Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/44—Polymerisation in the presence of compounding ingredients, e.g. plasticisers, dyestuffs, fillers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
  • C08F20/04—Acids, Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
  • C08F20/06—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
  • C08F20/10—Esters
  • C08F20/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
  • C08F20/14—Methyl esters, e.g. methyl (meth)acrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
  • C08F20/10—Esters
  • C08F20/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
  • C08F20/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
  • C08F20/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/24—Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K3/36—Silica
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
  • C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
  • C08L33/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
  • C08L33/12—Homopolymers or copolymers of methyl methacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2308/00—Chemical blending or stepwise polymerisation process with the same catalyst
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2312/00—Crosslinking
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
  • C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
  • C08L33/08—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic acid esters

Definitions

• the invention relates to hybrid particles based on nanosize Si0 2 particles and at least two different vinyl polymers, a dispersion which contains the hybrid particles and a polymer material obtainable therefrom.
• Polyacrylates and polymethacrylates have long been known in the art. They are used, for example, for the production of Plexiglas or so-called acrylate rubbers.
• Pure chemically crosslinked polyacrylates have only a relatively low strength.
• the mechanical properties of polymers can be improved by fillers. Due to the relatively easy saponification of acrylate ester groups only a few fillers can be used in polyacrylates, for example carbon black. However, this impairs the often desired transparency of polyacrylates.
• EP 1 216 262 describes a process for preparing an aqueous dispersion of particles composed of polymer and finely divided inorganic solid.
• EP 0 505 230 A1 describes mixed particles which consist of a polymer matrix which in each case encloses a SiO 2 particle.
• Applied Macromolecular Chemistry 242 (1996) 105-122 describes the preparation of latex particles by emulsion polymerization of ethyl acrylate in the presence of functionalized and non-functionalized Si0 2 particles.
• the invention has for its object to provide hybrid particles that are versatile and give the resulting polymer materials good mechanical properties.
• the present invention thus relates to a hybrid particle containing at least two vinyl polymers (vinyl polymers A and B), wherein vinyl polymer A contains colloidal Si0 2 particles having an average particle size of 1 to 150 nm and vinyl polymer B is capable of the inventive Crosslinking hybrid particles with each other.
• the vinyl polymers A and B are different from each other. They may differ, for example, in terms of their chemical composition, their chemical non-uniformity, their tacticity, their glass transition temperature, their molecular weight and / or their degree of crosslinking. Preferably, the vinyl polymers A and B differ in their monomer composition. In this case, the vinyl polymers may differ in the monomers contained or - if each of the same monomers are included - in the proportions of the respective monomers.
• vinyl polymer polymers obtainable by polymerization of vinyl monomers, preferably these are obtained by free-radical polymerization.
• the vinyl polymers may be homopolymers or copolymers, preferably copolymers. Of particular interest are homopolymers and copolymers based on esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
• a vinyl monomer a monomer containing an ethylenically unsaturated C-C bond, which is preferably terminal.
• the vinyl monomers are preferably free-radically polymerizable.
• Suitable vinyl monomers are, for example, dienes such as isoprene or butadiene, vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate and vinyl esters of a-branched monocarboxylic acids, styrene and substituted styrenes, acrylic and methacrylic acid and derivatives thereof, for example esters of (meth) acrylic acid, (meth) acrylonitriles, and (meth) acrylic anhydrides.
• Acrylic acid and methacrylic acid esters preferably have 1 to 18 C atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 C atoms in the alkyl chain.
• the alkyl chain may be linear or branched and have other functionalities such as amino groups or alcohol groups.
• vinyl monomers are methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, ethylhexyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate.
• acrylate monomers are methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and ethylhexyl acrylate.
• a particularly preferred methacrylate monomer is methyl methacrylate (MMA).
• the vinyl polymers A and B are preferably selected from the group of polymers based on dienes such as isoprene or butadiene, vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate and vinyl esters of ⁇ -branched monocarboxylic acids, styrene and substituted styrenes, acrylic and methacrylic acids and their derivatives such as e.g. Esters of (meth) acrylic acid, (meth) acrylonitriles, and (meth) acrylic anhydrides.
• Particularly preferred polymers are polymers of esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
• Vinyl polymer A is preferably a copolymer of a first monomer having a copolymerization parameter r-1> 1 and a second monomer having a copolymerization parameter r 2 ⁇ 0.8.
• vinyl polymer A is a copolymer comprising units of vinyl acetate or esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, in particular a copolymer based on methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and / or ethylhexyl acrylate, very particularly preferably a copolymer of one or more of these monomers with MMA.
• Vinyl polymer A is more preferably a butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer.
• the weight ratio of butyl acrylate units: methyl methacrylate units in the copolymer A is preferably in the range of 10: 1 to 1: 2.
• Vinyl polymer B is preferably a copolymer of a first monomer having a copolymerization parameter r-1> 1 and a second monomer having a copolymerization parameter r 2 ⁇ 0.8.
• Vinyl polymer B in another preferred embodiment is a polymer based on MMA, in particular in combination with methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and / or ethylhexyl acrylate.
• the weight ratio of acrylate units to methyl methacrylate units in copolymer B is preferably in the range of 2: 1 to 1: 100.
