WO2011086334A1 - Procédé de préparation de compositions thermoplastiques à base d'amidon plastifié et compositions - Google Patents
Procédé de préparation de compositions thermoplastiques à base d'amidon plastifié et compositions Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011086334A1 WO2011086334A1 PCT/FR2011/050072 FR2011050072W WO2011086334A1 WO 2011086334 A1 WO2011086334 A1 WO 2011086334A1 FR 2011050072 W FR2011050072 W FR 2011050072W WO 2011086334 A1 WO2011086334 A1 WO 2011086334A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L3/00—Compositions of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
- C08L3/02—Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
- B29C48/405—Intermeshing co-rotating screws
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/64—Macromolecular compounds not provided for by groups C08G18/42 - C08G18/63
- C08G18/6484—Polysaccharides and derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/005—Processes for mixing polymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/18—Plasticising macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08L23/12—Polypropene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2303/00—Characterised by the use of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
- C08J2303/02—Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
- C08K5/0025—Crosslinking or vulcanising agents; including accelerators
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of thermoplastic starch compositions as well as to thermoplastic starch compositions.
- thermoplastic composition in the present invention means a composition which reversibly softens under the action of heat and hardens on cooling. It has at least one so-called vitreous transition temperature (Tg) below which the amorphous fraction of the composition is in the brittle glassy state, and above which the composition can undergo reversible plastic deformations.
- Tg vitreous transition temperature
- the glass transition temperature or at least one of the glass transition temperatures of the starch-based thermoplastic composition of the present invention is preferably from 50 ° C to 150 ° C.
- This starch-based composition can, of course, be shaped by the processes traditionally used in plastics, such as extrusion, injection, molding, blowing and calendering. Its viscosity, measured at a temperature of 100 ° C.
- said composition is "hot melt", that is to say that it can be shaped without applying significant shear forces, for example by simple flow or by simply pressing the melt. Its viscosity, measured at a temperature of 100 ° C. to 200 ° C., is generally between 10 and 10 3 Pa.s.
- thermoplastic compositions available on the market today are derived from fossil raw materials.
- the current context of climatic disturbances due to the greenhouse effect and the global warming of the evolution upwards of the costs of the fossil raw materials, in particular of the oil from which the plastics originate, of the state of the public opinion in search of sustainable development, more natural products, cleaner, healthier and less expensive energy, and changes in regulations and taxation, it is necessary to have new thermoplastic compositions from resources renewable, which are particularly suitable in the field of plastic materials, and which are both competitive, designed from the outset to have little or no negative impact on the environment, and technically as efficient as prepared polymers from materials first of fossil origin.
- Starch is a raw material with the advantages of being renewable, biodegradable and available in large quantities at a good price compared to oil and gas, used as raw materials for current plastics.
- the incorporation of granular starch as a filler in polymeric materials such as polyethylene has been known for about ten years.
- the native granular starch is generally dried to a moisture content of less than 1% by weight to reduce its hydrophilicity, to facilitate incorporation into the continuous matrix formed by the polymer and stabilize the dispersion obtained.
- the starch has also been previously coated with fatty substances (fatty acids, silicones, siliconates) or modified, on the surface of the grains, by grafting of hydrophobic groups such as siloxanes, or of reactive groups such as isocyanates.
- the materials thus obtained generally contain about 10%, at most 20% by weight of granular starch since, beyond this value, the mechanical properties of the composite materials are unsatisfactory.
- starch plasticized
- a biodegradable polyester such as, for example, poly (lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and / or poly ( butylene succinate adipate) (PBSA).
- thermoplastic starch / linear a non-biodegradable polymer
- plasticizer glycerol
- the Applicant has recently considered the introduction into a polymeric matrix, for example in a polyolefinic matrix, of a component starch previously plasticized by a suitable plasticizer.
- the process developed by the Applicant described in particular in international applications WO 2009/095622 and WO 2009/095618 filed January 29, 2009, comprises the thermomechanical mixing of a granular starch and a plasticizer for the preparation, by extrusion, granules of a thermoplastic starchy composition. The granules obtained are then incorporated into a matrix of molten synthetic polymer, for example molten polypropylene.
- a bifunctional agent such as methylenediphenyl diisocyanate
- This agent is called "liaison agent”.
- the preparation of the compositions is by reactive extrusion.
- the Applicant has also recently considered a method for preparing such compositions which makes it possible to reduce the thermal degradation of the starchy material, and thus reduce the coloration of the resins obtained. This process involving the plasticization of the amylaceous material after the melting of the synthetic polymer is described in French Application No. PCT / FR2009 / 051435, filed on July 17, 2009.
- thermoplastic compositions described above make it possible to impart to them interesting mechanical properties, especially in terms of elongation at break and maximum stress at break.
- the flexible compositions described are adapted in terms of mechanical properties to various fields of application, these properties are not sufficient to cover all the applications that can be envisaged for thermoplastic compositions.
- the thermoplastic compositions can be classified in two main categories: the flexible compositions on the one hand and the rigid compositions on the other hand. Certain applications of thermoplastic compositions, for example for certain parts dedicated to the automobile, require compositions comprising mechanical properties intermediate between those of flexible and rigid materials.
