WO2011096237A1 - 撮像装置 - Google Patents
撮像装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011096237A1 WO2011096237A1 PCT/JP2011/000692 JP2011000692W WO2011096237A1 WO 2011096237 A1 WO2011096237 A1 WO 2011096237A1 JP 2011000692 W JP2011000692 W JP 2011000692W WO 2011096237 A1 WO2011096237 A1 WO 2011096237A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0075—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. increasing, the depth of field or depth of focus
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/73—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by influencing the exposure time
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/009—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras having zoom function
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B7/00—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements
- G02B7/02—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for lenses
- G02B7/04—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for lenses with mechanism for focusing or varying magnification
- G02B7/08—Mountings, adjusting means, or light-tight connections, for optical elements for lenses with mechanism for focusing or varying magnification adapted to co-operate with a remote control mechanism
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an imaging apparatus such as a camera.
- the imaging apparatus when the position of the subject is included within the range of the depth of field, the image can be focused and a clear image can be captured. Acquiring an image with an extended depth of field can be achieved by increasing the F number of the imaging optical system. However, increasing the F number decreases the amount of light.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique for extending the depth of field without increasing the F-number by moving at least one of the subject and the lens barrel during the exposure time.
- the configuration disclosed in Patent Document 1 is an effective technique for an object side telecentric optical system such as a microscope.
- Patent Document 1 The inventor of the present application has found that there are the following problems when applying the method shown in Patent Document 1 to a camera that captures a wide field of view.
- the optical system of the camera that captures a wide field of view is made to be image-side telecentric, the optical length becomes longer due to an increase in the number of lenses, leading to an increase in the size and cost of the imaging device.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and has as its main purpose an imaging that has a large depth of field and can suppress the occurrence of a radial flow in the periphery of the image.
- An apparatus and an imaging method are provided.
- An imaging apparatus includes a first lens, a second lens on which light that has passed through the first lens is incident, and an imaging element having an imaging surface that detects light that has passed through the second lens.
- An image-side non-telecentric imaging optical system a first distance between the first lens and the second lens during an exposure time, and a first distance between the second lens and the imaging element.
- a position change unit that changes two distances
- a signal processing unit that generates an image using an electrical signal output from the image sensor, wherein the image sensor includes the first distance and the second distance. The light that has reached the imaging surface during the exposure time in which is changed is converted into the electrical signal.
- An imaging method of the present invention includes a first lens, a second lens on which light that has passed through the first lens is incident, and an imaging device having an imaging surface that detects light that has passed through the second lens.
- An image-side non-telecentric imaging optical system including the image-side non-telecentric imaging optical system and a signal processing unit that generates an image using an electrical signal output from the imaging device. The light that has reached the imaging surface of the image sensor while changing the first distance between the lens and the second lens and the second distance between the second lens and the image sensor And a second step in which the signal processing unit generates an image based on the electrical signal of the light acquired in the first step.
- the depth of field can be increased by acquiring the light that has reached the imaging surface while changing the second distance between the second lens and the imaging device. Furthermore, by acquiring the light that has reached the imaging surface while changing the first distance between the first lens and the second lens, it is possible to reduce a change in the position of an image on the imaging surface during the exposure time. Can do. As described above, since it is possible to reduce the deterioration of the peripheral portion of the generated image, the imaging device having the image-side non-telecentric imaging optical system can increase the depth of field and An image with high sharpness can be obtained.
- Sectional drawing which shows typically the imaging device in Embodiment 1 of this invention Structure diagram of cam mechanism of imaging apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention Sectional drawing of the imaging optical system of the imaging device in Embodiment 1 of this invention
- (1) is a graph showing spherical aberration in the optical system
- (2) is a graph showing astigmatism in the optical system
- (3) is a graph showing distortion aberration in the optical system.
- (1) to (3) are diagrams showing the PSF for each subject distance when the first lens and the second lens are fixed and imaged in the imaging apparatus of FIG.
- (1) to (3) are diagrams showing chart images for each subject distance when the first lens and the second lens are fixed and imaged in the imaging apparatus of FIG.
- (1) to (3) are diagrams showing the PSF for each subject distance when the first lens and the second lens are moved and imaged in the imaging apparatus of FIG. (A) to (e) are diagrams for explaining the derivation of the MTF.
- (1) to (3) are graphs of the MTF for each object distance when the first lens and the second lens are fixed and imaged in the imaging apparatus of FIG. (1) to (3) are graphs of the MTF for each subject distance when the first lens and the second lens are moved in the image pickup apparatus of FIG. (1) to (3) are diagrams showing chart images before restoration for each subject distance acquired by the imaging apparatus of FIG. (1) to (3) are graphs of MTF when restored based on a point spread function
- (1) to (3) are diagrams showing chart images after restoration for each subject distance acquired by the imaging apparatus of FIG.
- FIG. 1 shows typically the different form of the imaging device of FIG. Sectional drawing which shows typically the imaging device in Embodiment 2 of this invention
- Sectional drawing of the imaging optical system of the imaging device in Embodiment 2 of this invention (1) to (3) are graphs showing spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion in the optical system of FIG.