• vinyl polymer B contains minor amounts of polar vinyl monomers, e.g. (Meth) acrylic acid, (meth) acrylamide, hydroxy (meth) acrylate and hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, e.g. when vinyl polymer B contains (meth) acrylic acid units in amounts between 0.1 and 5% by weight, preferably between 0.5 and 2% by weight.
• vinyl polymers B based on vinyl chloride are of interest.
• the hybrid particle according to the invention preferably contains at least two vinyl polymers (vinyl polymer A and vinyl polymer B), for example of esters of acrylic acid, esters of methacrylic acid, styrenes and / or vinyl esters which have mutually different glass transition temperatures T g .
• vinyl polymer A has a glass transition temperature T g in the range of -100 ° C to +100 ° C, preferably in the range of -80 ° C to +50 ° C.
• vinyl polymer B preferably has a glass transition temperature T g (calculated by the Fox equation or measured) at least 20 ° C higher than that of vinyl polymer A.
• glass transition temperature T g refers to the glass transition temperature of the polymers contained in the hybrid particles according to the invention.
• the glass transition temperatures of any homopolymers are known and listed, for example, in J.Brandrup, EH Immergut, Polymer Handbook 1 st Ed. J. Wiley, New York, 1975.
• the glass transition temperature of a copolymer can be calculated according to the so-called Fox equation (TG Fox, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. (Ser. II), 1, 123 [1956]). Glass transition temperatures are usually measured by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) or by DMTA (dynamic-mechanical-thermal analysis).
• vinyl polymer A and vinyl polymer B are at least partially compatible with each other, ie at least partially miscible with each other. This is the case, for example, with vinyl polymers A and B which share at least one vinyl monomer.
• An example of partially compatible copolymers A and B is a composition of: vinyl polymer A (batch polymerization) with 30 wt% MMA, 70 wt% butyl acrylate; and vinyl polymer B (feed polymerization) with 50 wt% MMA, 50 wt% butyl acrylate. It is preferred for the purposes of the invention that vinyl polymer A and vinyl polymer B physically penetrate one another.
• Polymer A preferably forms a polymer network.
• the polymer A network contains the nanoscale Si0 2 particles either physically enclosed, in this case, the crosslinking can be carried out via low molecular weight conventional crosslinkers as chemical crosslinkers, or chemically linked as crosslinkers. Preference is given to crosslinking via methacrylate groups or other polymerizable groups, for example methacrylate groups, on the surface of the SiO 2 particles. In this case, it is preferable not to use conventional crosslinkers.
• conventional crosslinkers refers to low molecular weight (preferably monomeric) molecules having at least two polymerizable double bonds, which can first link linear or branched macromolecular networks to three-dimensional polymeric networks.
• Conventional crosslinkers are e.g. in Römpp Chemie-Lexikon, 10th edition, volume 6, page 4836. Examples of such crosslinkers are allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, butanediol diacrylate,
• cross-acting Si0 2 particles in the preparation of polymer A preferably no or at most a small amount (maximum 2 wt .-%) conventional crosslinking molecules are used, preferably at most 1 wt .-%, more preferably at most 0.5 wt .-%, more preferably at most 0.2 wt .-%.
• no technically relevant amounts of contain conventional crosslinker molecules in the polymerizable composition.
• the crosslinker function is only perceived by the surface groups of the Si0 2 particles.
• the nanoscale Si0 2 particles are preferably homogeneously distributed, ie, the number of Si0 2 particles per volume of volume (or in micrographs of sections: per area) is substantially the same within portions of the hybrid particle containing vinyl polymer A ,
• the considered dimension is generally at least 8 times the size of the Si0 2 particles.
• the individual Si0 2 particles may also be non-agglomerated and / or non-aggregated.
• Vinyl polymer A even without crosslinking, is a generally high molecular weight polymer.
• the network arc length from crosslinking point to crosslinking point can be controlled via the amount of crosslinker molecule to vinyl monomer A, and the chain length via the amount of initiator. In general, the less crosslinker or initiator the longer the mesh arcs or the polymer chains, the larger the mesh arcs, the more elastic the network.
• Vinyl polymer B is capable of crosslinking the hybrid particles according to the invention with one another. It is a chemical and / or a physical crosslinking. Networking is the construction of a three-dimensional network to understand (see Römpp Chemie Lexikon, 9th edition, Volume 6 (1992), page 4898).
• a plurality of individual particles connect via the vinyl polymer B to a network.
• examples include the formation of a film from a dispersion of the hybrid particles, for example by removing the dispersant, or the recovery of a body of a powder or a dispersion of individual hybrid particles, for example by extrusion.
• Examples of chemical crosslinking is the formation of covalent, coordinative or ionic bonds.
• the network formation takes place via domains within the polymer network. Such domains may be crystalline or amorphous regions below the glass transition temperature. It is preferred if the crosslinking takes place via amorphous domains.
• Physical crosslinking can be produced, for example, by bringing the hybrid particles into direct contact with one another (for example by removing the water from an aqueous dispersion of the hybrid particles), whereby the polymer chains of vinyl polymers B of different hybrid particles interpenetrate one another physically (eg so-called. Penetration networks) and thus lead to a stable link.