- the Applicant has shown that the increase in the amount of binding agent well beyond the quantities necessary for the use described in the documents cited above, amounts at most equal to 15%, generally at more than 10 to 12% and especially between 0.5 and 5%, these percentages being expressed as dry weight of binding agent relative to the total dry weight of the composition, allowed to obtain compositions based on starch component and polyolefin simultaneously having mechanical properties of both a rigid material and both a flexible material.
- This makes it possible to widen the field of applications envisaged for these compositions.
- the Applicant has observed that increasing the level of bonding agent in a flexible composition makes it possible in particular to obtain rigid compositions, but this, while maintaining, remarkably, the impact strength of a material flexible.
- Addition and mixing in the reactor of a polyolefin, preferably softened or melted - the softening or melting can be performed beforehand or be carried out during mixing - and optionally added with a compatibilizing agent;
- the method further comprising at least one drying step performed prior to step C, and optionally at least one granulation step between steps A and B, and / or B and C, and such that the overall amount of added bond is greater than 15% by weight (dry / dry) relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the composition is the set of constituents present at the end of step C.
- the drying step of the reaction medium can be carried out for example between steps B and C.
- the method according to the invention can be implemented either continuously or sequentially.
- steps A and B constitute only one step (A + B).
- the plasticization of the starchy component by the plasticizer thereof is carried out within the polyolefin, preferably softened or melted.
- steps B and C constitute only one step (B + C), for example when the binding agent is supplied in admixture with the polyolefin.
- the drying step is carried out before step (B + C).
- the starchy component and the plasticizer have a low water content, especially less than 5% and especially less than 1%, it is possible to perform a single step A + B + C, that is to say the simultaneous addition of the starch component, the plasticizer, the polyolefin, and the binding agent.
- Step C - or optionally step (B + C) or (A + B + C) - can be carried out in a fractional manner, that is to say that the binding agent can be added in the reactor in several times. In this case, the drying step is carried out before the first addition of binding agent. If the fractional addition is in the same reactor, it is not necessary to dry between two successive additions.
- a part of the linking agent is introduced into the reactor in admixture with the polyolefin and one or more other parts are introduced later without being previously mixed with the polyolefin.
- the intermediate composition into which all or part of the binding agent is to be introduced has a low content. in water, especially less than 5% and especially less than 1%.
- drying is meant in the present invention either drying or dehydration of the reaction medium. This step can in particular be carried out by exposure of the reaction medium to a reduced pressure or a flow of dry air optionally hot.
- the drying of the composition in the process according to the invention may in particular be carried out up to a residual moisture content of less than 5%, preferably less than 1%, and in particular less than 0.1% by weight per relative to the total weight of the composition.
- this drying step can be carried out batchwise or continuously during the process. This drying step is particularly important when using a binding agent having reactive functions with water, amines and / or alcohols.
- shaping is meant in the present invention a step of granulation of the obtained composition or direct shaping thereof at the reactor outlet by techniques well known to those skilled in the art, by example in the form of pipes, profiles or films.
- the amount of binding agent added in step C - or optionally in step (B + C) or (A + B + C) - is greater than 15% (dry / dry) in accordance with invention. It can be of the order of 15.1 to 15, 9% for example. Preferably, it is generally between 16 and 60% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. More specifically, the amount of binding agent is from 16 to 50%, preferably from 16 to 40%, even more preferably from 17 to 35%, or even from 17 to 28%, by weight relative to the total weight. of the composition (dry / dry).
- an amount of binding agent greater than 15% by weight in the process according to the invention makes it possible to confer on the compositions obtained advantageous mechanical properties, in particular from the point of view of impact resistance (Charpy test and / or IZod), mechanical strength under temperature load (HDT test) and / or flexural properties. More specifically, with respect to a flexible composition containing less than 15% of binding agent and the same other ingredients, a composition obtained by the process according to the invention containing an amount of binding agent greater than 15% retains good impact resistance - typical of a flexible composition - while exhibiting mechanical properties typical of a rigid composition.
- the granulation of the mixture in the process according to the invention can in particular be carried out by conventional granulation techniques such as granulation of rods, cutting of profiles, strips or strips of material, and / or granulation by systems. in-line cutting directly related to the synthesis reactor; these latter granulations are carried out in carrier fluids such as for example water, air, mineral oils, vegetable oils, or their mixture.
- the temperature at which the softened or melted polyolefin is located when it is brought into contact with the plasticized starchy component or with the mixture comprising the unplasticized starchy component and the plasticizer may or may not be identical to that at which the plasticization of the polyolefin is carried out. starchy component by the plasticizer. In any case, these temperatures are generally between 60 ° C and 260 ° C, preferably between 80 ° C and 240 ° C. These temperatures may especially be between 120 ° C. and 200 ° C., in particular between 130 ° C. and 190 ° C., when the polyolefin is chosen from polyethylenes (PE) and polypropylenes (PP), functionalized or non-functionalized, and their mixtures.