- the figure which shows typically the imaging device in a comparative example Sectional drawing of the imaging optical system of the imaging device in a comparative example (1) to (3) are graphs showing spherical aberration, astigmatism and distortion in the optical system of FIG. (1) to (3) are graphs showing the PSF for each subject distance of the imaging apparatus of FIG.
- (1) to (3) are graphs showing the MTF for each subject distance of the imaging apparatus of FIG. (1) to (3) are diagrams showing chart images before restoration for each subject distance of the imaging apparatus of FIG. (1) to (3) are graphs showing the MTF after restoration for each subject distance of the imaging apparatus of FIG. (1) to (3) are diagrams showing chart images after restoration for each subject distance of the imaging apparatus of FIG.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of an imaging apparatus 100 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- the imaging device 100 includes a first lens 1, a second lens 2, a diaphragm 3, and an imaging device 4 having an imaging surface 4i, a non-telecentric imaging optical system, a shutter mechanism 5, a cam cylinder, and a fixed cylinder.
- the first lens 1 is disposed closer to the subject than the second lens 2.
- the light from the subject enters the second lens 2 after passing through the first lens 1.
- the second lens 2 is disposed between the first lens 1 and the image sensor 4.
- the light that has passed through the second lens 2 is detected on the imaging surface 4 i of the imaging element 4.
- the cam mechanism 6 and the motor 8 constitute a position changing part.
- the motor 8 moves the cam mechanism 6 based on a control signal from the control unit 7.
- the cam mechanism 6 changes the distance (relative position) between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 and the distance (relative position) between the second lens 2 and the image sensor 4. Specifically, while the aperture stop 3 is opened (period), the second lens 2 is moved from the initial position (solid line) 2A to the final position (broken line) 2B, so that the second lens 2 and The distance between the imaging surface of the imaging element 4 is changed.
- the diaphragm 3 is also functioned as a shutter.
- the imaging element 4 converts the light that has reached the imaging surface 4i into an electrical signal while the aperture 3 is opened.
- the imaging device 4 continuously acquires light incident on the imaging surface 4i and continuously converts the light into electric charges. After the exposure time has elapsed, the shutter mechanism 5 closes the aperture 3. Thereafter, the image sensor 4 outputs the electric charge accumulated during the exposure time to the signal processing unit 9 as an electric signal.
- the signal processing unit 9 generates an image based on the electrical signal.
- the second lens 2 moves in a direction approaching the subject (a direction from the initial position 2A to the final position 2B).
- the first lens 1 moves in a direction away from the subject (a direction from the initial position 1A toward the final position 1B).
- the position of the image on the imaging surface 4i changes as compared to the case where the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 is constant. Get smaller.
- this comparison is based on the distance between the second lens 2 and the image sensor 4 in both the case where the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 changes and the case where the distance is constant. It is assumed that the changes are the same.
- the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 and the distance between the second lens 2 and the image sensor 4 are changed while the diaphragm 3 is opened.
- the position of the image on the imaging surface 4i of the imaging device 4 is constant (substantially constant).
- the position of the image is constant means that the change in the position of the image always takes a value within a range of about 1 to 2 pixels during the predetermined time.
- the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 may each be composed of a single lens or a lens group composed of a plurality of lenses.
- the diaphragm 3 also serves as a shutter.
- the “exposure time” is a time during which light is incident on the imaging surface 4 i by opening the aperture stop 3.
- a separate shutter may be provided.
- the shutter for example, a member such as a partition plate may be provided between the diaphragm 3 and the image sensor 4.
- the “exposure time” is a time during which light is incident on the imaging surface 4i by opening a member such as a partition plate.
- whether to detect light incident on the imaging surface 4 i may be switched by the electronic shutter of the imaging device 4.
- the “exposure time” is a time for detecting light incident on the imaging surface 4i when the electronic shutter of the imaging element is in an open state.
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of the cam mechanism 6, and the first lens barrel A that holds the first lens, the second lens barrel B that holds the second lens, and the first lens mirror. It is composed of a cam cylinder C that holds the cylinder A and the second lens barrel B, and a fixed cylinder D that holds the cam cylinder C.
- a first cam follower A1 that is convex in the direction from the center of the lens toward the outside of the lens.
- a convex second cam follower B1 is provided in a direction from the center of the lens toward the outside of the lens.
- the cam cylinder C is provided with a first cam groove C1 and a second cam groove C2 that penetrate the cam cylinder C.
- a first cam follower A1 is disposed in the first cam groove C1, and a second cam follower B1 is disposed in the second cam groove C2.
- the first cam groove C1 and the second cam groove C2 have elongated holes on the surface of the cam cylinder C, and their longitudinal directions are inclined from the imaging surface 4i.
- the first cam groove C1 and the second cam groove C2 also rotate. Therefore, the relative position of the first cam follower A1 in the first cam groove C1 changes, and the relative position of the second cam follower B1 in the second cam groove C2 changes.
- the longitudinal directions of the first cam groove C1 and the second cam groove C2 are inclined from the imaging surface 4i, when the cam barrel C is rotated, the first lens barrel A and the second cam barrel C2 are rotated. The position of the lens barrel B in the optical axis direction changes.