• a physical crosslinking on the basis of a continuous polymer phase can be seen, which is substantially free of Si0 2 particles, and which is located between the Si0 2 particle-containing domains of polymer A.
• Vinyl polymers B which are preferably suitable for crosslinking have good film-forming properties.
• the physical and chemical crosslinking of the hybrid particles can be combined.
• a chemical crosslinking can be performed.
• suitable comonomers in vinyl polymer B are N-methylol acrylamide and N-methylol methacrylamide, which crosslink condensation or (meth) acrylic acid, which can crosslink via salt formation.
• Vinyl polymer B is preferably not crosslinked in the isolated hybrid particle, in particular not chemically crosslinked.
• Vinyl polymer B is preferably a polymer having a molecular weight M w in the range from 10,000 to 5,000,000 g / mol, preferably in the range from 50,000 to 1,000,000 g / mol.
• vinyl polymer B is preferably at least> 30 wt% high molecular weight (eg> 50,000 g / mol, preferably> 100,000 g / mol) and uncrosslinked. As far as vinyl polymer B does not penetrate vinyl polymer A, vinyl polymer B is substantially free of Si0 2 particles.
• regulators such as alkanethiols or esters of thioglycolic acid such as 2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate can be used.
• the present invention relates to a hybrid particle containing
• the weight ratio of vinyl polymer A to vinyl polymer B is in the range of 10: 1 - 1: 2, preferably 5: 1 - 1: 1, more preferably in the range of 3: 1-1, 5: 1.
• vinyl polymer B contains from 0.1 to 5 weight percent hydrophilic groups such as salts of methacrylic acid and / or hydroxyethyl acrylate and / or adhesion promoting groups or hydrophilic groups from the water-soluble initiators such as - S0 4 H at K 2 S 2 0 8 .
• the Si0 2 particles contained in the hybrid particles according to the invention generally have an average particle size of 1 to 150 nm.
• Preferred lower limits for the mean size of the Si0 2 particles are 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm and 5 nm.
• Preferred upper limits are 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, 30 nm and 25 nm.
• the Si0 2 particle size can be carried out in solution by means of dynamic light scattering on a "Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Size Analyzer LB-550" Horiba at a concentration of not more than 10 wt .-% particles, wherein the dispersion has a maximum dynamic viscosity of 3 mPas at 25 ° C.
• the particle size is the median (D50 value) of the particle size distribution.
• the Si0 2 particle size can be determined by transmission electron microscopy. For this purpose, at least 100 particles are measured and a particle size distribution is formed.
• the Si0 2 particles are in colloidal form, ie that the nanoscale silica is generally at least 50% of isolated, non-aggregated and non-agglomerated primary particles.
• the primary particles in contrast to aggregates and agglomerates, have a spherical shape.
• Other preferred lower limits are 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and 98%. These percentages are Wt .-%.
• the invention preferably provides a hybrid particle which is substantially free of aggregates and / or agglomerates of the Si0 2 particles.
• the Si0 2 particles may be surface modified or not surface modified. Preference is given to SiO 2 particles which have been surface-modified, for example by reactive groups or by unreactive groups. Surface-functionalized Si0 2 particles which carry polymerizable groups on the surface as reactive groups are particularly preferred.
• the polymerizable groups on the surface of the Si0 2 particles may in particular include vinyl groups, allyl groups, hexenyl groups, acryloyl groups and / or methacryloyl groups.
• the corresponding groups can be chemically bonded to the surface of the Si0 2 particles, for example by a suitable silanization.
• hydrolyzable groups are halogen, alkoxy, alkenoxy, acyloxy, oximino and aminoxy groups.
• Examples of functional non-hydrolyzable groups are vinyl, aminopropyl, chloropropyl, aminoethylaminopropyl, glycidyloxypropyl, mercaptopropyl or methacryloxypropyl groups.
• Suitable examples are alkoxysilanes, silazanes and halosilanes.
• silanes with which polymerizable groups can be bonded to the surface of the Si0 2 particles are vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, methylvinyldimethoxysilane, methylvinyldiethoxysilane, vinyldimethylmethoxysilane, vinyldimethylethoxysilane, divinyldimethoxysilane, divinyldiethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, methylvinyldichlorosilane, dimethylvinylchlorosilane, divinyldichlorosilane, vinyltris (2 methoxyethoxy) silane, hexenyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxy propyltriacetoxysilane, methacryloxymethyltrimethoxysilane,
• Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilanes hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyldimethylmethoxysilane, chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, chlorotrimethylsilane, dimethylchlorosilane.
• Methyltrimethoxysilane trimethylmethoxysilane, Methylhydrogendimethoxysilan, dimethyldimethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriacetoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, diisobutyldimethoxysilane, chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, chloropropylmethyldimethoxysilane, Chlorisobutylmethyldimethoxysilan, trifluoropropyl trimethoxysilane, trifluoropropylmethyldimethoxysilane, iso-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n-butylmethyldimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyl
• Si0 2 particles with polymerizable groups on the surface are basically already known in the prior art.
• Si0 2 particles can be precipitated from silica sols and subsequently silanized with organosilanes such as, for example, vinylsilanes.
• organosilanes such as, for example, vinylsilanes.