- PE polyethylenes
- PP polypropylenes
- the starchy component and the plasticizer may be introduced into the reactor separately, either simultaneously or one after the other, with, between these successive additions, optionally a mixing phase and / or or a change in the temperature of the reactor.
- the unplasticized starchy component and the plasticizer may be introduced into the reactor through two different inlets therebetween and which, in addition, may be different from the inlet of the softened or molten polyolefin. When the two components are added simultaneously, this addition can be done by two separate inputs, but also by the same input.
- the plasticizer is introduced into the reactor and incorporated into the polyolefin before the introduction of the starchy component.
- an extruder It is particularly advantageous and simple to implement the process according to the invention using, as reactor, an extruder. It can be a single-screw or twin-screw extruder, co-rotating or counter-rotating. Particularly advantageously, the extruder is a twin screw extruder, in particular co-rotating.
- all of the steps A to C are generally carried out at a temperature between 60 ° C and 260 ° C, preferably between 80 ° C and 240 ° C. Maintaining these temperatures generally, but not always, requires heat input by a suitable heater. In some cases, the maintenance of the temperature can be obtained, in a known manner, thanks to the shearing and compressive forces of the mixture of ingredients, associated with thermal insulation means of the reactor. It is not excluded, in the context of the invention, to introduce the polyolefin into the reactor in a previously softened or melted state, and especially at a temperature sufficient for the heat supplied by said polyolefin to be sufficient to ensure the plasticization in said reactor of the starchy component by the plasticizer.
- the choice of the temperature profile depending on the nature and viscosity of the polyolefin, the shear forces used, and the proportions of the various components of the mixture is within the abilities of those skilled in the art.
- the shaping step D for example in the form of granules or profiles, is very advantageously carried out at a temperature which is lowered in comparison with the temperatures mentioned above for steps A to C and in particular at a temperature generally between 20 ° C and 80 ° C.
- Another object of the present invention is a thermoplastic composition obtained by a process according to the invention.
- the composition obtained by the process according to the invention comprises 33% by weight of polyolefin, 30% by weight of starchy component, 20% by weight of plasticizer and 17% by weight of agent. binding, the polyolefin being preferably polypropylene.
- the proportions of each of the components of the compositions according to the invention correspond to percentages in "dry / dry", ie by weight of dry matter relative to the total weight of the compositions in dry matter. These proportions are indicated relative to the components as introduced into the reactor.
- these components are not necessarily found in this form, in particular insofar as the components are likely to have reacted between them.
- the binding agent is likely to be covalently bound at the end of the process with the starchy component and / or the polyolefin and / or the plasticizer.
- the compositions according to the invention are nevertheless analyzable and the proportions described above can be easily determined by analysis techniques conventionally used by those skilled in the art.
- compositions according to the invention can in particular be used:
- resins intended to be formulated in the form of mixtures with fillers, pigments and / or fibers ("compound” type mixtures), said mixtures being themselves intended for the direct preparation of objects, for example intended for the industry automotive or aeronautical,
- sources of carbon of renewable origin which can be easily incorporated into synthetic polymers, in particular polyolefins.
- thermoplastic composition that can be obtained by the process according to the invention.
- a final subject of the present invention is a thermoplastic composition comprising:
- binding agent from 16 to 50%, preferably from 16 to 40%, even more preferably from 17 to 35%, even from 17 to 28%, by weight of binding agent, and
- the proportions of the components of the compositions according to the invention correspond to percentages by weight of dry matter relative to the total weight of the compositions in dry matter, and these proportions are indicated relative to the components as introduced. in the reactor in the process which made it possible to obtain said composition.
- starchy component is understood to mean any oligomer or polymer of D-glucose units linked to one another by alpha-1,4 and optionally other bonds, of the alpha-1,6, alpha-1 type. , 2, alpha-1,3 or others.
- the starchy component may be a granular starch.
- granular starch is used here to mean a starch which is native or physically modified, chemically or enzymatically, and which has retained a semi-crystalline structure within the starch granules. similar to that found in naturally occurring starch grains in reserve organs and tissues of higher plants, particularly in cereal grains, legume seeds, potato or cassava tubers, roots , bulbs, stems and fruits. This semi-crystalline state is essentially due to the macro molecules of amylopectin, one of the two main constituents of starch. In the native state, the starch grains have a degree of crystallinity which varies from 15 to 45%, and which depends essentially on the botanical origin of the starch and the possible treatment that it has undergone.
- Granular starch placed under polarized light, has a characteristic black cross, so-called Maltese cross, typical of the granular state.
- Maltese cross typical of the granular state.
- the granular starch can come from all botanical origins, including a granular starch rich in amylose or conversely, rich in amylopectin (waxy). It may be starch native to cereals such as wheat, maize, barley, triticale, sorghum or rice, tubers such as potato or cassava, or legumes such as peas and soybeans, or mixtures of such starches.
- the granular starch is an acid hydrolyzed, oxidizing or enzymatic starch, or an oxidized starch. It can be a starch commonly called fluidized starch or a white dextrin.
