Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
  • A61K38/47—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2), e.g. cellulases, lactases
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/71—Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family), e.g. larkspur, hepatica, hydrastis, columbine or goldenseal
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/48—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
  • C07C67/56—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by solid-liquid treatment; by chemisorption
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• Cimicifuga racemosa L. Nutt also ⁇ ctaea racemosa
• Cimicifuga dahurica Turcz.
• Cimicifuga dahurica Turcz.
• Cimicifugu foetida E. Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.
• arc used to treat inflammation, fever, headache, pain, sore throat, and chills (Foster, 1999; Kusano, 2001 ; Kim et al., 2004).
• the underlying mechanisms of action for these herbs remain to be fully elucidated.
• black cohosh extracts inhibit the anti-IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in Sprag ⁇ e-Dawlcy rats in a dosc-depcndent manner (Kim et al., 2004).
• the herbal extracts inhibit the transcription of cytokines including IL-4. IL-5 and TNF- ⁇ by inflammatory agents such as PMA and A2387 in IIMC-1 human leukemia mast cells (Kim et al.. 2004).
• Other studies also demonstrated the inhibitory effects of black cohosh extract on histamine, bradykinin and COX-2 mediated inflammatory actions (Kim and Kim, 2000).
• Cimiracematc ⁇ is the ester formed between isoferulic acid and 3-(30, 40-dihyroxylphenyl)-2-keto-propanol (Chen et al.. 2005).
• Cimiracemate A is a naturally occurring compound possessing a 1,7-diaryl skeleton. Other compounds with this 1.7-diaryl skeleton significant biological activities (Roughley & Whiting, 1973). For instance, curcumin.
• cimiracemate A may have additional health benefits including reactive ox>gen species scavengers (Burdette et al., 2002). Taken together, compounds, like cimiracemate ⁇ , with the 1.7-diaryl skeleton may have multiple bioacti ⁇ ities that can act via multiple cell-dependent mechanisms.
• C. raccmosu has been experiencing a dramatic increase in consumption in the United States and Hurope. Its products arc prepared in the form of isopropanolic and ethanolic extracts currently available to consumers in a range of formulations and dosages. The use of this herb has been based on extracts rather than the individual bioactive components. Although some compounds have been isolated from C. racemosa, including tritcrpcne glycosides and phenolics, their bioactivitics and consistent presence in the extracts remain to be determined (Kennelly et al., 2002).
• C. racemosa component is 23-epi-26-deoxyactein.
• the 23-epi-26-deoxyactein component is currently used as the chemical marker to standardize commercial C. racemosa products.
• the rationale for its usage is its abundance in the extract (Pepping, 1999).
• the chemical marker used for the standardization of C. rucemosa extracts is not necessarily representative of the bioactivity of this herb.
• bioactive marker that can be used to identify the members of the Cimicifuga genus, for example: C racemosa, C. dahu ⁇ ca (Turcz.) Maxim., C foetida L., and C. heracleifolia Kom.
• the bioactive marker could also be used to standardize extracts of Cimicifuga species for use as anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of inflammatory-associated diseases and to
• .5 distinguish species based on the chemical profile of each sample.
• the subject invention provides materials and methods for isolating and extracting cimiracemate A from Cimicifuga.
• the isolated cimiracemate A from Cimicifuga.
• cimiracemate A can be used as a therapeutic composition and/or as a dietary supplement.
• isolated cimiracemate A can be used as a bioactive chemical marker and standard for various species of Cimicifuga.
• the subject invention provides a method for purifying cimiracemate A, comprising the steps of: !5 a) providing a sufficient quantity of material of a Cimicifuga species; b) grinding the raw material; c) mixing the ground material with an aqueous solvent; and d) isolating cimiracemate A.
• the subject invention provides higher and more consistent yields of isolated cimiracemate A from Cimicifuga species.
• the novel isolation procedure of the subject invention is also more rapid and convenient.
• the subject invention provides isolated cimiracemate A for treatment of, for example, malaise, malaria, rheumatism, abnormal kidney function, sore throat, menstrual irregularities, .0 diseases associated with childbirth, fever, headache pain, and chills as well as symptoms and/or syndromes associated with these conditions.
• the subject invention provides isolated cimiracemate A that can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent.
