WO2010130144A1 - 一种结构损伤检测系统、设备以及结构损伤检测方法 - Google Patents

一种结构损伤检测系统、设备以及结构损伤检测方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010130144A1
WO2010130144A1 PCT/CN2010/000470 CN2010000470W WO2010130144A1 WO 2010130144 A1 WO2010130144 A1 WO 2010130144A1 CN 2010000470 W CN2010000470 W CN 2010000470W WO 2010130144 A1 WO2010130144 A1 WO 2010130144A1
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Prior art keywords
damage
spectral
sensor
indication value
structural
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
向志海
陆秋海
戴晓玮
张尧
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Tsinghua University
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Tsinghua University
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Priority to US13/320,260 priority Critical patent/US9316620B2/en
Priority to CN201080020956.8A priority patent/CN102422154B/zh
Publication of WO2010130144A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010130144A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/04Analysing solids
    • G01N29/045Analysing solids by imparting shocks to the workpiece and detecting the vibrations or the acoustic waves caused by the shocks
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/26Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor
    • G01N29/265Arrangements for orientation or scanning by relative movement of the head and the sensor by moving the sensor relative to a stationary material
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/34Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/348Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor with frequency characteristics, e.g. single frequency signals, chirp signals
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/4409Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by comparison
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/028Material parameters
    • G01N2291/0289Internal structure, e.g. defects, grain size, texture

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a structural damage detecting system, a device and a structural damage detecting method, in particular to a structural damage detecting system, a device and a structural damage detecting method for non-destructively detecting damage of an engineering structure.
  • the static displacement, velocity, acceleration and other responses under external excitation are used to reverse the damage in the engineering structure. If the sensor is embedded in the engineering structure in advance, the real-time monitoring of the damage situation can be realized, but at this time, the damage response can be performed only by the structural response excited by the environmental excitation when the engineering structure works. Compared with the local detection technology, the detection efficiency of the overall detection technology is high. However, the overall detection technique has the following disadvantages. First, if the applied stimulus is not applied properly, the response of the engineering structure may not fully reflect the damage, thus Affect the detection accuracy. For example, if the static load is small and the crack in the engineering structure cannot be fully expanded, the static displacement is not sensitive to such damage.
  • the damage is a local feature of the engineering structure, its influence on the dynamic characteristics of the structure is often only reflected in the higher-order frequency band. Therefore, if the external excitation cannot excite the high-order response of the engineering structure, the accuracy of the damage inversion is better. Poor, so the results obtained by the overall test are less accurate.
  • the overall method also has problems such as reasonable layout of sensors, durability of sensors, interference of environmental noise, and acquisition and transmission of signals.
  • the tapping method based on the percussive mechanical model established by Cawley can detect damage in composite laminates.
  • the percussive mechanics model considers that when the hammer is struck to the structural damage site, the tapping force signal generated by the tapping force time history signal at the place is smaller than the tapping force signal generated when the hammer is struck to the complete part. Larger width. According to this, by calculating the area of the striking force spectrum curve and the frequency coordinate axis, a characteristic parameter R can be obtained, and the damage can be identified by comparing the R value of the intact and the damaged part. In addition, the width of the tapping force time history signal before and after the damage can be directly compared to identify the damage.
  • the tapping method is also a local detection technique that does not require the sensor to be attached to the structure, and is sensitive to damage due to the ability to acquire changes in the local stiffness of the structure.
  • this method uses the spectrum information of the striking force of the entire frequency band, which reduces the accuracy of the damage identification to a certain extent, because: (1) damage is often reflected in the higher-order frequency band of the tapping force, The entire frequency band information will mask the information on the damage sensitive frequency band; (2) The information of the entire frequency band contains the components of environmental noise.
  • the frequency range covered by the striking force line is determined by the structural stiffness and the stiffness of the hammer.
  • Yang Yongbin et al. proposed a method for extracting the fundamental frequency of a bridge by using the vehicle as a stimulus and using the acceleration signal of the vehicle.