- it may also be a starch modified physicochemically but having essentially retained the structure of the native starch starch, such as in particular esterified and / or etherified starches, in particular modified by acetylation, hydroxypropylation , cationization, crosslinking, phosphatation, or succinylation, or starches treated in aqueous medium at low temperature (in English "annealing").
- the granular starch is a native, hydrolysed, oxidized or modified starch, in particular corn, wheat or pea.
- Granular starch generally has a level of soluble at 20 ° C in demineralized water of less than 5% by weight. It is preferably almost insoluble in cold water.
- the starch selected as the starchy component is a water-soluble starch which can also come from all botanical origins, including a water-soluble starch rich in amylose or, conversely, rich in amylopectin (waxy). This water-soluble starch can be introduced as a partial or total replacement of the granular starch.
- the water-soluble starch may advantageously be used according to the invention in solid form, preferably with a low water content, generally less than 10%, especially less than 5%, by weight and better in solid form having a lower water content. at 2.5% by weight, including in substantially anhydrous form (water content less than 0.5%, even 0.2%, by weight).
- Such water-soluble starches may be obtained by pregelatinization on a drum, by pregelatinization on an extruder, by spraying a suspension or a starchy solution, by precipitation with a non-solvent, by hydro-thermal cooking, by chemical functionalization or the like. It is in particular a pregelatinized, extruded or atomized starch, a highly converted dextrin (also called yellow dextrin), a maltodextrin, a functionalized starch or any mixture of these products.
- the pregelatinized starches can be obtained by hydrothermal treatment of gelatinization of native starches or modified starches, in particular by steam cooking, jet-cooker cooking, cooking on a drum, cooking in kneader / extruder systems then drying for example in an oven, by hot air on a fluidized bed, on a rotating drum, by atomization, by extrusion or by lyophilization.
- Such starches generally have a solubility in demineralized water at 20 ° C. of greater than 5% and more generally of between 10 and 100% and a starch crystallinity level of less than 15%, generally less than 5% and most often less than 1%, or even none. Examples include products manufactured and marketed by the Applicant under the brand name PREGEFLO ®.
- Highly processed dextrins can be prepared from native or modified starches by dextrinification in a weakly acidic acid medium. It may be in particular soluble white dextrins or yellow dextrins. By way of examples, mention may be made of the STABILYS ® A 053 and TACKIDEX ® C 072 products manufactured and marketed by the Applicant. Such dextrins have in demineralized water at 20 ° C a solubility generally between 10 and 95% and a starch crystallinity of less than 15% and generally less than 5%.
- Maltodextrins can be obtained by acid, oxidative or enzymatic hydrolysis of starches in an aqueous medium. They may in particular have an equivalent dextrose (DE) of between 0.5 and 40, preferably between 0.5 and 20 and better still between 0.5 and 12.
- DE dextrose
- Such maltodextrins are for example manufactured and marketed by the Applicant under the GLUCIDEX ® tradename and have a solubility in deionized water at 20 ° C generally greater than 90% or close to 100% and a starch crystallinity generally less than 5% and usually almost zero.
- the functionalized starches can be obtained from a native or modified starch.
- the high functionalization can for example be carried out by esterification or etherification at a sufficiently high level to confer a solubility in water.
- Such functionalized starches have a solubility fraction as defined above of greater than 5%, preferably greater than 10%, more preferably greater than 50%.
- the functionalization can be obtained in particular by aqueous phase acetylation of acetic anhydride, mixed anhydrides, glutamate hydroxypropylation, dry phase cationization or glue phase, anionization in the dry phase or glue phase by phosphatation or succinylation.
- These water-soluble, highly functionalized starches can have a degree of substitution of between 0.01 and 3, and more preferably between 0.05 and 1.
- the reagents for modifying or functionalizing the starch are of renewable origin.
- the water-soluble starch is a water-soluble starch of corn, wheat or pea or a water-soluble derivative thereof.
- the starchy component selected for the preparation of the composition according to the invention is an organomodified starch, preferably organosoluble, which may also come from all botanical origins, including an organomodified starch, preferably organosoluble, rich in amylose or conversely, rich in amylopectin (waxy).
- organosoluble starch may be introduced as partial or total replacement of the granular starch or of the water-soluble starch.
- organomodified starch means any amylaceous component other than a granular starch or a water-soluble starch according to the definitions given above.
- this organomodified starch is almost amorphous, that is to say has a starch crystallinity level of less than 5%, generally less than 1% and especially zero.
- organosoluble that is to say present at 20 ° C a fraction soluble in a solvent selected from ethanol, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, acetate of butyl, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl glutarate, triethyl citrate, dibasic esters, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl isosorbide, glycerol triacetate, isosorbide diacetate, dioleate isosorbide and methyl esters of vegetable oils at least equal to 5% by weight.
- This soluble fraction is preferably greater than 20% by weight and in particular greater than 50% by weight.
- the organomodified starch can be used according to the invention in solid form, including having a low water content, ie less than 10% by weight. It may especially be less than 5%, in particular less than 2.5% by weight and ideally less than 0.5%, or even less than 0.2% by weight.