• Such production via precipitated silicas is described, for example, in EP 0 926 170 B1. Further examples can be found in EP 1 366 1 12, EP 2 025 722, EP 08007625, EP 08007580, EP 08007581, and EP 08007582.
• Another possibility is described in J. Colloid Interface Sci 26:62 (1968). This is the so-called Stöber synthesis of such nanoparticles.
• the polymerizable groups on the surface of the Si0 2 particles may in particular include vinyl groups, allyl groups, hexenyl groups, acryloyl groups and / or methacryloyl groups.
• Si0 2 particles by polymerizable groups act as crosslinkers in the preparation of vinyl polymer A and lead to chemical crosslinking.
• Si0 2 particles which do not bring about crosslinking for example surface-modified Si0 2 particles with unreactive groups.
• conventional crosslinker molecules in the preparation of vinyl polymer A.
• At least two different polymerizable groups are arranged on the surface of the Si0 2 particles.
• the various polymerizable groups may preferably comprise methacryloyl, acryloyl, styryl or itaconyl groups on the one hand and vinyl, allyl, alkenyl or crotonyl groups on the other hand.
• they may in particular comprise acryloyl and / or methacryloyl groups on the one hand and vinyl, hexenyl and / or allyl groups on the other hand.
• the corresponding silanes or siloxanes can be reacted in the silanization of the Si0 2 particles in a mixture or in succession.
• the surface coverage of the Si0 2 particles with polymerizable groups is preferably between 0.01 and 6 groups / nm 2 , more preferably between 0.02 and 4 groups / nm 2 .
• Si0 2 particles by reactive, eg polymerizable groups can act as crosslinkers in the preparation of the vinyl polymer A and bring about a chemical crosslinking.
• Si0 2 particles which do not bring about crosslinking for example unmodified Si0 2 particles or Si0 2 particles surface-modified with unreactive groups. In these cases, it is preferred to employ conventional crosslinkers in the preparation of vinyl polymer A.
• the Si0 2 particles can also carry groups which do not react in a polymerization.
• the Si0 2 particles should be modified so that in a 2-phase system such as butyl acrylate water, the particles remain in the butyl acrylate phase and do not agglomerate.
• the surface of the Si0 2 particles can be calculated for spherical particles from the particle size.
• the median particle size distribution (D50) is used.
• the specific surface area (A 0 ) can then be calculated using the density of the particle (p):
• the density of colloidal silica is 2.1 g / cm 3 .
• the number of reactive groups per unit surface area (n R A ) is given by the quotient of the number of reactive groups (n R M ) per mass divided by the specific surface area:
• n R (n R M / A 0 )
• n R M The number of reactive groups per mass n R M can be determined by suitable analytical methods. If silanes of the type alkoxy, acyloxy, acetoxy, alkenoxy or oximosilanes are used to bring the reactive groups to the surface, complete hydrolysis of the silane can be assumed. This means that all groups used are found on the surface of the Si0 2 particles again.
• the number of polymerizable groups on the Si0 2 particle surface can also be determined by NMR spectroscopy or by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). These methods can be used in particular when suitable analytical methods for the determination of reactive groups (for example iodine number determination in the case of vinyl groups) are not available.
• the heat of polymerization is measured as a measure of the number of polymerizable groups on the Si0 2 particle surface.
• a defined amount of the surface-modified Si0 2 particles is mixed with a standardized peroxide solution and the heat of reaction is measured. The method is described, for example, in DE 36 32 215 A1.
• the hybrid particles of the invention have an average size generally between 100 and 5,000 nm, preferably 150 to 2,000 nm, more preferably between 200 and 1,500 nm, and a substantially spherical shape.
• the hybrid particles preferably have a particle size distribution with a D50 / (D90-D10) of> 2.
• the preferred hybrid particles have a central region consisting essentially of vinyl polymer A and Si0 2 particles.
• the Si0 2 particles are in the Essentially homogeneously distributed in vinyl polymer A.
• the outer regions of the preferred hybrid particles consist essentially of vinyl polymer B and are substantially free of Si0 2 particles.
• vinyl polymer B may, for example, form a shell around vinyl polymer A or else be arranged in another form, for example a "raspberry" structure, around vinyl polymer A.
• Vinyl polymer B may partially penetrate vinyl polymer A so that regions are present, in particular in the edge region of In the case of a subsequent (preferably physical) crosslinking of the hybrid particles via vinyl polymer B, a particularly strong bond is formed in this way.
• a hybrid particle generally contains at least 10 Si0 2 particles, preferably at least 25 Si0 2 particles, more preferably 50 Si0 2 particles.
• the content of Si0 2 - particles is 1 to 40 wt .-%, preferably 1 to 30 wt .-%, more preferably 1 to 15 wt .-%, particularly preferably 2 to 8 wt .-%.
• the hybrid particle may also contain other components, e.g. organic soluble dyes, solvents, leveling agents, adhesion promoters, Tackyfier, release agents, lubricants, antioxidants or UV protectants.
• organic soluble dyes e.g. organic soluble dyes, solvents, leveling agents, adhesion promoters, Tackyfier, release agents, lubricants, antioxidants or UV protectants.
• concentrations between 0 and 5 wt .-%, particularly preferably 0.01 to 1 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the hybrid particle.