  • the advantage of this method is that there is no need to install sensors on the bridge, and the measurement process does not affect the normal operation of the bridge.
  • this method does not install a tapping device on the vehicle, so it is difficult to excite the higher frequency response of the bridge, and the obtained acceleration signal is not sensitive to local damage, and it is difficult to detect the damage of the structure only according to the fundamental frequency of the bridge. . Therefore, it is desirable to provide a structural damage inspection method and structural damage detection apparatus that can easily, quickly and accurately detect damage in an engineering structure without knowing the complete feature information of the engineering structure in advance. Summary of the invention
  • the present invention has been made in order to provide a structural damage detecting method and a structural damage detecting apparatus which overcome the above problems or at least partially solve the above problems.
  • a structural damage detecting method for detecting damage of a structure comprising the steps of: scanning along a surface of the structure using a striking device, wherein the striking device is simultaneously scanning Knocking with a tapping force having a predetermined frequency band; sensing, by the sensor, a response signal transmitted by the structural surface to the striking device at each position of the surface of the structure, wherein the signal sensed by the sensor Can be at least one of displacement, velocity, and acceleration; transforming the signal sensed by the sensor to obtain a signal spectrum or scale spectrum at each location of the surface of the structure; from the spectrum of the signal A spectral envelope corresponding to a predetermined frequency band of the striking force is intercepted; a damage indication value at each position of the structural surface is calculated, the damage indication value reflecting a spectral envelope at the position The degree to which the line is similar to the spectral envelope at other locations; and the location at which the damage indication value is abruptly identified as the location where the structural damage exists.
  • a structural damage detecting apparatus comprising a tapping device for tapping on a surface of a structure to be inspected with a tapping force having a predetermined frequency band; and a sensor for sensing by the to-be-detected a response signal transmitted by the structural surface to the striking device, wherein the sensor-sensed response signal may be at least one of displacement, velocity, and acceleration; wherein the tapping device and the sensor are integrated While the tapping device performs a tap on the surface of the structure to be inspected, the sensor senses a response signal transmitted from the surface of the structure to be detected to the tapping device.
  • a structural damage detecting system comprising a structural damage detecting device according to the present invention, and a signal processing component for performing a signal sensed by a sensor in the structural damage detecting device Processing to determine a location of damage in the structure to be inspected, the signal processing component comprising: spectral acquisition means for transforming a signal sensed by the sensor to obtain at each location of the surface of the structure a signal spectrum or scale spectrum; a spectral envelope intercepting means for extracting, from the signal spectrum, a spectral envelope corresponding to a predetermined frequency band of the tapping force; a computing device configured to calculate a damage indication value at each location of the surface of the structure, the damage indication value reflecting a degree of similarity of a spectral envelope at the location to a spectral envelope at other locations; A damage location determining device for determining a damage location in the structure based on a damage indication value at each location of the structural surface.
  • the structural damage detecting method, apparatus and system according to the present invention can set the magnitude and frequency band of the striking force, which is advantageous for exciting the damage information and avoiding the interference of the environmental noise. Moreover, the present invention is only for detecting The response of the frequency band corresponding to the frequency band of the tapping force in the response of the structure surface transmitted to the striking device is further processed, which can improve the detection accuracy.
  • the structural damage detecting method, apparatus and system according to the present invention do not need to know the characteristic information of the lossless structure in advance, and are more convenient to implement; and are applicable to various forms of damage of structural materials that may occur in aerospace, civil engineering, and machinery. Application in the field. DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a structural damage detection system 100 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a structural damage detection system 200 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a front elevational view, along line A of Figure 3, of the structural damage detection system 200 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a distribution diagram of MAC matrix elements
  • Fig. 5 schematically shows a flow chart of a structural damage detecting method in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Specific embodiment
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a structural damage detection system 100 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As shown
  • the structural damage detecting system 100 includes a structural damage detecting device 110 and a signal processing component 120.
  • the structural damage detecting device 110 is configured to apply a tap and feel on the detected structure A response signal transmitted from the surface of the detected structure to the tapping device is measured.