- the organomodified starch that can be used in the composition according to the invention can be prepared by high functionalization of the native or modified starches such as those presented above.
- This high functionalization may for example be carried out by esterification or etherification at a sufficiently high level to make it essentially amorphous and to confer on it an insolubility in water and preferably a solubility in one of the above organic solvents.
- Such functionalized starches have a soluble fraction as defined above greater than 5%, preferably greater than 10%, more preferably greater than 50%.
- the high functionalization can be obtained in particular by acetylation in the solvent phase with acetic anhydride, grafting for example in the solvent phase or by reactive extrusion, of acid anhydrides, mixed anhydrides, fatty acid chlorides, oligomers of caprolactones or lactides, hydroxypropylation and crosslinking in the glue phase, cationization and crosslinking in the dry phase or in the glue phase, anionization by phosphatation or succinylation and crosslinking in the dry phase or in the glue phase, silylation, butadiene telomerization.
- organomodified, preferably organosoluble, highly functionalized starches may in particular be acetates of starches, dextrins or maltodextrins or fatty esters of these starchy materials (starches, dextrins, maltodextrins) with fatty chains of 4 to 22 carbons, all of these products preferably having a degree of substitution (DS) between 0.5 and 3.0, preferably between 0.8 and 2.8 and in particular between 1.0 and 2.7.
- DS degree of substitution
- It may be, for example, hexanoates, octanoates, decanoates, laurates, palmitates, oleates or stearates of starches, dextrins or maltodextrins, in particular having a DS between 0 , 8 and 2.8.
- the organomodified starch is an organomodified starch of corn, wheat or pea or an organomodified derivative thereof.
- the starchy component may be used with its water of constitution and thus advantageously have a water content generally of between 10% and 20%, especially between 12% and 20%, by weight. It can also be implemented after being dried to a greater or lesser extent, for example so that its water content has been previously lowered to a value of less than 10%, in particular less than 7%, by weight.
- the water content of the starchy component used may even be less than 5%, or even less than 2.5%, by weight.
- the term "plasticizer” (or “plasticizer”) of the amylaceous component any molecule of low molecular weight, preferably less than 5000 g. mol "1 , preferably less than 1000 g mol -1 , and in particular less than 400 g mol -1 , which when incorporated into the starchy component by thermomechanical treatment at a temperature generally at least 35 ° C, from preferably between 60 ° C and 260 ° C and more preferably between 65 ° C and 200 ° C, results in a decrease in the glass transition temperature of the amylaceous component and / or a reduction in the crystallinity thereof, or a mixture of such molecules.
- the plasticizer used in the process of the present invention is preferably selected from water, diols, triols and polyols such as glycerol, polyglycerols, isosorbide, sorbitans, sorbitol, mannitol, and hydrogenated glucose syrups, salts of organic acids such as sodium lactate, urea and any mixtures of these products.
- the plasticizer preferably has a molar mass of greater than 18 gmol -1 , that is, the definition of the plasticizer preferably does not include water.
- the plasticizer of the amylaceous component can be chosen from methyl, ethyl or fatty esters of organic acids such as lactic, citric, succinic, adipic and glutaric acids or the acetic or fatty esters of mono alcohols, diols, triols or polyols such as ethanol, diethylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitol.
- glycerol diacetate diacetin
- glycerol triacetate triacetin
- isosorbide diacetate isosorbide dioctanoate
- isosorbide dioleate isosorbide dilaurate
- esters of dicarboxylic acids or dibasic esters dibasic esters
- the plasticizing agent is advantageously used in a proportion of 10 to 150%, preferably in a proportion of 25 to 120% and in particular in a proportion of 40 to 120% by weight, relative to the weight of starchy component.
- binding agent is understood to mean any molecule comprising at least two reactive functional groups and capable of reacting with the starchy component and / or the polyolefin and / or the plasticizer.
- the binding agent may also react with the compatibilizer.
- the molar mass of the binding agent may be less than 5000 g / mol and preferably less than 1000 g / mol. In this range of preferred molar masses, the bonding agent reacts easily with the starchy component and / or the plasticizer or the compatibilizing agent. This binding of the various ingredients together gives the thermoplastic starch compositions of the present invention the advantageous properties specified above.
- binding agents that can be used in the present invention mention may be made of:
- diisocyanates preferably methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H12MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI), hexamethylene - diisocyanate (HMDI) or lysine diisocyanate (LDI), the aliphatic diisocyanate molar mass 600 g / mol obtained from dimer of fatty diacid (DDI®1410 Diisocyanate)
- MDI methylenediphenyl diisocyanate
- IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
- H12MDI dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate
- TDI toluene diisocyanate
- NDI naphthalene diisocyanate
- HMDI hexamethylene
- isocyanate prepolymers of the dendrimer type prepared from compounds having several alcohol or amine functions and polyisocyanates prepared so that the dendrimer formed has only reactive isocyanate functions at the end of the branch, the dendrimer containing or not containing free di or triisocyanates,
- dialkylcarbonates especially dianhydrohexitol dialkylcarbonates, and in particular isosorbide dialkylcarbonates,
- dicarbamoylcaprolactams preferably 1,1 -carbonyl-bis-caprolactam, diepoxides,
- organic diacids preferably succinic acid, adipic acid, glutaric acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid or the corresponding anhydrides,
- polyacids and polyanhydrides preferably mellitic acid or its derivatives, such as trimellitic acid or pyromellitic acid, oxychlorides, preferably phosphorus oxychloride,
- trimetaphosphates preferably sodium trimetaphosphate
- alkoxysilanes preferably tetraethoxysilane
- hetero ring compounds preferably bis-oxazolines, bis-oxazolin-5-ones and bis-azalactones,
- methylenic or ethylenic diester derivatives preferably methyl or ethyl carbonate derivatives
- the isocyanates, epoxides and alkoxysilanes mentioned above are particularly preferred binding agents.