- the relative positional relationship between the first lens barrel A and the second lens barrel B is determined by the magnitude of the longitudinal inclination of the first cam groove C1 and the second cam groove C2.
- a first gear CG for transmitting rotation from the motor is provided.
- first guide groove D1 and a second guide groove D2 are provided inside the fixed cylinder D.
- a first cam follower A1 and a second cam follower B1 are disposed in the first guide groove D1 and the second guide groove D2.
- the first guide groove D1 is provided in the movement range of the first cam follower A1 in the optical axis direction
- the second guide groove D2 is provided in the movement range of the second cam follower B1 in the optical axis direction. That is, the longitudinal direction of the first guide groove D1 and the second guide groove D2 is directed in a direction parallel to the optical axis.
- the motor 8 is provided with a second gear 8G for transmitting the rotation of the motor to the first gear CG provided on the cam cylinder C.
- the cam cylinder C is rotated by rotating the motor 8 when the diaphragm 3 in FIG. 1 is opened, that is, during the exposure time, and the first lens barrel A and the second lens barrel A are rotated along with the rotation of the cam cylinder C.
- Each lens barrel B moves in the optical axis direction.
- the first lens 1 and the second lens are interlocked with the change in the distance between the second lens 2 and the imaging surface of the imaging device 4. The distance to 2 changes.
- the shutter mechanism 5 is controlled by a control signal from the control unit 7 so that the diaphragm 3 is opened.
- the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 are in the initial positions 1A and 1B, respectively.
- the motor 8 is driven by the controller 7, and the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 are moved to the final positions 1B and 2B via the cam mechanism 6.
- the second lens 2 and the diaphragm 3 are moved together.
- the amount of movement of the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 is a and b, in other words, the amount of change in the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 is a + b,
- the amount of change in the distance between the lens 2 and the imaging surface of the imaging device 4 is designed to be b. After the movement, the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 is shortened by a + b, and the distance between the second lens 2 and the imaging surface of the image sensor 4 is shortened by b.
- the shutter mechanism 5 is controlled by the control signal from the control unit 7 to close the aperture 3.
- the image sensor 4 converts the light detected during the exposure time into an electrical signal and outputs it to the signal processor 9.
- the signal processing unit 9 processes the data acquired from the image sensor 4 to generate and output a single image.
- the initial position 2A of the second lens 2 is a position where the image of the subject existing at the longest shooting distance is focused on the imaging surface
- the final position 2B is an image of the subject existing at the shortest shooting distance. This is the position to focus on.
- the longest shooting distance is the longest distance in the range of subject distances for which it is desired to perform focused imaging by the imaging apparatus 100
- the shortest shooting distance is the shortest distance in the same range of subject distances. .
- These are preset according to the specifications of the imaging apparatus 100.
- the initial position 2A corresponds to the longest shooting distance and the final position 2A corresponds to the shortest shooting distance, but these may be reversed.
- the initial position 1A and the final position 1B of the first lens 1 are also reversed.
- a plurality of ranges (shooting distance ranges) from the longest shooting distance to the shortest shooting distance may be set in advance according to the mode.
- the in-focus position of the subject at an arbitrary distance within the preset shooting distance range is set on the imaging surface 4i. Will exist.
- the depth of field can be extended.
- the movement of the first lens 1 in conjunction with the movement of the second lens 2 can reduce the change in the position of the image that can be caused by the movement of the second lens 2. .
- the effect of extending the depth of field can be obtained over the entire image.
- FIG. 3 shows an example in which the first lens of the imaging optical system of FIG. 1 is designed with one lens in one group and the second lens 2 is designed with three lenses in three groups.
- the lens groups 2A, 2B, and 2C correspond to the second lens 2 described in FIG.
- the imaging optical system includes a filter 10.
- Tables 1, 2 and 3 show design data of the imaging optical system shown in FIG.
- Ri is the paraxial radius of curvature (mm) of each surface
- di is the surface center distance (mm) between each surface and the adjacent surface
- nd is the refractive index of the d line of the lens or filter
- ⁇ d Indicates the Abbe number of the d-line of the lens or filter.
- Table 3 shows the surface interval of the fluctuating portion and the image height at a half angle of view of 24 °.
- the position 1 corresponds to the initial positions 1A and 2A of the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 in FIG. 1
- the position 3 also corresponds to the final positions 1B and 2B
- the position 2 corresponds to the initial position 1A. 2A and the intermediate position between the final positions 1B and 2B.
- position 1 indicates the position where the subject image at the subject distance of about 10000 mm is the most focused
- position 2 indicates the position where the image of the subject at the subject distance of about 600 mm is the most focused.
- Position 3 indicates a position where an image of a subject at a subject distance of about 300 mm is most focused.
- the design parameters of the imaging optical system, the initial position 2A of the second lens 2 and the movement distance b were determined by deriving optimum values in consideration of the influence of lens aberration and the depth of field. Accordingly, the initial position 1A and the moving distance a of the first lens 1 are constant so that the image height on the imaging surface 4i is the lowest level in Table 3, that is, the movement of the second lens 2. Is set so as not to cause an image position change that may occur. Thereby, since the peripheral part of the image image
- FIG. 5 shows the two-dimensional intensity distribution of PSF (Point Spread Function) for each subject distance when the imaging optical system is fixed at the position 2 in Table 3 for each of image heights of 100% and 100%.
