is drawn in the maximum length portion of the Bi base particle 14.
- the short axis Y indicates the straight line when a straight line perpendicular to the long axis X is drawn at the midpoint of the long axis X.
- the long axis X and the short axis Y are obtained by observing the cross section of the overlay layer 13 with an electron microscope or the like and actually measuring the dimensions of the Bi base particles 14.
- the “aspect ratio” in the present invention is a value obtained by dividing the major axis X by the minor axis Y. For example, if the particle is a sphere, the major axis X and the minor axis Y have the same length, and the aspect ratio Z is 1. In the present invention, when the Bi-based particles 14 are classified into the three shapes, the first Bi-based particles 14a have a shape closest to a sphere.
- the ratio of the number of particles occupied by the first Bi-based particles 14a to the total number of particles of the Bi-based particles 14 is a%
- the ratio of the number of particles occupied by the second Bi-based particles 14b is b%.
- a ⁇ b is the aspect ratio d
- a ⁇ c is the aspect ratio e
- the size of the Bi-based particles 14 is adjusted so that d ⁇ 6.0 and 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 6.0.
- the “total number of Bi-based particles 14” is the sum of the number of first Bi-based particles 14a, the number of second Bi-based particles 14b, and the number of third Bi-based particles 14c.
- the number of particles of the Bi-based particles 14 is determined by observing the cross section of the overlay layer 13 with the above-described electron microscope or the like. Is obtained by actually counting the number of.
- a ⁇ 30 in the present invention indicates that the ratio of the number of particles occupied by the first Bi-based particles 14 a to the total number of particles of the Bi-based particles 14 is 30% or more.
- 0.5 ⁇ d ⁇ 6.0 means that in terms of the number of particles, the first Bi-based particle 14a is in the range of 0.5 to 6.0 times the second Bi-based particle 14b. It is shown that.
- the second Bi-based particle 14b has an aspect ratio Z larger than that of the first Bi-based particle 14a, and thus has a shape that is longer than that of the first Bi-based particle 14a.
- the load is a surface on the sliding surface side of the second Bi base particle 14b (hereinafter, the surface on the sliding surface side is referred to as an upper end surface). ). Therefore, when a load is applied from the upper end surface of the second Bi base particle 14b toward the base 12 in the thickness direction of the base 12, a compressive force acts on the second Bi base particle 14b in the longitudinal direction. become. However, the second Bi-based particles 14b are not easily deformed in the longitudinal direction because of their high strength in the longitudinal direction.
- 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 6.0 means that in terms of the number of particles, the first Bi-based particle 14a is in the range of 0.5 to 6.0 times the third Bi-based particle 14c. It is shown that.
- the third Bi base particle 14c has an aspect ratio Z larger than that of the second Bi base particle 14b, and thus has a shape that is longer than that of the second Bi base particle 14b.
- the third Bi-based particle 14c also has the same effect as the second Bi-based particle 14b. In particular, since the third Bi-based particle 14c has an elongated shape than the second Bi-based particle 14b, it is more difficult to deform in the longitudinal direction than the second Bi-based particle 14b.
- the base 12 having the back metal layer 12a, the bearing alloy layer 12b provided on the back metal layer 12a, and the intermediate layer 12a provided on the bearing alloy layer 12b. It can be applied to the sliding member 11 provided with the overlay layer 13 thereon.
- the bearing alloy layer 12b in the base 12, the effect of the bearing characteristics of the bearing alloy layer 12b can be obtained.
- the intermediate layer 12 c as an adhesive layer between the bearing alloy layer 12 b and the overlay layer 13, it is possible to prevent the overlay layer 13 from being peeled off from the base portion 12 as much as possible.
- the intermediate layer 13 c includes any one of Ni, Ni alloy, Ag, Ag alloy, Co, Co alloy, Cu, and Cu alloy, and easily adheres firmly to the bearing alloy layer 12 b and the overlay layer 13. Thereby, it is possible to further prevent the overlay layer 13 from being peeled off from the base portion 12.
- the present inventors provide a minute density of current density on the surface of the base 12. It has been found that the shape of the Bi-based particles 14 contained in the overlay layer 13 can be changed by performing Bi electroplating while producing them. That is, the present inventors supply micro / nano bubbles, which are minute bubbles, to the surface of the base 12 when Bi electroplating is performed to provide the overlay layer 13 on the base 12, and current is applied to the surface of the base 12. It has been found that the first Bi-based particles 14 a, the second Bi-based particles 14 b, and the third Bi-based particles 14 c can be distributed in the overlay layer 13 by generating minute density of the density.