- a diisocyanate and in particular methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is used as the linking agent.
- MDI methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
- IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
- H12MDI dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate
- polyolefin means a non-functionalized or ungrafted polyolefin.
- the polyolefin must of course resist chemical degradation at the maximum temperature used in the process according to the invention.
- the polyolefin may be obtained from monomers of fossil origin and / or monomers derived from renewable natural resources, as it may be from a deposit of recycled material or to be recycled.
- olefins such as, for example, linear or radical low density polyethylenes (LDPE), high density polyethylenes (HDPE), polypropylenes (PP) of isotactic, syndiotactic or atactic form, polybutenes and polyisobutylenes,
- LDPE linear or radical low density polyethylenes
- HDPE high density polyethylenes
- PP polypropylenes
- isotactic, syndiotactic or atactic form polybutenes and polyisobutylenes
- copolymers based on at least two olefins for example ethylene-propylene (P / E) copolymers, ethylene-butene copolymers and ethylene-o-ene copolymers.
- the polyolefin can be further synthesized from monomers derived from renewable natural resources in the short term such as plants, microorganisms or gases. It can especially be polyethylene from bio-ethanol or polypropylene from bio-propanediol.
- the polyolefin is chosen from polyolefms obtained from bio-sourced monomers, and mixtures thereof.
- the polyolefin has a weight average molecular weight of between 8500 and 10 000 000 g mol -1 , in particular between 15 000 and 1 000 000 g mol 1 .
- the polyolefin is a non-biodegradable or non-compostable polyolefin in the sense of the standards EN 13432, ASTM D 6400 and ASTM D 6868. It may in particular be non-biodegradable.
- the polyolefin is a polyolefin containing at least 15%, preferably at least 30%, in particular at least 50%, better still at least 70%, or even more than 80%, of carbon of renewable origin. according to ASTM D 6852 and / or ASTM D 6866, with respect to all the carbon present in said polyolefin.
- the term "compatibilizing agent” means a compound for obtaining a satisfactory compatibilization between the polyolefin and the plasticized starchy component.
- “Compatibilization” means the formation of a homogeneous and stable mixture during the implementation of the preparation process and at the end of said process.
- This compatibilizing agent may be a functionalized or grafted polyolefin.
- the functionalization of the polyolefin may take place within the reactor itself in which is implemented the method according to the invention, for example by reactive extrusion. This functionalization can in particular be done online on a polyolefin in the softened or molten state before it is brought into contact with the starchy component and / or the plasticizer.
- a binding agent is incorporated into the compositions of the present invention.
- at least a portion of the latter must comprise reactive groups, that is groups capable of reacting with at least one one of the functions of the liaison officer.
- the reactive groups of this compatibilizing agent are in particular chosen from carboxylic acid, acid anhydride, amine, amide, carbonate, sulfone, imide, urethane, epoxide, hydroxyl, alkoxysilane, oxazoline, oxazolin-5-one and ester functions.
- the compatibilizing agent optionally added is chosen from:
- a) homopolymers of functionalized or grafted olefins for example with acids or anhydrides such as maleic, acrylic and methacrylic acids (or anhydrides), such as, for example, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylenes and polypropylenes, with oxiranes such as that methacrylate or glycidyl acrylate, by silanes.
- acids or anhydrides such as maleic, acrylic and methacrylic acids (or anhydrides)
- maleic anhydride grafted polyethylenes and polypropylenes with oxiranes such as that methacrylate or glycidyl acrylate, by silanes.
- copolymers based on at least two olefins for example ethylene-propylene (P / E) copolymers functionalized or grafted, for example by:
- acids or anhydrides such as maleic, acrylic and methacrylic acids (or anhydrides), such as, for example, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylenes and polypropylenes,
- oxiranes such as methacrylate or glycidyl acrylate, and / or
- c) copolymers based on at least one olefin and at least one non-olefinic monomer for example ethylene-acrylic ester copolymers or ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers such as ethylene-acetate copolymers; vinyl (EVA), ethylene - methyl acrylate (EMA) or ethylene - vinyl alcohol (EVOH),
- the compatibilizing agent has a weight average molecular weight of between 8500 and 10 000 000 g mol -1 , in particular between 15 000 and 1 000 000 g mol 1 .