- the “image height” corresponds to the distance from the image center.
- the image height of 0% means the image center portion
- the image height of 100% means the portion where the distance from the image center is maximum.
- the graph arranged on the left side of each graph of the two-dimensional intensity distribution represents the PSF section in the tangential direction
- the graph disposed on the lower side represents the PSF section in the sagittal direction. It can be seen that when the imaging optical system is fixed at the position 2, the two-dimensional intensity distribution of the PSF varies greatly depending on the subject distance and image height.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing images obtained by simulation for chart images for each subject distance when the imaging optical system is fixed at the position 2 in Table 3 for each of image heights of 0% and 100%. It is. Since the image of the subject at the subject distance of 600 mm is the most focused at the position 2, the sharpest image is obtained at the subject distance of 600 mm in FIG. 6, and the image is degraded at the subject distances of 300 mm and 10,000 mm. Recognize.
- FIG. 7 shows the PSF two-dimensional luminance distribution for each subject distance for the image height of 0% and the image height of 100% when the image is captured by the above-described image acquisition flow in the present embodiment.
- the R2 plane between the R2 plane and the diaphragm
- the R8 plane between the R8 plane and the F1 plane
- the change in the two-dimensional intensity distribution of the PSF when the subject distance and the image height change can be greatly reduced.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a general procedure for measuring MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) of the imaging optical system.
- FIG. 8A is a chart in which the black-and-white boundary is a complete step.
- the image of FIG. 8B can be acquired, and the sharpness of the black-and-white boundary is degraded by the point spread function of the imaging optical system.
- FIG. 8C shows a cross-section of the gradation of the image of FIG. 8B, and when this is differentiated, an LSF (Line Spread Function) of FIG. 8D is obtained.
- the MTF of the imaging optical system as shown in FIG. 8E can be acquired by Fourier transforming the LSF.
- the MTF in the tangential direction and the MTF in the sagittal direction can be obtained by imaging the chart of FIG. 8A in the tangential direction and the sagittal direction, respectively, and Fourier transforming each LSF.
- the higher the MTF value the higher the sharpness of the image.
- FIG. 9 is a graph of MTF for each subject distance when the imaging optical system is fixed at the position 2 in Table 3.
- the MTF shown in FIG. 9 is obtained according to the procedure shown in FIGS. 8 (a) to 8 (e).
- the image corresponding to FIG. 8B is acquired by simulation with the pixel pitch of the imaging element being 1.8 ⁇ m. Since the image of the subject at the subject distance of 600 mm is most focused at the position 2, it can be seen from FIG. 9 that the MTF on the high frequency side is lower at the subject distances of 300 mm and 10000 mm than at the subject distance of 600 mm.
- the chart image shown in FIG. 6 has an image quality according to the MTF of FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a graph of the MTF for each subject distance when imaged in the above-described image acquisition flow in the present embodiment, and is acquired according to the above-described procedures (a) to (e) of FIG. It can be seen that lowering of the MTF on the high frequency side is suppressed as compared with the MTF graph at the subject distances of 300 mm and 10000 mm in FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing images obtained by simulation with respect to each of the image height of 0% and the image height of 100% of the chart image for each subject distance when captured in the above-described image acquisition flow in the present embodiment.
- the image shown in FIG. 11 has an image quality according to the MTF characteristic of FIG. Compared with the comparative example of FIG. 6 (an image acquired at a fixed position 2), the sharpness of an image with a subject distance of 600 mm is somewhat deteriorated, but the sharpness of an image with a subject distance of 300 mm and 10,000 mm is improved. You can see that It can also be seen that the deterioration of the peripheral portion of the image compared to the central portion can be suppressed to a minimum.
- N (u, v) is noise.
- F (u, v) is unknown, so in practice, a constant k is used to restore the deteriorated image using the filter of (Equation 7).
- FIG. 12 restores the acquired image (captured image) corresponding to FIG. 8B using the inverse filter of (Equation 7) in the present embodiment, and acquires it according to the procedures of FIGS. 8C to 8E. It is the graph of MTF which performed.
- the constant k in (Expression 7) is determined by comparing the sharpness of each restored image when k is changed. As shown in FIG. 7, in this embodiment, even if the subject distance and the image height change, the PSF hardly fluctuates. Therefore, the entire image is restored based on a single PSF regardless of the subject distance and the image height. be able to.
- Restoration was performed using a PSF with a subject distance of 600 mm and an image height of 0%. It can be seen that the MTF on the high frequency side is improved compared to the MTF before restoration in FIG. 10 at any subject distance.
- FIG. 13 shows the image after restoration in FIG. 11, and the image quality conforms to the MTF characteristic in FIG. It can be seen that the image after restoration has improved sharpness compared to the image before restoration in FIG.
- the position changing unit including the cam mechanism 6 and the motor 8.