• the subject invention makes it possible to distinguish various L 5 species of the Cimicifuga genus.
• the extracts of the various Cimicifuga species create individual chemical profiles for cimiracemate A bioactivity.
• cimiracemate A can be used according to the subject invention as a chemical marker to standardize commercially available C racemosa products.
• the use of cimiracemate A as a chemical marker to standardize C. racemosa products can be, for 10 example, based on the bioactivity of cimiracemate A as an anti-inflammatory agent.
• FIGURES Figure 1 is a chemical structure of cimiracemate A.
• Figure 2 shows chromatograms of the roots of C racemosa extracted with Milli-0-ethanol at ratio of ( ! ) 100:0, (2) 80:20, (3) 60:40, (4) 40:60, (5) 20:80 and (6) 0:100.
• * denotes the presence of cimiracemate A in the samples of C. racemosa under different extraction conditions.
• the chromatograms were obtained by injecting the samples to a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (Lichrospher 100 RP Cl 8 EC 5 ⁇ , 250 ⁇ 4.6 mm ID) using gradient elution from 15% CH 3 CN to 100% CII 3 CN at a flow rate of 1 ml min "1 and the detection wavelength was at 210nm.
• Figure 3 shows chromatograms of the extracts obtained by extracting the roots of C. racemosa with milli-Q at (1) room temperature, (2) 50°C and (3) l ⁇ O'C * denotes the presence of cimiracemate A from the samples of C. racemosa under different extraction conditions.
• the chromatograms were obtained by injecting the samples to a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (Lichrospher 100 RP Cl 8 EC 5 ⁇ , 250x4.6 mm ID) using gradient elution from 15% CH 3 CN to 100% CII 3 CN at a flow rate of 1 ml min "1 and the detection wavelength was at 210nm.
• Figure 4 shows chromatograms of the roots of C. racemosa extracted with milli-Q by sonication for (1) 0 min, (2) 5 min. (3) 10 min, (4) 20 min and (5) 30 min. * denotes the presence of cimiracemate A in the samples of C. racemosa under different extraction conditions.
• the chromatograms were obtained by injecting the samples to a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (Lichrospher 100 RP Cl 8 EC 5 ⁇ , 250 ⁇ 4.6 mm ID) using gradient elution from 15% CH 3 CN to 100% CH 3 CN at a flow rate of 1 ml min "1 and the detection wavelength was at 210nm.
• Figure 5 shows chromatograms of the roots of C. racemosa extracted with milli-Q at ratio of (1) 1 :5 (w/v), (2) 1 : 10 (w/v), (3) 1 : 15 (w/v) and (4) 1 :20 (w/v).
• * denotes the presence of cimiracematc A in the samples of C. racemosu under different extraction conditions.
• the chromatograms were obtained by injecting the samples to a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (Lichrospher 100 RP C1 8 EC 5 ⁇ , 250*4.6 mm ID) using gradient elution from 15% CH 3 CN to 100% CH 3 CN at a flow rate of 1 ml min " * and the detection wavelength was at 21 Onm.
• Experimental condition The herb (2.0 g) was extracted by sonication for 30 min at room temperature and the extraction was repeated three times. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences according to Tukey's test (p ⁇ 0.05, one-way ANOVA).
• Experimental conditions the amount of herb 2.0 g; the extraction time 30 min; the extraction solvent Milli-Q water (10 ml). The extraction was repeated three times. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences according to Tukey's test (p ⁇ 0.05, one-way ANOVA).
• Experimental conditions The herb (2.0 g) was extracted with Milli-Q water at room temperature. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences according to Tukey's test (p ⁇ 0.05, one-way ANOVA).
• Experimental conditions The herb (2.0 g) was extracted with Milli-Q water for 30 min at room temperature. The extraction was repeated three times. Different letters above the bars indicate significant differences according to Tukey's test (p ⁇ 0.05, one-way ANOVA).
• Figure ⁇ OA-C shows the chromatographic fingerprints of C. dahurica, C. foetida, and C. herocleifolia.
• the subject invention provides materials and methods for isolating and extracting cimiracemate A from various species of Cimicifuga.
• the isolated cimiracemate A can be used as a therapeutic composition or dietary supplement.
• the isolated cimiracemate A can be used as a bioactive chemical marker and standard for various species of Cimicifuga.