- Additives of any kind may be incorporated into the composition according to the invention.
- the proportion of these additional ingredients may be quite large, the starchy component, the plasticizer, the polyolefin and the linking agent together represent, preferably, at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, and in particular at least 50%, by weight (dry / dry) of the composition. According to a preferred variant, this overall proportion is at least equal to 80% by weight (dry / dry) of the composition.
- the additive may be an improving or adjusting agent for the mechanical or thermal properties chosen from minerals, salts and organic substances, in particular from nucleating agents such as talc, compatibilizing agents such as surfactants, impact or scratch-resistant improvers such as calcium silicate, shrinkage control agents such as magnesium silicate, scavengers or deactivators of water, acids, catalysts, metals, oxygen , infra-red rays, UV rays, hydrophobing agents such as oils and greases, hygroscopic agents such as pentaerythritol, flame retardants and fireproofing agents such as halogenated derivatives, anti-smoke agents, reinforcing fillers, mineral or organic, such as clays, carbon black, talc, vegetable fibers, glass fibers, polyacrylonitrile or kevlar.
- nucleating agents such as talc
- compatibilizing agents such as surfactants, impact or scratch-resistant improvers such as calcium silicate
- shrinkage control agents such as magnesium
- the additive may also be an improving agent or an adjustment of the conductive or insulating properties with respect to electricity or heat, for example sealing against air, water or gases. , solvents, fats, essences, aromas, perfumes, chosen especially from minerals, salts and organic substances.
- the additive may be an agent that improves the organoleptic properties, in particular:
- odorant properties perfumes or odor masking agents
- optical properties blueeners, whiteners such as titanium dioxide, dyes, pigments, dye enhancers, opacifiers, matting agents such as calcium carbonate, thermochromic agents, phosphorescence and fluorescence agents, metallizing agents or marbling and anti-fogging agents
- the additive may also be an enhancing or adjusting agent for adhesive properties, including adhesion to cellulosic materials such as paper or wood, metal materials such as aluminum and steel, glass or ceramic materials, textile materials and mineral materials, such as pine resins, rosin, ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymers, fatty amines, lubricating agents, mold release agents, antistatic agents and anti-blocking agents.
- cellulosic materials such as paper or wood, metal materials such as aluminum and steel, glass or ceramic materials, textile materials and mineral materials, such as pine resins, rosin, ethylene / vinyl alcohol copolymers, fatty amines, lubricating agents, mold release agents, antistatic agents and anti-blocking agents.
- the additive may be an agent improving the durability of the material or an agent for controlling its (bio) degradability, especially chosen from hydrophobing agents such as oils and greases, anti-corrosion agents, antimicrobial agents such as Ag and Cu and Zn, degradation catalysts such as oxo-catalysts and enzymes such as amylases.
- hydrophobing agents such as oils and greases
- anti-corrosion agents such as Ag and Cu and Zn
- antimicrobial agents such as Ag and Cu and Zn
- degradation catalysts such as oxo-catalysts and enzymes such as amylases.
- compositions according to the invention may further comprise one or more compatibilizing agents intended to compatibilize the starch and the polyolefin.
- compatibilizing agents intended to compatibilize the starch and the polyolefin.
- compositions according to the invention are not very flexible and advantageously have a flexural modulus greater than or equal to 1000 MPa, preferably greater than or equal to 1300 MPa, or even greater than or equal to 1400 MPa.
- the flexural modulus is measured according to ISO 178.
- compositions have a non-notched Charpy impact strength greater than 140 kJ / m 2 , according to the EN ISO 179-L standard.
- the level of insolubles in water is determined according to the following protocol:
- the purpose of the Charpy impact test is to measure the resistance of a material to sudden failure. This test is intended to measure the energy required to break a specimen at one time. A pendulum sheep with a knife is used at its end to develop a given energy at the moment of impact. The energy absorbed is obtained by comparing the difference in potential energy between the start of the pendulum and the end of the test. The machine is equipped with a scale to know the height of the pendulum at the start and the highest position that the pendulum will reach after the rupture of the specimen. The graduation of the machine generally makes it possible to obtain directly an energy value in joules.
- non-notched Charpy impact strength measurements are made according to EN ISO 179-1.
- Thermal deflection temperature is a relative measure of the ability of the material to perform for a short time at high temperatures while supporting a load. The test measures the effect of temperature on consistency: a standard test sample experiences a determined surface tension and the temperature is raised at a constant rate.
- HDT measurements are made with a load of 0.45 MPa (HDT / B), according to the ISO 75 standard.
- the tensile mechanical characteristics of the various samples are determined according to standard NF T51-034 (Determination of tensile properties) using a Lloyd Instrument LR5K test bench, a tensile speed of 50 mm / min and standard test specimens. H2.
- a composition obtained by the process according to the invention has the mechanical properties of a rigid composition and the impact resistance of a flexible composition.