- a sliding bearing as a sliding member is provided with a bearing alloy layer formed of a Cu alloy or an Al alloy on a back metal layer formed of steel, and an intermediate layer is provided on the bearing alloy layer as necessary. It is obtained by providing an overlay layer on the base portion configured as described above.
- the sliding member (slide bearing) of the present invention is obtained as follows. In order to confirm the effect of the sliding member (slide bearing) of the present invention, samples shown in Table 1 (Inventive Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 in Table 1) were obtained.
- a bimetal was manufactured by lining a Cu alloy bearing alloy layer on a steel back metal, and then the bimetal was formed into a semi-cylindrical or cylindrical shape to obtain a molded product.
- the surface of the bearing alloy layer of this molded product was bored to finish the surface, and the surface was cleaned with electric field degreasing and acid.
- an intermediate layer was provided on the surface of the molded product as needed, and an overlay layer was formed on this molded product (intermediate layer when the molded product was provided with an intermediate layer) by Bi electroplating.
- the conditions for Bi electroplating are shown in Table 2.
- Inventive Examples 1 to 7 in Bi electroplating, micro / nano bubbles are generated in a plating solution by a micro / nano bubble device (not shown), and the micro / nano bubbles are formed into a molded product (intermediate layer). ).
- micro / nano bubbles By supplying micro / nano bubbles to the surface of the molded product (intermediate layer), a minute density of current density is generated on the surface of the molded product (intermediate layer), and the first Bi-based particles, the second Bi-based particles, and Third Bi-based particles were precipitated.
- the apparatus for generating micro / nano bubbles an apparatus for shearing the plating solution and air by applying high pressure to the spiral flow path was used.
- the device for generating the micro / nano bubbles was provided in the path between the filter and the plating tank in the path in which the plating solution was circulated in the order of the plating tank, the pump, the filter, and the plating tank.
- the diameter of the micro / nano bubbles in the plating solution was measured using a Shimadzu nano particle size distribution apparatus “SALD-7100”. As a result of the measurement, 80% or more of the total number of bubbles present in the Bi electroplating solution used in the production of Examples 1 to 7 of the present invention were micro / nano bubbles having a diameter of 500 nm to 1000 nm.
- Invention Examples 1 to 7 were obtained by the above production method.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 5 were obtained by the same production method as Examples 1 to 7 of the present invention, except that no minute density of current density was generated on the surface of the molded product.
- the cross section of the overlay layer 13 was observed using a scanning ion microscope.
- the observation field is 5 ⁇ m ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, and the measurement magnification is 25,000 times.
- the major axis X and the minor axis Y were measured for all Bi-based particles included in this observation field.
- the aspect ratio Z is obtained by dividing the major axis X by the minor axis Y, and based on this aspect ratio Z, the observed Bi-based particles are classified into the first Bi-based particles, the second Bi-based particles, the third It was classified into any one of Bi-based particles, and “a”, “b”, “c”, “d”, and “e” in Table 1 were determined.
- Each sample was subjected to a fatigue resistance test under the conditions shown in Table 3 below, and a seizure test under the conditions shown in Table 4. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a typical example of the sliding member is a slide bearing used in an internal combustion engine such as an automobile.
- 11 is a sliding member
- 12 is a base
- 12a is a back metal layer (base)
- 12b is a bearing alloy layer (base)
- 12c is an intermediate layer (base)
- 13 is an overlay layer
- 14 is Bi-based particles.