• the hybrid particles have particularly good mechanical properties. In addition to a particularly high tensile strength and elongation at break, the hybrid particles also have excellent resilience. Furthermore, the properties of the hydride particles can be adjusted over a wide range.
• the aqueous dispersion is also an object of the present invention.
• Typical are dispersions having a content of hybrid particles of 20-70 wt .-%, preferably 30-65 wt .-%, particularly preferably 40-60 wt .-%, each based on the total weight of the dispersion.
• the dispersion contains emulsifiers, for example anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic emulsifiers. Preference is given to anionic and nonionic emulsifiers, particularly preferably anionic emulsifiers.
• Anionic emulsifiers include the sodium, potassium and ammonium salts of fatty acids and sulfonic acids; the alkali salts of Ci 2 -Ci 6 alkyl sulfates; ethoxylated and sulfated or sulfonated fatty alcohols; Alkylphenols and sulfodicarboxylate esters.
• Nonionic emulsifiers include ethoxylated fatty alcohols and alkylphenols having 2-150 ethylene oxide units per molecule.
• Cationic emulsifiers include ammonium, phosphonium, and Sulfonium compounds having a hydrophobic radical, for example, consists of one or more long alkyl chains.
• Preferred emulsifiers are alkylbenzenesulfonates, di-alkyl sulfosuccinates, C 4 -C 6 -alkyl sulfonate-Na salt, dodecyl sulfate-Na salt.
• Particularly suitable are the emulsifiers prepared by oxethylation and sulfation of alkylphenols. Examples are the derivatives of nonylphenol or triisobutylphenol with 5-10 ethylene oxide units, such as triisobutylphenol 6-fold ethoxylated, sulfated Na salt.
• the dispersion may also contain protective colloids, dyes, release agents, lubricants, stabilizers (oxygen, UV), solvents, leveling agents, adhesion promoters, tackifiers and preservatives.
• hybrid particles are as thermoplastics processable elastomers, so-called. TPE.
• the hybrid particles may e.g. be processed into elastomeric bodies in an injection molding process.
• the molded parts obtained are characterized by a particularly pleasant feel.
• Another advantage of TPEs is that they are recyclable.
• the hydride particles form a film which, in addition to (color) pigments, also contains typical dye and coating additives, such as e.g. UV and oxygen stabilizers, leveling agents, deaerating agents, adhesion promoters and surfactants.
• typical dye and coating additives such as e.g. UV and oxygen stabilizers, leveling agents, deaerating agents, adhesion promoters and surfactants.
• the hybrid particles are adhesives.
• the hydride particles can act as binders and, in addition to inorganic fillers, also contain adhesion promoters and other typical adhesive additives.
• hybrid particles Another application of the hybrid particles is in coating formulations based on (meth) acrylates to improve the toughness, haptics and the sliding and friction properties.
• the hybrid particles can improve the mechanical properties.
• hybrid particles are sealants for the construction sector.
• inorganic fillers pigments, other polymers, UV and oxygen stabilizers, adhesion promoters and other typical sealant components can be used.
• Another application of the hybrid particles is as a sealing material.
• the hybrid particles can have good oil and solvent resistance.
• the hybrid particles according to the invention can be prepared for example by a two-stage polymerization process, which is also the subject of the present invention. Preference is given to a preparation process in which, in a first polymerization stage, one or more vinyl monomers are polymerized in the presence of the nanosize Si0 2 particles in a water-insoluble phase. The Si0 2 particles are dispersed in the water-insoluble phase.
• the water-insoluble phase used in the polymerization can, in addition to vinyl monomers and SiO 2 particles, optionally also contain organic solvents and further components such as initiators or emulsifiers.
• the water-insoluble phase consists essentially of vinyl monomer or a mixture of vinyl monomer and organic solvent.
• the water-insoluble phase consists essentially of vinyl monomer.
• vinyl monomers are polymerized in an aqueous medium phase in the presence of the polymer obtained in the first polymerization stage.
• the polymerization mixture may optionally also contain further components such as organic solvents, initiators or emulsifiers.
• Both polymerization stages are carried out in a two-phase system of water and a water-insoluble phase, preferably emulsifiers are used.
• the polymerizations preferably proceed by a free-radical mechanism, and therefore it is also possible to use corresponding initiators.
• regulators such as alkanethiols or esters of thioglycolic acid, e.g. 2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate can be used.
• Suitable organic solvents are, for example, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ethers, aliphatic, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and plasticizers.
• the solvent is selected so that it can easily be easily removed at the end of the process. Preference is given to methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, toluene, xylene, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, Methyl isobutyl ketone and methoxypropanol.
• the solvent is a long-chain alcohol that may remain in the hybrid particle.
• the first polymerization stage is preferably a suspension polymerization, more preferably a microsuspension.
• the vinyl monomers, a monomer-soluble initiator and the Si0 2 particles can be suspended in water and polymerized.
• the emulsification is preferably carried out using an emulsifier and under the action of high shear forces, for example by a high-speed mixer. After the emulsification has taken place, stirring can be continued undiminished or, preferably, more slowly.
• the polymerization is generally carried out at a temperature of from 20 to 150 ° C., preferably in the range from 30 to 100 ° C., more preferably from 50 to 90 ° C., for example as feed polymerization or as batch polymerization. Preference is given to a batch polymerization.