  • the signal processing component 120 processes the response signal sensed by the structural damage detecting device 110 to determine if there is damage and damage in the detected structure.
  • the structural damage detecting apparatus 110 includes a striking device 112 and a sensor 114 integrated with the striking device 112.
  • the tapping device 1 12 is for tapping the structure to be inspected with a tapping force having a predetermined frequency band and size while the structural damage detecting device 110 performs scanning on the surface of the structure to be inspected.
  • Sensor 114 senses the response transmitted by the surface of the structure to be inspected to the striking device.
  • the surface of the structure to be inspected will generate displacement, velocity and acceleration response under the action of the striking force. Due to the interaction between the surface of the structure to be inspected and the striking device, these responses are transmitted to the striking device, and the instantaneous value
  • the size of the structure can reflect the structural features of the detected structure at the tapping position. Therefore, when damage occurs in the detected structure, the displacement, velocity or acceleration response from the surface of the structure to be detected to the striking device at that position will be The response of the damage location is significantly different, and the present invention is based on this. sensor
  • sensor 114 may be any sensor capable of sensing the response transmitted by the surface of the structure to be detected to the tapping device.
  • sensor 114 may be any sensor capable of sensing one of the displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses transmitted by the surface of the structure to be inspected to the striking device.
  • the sensor 114 is an acceleration sensor for sensing the acceleration response transmitted by the surface of the structure to be detected to the tapping device, because the acceleration a and the structural displacement response sensed by the sensor 14 are b.
  • the relationship between the structural local impedance Z and the striking force F has the following relationship:
  • the signal processing unit 120 includes a spectrum acquisition unit 122, a spectral envelope intercepting unit 124, a damage indication value calculating unit 126, and a lesion position determining unit 128.
  • the spectrum acquisition device 122 acquires the sensor signals sensed by the sensor 114.
  • the surface of the detected structure may be divided into a plurality of portions having a certain size, and the structural damage detecting device 110 needs to scan each surface portion for a certain time.
  • the signal acquired by the sensor 114 is Sensor signal distribution over this period of time.
  • the spectral acquisition device 112 performs a transform process on the temporal distribution of the sensor signal to obtain a representation of the signal over the frequency domain or scale domain.
  • This transformation process can be performed using any transformation process in the prior art, for example, the transformation process can be short-time Fu Fourier transform, wavelet transform, or Hilbert-Huang transform.
  • the spectral acquisition device 122 acquires a signal spectrum or scale spectrum at each location portion of the surface of the structure.
  • the spectral envelope intercepting means 124 intercepts, from the signal spectrum, a spectral envelope corresponding to the tapping force band of the tapping means.
  • the present invention only intercepts the spectrum corresponding to the tapping frequency band of the tapping device, and then analyzes only the signals in the spectrum, thereby reducing the processing overhead required to process the entire frequency band spectrum, and the other
  • the tapping frequency band to a frequency band different from the frequency band of the environmental noise, the influence of the environmental noise on the detection result can be significantly reduced, thereby improving the detection accuracy.
  • the damage indication value calculation means 126 calculates a damage indication value at each position of the surface of the detected structure based on the intercepted spectral envelope, the damage indication value reflecting the spectral envelope at the position and other positions The degree of similarity of the spectral envelope.
  • the damage indication value may be calculated as follows, first converting the spectral envelope into a spectral vector, which may be obtained by acquiring the spectral envelope. The amplitude at multiple frequencies in the line is converted as a component of the spectral vector. The number of components of the spectral vector can be determined based on the detection accuracy and the processing performance of the system.
  • the frequency corresponding to the component may be evenly distributed in the frequency band of the speech envelope or may be unevenly distributed. However, for the structure being inspected, the frequency selection at each location should be the same.
  • a damage indication value reflecting the degree of similarity of the spectral vector at the current location and the spectral vector at other locations is calculated.
  • the damage indication value can be calculated as: Where Yi and Yj respectively represent the spectral vector at the current position and other positions on the structure, ⁇ represent the inner product operation of the spectral vector, W and I ⁇ represent the length of the vectors Yi and Yj
  • n is the number of unit detection portions divided by the detected structure.