• the subject invention provides a method for purifying cimiracemate A, comprising the steps of: a) providing a sufficient quantity of raw material of a Cimicifuga species; b) grinding the raw material into a powder; c) mixing the powder with an aqueous solvent; and d) isolating cimiracemate A.
• the Cimicifuga species is selected from Cimicifuga racemosa, Cimicifuga foelida, and/or Cimicifuga her acleif alia. In a preferred embodiment, the Cimicifuga species is Cimicifuga racemosa.
• the extraction procedure of the subject invention utilizes water, optionally with ethanol, as the solvent.
• the solvent preferably comprises less than 20% ethanol, more preferably there can be less than 15% elhanol, and even less than 10%, or even less than 5%.
• the subject invention utilizes a ratio of Cimicifnga racemosa to water of between 1 :5 and 1 :20, and preferably about 1 : 15.
• the extraction procedure is carried out at room temperature. This temperature may be, for example, from 2O 0 C to 28°C or from 22°C to 26 0 C. In a specific embodiment the extraction procedure is carried out at about 25°C.
• the subject invention provides higher and more consistent yields of isolated cimiracemate A from Cimicifuga species.
• the subject invention also provides a more rapid and convenient method of cimiracemate A isolation.
• the subject invention provides isolated cimiracemate A for treatment of. for example, malaise, malaria, rheumatism, abnormal kidney function, sore throat, menstrual irregularities, diseases associated with childbirth, fever, headache pain, and chills.
• the subject invention provides isolated cimiracemate A that can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent.
• the subject invention further provides isolated cimiracemate A that can be used to suppress LPS-induccd TNF ⁇ in human macrophages, inhibit LPS-induced MAP kinase activities, or act as a reactive oxygen species scavenger.
• the term "subject,” as used herein, describes an organism, including mammals such as primates, to which treatment with the compositions according to the present invention can be provided. Mammalian species that can benefit from the disclosed methods of treatment include, but are not limited to, apes, chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, monkeys; and domesticated animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters.
• the subject invention makes it possible to distinguish various species of the Cimicifuga genus.
• the extracts of the various Cimicifuga species create individual chemical profiles for cimiracemate A bioactivity following HPLC.
• the isolated cimiracemate A of the subject invention can be used as a chemical marker to standardize commercially available C. racemosa products.
• the use of the isolated cimiracemate A as a chemical marker to standardize commercially available C. racemosa products can be, for example, based on the bioactivity of cimiracemate A as an anti-inflammatory agent.
• Cimiracemate A has been identified in the dried rhizomes and roots of black cohosh.
• headspace analysis and supercritical and subcritical-fluid extraction only target the essential oils from herbs, whereas pressurized liquid extractions are performed at elevated temperatures that may lead to thermal degradation.
• pressurized liquid extractions are performed at elevated temperatures that may lead to thermal degradation.
• the methods of the subject invention provide high and consistent yields of cimiracemate A extracted from black cohosh.
• cimiracemate A can be used according to the subject invention to identify
• Cimicifuga genus L5 the members of the Cimicifuga genus, for example: C. racemosu. C. dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim., C. foelida L., and C. heracleifolia Kom.
• Cimiracemate A can also be used to standardize extracts of Cimicifuga species for use as anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of inflammatory-associated diseases.
• Cimiracemate A can also be used, according to the subject invention, to distinguish species based on the chemical profile of each sample
• Polar, non-toxic solvents including water and ethanol (and mixtures thereof), were used to extract cimiracemate A from C. racemosa. This solvent system is suitable in
• room temperature is the preferred extraction temperature for extracting cimiracemate A from C. racemosa.
• Sonication is another method that can, in some cases, improve the efficiency and shorten the extraction time for extracting compounds from dry material of herbs.
• the underlying mechanism of enhancement is the intensification of mass transfer and easier
• HPLC-DAD high performance liquid chromatography- photo-diode array
• Deionized water was obtained from a Milli-Q water system (Millipore, Bedford, MA,
• Cimicifiiga racemosa was purchased from the Monterey Bay
• C. racemosa (2g) was extracted with 10 ml of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% (v/v) EtOH in water. Extractions were done by sonication for 30 minutes at room temperature. There were three replicates for each solvent. The extraction process was repeated and the experiments were performed three times. The extracts were ccntrifugcd at 4000 rpm for 5 min and then filtered through a filter paper (No 1 , Advantec, Japan). The resulting filtrate was evaporated and freeze-dried in order to obtain the dry weight of the extracts. Effect of extraction temperature Three extraction temperatures (room temperature, 50 c' C and 100°C) were used to study the extraction yield of cimiracemate A. Dried powder of C.