• the Si0 2 particles are dispersed before and during the polymerization in a water-insoluble phase, for example organic solvent and / or vinyl monomer, wherein it is particularly preferred that the Si0 2 particles are dispersed in vinyl monomer.
• a water insoluble phase from the vinyl monomers of the first stage, the colloidal Si0 2 particles and an initiator soluble in these monomers, preferably with the aid of an emulsifier, under high shear forces with water to a finely divided oil-in-water Emulsion emulsified.
• the size of the oil droplets is generally in the range from 100 to 5,000 nm, preferably from 150 to 2,000 nm, more preferably between 200 and 1,500 nm, for example about 0.5 ⁇ m.
• the Si0 2 particles are in the water-insoluble phase.
• the emulsion thus obtained is brought to polymerization and polymerized under the action of only low shear forces.
• the polymerization temperature is generally in the range from 20 to 150 ° C., preferably in the range from 30 to 100 ° C., particularly preferably from 50 to 90 ° C.
• monomer-soluble initiator depends on the chosen polymerization temperature and the monomers used. Preferred are thermally decomposing initiators such as organic peroxides and azo compounds, e.g. Perketals, peroxides and peresters:
• Dilauroyl peroxide xy 2 1 h at 80 ° C
• An example of an azo compound is azo-bis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN).
• Preferred is e.g. the polymerization of the 1. Step with dilauroyl peroxide as initiator and (meth) acrylic acid esters at about 80 ° C.
• dilauroyl peroxide as initiator
• acrylic acid esters at about 80 ° C.
• gaseous monomers is polymerized under elevated pressure.
• Suitable emulsifiers are, for example, anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic emulsifiers. Preference is given to anionic and nonionic emulsifiers, particularly preferably anionic emulsifiers.
• Anionic emulsifiers include the sodium, potassium and ammonium salts of fatty acids and sulfonic acids; the alkali metal salts of Ci-Ci2 alkyl sulfates 6; ethoxylated and sulfated or sulfonated fatty alcohols; Alkylphenols and sulfodicarboxylate esters.
• Nonionic emulsifiers include ethoxylated fatty alcohols and alkylphenols having 2-150 ethylene oxide units per molecule.
• Cationic emulsifiers include ammonium, phosphonium, and sulfonium compounds having a hydrophobic moiety consisting of, for example, one or more long alkyl chains.
• Preferred emulsifiers are alkylbenzenesulfonates, di-alkyl sulfosuccinates, C 4 -C 6 -alkyl sulfonate-Na salt, dodecyl sulfate-Na salt.
• emulsifiers prepared by oxethylation and sulfation of alkylphenols.
• examples are the derivatives of nonylphenol or triisobutylphenol with 5-10 ethylene oxide units, such as triisobutylphenol 6-fold ethoxylated, sulfated Na salt.
• the emulsifiers are typically used in concentrations between 0.02 and 5% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight, based on the vinyl monomers.
• a suspension is generally obtained which contains polymer particles suspended in water and Si0 2 particles contained therein.
• the vinyl polymer obtained in the first polymerization step is then used in the second polymerization step.
• the polymerization mixture obtained in the first stage is preferably used further directly here, for example by adding the components of the second polymerization stage directly into the reaction vessel in which the polymerization mixture of the first polymerization stage is located.
• the polymer of the first polymerization stage forms a water-insoluble phase, this may optionally contain, in addition to second-stage monomer also organic solvents and other components such as initiators or emulsifiers.
• the second polymerization step is an emulsion polymerization.
• an aqueous emulsion containing the Contains vinyl monomers, an emulsifier and optionally a water-soluble initiator are added to the obtained in the first polymerization stage polymer.
• the polymerization can be carried out as feed polymerization (semi-continuous polymerization) or as batch polymerization, wherein a single or multiple batchwise addition is possible. Preference is given to a feed polymerization.
• an emulsion is added to the suspension obtained in the first polymerization step at the polymerization temperature, which can be prepared from the vinyl monomers, water, water-soluble initiator and emulsifier under the action of high shear forces.
• the feed is preferably controlled so that there are only small amounts of vinyl monomer in the reaction mixture, i. as so-called feed polymerization.
• the vinyl monomers of the second polymerization stage are metered without further initiator to the polymerization mixture in the reaction vessel from the first polymerization stage and polymerized in the presence of remaining residual initiator from the first polymerization stage. It may also be advantageous to start the addition of the vinyl monomers of the second polymerization stage already when the vinyl monomers of the first polymerization stage are first polymerized to 80 to 95 wt .-%.
• a water-soluble initiator When initiator is added for the second stage of polymerization, a water-soluble initiator is generally used.
• Water-soluble initiators are e.g. Alkali persulfates, ammonium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide.
• peroxodisulfates As initiator, e.g. Potassium.
• redox initiators Another possibility is redox initiators. These contain, besides an oxidizing component, e.g. Ammonium peroxodisulfate a reducing component, such as e.g. Bisulfite, Rongalite or tertiary aromatic amines.
• the amount of initiator is preferably in the range of 0.01 to 2% by weight, based on the vinyl monomers.