- the PSF around the image does not spread in the radial direction, and even if the subject distance or the image height changes, there is little fluctuation in the PSF. Therefore, the image is based on a single PSF regardless of the subject distance or the image height. Can be restored. Thereby, the effect of extending the depth of field can be obtained over the entire image, and an image with higher sharpness can be acquired. In addition, since an image can be restored based on a single PSF, there is no need to store a PSF for each image position, and the calculation load and memory consumption can be suppressed.
- the image pickup device 4 is fixed and the first lens 1, the diaphragm 3 and the second lens 2 are moved.
- the present invention is not limited to this. That is, the amount of change in the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 may be a + b, and the amount of change in the distance between the second lens 2 and the imaging surface of the imaging element 4 may be b.
- the second lens 2 and the diaphragm 3 may be fixed and the first lens 1 and the image sensor 4 may be moved. Even in the case of FIG. 14A, the relationship between the surface intervals in Table 3 is the same, and the movement amount of the first lens 1 and the movement amount of the second lens 2 are made to correspond to a and b in FIG.
- the first lens 1 may be fixed and the second lens 2, the diaphragm 3, and the image sensor 4 may be moved.
- the relationship between the surface intervals in Table 3 is the same, and the movement amount of the second lens 2 and the diaphragm 3 and the movement amount of the image sensor 4 correspond to a and b in FIG. If described, they are a + b and a, respectively.
- 14 (a) and 14 (b) the same cam groove and cam follower as in FIG. 2 can be used.
- the PSF used for restoration in the present embodiment may be obtained by photographing a point light source in advance using the imaging optical system shown in FIG.
- the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 change the positions of the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 at the time of shooting to acquire an image to be restored. Move under the same conditions.
- the PSF used for restoration may be obtained by simulation.
- the PSF is stored in a storage unit provided inside or outside the signal processing unit 9 in the imaging apparatus 100. When there are a plurality of preset shooting distance ranges, a PSF corresponding to the shooting distance range may be stored.
- image restoration is performed using a single PSF.
- a PSF corresponding to an image height may be acquired and stored, and restoration may be performed using a PSF corresponding to each image height.
- the MTF value at an image height of 100% is close to a value of 0 even in a low spatial frequency region (50 to 150 lp / mm) due to deterioration of the peripheral portion of the image. Even if PSF is used, the sharpness cannot be sufficiently improved.
- deterioration of the peripheral portion of the image can be suppressed, so that the MTF value is ensured in the low spatial frequency region (50 to 150 lp / mm) as shown in FIG. Therefore, sharpness can be sufficiently improved by performing restoration using PSF.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of the imaging apparatus 101 according to the present embodiment.
- the imaging device 101 includes a non-telecentric imaging optical system including a first lens 1, a diaphragm 3, a second lens 2, and an imaging device 4, a shutter mechanism 5, a control unit 7, a motor 8, and a signal processing unit 9. And.
- the second lens 2 and the diaphragm 3 are held by the inner lens barrel 12, and the first lens 1 and the image sensor 4 are held by the outer lens barrel 13.
- the inner lens barrel 12 and the motor 8 constitute a position changing portion.
- the motor 8 moves the inner barrel 12 from an initial position (solid line) 12A to a final position (broken line) 12B based on a control signal from the control unit 7.
- the second lens 2 and the diaphragm 3 held by the inner lens barrel 12 move.
- the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 (relative position), and The distance (relative position) between the second lens 2 and the image sensor 4 changes.
- the imaging element 4 converts the light that has reached the imaging surface 4i into an electrical signal while the aperture 3 is opened.
- the diaphragm 3 is also functioned as a shutter.
- the imaging device 4 continuously acquires light incident on the imaging surface 4i and continuously converts the light into electric charges. After the exposure time has elapsed, the shutter mechanism 5 closes the aperture 3. Thereafter, the image sensor 4 outputs the electric charge accumulated during the exposure time to the signal processing unit 9 as an electric signal.
- the signal processing unit 9 generates an image based on the electrical signal.
- the second lens 2 moves by a distance C in the direction approaching the subject, and the position of the first lens 1 does not change. In this way, the distance between the second lens 2 and the first lens 1 changes by the distance c, so that the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens is constant. Thus, the change in the position of the image on the imaging surface 4i is reduced.
- the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 and the distance between the second lens 2 and the image sensor 4 are changed while the diaphragm 3 is opened. Accordingly, it is preferable that the position of the image on the imaging surface 4i of the imaging element 4 is constant (substantially constant). Specifically, “the position of the image is constant” means that the change in the position of the image always takes a value within a range of about 1 to 2 pixels during the predetermined time.
- the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 may each be composed of a single lens or a lens group composed of a plurality of lenses.
- the diaphragm 3 also serves as a shutter.
- the “exposure time” is a time during which light is incident on the imaging surface 4 i by opening the aperture stop 3.
- a separate shutter may be provided.
- the shutter for example, a member such as a partition plate may be provided between the diaphragm 3 and the image sensor 4.
- the “exposure time” is a time during which light is incident on the imaging surface 4i by opening a member such as a partition plate.
- whether to detect light incident on the imaging surface 4i may be switched by an electronic shutter in the imaging device 4.
- the “exposure time” is a time for detecting light incident on the imaging surface 4i when the electronic shutter of the imaging element is in an open state.