• racemosa (2.0 g) was sonicated with 10 ml MiIIi-Q water at each extraction temperatures for 30 min. There were three replicates for each temperature, and the extraction process was repeated three times. The extracts were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes and then filtered through a filter paper as above. The resulting filtrate was then freeze-dried in order to obtain the dry weight of the extracts.
• C. racemosa (2.0 g) was extracted with 10 ml Milli-Q water at room temperature. Extractions were done by maceration and/or sonication for 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes. There were three replicates for each extraction time and the extraction process was repeated three times. The extracts were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes and then filtered through a filter paper as above. The resulting filtrate was evaporated and freeze-dried in order to obtain the dry weight of the extracts. Effect of solvent- to- herb ratio
• C. rucemosu (2.0 g) was extracted with milli-Q at ratio of 1 :5. 1 :10, 1 : 15 and 1 :20 (W ' V) at room temperature with continuous sonication for 30 minutes. There were three replicates for each extraction volume and the extraction process was repeated three times. The extracts were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes and then filtered through a filter paper as above. The resulting filtrate was evaporated and freeze-dried in order to obtain the dry weight of the extracts.
• C. racemosa Three counterparts of C. racemosa: C. dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim.. C foetida L., and C. heracleifolia Kom. were provided by Purapharm International (H. K.) Ltd. Each herb (2.0 g) was extracted with 40 ml Milli-Q water under sonication (30 minutes) at room temperature.
• aqueous extracts were freeze-dried and then dissolved in MeOH to obtain the final concentration of 25mg/ml.
• the fingerprints of the herbs as well as the percentage yield of cimiracemate A were determined using HPLC-PDA as described above. Stalls 1 LiCaI analys is
• cimiracemate A (Fig. 1 ) with anti-inflammatory activity was isolated from the aqueous extract of C racemosa.
• the percentage yields of cimiracemate A in C. racemosa in relation to the ethanol content in the extraction solvent are shown in Fig. 2 and 6.
• the peak of cimiracemate A (denoted as * ) was the highest at 0% ethanol (i.e. 100% water) and it reduced substantially with the increase of ethanol content.
• the extraction yield of cimiracemate A decreased from 1.36 to 0.19% when the ethanol content increased from 0 to 100% (Fig. 6).
• the compounds of the subject invention can be used to treat inflammation associated with infection, including, but not limited to, infections by viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and
• the compounds of the subject invention can be used to treat inflammation mediated by a variety of proinflammatory factors including, but not limited to, tumor necrosis factor, interferons, interleukins, leukotrienes, and environmental toxins.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used in the treatment, or amelioration, of inflammatory symptoms in any disease, condition or disorder where immune and/or inflammation suppression is beneficial.
• Inflammatory diseases, conditions or disorders in which the compounds and compositions of the present invention can be used to inhibit unwanted immune reactions and inflammation include, but are not limited to, arthritis, including but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases, conditions or disorders of the joints or musculoskeletal system in which immune and/or inflammation suppression is beneficial.
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to treat or ameliorate inflammation associated with atherosclerosis: arteriosclerosis; atherosclerotic heart disease; reper fusion injury; cardiac arrest; myocardial infarction; vascular inflammatory disorders including cerebrovascular disease (stroke); respiratory distress syndrome and other cardiopulmonary diseases, conditions or disorders where immune and/or inflammation suppression, such as graft-versus-host disease and allergic conditions, would be beneficial.
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to treat or ameliorate inflammation associated with peptic ulcer; ulcerative colitis, Chron's Disease, irritable bowel syndrome, other inflammatory bowel conditions, and other diseases, conditions or disorders of the gastrointestinal tract where immune inflammation suppression would be beneficial; hepatic fibrosis; liver cirrhosis and other hepatic diseases, conditions or disorders where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial; thyroiditis and other glandular diseases, conditions or disorders where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial; glomerulonephritis and other renal and urologic diseases, conditions or disorders where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial.