• Suitable emulsifiers for the second polymerization stage are, for example, anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic emulsifiers. Preference is given to anionic and nonionic emulsifiers, particularly preferably anionic emulsifiers. If anionic or nonionic emulsifiers are used in the first polymerization stage, it is particularly preferred to use anionic or nonionic emulsifiers in the second polymerization stage. It is furthermore preferred to use the same emulsifier class as in the first polymerization stage.
• Preferred emulsifiers are alkylbenzenesulfonates, di-alkylsulfosuccinates, Cu-alkylsulfonate-sodium Salt, dodecyl sulfate Na salt.
• Particularly suitable are the emulsifiers prepared by oxethylation and sulfation of alkylphenols. Examples are the derivatives of nonylphenol or triisobutylphenol with 5-10 ethylene oxide units, such as triisobutylphenol 6-fold ethoxylated, sulfated Na salt.
• the emulsifiers are typically used in concentrations between 0.02 and 5 wt .-%, preferably between 0.1 and 2 wt .-%, based on the vinyl monomers.
• anionic or nonionic emulsifiers are used in the first polymerization stage, it is particularly preferred to use anionic or nonionic emulsifiers in the second polymerization stage. It is particularly preferred in the second polymerization stage to use the same emulsifier class as in the first polymerization stage, e.g. anionic emulsifiers in both stages.
• the polymerization of the second polymerization stage is generally carried out at a temperature of 20 to 150 ° C, preferably in the range of 30 to 100 ° C, more preferably between 50 and 90 ° C.
• a temperature of 20 to 150 ° C preferably in the range of 30 to 100 ° C, more preferably between 50 and 90 ° C.
• gaseous monomers is polymerized under elevated pressure.
• the process according to the invention is suitable for obtaining an aqueous dispersion of the hybrid particles.
• the dispersions obtained contain, if at all, only small amounts of coagulum, preferably less than 1 wt .-%, particularly preferably less than 0.1 wt .-%.
• the dispersion obtained by the process of the invention may then be subjected to common purification steps, e.g. a filtration, be subjected.
• the present invention thus furthermore relates to an aqueous dispersion containing 20-70% by weight, preferably 30-65% by weight, particularly preferably 40-60% by weight, of hybrid particles according to the invention.
• the dispersion of the invention may contain other components, e.g. Polymers or surfactants, emulsifiers, pigments, inorganic fillers, dyes, stabilizers (UV, oxygen), leveling agents, deaerating agents, preservatives, protective colloids, and further typical additives used in dispersions. These can be added in the production process according to the invention or subsequently, in particular after a possible purification step.
• components e.g. Polymers or surfactants, emulsifiers, pigments, inorganic fillers, dyes, stabilizers (UV, oxygen), leveling agents, deaerating agents, preservatives, protective colloids, and further typical additives used in dispersions.
• the dispersion of the invention has various advantageous properties, for example a favorable film-forming temperature, this is generally in the range of below 30 ° C, preferably below 20 ° C.
• the dispersion of the invention is suitable for various applications, for example as adhesives, for example of steel, aluminum, glass, plastics (PVC, PE, PP, polyurethanes), building materials (plasterboard), stones, leather, rubbers, glass fiber composites, carbon fiber composites or as a sealant, eg in the construction industry or in the DIY sector. Another application is coatings.
• the present invention further relates to a polymeric material obtainable by separating the water from the dispersion of the invention.
• a polymeric material obtainable by separating the water from the dispersion of the invention. This is possible in a simple form by drying the dispersion, e.g. by drying at room temperature or at an elevated temperature. It is preferred to dry between 20 and 80 ° C. Residual water may e.g. be removed by annealing, e.g. at temperatures of 80 to 140 ° C, preferably at 100 - 130 ° C. It can also be dried under reduced pressure.
• Another possibility for the production of the polymeric material is the extrusion squeezing of the dispersion according to the invention, for example as described in DE 44 17 559.
• the dispersion is decomposed in an extruder into an aqueous phase and a polymer melt.
• Another possibility for the preparation of the polymeric material is the coagulation of the dispersion according to the invention, e.g. by common coagulation methods, such as freeze coagulation or chemical coagulation, e.g. with polyvalent ions such as aluminum ions.
• a spray-drying of the dispersion can be carried out.
• the polymeric material according to the invention contains the hybrid particles in crosslinked, preferably in physically crosslinked form.
• Physical crosslinking is understood to mean that, without the formation of chemical bonds, the formation of a solid occurs.
• the vinyl polymer B forms a substantially continuous phase between the phases of the vinyl polymer A.
• the regions of the hybrid particles consisting of vinyl polymer A and SiO 2 particles are thus embedded in a continuous phase of polymer B.
• This continuous phase is essentially free of Si0 2 particles.
• the hydride particles are generally present in a further processable form after separation of the water, for example as powder or granules. From this powder or granules can be obtained by further processing polymeric moldings such as films, plates and components.
• the polymeric material according to the invention has various advantageous properties, for example a favorable elongation at break generally> 200%, preferably> 300%, a tensile strength in general> 4 MPas, preferably> 5 MPa, an E-modulus between 0.3 and 3 MPa and a Shore hardness between 20 and 90 Shore A.