- Plasticizer composition based on glycerol and sorbitol with a water content of about 16%;
- Polyolefin polypropylene
- Compatibilizing agent polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride; Liaison officers:
- MDI Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate
- STMP Sodium trimethaphosphate
- TEOS Tetraethoxy silane
- compositions 1 comprise, by dry weight, approximately 35% of native starch, 15% of plasticizer, 25% of polyolefin and 25% of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride relative to the sum of these four constituents.
- compositions 2, 3 and 4 comprise, by dry weight, approximately 30% of native starch, 20% of plasticizer, 25% of polyolefin and 25% of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride relative to the sum of these four constituents.
- the percentages of binding agent indicated are percentages by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, the remainder being constituted by the mixture of native starch, plasticizer, polyolefin and compatibilizer in the proportions defined above.
- compositions obtained by the process according to the invention with respect to the compositions comprising lower binding agent levels shows that the compositions according to the invention have mechanical properties similar to those of compositions rigid.
- compositions obtained by the process according to the invention show that these compositions are more rigid than those comprising lower levels of binding agent.
- the energies dissipated in the Charpy shock are as high in the compositions obtained by the process according to the invention as in the compositions comprising lower levels of binding agents. This shows that, despite the stiffening, there is little or no loss in the impact resistance of the materials.
- the impact resistance of the compositions according to the invention is similar to that of flexible compositions. Indeed, even when the level of binding agent reaches 30% of the total mass, only 3 of the 10 test pieces broke under the effect of the shock.
- the compositions of the invention have a dissipated energy of at least greater than 140 kJ / m 2 , which is excellent impact resistance.
- compositions according to the invention also exhibit excellent tensile behavior, as shown by the high stresses at break.
- EXAMPLE 2 Preservation of Properties of Low Sensitivity to Water Compared with Compositions Comprising Less Binding Agent Levels
- the purpose of this example is to demonstrate that the compositions obtained by the process according to the invention exhibit resistance to water. water as good as that of the compositions comprising lower levels of binding agent.
- compositions according to the invention are presented in the table above and compared with those of compositions comprising lower binding agent levels. These values show that, by increasing the amount of binding agent in the compositions to give them mechanical properties different from those of the previously described compositions, their water resistance is not affected. In other words, the improvement of the mechanical properties of the compositions does not come at the expense of their other properties.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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CN201180006090XA CN102753612A (zh) | 2010-01-15 | 2011-01-14 | 增塑的淀粉的热塑性组合物的制备方法以及此类组合物 |
CA2786540A CA2786540A1 (fr) | 2010-01-15 | 2011-01-14 | Procede de preparation de compositions thermoplastiques a base d'amidon plastifie et compositions |
US13/522,123 US20120289629A1 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2011-01-14 | Method for preparing thermoplastic compositions of plasticized starch, and such compositions |
EP11705021A EP2524001A1 (fr) | 2010-01-15 | 2011-01-14 | Procédé de préparation de compositions thermoplastiques à base d'amidon plastifié et compositions |
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FR1050273A FR2955329B1 (fr) | 2010-01-15 | 2010-01-15 | Procede de preparation de compositions thermoplastiques a base d'amidon plastifie et compositions |
FR1050273 | 2010-01-15 |
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PCT/FR2011/050072 WO2011086334A1 (fr) | 2010-01-15 | 2011-01-14 | Procédé de préparation de compositions thermoplastiques à base d'amidon plastifié et compositions |
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US (1) | US20120289629A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2524001A1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102753612A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2786540A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2955329B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2011086334A1 (fr) |
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US20130253102A1 (en) * | 2012-03-26 | 2013-09-26 | Sung-Yuan LIU | Biodegradable plastic material |
FR2993275B1 (fr) * | 2012-07-13 | 2014-08-01 | Roquette Freres | Composition thermoplastique a base d'amidon comprenant un copolymere greffe par un compose fonctionnel |
US9464188B2 (en) | 2013-08-30 | 2016-10-11 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Simultaneous plasticization and compatibilization process and compositions |
TWI494323B (zh) * | 2013-08-30 | 2015-08-01 | Ind Tech Res Inst | 改質澱粉組成物、澱粉複合發泡材料及其製備方法 |
US11149131B2 (en) | 2020-01-30 | 2021-10-19 | Edward Showalter | Earth plant compostable biodegradable substrate and method of producing the same |
US10882977B1 (en) * | 2020-01-30 | 2021-01-05 | Edward Showalter | Earth plant compostable biodegradable substrate and method of producing the same |
CN114702802B (zh) * | 2022-04-25 | 2024-02-27 | 上海大觉包装制品有限公司 | 一种降解杯盖及其制备方法 |
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-
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- 2011-01-14 WO PCT/FR2011/050072 patent/WO2011086334A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2011-01-14 CA CA2786540A patent/CA2786540A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2011-01-14 US US13/522,123 patent/US20120289629A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-01-14 EP EP11705021A patent/EP2524001A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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CA2786540A1 (fr) | 2011-07-21 |
FR2955329B1 (fr) | 2013-02-01 |
FR2955329A1 (fr) | 2011-07-22 |
EP2524001A1 (fr) | 2012-11-21 |
CN102753612A (zh) | 2012-10-24 |
US20120289629A1 (en) | 2012-11-15 |
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