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to treat or ameliorate inflammation associated with post-traumatic inflammation: septic shock; infectious diseases where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial; inflammatory complications and side effects of surgery where immune and/or inflammation suppression 5 would be beneficial; bone marrow transplantation and other transplantation complications and/or side effects where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial; inflammatory and/or immune complications and side effects of gene therapy, e.g., due to infection with a viral carrier; and inflammation associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• septic shock infectious diseases where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial
• inflammatory complications and side effects of surgery where immune and/or inflammation suppression 5 would be beneficial
• bone marrow transplantation and other transplantation complications and/or side effects where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial
• inflammatory and/or immune complications and side effects of gene therapy e.g., due to infection with a viral carrier
• inflammation associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) e.g., due to infection with a viral carrier
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to inhibit macrophage or T cell associated aspects of an immune response that are not associated with inflammation.
• the compounds and compositions arc able to inhibit macrophage or T cell activities including, but not limited to, macrophage antigen-presenting activity, macrophage cytokine production, T cell cytokine production, T cell adhesion activity, T cell proliferation, etc.
• macrophage antigen-presenting activity including, but not limited to, macrophage antigen-presenting activity, macrophage cytokine production, T cell cytokine production, T cell adhesion activity, T cell proliferation, etc.
• L5 peptide derivatives and compositions are useful to suppress or inhibit a humoral and/or cellular immune response.
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to treat or ameliorate monocyte and leukocNte proliferative diseases, e.g., leukemia, by reducing the amount of monocytes and lymphocytes.
• monocyte and leukocNte proliferative diseases e.g., leukemia
• compositions of the invention are further useful for the prevention and/or treatment of graft rejection in cases of transplantation of natural or artificial cells, tissue and organs, such as cornea, bone marrow, organs, lenses, pacemakers, natural and artificial skin tissue, and the like.
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to treat or ameliorate inflammation
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to treat or ameliorate inflammation associated with otitis and other otorhinolaryngological diseases, conditions or disorders where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial; dermatitis and other dermal diseases, conditions or disorders where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial; periodontal diseases and other dental diseases, conditions or disorders where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial.
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to treat or ameliorate inflammation associated with posterior uveitis; intermediate uveitis; anterior uveitis; conjunctivitis; chorioretinitis; uveoretinitis; optic neuritis; intraocular inflammation, such as retinitis and cystoid macular edema; sympathetic ophthalmia; scleritis; retinitis pigmentosa; immune and inflammatory components of degenerative fondus disease; inflammatory components of ocular trauma; ocular- inflammation caused by infection; proliferative vitreoretinopathies; acute ischemic optic neuropathy; excessive scarring, for example, following glaucoma filtration operation; immune and/or inflammation reaction against ocular implants and other immune and inflammatory-related ophthalmic diseases, conditions or disorders where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial.
• the compounds and compositions are also useful to treat or ameliorate inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases and conditions or disorders where, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in any other organ, immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial; Parkinson's disease; complications and/or side effects from treatment of Parkinson's disease; AIDS-related dementia complex (HIV-related encephalopathy); Devic's disease; Sydenham chorea; Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative diseases, conditions or disorders of the central nervous system where immune and/or inflammation suppression would be beneficial; inflammatory components of strokes; post-polio syndrome; immune and inflammatory components of psychiatric disorders; myelitis; encephalitis: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; encephalomyelitis; acute neuropathy: subacute neuropathy; chronic neuropathy; Guillaim-Barre syndrome; Sydenham chorea; myasthenia gravis; pseudotumor cerebri: Down's Syndrome; Huntington's disease; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; inflammatory components
• the compounds and compositions of the invention are useful to restore immune privilege at an immune privileged site which has lost its immune privilege such as brain, eye and testis.
• the subject invention provides isolated compounds.
• isolated refers to compounds that have been removed from any environment in which they may exist in nature.
• isolated cimiracemate A would not refer to the cimiracemate ⁇ compound as it exists in Cimicifuga racemosa.
• the compounds of the subject invention are at least 75% pure, preferably at least 90% pure, more preferably are more than 95% pure, and most preferably are more than 99% pure (substantially pure).