- the shutter mechanism 5 is controlled by a control signal from the control unit 7 so that the diaphragm 3 is opened.
- the inner lens barrel 12 holding the second lens 2 and the diaphragm 3 is disposed at the initial position 12A.
- the control unit 7 drives the motor 8 to move from the initial position 12A to the final position 12B.
- the amount of movement of the inner barrel 12 at this time is c.
- the amount of change in the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 and the amount of change in the distance between the second lens 2 and the imaging surface of the imaging element 4 are the same as those in the first embodiment.
- the shutter mechanism 5 is controlled by a control signal from the control unit 7, and the diaphragm 3 is closed.
- the image sensor 4 converts the light detected during the exposure time into an electrical signal and outputs it to the signal processor 9.
- the signal processing unit 9 processes the data acquired from the image sensor 4 to generate and output a single image.
- the initial position 12A of the inner lens barrel 12 is a position where the image of the subject at the longest shooting distance is focused on the imaging surface
- the final position 12B is the image of the subject at the shortest shooting distance focused on the imaging surface. It is a position to do.
- These are preset according to the specifications of the imaging apparatus 101.
- the initial position 12A corresponds to the longest shooting distance
- the final position 12A corresponds to the shortest shooting distance, but these may be reversed.
- a plurality of ranges (shooting distance ranges) from the longest shooting distance to the shortest shooting distance may be set in advance according to the mode.
- the in-focus position at an arbitrary distance within the preset shooting distance range exists on the imaging surface 4i. become.
- the depth of field can be extended.
- the inner lens barrel 12 moves, the distance between the first lens 1 and the second lens 2 changes in a direction to reduce the positional change that may occur due to the movement of the second lens 2.
- the effect of extending the depth of field can be obtained over the entire image.
- FIG. 16 shows an example in which the first lens 1 of the imaging optical system of FIG. 15 is designed with one lens in one group and the second lens 2 with three lenses in three groups.
- the lens groups 2A, 2B, and 2C correspond to the second lens 2 described with reference to FIG.
- the imaging optical system includes a filter 10.
- Table 4 Table 5, and Table 6 show design data of the imaging optical system shown in FIG. In Tables 4 and 5, each symbol is the same as in the first embodiment.
- Table 6 shows the surface interval of the fluctuating portion and the image height at a half field angle of 24 °.
- position 1 corresponds to the initial position 12A of the inner barrel 12 in FIG. 13
- position 3 also corresponds to the final position 12B
- position 2 corresponds to an intermediate position between the initial position 12A and the final position 12B.
- position 1 indicates the position where the subject image at the subject distance of about 10000 mm is the most focused
- position 2 indicates the position where the image of the subject at the subject distance of about 600 mm is the most focused
- Position 3 indicates a position where the image of the subject at the subject distance of about 300 mm is most focused.
- the design parameters of the image pickup optical system and the shooting distance range (movement range of the image pickup element 4) are determined by the same method as in the first embodiment, and the image height on the image pickup surface 4i is constant as shown in the bottom row of Table 6. It is set as follows.
- the peripheral portion of the image captured by moving the inner lens barrel 12 during the exposure time does not flow radially, so that deterioration of the peripheral portion of the image can be suppressed.
- the movement of only one place can reduce the change in the position of the image on the imaging surface that may occur during the exposure time. This realizes a simple configuration / control.
- the PSF around the image does not spread in the radial direction, and even if the subject distance or image height changes, there is little fluctuation in the PSF, so regardless of the subject distance or image height, Images can be restored based on a single PSF. Thereby, the effect of extending the depth of field can be obtained over the entire image, and an image with higher sharpness can be acquired.
- the inner barrel 12 is moved, but the same effect can be obtained by moving the outer barrel 13.
- the PSF used for restoration in the present embodiment may be acquired by photographing a point light source in advance using the imaging optical system shown in FIG.
- the first lens and the second lens are under the same conditions as the changes in the positions of the first lens and the second lens at the time of shooting to acquire an image to be restored.
- the PSF used for restoration may be obtained by simulation.
- the PSF is stored in a storage unit provided inside or outside the signal processing unit 9 in the imaging apparatus 101. When there are a plurality of preset shooting distance ranges, a PSF corresponding to the shooting distance range may be stored.
- image restoration is performed using a single PSF.
- a PSF corresponding to an image height may be acquired and stored, and restoration may be performed using a PSF corresponding to each image height.
- the MTF value at an image height of 100% is close to a value of 0 even in a low spatial frequency region (50 to 150 lp / mm) due to deterioration of the peripheral portion of the image. Even if PSF is used, the sharpness cannot be sufficiently improved.
- deterioration of the peripheral portion of the image can be suppressed, so that the MTF value is ensured in the low spatial frequency region (50 to 150 lp / mm) as shown in FIG. Therefore, sharpness can be sufficiently improved by performing restoration using PSF.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of the imaging apparatus 102 in the comparative example.
- the configuration of this comparative example is different from the first and second embodiments in that the first lens 1 is not provided.