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Abstract
Description
また、燃費向上のために、粘性の低い潤滑油を使用すると、相手軸の荷重によって潤滑油の油膜が破断しやすくなる。その結果、相手軸が潤滑油を介さずにすべり軸受の摺動面に接触しやすくなり、焼付を招くという問題がある。
本発明は前記事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、その目的は、BiまたはBi合金から成るBi基粒子を含むオーバレイ層を有し、耐疲労性および非焼付性に優れる摺動部材を提供することである。
本発明者らは、かかる認識に基づいて、以下の発明を創案した。
裏金層、軸受合金層、中間層、オーバレイ層には、前記成分以外の成分が含まれていてもよく、また、不可避不純物が含まれる。
具体的には、オーバレイ層に含まれるBi基粒子の長軸をXとし、短軸をYとし、X÷Yをアスペクト比Zとして、Bi基粒子を、図1に示すように、Z<2を満たす第1のBi基粒子、2≦Z<3を満たす第2のBi基粒子、3≦Zを満たす第3のBi基粒子のいずれか一種に分類した。
長軸Xは、図2に示すように、Bi基粒子の最大長さとなる所に直線を描いた時のその直線のことである。短軸Yは、長軸Xの中点の位置で長軸Xに対して直交する直線を描いた時のその直線のことである。長軸Xおよび短軸Yは、オーバレイ層の断面を前記電子顕微鏡などで観察し、Bi基粒子の寸法を実際に測ることにより得られる。
「Bi基粒子の全粒子数」は、第1のBi基粒子の数、第2のBi基粒子の数、第3のBi基粒子の数の合計である。Bi基粒子(第1のBi基粒子、第2のBi基粒子、第3のBi基粒子)の粒子数は、オーバレイ層の断面を上述の電子顕微鏡などで観察し、粒子の数を実際に数えることにより得られる。
オーバレイ層の摺動面に相手部材の荷重が加わると、この荷重はBi基粒子によって支持される。Bi基粒子のうち第1のBi基粒子は、加えられた荷重によって下方向および左右方向に変形しやすい。そのため、オーバレイ層の摺動面において荷重が加えられた付近は変形しやすく、これにより、摺動部材のなじみ性が向上する。その結果、摺動部材のオーバレイ層は、相手部材からの荷重を分散させやすく、相手部材がオーバレイ層に局部的に当たったときの影響を低減化できる。
35≦a≦70、0.8≦d≦4.0、および、0.8≦e≦4.0にすれば、よりいっそう優れた耐疲労性および非焼付性を摺動部材に与えることができる。
前記実施形態では、裏金層と、裏金層上に設けた軸受合金層と、軸受合金層上に設けた中間層とを有する基部上にオーバレイ層を設けた。基部に含まれる軸受合金層を設けることにより、摺動部材は、軸受合金層の軸受特性効果を有する。また、軸受合金層とオーバレイ層との間に接着層としての中間層を設けることにより、オーバレイ層が基部から剥がれてしまうことを極力防止できる。前記Ni等から成る中間層は、軸受合金層およびオーバレイ層に、それぞれ強固に接着しやすい。これにより、オーバレイ層が基部から剥がれてしまうことを効果的に防止できる。
なお、マイクロ・ナノバブルを用いる方法以外で、前記(012)面の配向指数が14%以下となるオーバレイ層を得てもよい。
図1に示す摺動部材11は、基部12と、基部12上に設けたオーバレイ層13とを含む。本発明で云う「基部」とは、摺動部材の、オーバレイ層13を支持する部分である。例えば、図1に示すように、裏金層12a上に軸受合金層12bを設け、軸受合金層12bとオーバレイ層13との間に接着層としての中間層12cを設けた場合は、裏金層12a、軸受合金層12bおよび中間層12cの三層が基部12である。その他、裏金層12a上に軸受合金層12bを設け、軸受合金層12b上にオーバレイ層13を設けた場合は、裏金層12aおよび軸受合金層12bの二層が基部12である。また、裏金層12a上に直接オーバレイ層13を設けた場合は、裏金層12aが基部12である。
裏金層12a、軸受合金層12b、中間層12c、オーバレイ層13には、前記成分以外の成分が含まれていてもよく、また、不可避不純物が含まれる。
具体的には、図2に示すように、オーバレイ層13に含まれるBi基粒子14の長軸をXとし、短軸をYとし、X÷Yをアスペクト比Zとして、Bi基粒子14を、図1に示すように、Z<2の第1のBi基粒子14a、2≦Z<3の第2のBi基粒子14b、3≦Zの第3のBi基粒子14cのいずれか一つに分類している。長軸Xは、図2に示すように、Bi基粒子14の最大長さ部分に直線を描いたときのその直線を指す。短軸Yは、長軸Xの中点の位置で長軸Xに対して直交する直線を描いたときのその直線を指す。長軸Xおよび短軸Yは、オーバレイ層13の断面を電子顕微鏡等で観察し、Bi基粒子14の寸法を実際に測ることにより得られる。
「Bi基粒子14の全粒子数」は、第1のBi基粒子14aの数、第2のBi基粒子14bの数、第3のBi基粒子14cの数の合計である。Bi基粒子14(第1のBi基粒子14a、第2のBi基粒子14b、第3のBi基粒子14c)の粒子数は、オーバレイ層13の断面を上述の電子顕微鏡などで観察し、粒子の数を実際に数えることにより得られる。