• the present invention also provides for therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention in a form that can be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the compound may be, for example, isolated or substantially pure.
• carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, cxcipicnt, or vehicle with which the compound is administered.
• Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum oil such as mineral oil, vegetable oil such as peanut oil. soybean oil. and sesame oil, animal oil, or oil of synthetic origin. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
• Particularly preferred pharmaceutical carriers for treatment of or amelioration of inflammation in the central nervous system are carriers that can penetrate the blood/brain barrier. As used herein carriers do not include the natural plant material as it exists in nature.
• Suitable pharmaceutical cxcipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, Hour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
• the therapeutic composition if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pll buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like.
• the composition can be formulated with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
• compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic composition, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
• suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin.
• Such compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic composition, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
• the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
• the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for local injection administration to human beings.
• compositions for local injection administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer.
• the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lidocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection.
• the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a 5 hermetically scaled container such as an ampoule or sachctte indicating the quantity of active agent.
• an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
• compositions of the invention can be formulated as
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with free amino groups such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with free carboxyl groups such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.
• the present invention also provides for the modification of the compound such that it is more stable once administered to a subject, i.e., once administered it has a longer time period of effectiveness as compared to the unmodified compound.
• modifications are well known to those of skill in the art, e.g., polyethylene glycol derivatization (PEGylation), microencapsulation, etc.
• an active compound of the invention can be any active compound of the invention.
• the amount of the therapeutic or pharmaceutical composition of the invention which is effective in the treatment of a particular disease, condition or disorder will depend on the nature of the disease, condition or disorder and can be determined by standard clinical
• the dosage ranges from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg.
• in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges.
• the precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease, condition or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems. For example, in order to obtain an effective mg/kg dose for humans based on data generated from rat studies, the effective mg/kg dosage in rats is divided by six.
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients, e.g.. compound, carrier, of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• the compounds of the subject invention can also be formulated consistent with traditional Chinese medicine practices.
• the composition and dosage of the formulation that arc effective in the treatment of a particular disease, condition or disorder will depend on the nature of the disease, condition or disorder by standard clinical techniques.
• the traditional Chinese medicine in prescription amounts can be readily made into any form of drug, suitable for administering to humans or animals. Suitable forms include, for example, tinctures, decoctions, and dry extracts. These can be taken orally, applied through venous injection or mucous membranes.
• the active ingredient can also be formulated into capsules, powder, pallets, pastille, suppositories, oral solutions, pasteurized gastroenteric suspension injections, small or large amounts of injection including preparations for intravenous administration, frozen power injections, pasteurized powder injections and the like. All of the above-mentioned methods are known to people skilled in the art, described in books and commonly used by practitioners of herbal medicine.
• a tincture is prepared by suspending herbs in a solution of alcohol, such as, for example, wine or liquor. After a period of suspension, the liquid (the alcohol solution) may been administered for example, two or three times a day, one teaspoon each time.
• a decoction is a common form of herbal preparation. It is traditionally prepared in a clay pot, but can also be prepared in glass, enamel or stainless steel containers. The 5 formulation can be soaked for a period of time in water and then brought to a boil and simmered until the amount of water is reduced by. for example, half.
• An extract is a concentrated preparation of the essential constituents of a medicinal herb.
• the essential constituents are extracted from the herbs by suspending the herbs in an appropriate choice of solvent, typically, water, cthanol/watcr mixture, methanol,
• extracting process may be further facilitated by means of maceration, percolation, repcrcolation. counter-current extraction, turbo-extraction, or by carbon-dioxide hypercritical (temperature/pressure) extraction. After filtration to rid of herb debris, the extracting solution may be further evaporated and thus concentrated to yield a soft extract (extractum
• L5 spissum L5 spissum
• a dried extract extracum siccum
• the soft extract or dried extract may be further dissolved in a suitable liquid to a desired concentration for administering or processed into a form such as pills, capsules, injections, etc.
• Li W Chen S. Fabricant D, Angerhofer CK, Fong HHS, Farnsworth NR, Fitzloff JF. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) constituents with in-line evaporative light scattering and photodiodc array detection. Analytica Chimica Acta 2002, 471 :61-75. 18. Loncin M, Merson RL. Food engineering: principles and selected applications, Academic Press 1979, New York, USA

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