- the imaging device 102 includes a non-telecentric imaging optical system including a second lens 2, a diaphragm 3, and an imaging element 4, a shutter mechanism 5, a control unit 7, a motor 8, and a signal processing unit 9.
- the shutter mechanism 5 is controlled by a control signal from the control unit 7 so that the diaphragm 3 is opened.
- the image pickup device 4 is at the initial position (solid line) 4A, and at the same time as the aperture 3 is opened, the control unit 7 drives the motor 8 to move to the final position 4B.
- the shutter mechanism 5 is controlled by the control signal from the control unit 7 to close the aperture 3.
- the image sensor 4 converts the light detected during the exposure time into an electrical signal and outputs it to the signal processor 9.
- the signal processing unit 9 processes the data acquired from the image sensor 4 to generate and output an image.
- the initial position 4A of the image sensor 4 is a position where the image of the subject existing at the longest shooting distance is focused on the imaging surface
- the final position 4B is a position where the image of the subject existing at the shortest shooting distance is focused on the imaging surface. is there.
- the imaging device 4 by moving the imaging device 4 during the exposure time (changing the back focus), the in-focus position at an arbitrary distance within the preset shooting distance range exists on the imaging surface 4i. Therefore, in the center portion of the image, the effect of extending the depth of field is obtained, and the image has little deterioration in sharpness.
- the image height changes with the movement of the image sensor 4, so that the generated image flows radially in the image height direction.
- FIG. 19 shows an example in which the imaging optical system in FIG. 18 is designed using three lenses in three groups.
- the lens groups 2A, 2B, and 2C correspond to the second lens 2 described with reference to FIG.
- the imaging optical system includes a filter 10.
- Table 7, Table 8, and Table 9 show design data of the imaging optical system shown in FIG. In Tables 7 and 8, each symbol is the same as in the first embodiment.
- Table 9 shows the surface distance of the fluctuating portion and the image height at a half field angle of 24 °.
- position 1 corresponds to the initial position 4A of the imaging surface 4i in FIG. 18
- position 3 also corresponds to the final position 4B
- position 2 corresponds to an intermediate position between the initial position 4A and the final position 4B.
- position 1 indicates a position where the subject image existing at a subject distance of about 10000 mm is most focused
- position 2 is a position where the image of the subject present at a subject distance of about 600 mm is the most focused.
- the position 3 indicates a position where an image of a subject existing at a subject distance of about 300 mm is most focused.
- the image height changes depending on the position as shown in the lowest stage of Table 9, and the peripheral portion of the image captured and generated by the configuration of FIG. 18 flows radially, so the peripheral portion of the image deteriorates. .
- FIG. 21 shows the PSF two-dimensional luminance distribution for each subject distance when the image is taken with the configuration of FIG. 18 for each of the image height of 0% and the image height of 100%.
- the R6 plane (between the R6 plane and the F1 plane) in Table 9 is moved at a constant speed in the order of position 1, position 2, and position 3 during the exposure time.
- the change in the two-dimensional luminance distribution of the central PSF when the subject distance changes can be significantly reduced as compared with the case where the imaging optical system is fixed as in the first embodiment.
- PSF flows radially.
- FIG. 22 is a graph of the MTF for each subject distance when imaged with the configuration of FIG. 18 and is obtained according to the procedure of FIGS. 8 (a) to 8 (e). Compared with the MTF graph of FIG. 10 of the first embodiment, it can be seen that the MTF with an image height of 100% tangential is lowered from the low frequency region.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing an image obtained by simulation of the chart image for each subject distance in this comparative example with an image height of 0% and an image height of 100%, and the image quality according to the MTF characteristic of FIG. It has become.
- the central image has almost the same image quality, but it can be seen that an image with an image height of 100% flows radially.
- FIG. 24 is a graph of the MTF obtained by restoring the acquired image of FIG. 8B using the inverse filter of (Equation 7) in this comparative example and acquiring according to the procedures of FIGS. 8C to 8E.
- restoration was performed using one type of PSF with a subject distance of 600 mm and an image height of 0%, regardless of the subject distance and the image height, as in the first embodiment.
- the MTF on the high frequency side of the center and the image height of 100% sagittal is improved as compared with the MTF before restoration in FIG. 21, but the MTF with the image height of 100% tangential is almost changed. I understand that there is no.
- FIG. 25 shows the image after restoration, and the image quality conforms to the MTF characteristic of FIG. Compared with the image in FIG. 13 of the first embodiment, the central image has almost the same image quality, but it can be seen that an image with an image height of 100% is not completely restored and flows radially.