オーバレイ層13の摺動面に相手部材の荷重を加えると、この荷重はBi基粒子14によって支持される。Bi基粒子14のうち第1のBi基粒子14aは、加えられた荷重によって下方向および左右方向に変形しやすい。そのため、オーバレイ層13の摺動面において、荷重が加えられた付近は変形しやすく、これにより、摺動部材11のなじみ性は向上する。その結果、摺動部材11のオーバレイ層13は、相手部材から受ける荷重を分散させやすく、相手部材がオーバレイ層13に局部的に当たったときの影響を低減化できる。
一般に、摺動部材であるすべり軸受は、鋼で形成される裏金層にCu合金またはAl合金で形成される軸受合金層を設け、この軸受合金層上に必要に応じて中間層を設けて構成される基部上に、オーバレイ層を設けることにより得られる。
本発明の摺動部材(すべり軸受)は、次のようにして得られる。また、本発明の摺動部材(すべり軸受)の効果を確認するために、表1中に示す試料(表1中の本発明例1~7、比較例1~5)を得た。
ここで、本発明である本発明例1~7は、Bi電気めっきにおいて、マイクロ・ナノバブル装置(図示省略)によってめっき液中にマイクロ・ナノバブルを発生させ、このマイクロ・ナノバブルを成形品(中間層)の表面に供給した。
前記製造方法によって、本発明例1~7を得た。
比較例1~5は、成形品の表面に電流密度の微小粗密を生じさせない以外、本発明例1~7と同様の製造方法によって得た。
表1中の「アスペクト比」の列の「a」は、Bi基粒子の全粒子数に対し、第1のBi基粒子が占める粒子数の割合を百分率で表したものである。同じく「b」は、Bi基粒子の全粒子数に対し、第2のBi基粒子が占める粒子数の割合を百分率で表したものであり、「c」は、Bi基粒子の全粒子数に対し、第3のBi基粒子が占める粒子数の割合を百分率で表したものである。表1中の「アスペクト比の率」の列において、「d」は「a」÷「b」の値であり、「e」は「a」÷「c」の値である。
前記各試料について次の表3に示す条件で耐疲労性試験、および表4に示す条件で焼付試験を行った。その結果を、表1に示す。
本発明例1~7と、比較例1~5との対比から、本発明例1~7は、a≧30(%)、0.5≦d≦6.0および0.5≦e≦6.0をすべて満たすため、比較例1~5よりも、耐疲労性および非焼付性のいずれも優れていることを理解できる。
本発明例1、2と、本発明例3~7との対比から、本発明例1、2は、35≦a≦70、0.8≦d≦4.0および0.8≦e≦4.0をすべて満たすため、本発明例3~7よりも、耐疲労性および非焼付性のいずれも、より一層優れていることを理解できる。
なお、軸受合金層とオーバレイ層との間に中間層、特にAg、Ag合金、Co、Co合金、Cu、Cu合金のいずれかからなる中間層を設けた本発明例では、更に厳しい条件で試験をしても、これらの試験後のオーバレイ層は基部から剥がれていなかった。
Claims (6)
- 基部と、
該基部上に設けられ、BiまたはBi合金から成るBi基粒子を含むオーバレイ層とを有する摺動部材において、
前記オーバレイ層に含まれる前記Bi基粒子の長軸をXとし、前記長軸Xの中点の位置で前記長軸Xに対して直交する短軸をYとし、X÷Yをアスペクト比Zとすると、
前記Bi基粒子は、Z<2を満たす第1のBi基粒子、2≦Z<3を満たす第2のBi基粒子、3≦Zを満たす第3のBi基粒子のいずれか一種に分類され、
前記Bi基粒子の全粒子数に対し、前記第1のBi基粒子の占める粒子数の割合をa%とし、前記第2のBi基粒子の占める粒子数の割合をb%とし、前記第3のBi基粒子の占める粒子数の割合をc%とし、a÷bをdとし、a÷cをeとすると、a≧30、0.5≦d≦6.0、および、0.5≦e≦6.0を満足する摺動部材。 - 35≦a≦70、0.8≦d≦4.0、および0.8≦e≦4.0を満たす請求項1に記載された摺動部材。
- 前記基部が、裏金層と、該裏金層上に設けた軸受合金層と、該軸受合金層上に設けた中間層とを含み、
前記中間層が、Ni、Ni合金、Ag、Ag合金、Co、Co合金、Cu、およびCu合金から成る群から選ばれる材料から成る少なくとも一層を含む請求項1に記載された摺動部材。 - 前記基部が、裏金層と、該裏金層上に設けた軸受合金層と、該軸受合金層上に設けた中間層とを含み、
前記中間層が、Ni、Ni合金、Ag、Ag合金、Co、Co合金、Cu、およびCu合金から成る群から選ばれる材料から成る少なくとも一層を含む請求項2に記載された摺動部材。 - 前記軸受合金層がAl基軸受合金から成る請求項3に記載された摺動部材。
- 前記軸受合金層がCu基軸受合金から成る請求項3に記載された摺動部材。
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JP5981868B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-29 | 2016-08-31 | 大豊工業株式会社 | 摺動部材およびすべり軸受 |
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