• the polymeric material can be used for various applications, e.g. as a thermoplastic elastomer, as a seal, as a film, as an adhesive film, as a material for components and as a carrier film.
• the solids content of the dispersion was determined by measuring the mass difference before and after drying for 2 hours at 120 ° C.
• the tensile properties (elongation at break, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity (at 100% elongation)) were determined on the basis of specimens analogous to DIN 53504 / ISO 37 (Form Die S2) on a tensile testing machine from Zwick. The test speed was 200 mm / min. For evaluation, at least 3 specimens were tested and the mean value was formed.
• the Shore hardness was determined according to DIN 53505.
• the glass transition temperatures Tg were determined by DMTA on a Haake Mars II rheometer with low temperature unit and solid state clamp. The torsion was introduced into the system with a constant amplitude (depending on the material and sample thickness but in the linear viscoelastic range) at a frequency of 1 Hz.
• the Si0 2 particle size was carried out in the liquid phase by means of dynamic light scattering on a "Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Size Analyzer LB-550" Horiba at a concentration of not more than 10 wt .-% particles, wherein the dispersion has a dynamic viscosity ⁇ 3 mPas at 25 ° C.
• the particle size is the median (D50 value) of the particle size distribution.
• example 1 From 0.43 g of dilauroyl peroxide, 46 g of butyl acrylate, 25 g of dispersion of colloidal SiO 2 particles (30% by weight in butyl acrylate, spherical 25 nm particles, agglomerate-free, surface unreactively modified, no double bonds on the surface), 0.5 g of allyl methacrylate, 0.3 g of sodium salts of C 4 -C 6 -alkanesulfonic acids and 58 g of water is produced by emulsification for 15 s at 24,000 rpm on a UltraTurrax a finely divided emulsion.
• the emulsion thus prepared is then transferred to a reactor containing a heated to 80 ° C water phase of 0.1 g of the above emulsifier in 150 g of water, and slowly stirred under inert gas at 80 ° C. After 1 h, the polymerization is complete.
• an emulsion is added dropwise within 1 h, prepared by emulsification at 24,000 rpm on UltraTurrax for 15 s, consisting of 0.44 g of methacrylic acid, 21.2 g of MMA, 21.2 g of butyl acrylate, 0.075 g of potassium peroxodisulfate, 0.04 g of sodium salts of C 4 -C 6 -alkanesulfonic acids and 30.5 g of water. Thereafter, it is stirred for 1 h at 80 ° C and neutralized by the addition of 0.4 g of 25% ammonia solution. After cooling and filtration, a stable aqueous dispersion having a solids content of 31% results. The size of the resulting hybrid particles is about 1 ⁇ .
• the dispersion is film-forming at room temperature.
• the dispersion was poured into a dish and dried at room temperature for 5 days.
• the films were annealed at 120 ° C for 2 hours and show the following mechanical properties:
• the emulsion thus prepared is then transferred to a reactor containing a heated to 80 ° C water phase of 0.1 g of the above emulsifier in 150 g of water, and slowly stirred under inert gas at 80 ° C. After 1 h, the polymerization is complete.
• an emulsion is added dropwise within 1 h, prepared by emulsification at 24,000 rpm on UltraTurrax for 15 s, consisting of 0.44 g of methacrylic acid, 21.2 g of MMA, 21.2 g of butyl acrylate, 0.075 g of potassium peroxodisulfate, 0.04 g of sodium salts of Ci 4 -Ci 6 - Alkanesulfonic acids and 30.5 g of water. Thereafter, it is stirred for 1 h at 80 ° C and neutralized by the addition of 0.4 g of 25% ammonia solution. After cooling and filtration, a stable aqueous dispersion having a solids content of 31% results. The size of the hybrid particles is about 0.5 ⁇ .
• the dispersion is film-forming at room temperature.
• the dispersion was poured into a dish and dried at room temperature for 5 days.
• the films were annealed at 120 ° C for 2 hours and show the following mechanical properties:
• the dispersion was poured into a dish and dried at room temperature for 5 days. Some of the films produced in this way were examined directly for their properties; in some cases, the films were still annealed at 120 ° C. for 2 hours before the examination.
• the films have two glass transition temperatures and show the following mechanical properties: annealed without tempering
• the films show the following mechanical properties:
• the films show the following mechanical properties:
• This emulsion is placed in a heated to 80 ° C template of 0.5 g of sodium salts of Ci 4 - Ci 6 -Alkansulfonklaren in 805g of water and polymerized for 60 min with intergas at 80 ° C.
• an emulsion is prepared at 80 ° C. within 60 minutes, prepared by emulsification at 24,000 rpm on UltraTurrax from 200 g MMA, 4.2 g butyl acrylate, 0.45 g 2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate, 0.15 g sodium salts of C 4 -C 6 -alkanesulfonic acids, 0.43 g of potassium peroxodisulfate and 153 g of water. Then it is stirred for one hour at 80 ° C. The result is a dispersion having a particle size of about 0.5 ⁇ and a solids content of 30%.
• the dispersion is filled in PE bottles and frozen at -25 ° C. After thawing you get in each PE bottle a white, elastic block from which the water can be pushed out. After drying, white plastic bodies are obtained. These can be formed at 150 ° C to transparent, tough plastic sheets.

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