- the imaging apparatus according to the present invention is useful as an imaging apparatus such as a digital still camera or a digital video camera. It can also be applied to applications such as distance measuring devices.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1における撮像装置100の構成を示す模式図である。撮像装置100は、第1のレンズ1、第2のレンズ2、絞り3、および撮像面4iを有する撮像素子4によって構成される非テレセントリック撮像光学系と、シャッター機構5と、カム筒および固定筒を含むカム機構6と、制御部7と、モーター8と、信号処理部9とを備えている。
以下、第1のレンズ1と第2のレンズ2との間の距離の変化量と、第2のレンズ2と撮像素子4の撮像面との間の距離の変化量が同量の構成を説明する。
図18は比較例における撮像装置102の構成を示す模式図である。本比較例の構成は、第1のレンズ1を備えていない点で、実施の形態1および実施の形態2と異なる。撮像装置102は、第2のレンズ2、絞り3、撮像素子4とで構成される非テレセントリック撮像光学系と、シャッター機構5、制御部7、モーター8、信号処理部9とを備えている。
1 第1のレンズ
2 第2のレンズ
3 絞り
4 撮像素子
5 シャッター機構
6 カム機構
7 制御部
8 モーター
9 信号処理部
10 フィルタ
A 第1の鏡筒
B 第2の鏡筒
C カム筒
D 固定筒
A1 第1のカムフォロア
B1 第2のカムフォロア
C1 第1のカム溝
C2 第2のカム溝
CG 第1のギア
D1 第1のガイド溝
D2 第2のガイド溝
8G 第2のギア
Claims (15)
- 第1のレンズと、前記第1のレンズを通過した光が入射する第2のレンズと、前記第2のレンズを通過した光を検出する撮像面を有する撮像素子とを含む像側非テレセントリック撮像光学系と、
露光時間中に前記第1のレンズと前記第2のレンズとの間の第1距離、及び、前記第2のレンズと前記撮像素子との間の第2距離をそれぞれ変化させる位置変化部と、
前記撮像素子から出力された電気信号を用いて画像を生成する信号処理部とを備え、
前記撮像素子は、前記第1の距離および前記第2の距離が変化している前記露光時間中に前記撮像面に到達した光を前記電気信号に変換する、撮像装置。 - 前記露光時間中に前記第2の距離が所定量変化する場合に、前記第1の距離が変化しない場合と比較して、前記撮像面における像の位置の変化が小さくなるように前記第1距離を変化させる、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記位置変化部が前記第1距離および前記第2距離を変化させることにより、前記露光時間中において、前記撮像面における像の位置が一定になる、請求項1または2に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記信号処理部は、前記露光時間中に前記撮像面に到達した光の電気信号から、単一の前記画像を生成する、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記信号処理部は、予め記憶された点拡がり関数を用いて、前記画像の鮮鋭度を高める、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記点拡がり関数は、前記第1距離および前記第2距離をそれぞれ変化させながら点光源を撮像することによって取得されたものである、請求項5に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記信号処理部は、単一の前記点拡がり関数を用いて、前記画像の全領域を復元する、請求項5または6に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記位置変化部は、第1のカム溝及び第2のカム溝を有するカム筒を備え、
前記カム筒が光軸周りに回転することにより、第1のカム溝によって前記第2のレンズまたは前記撮像素子を移動させ、前記第2のカム溝によって前記第1のレンズまたは前記第2のレンズを移動させる、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1距離の変化量と前記第2距離の変化量とが同量である、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第2のレンズを保持する第1の鏡筒と、
前記第1のレンズと前記撮像素子とを保持する第2の鏡筒とをさらに備え、
前記位置変化部が、前記第1の鏡筒と前記第2の鏡筒のいずれか一方を移動させる、請求項9に記載の撮像装置。 - 第1のレンズと、前記第1のレンズを通過した光が入射する第2のレンズと、前記第2のレンズを通過した光を検出する撮像面を有する撮像素子とを含む像側非テレセントリック撮像光学系と、
前記撮像素子から出力された電気信号を用いて画像を生成する信号処理部とを備える撮像装置の撮像方法であって、
露光時間中に、前記第1のレンズと前記第2のレンズとの間の第1距離、及び、前記第2のレンズと前記撮像素子との間の第2距離をそれぞれ変化させながら、前記撮像素子における撮像面に到達した光を取得する第1のステップと、
前記信号処理部が、前記第1ステップに取得された光の電気信号に基づいて画像を生成する第2のステップとを包含する撮像方法。 - 前記第1のステップでは、前記第2の距離が所定量変化する場合に、前記第1距離が変化しない場合と比較して、前記撮像面における像の位置の変化が小さくなるように、前記第1距離を変化させる、請求項11に記載の撮像方法。
- 前記露光時間中に、前記第1距離および前記第2距離を変化させることにより、前記撮像面における像の位置が一定になる、請求項11または12に記載の撮像方法。
- 前記第2のステップにおいて、前記信号処理部は、前記露光時間中に前記撮像面に到達した光の電気信号から、単一の前記画像を生成する、請求項11から13のいずれかに記載の撮像方法。
- 前記第2のステップにおいて生成された前記画像に対して、予め記憶された点拡がり関数を用いて前記画像の鮮鋭度を高める第3のステップをさらに含む、請求項11から14のいずれかに記載の撮像方法。
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US10385861B2 (en) * | 2012-10-03 | 2019-08-20 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Method for compressing an incoming feed air stream in a cryogenic air separation plant |
US9515112B2 (en) | 2013-04-02 | 2016-12-06 | Google Inc. | Devices and methods for providing selectable field of view functionality by providing an optical element into and out of an optical receiving path |
JP6175992B2 (ja) * | 2013-08-30 | 2017-08-09 | ソニー株式会社 | 露出制御装置および露出制御方法、ならびに撮像装置 |
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