  • Yi and Yj are, the more similar the shape of the envelope i and the envelope j are, the closer to 1. Therefore, the damage indication value for a certain spectral vector Yi can be the spectral vector Yi and all other spectra The average of the sum of the similarities of the graph vectors Yj.
  • the MAC coefficient can be utilized to obtain the damage indication value.
  • the formula for calculating the MAC coefficient matrix is:
  • Yi and Yj represent the spectral vectors of the i-th and j-th portions, respectively, on the structure, • represent the inner product operations of the spectral vectors, and W and ⁇ ⁇ 1 represent the lengths of the vectors Yi and Yj.
  • Each element in the MAC coefficient matrix represents the degree of similarity between two spectral vectors, where the elements on the main diagonal must be equal to one.
  • the size of the i-th row or the i-th column element of the MAC coefficient matrix can reflect the damage condition corresponding to a certain spectral vector Yi, and thus the damage indication value of the position corresponding to the spectral vector Yi.
  • the damage position determining means 128 determines the damage position in the detected structure based on the damage indication value at each position of the surface of the detected structure. For example, the damage position determining means 128 may determine the position at which the damage indication value suddenly drops as the position where the damage exists. Because if the structure is not damaged, the distribution of damage indication values in space is relatively smooth; if the damage indication value of a certain location is abrupt, it means that the local impedance is obviously different from other places, and damage is likely to occur. The size of the mutation also reflects the severity of the damage. For example, take the value of the first row element of the MAC coefficient matrix as the vertical axis element, and draw a curve with the corresponding structural position as the horizontal axis.
  • the curve should be relatively smooth; if the curve is somewhere A sudden drop indicates that there is damage at that place, and the greater the drop, the more serious the damage.
  • the position where the absolute value of the first derivative value of the curve exceeds the predetermined threshold may be determined as the position where the damage is present.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show schematic views of a damage detection system 200 suitable for structural damage detection of a structure similar to a bridge, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the structure to be inspected is a plate structure having an axial length much larger than a section perpendicular to the axial direction, and the plate structure is very similar in cross section in the axial direction.
  • Such structures are common in engineering practice, such as road bridges, railway bridges, etc., which have such a structure.
  • bridges often need to be tested to ensure that the bridge is not damaged, or repaired in time after the damage has occurred to prevent accidents due to bridge breakage.
  • the damage detection system 200 shown in Figures 2 and 3 is well suited for damage detection of similar bridge structures as described above.
  • the detected structure is a laminate 5 which is fixed on the ground.
  • the two steel bars 4, and a certain gap from the ground, should ensure that the structural damage detecting device 210 does not contact the ground when moving to the intermediate position of the laminated plate 5, so that the laminated plate 5 can well simulate the bridge structure in reality.
  • damage 6 was produced in the laminate 5, and the damage appeared as a crack.
  • the structural damage detecting device 210 is integrated on the steel trolley 1, wherein the striking device 3 can generate a striking force having a predetermined frequency band under the control of the control signal.
  • the striking device 3 is a JZK-2 exciter that can generate a tapping force having a predetermined frequency band under the control of a control signal from the computer 11.
  • the DASYLab software in computer 11 can generate control signals synthesized by 16 equal-width sinusoidal signals distributed between 90-240HZ. These control signals are digitally modeled by the D/A port of the ACL-8112-PG conversion card. The conversion is amplified by the YE5871 power amplifier 10 and finally transmitted to the exciter 3 to generate a tapping force in the 90-240 Hz band.
  • the sensor 2 in the structural damage detecting device 210 is an acceleration sensor that senses an acceleration signal transmitted from the surface of the structure to be detected to the striking device 3, and sends it to the signal processing unit 120 in the computer 11 for further processing.
  • the acceleration sensor 2 can adopt a YD-36 piezoelectric accelerometer, and the collected signal is amplified by the YE5852T charge amplifier 9 and then digital-analog converted through the A/D port of the ACL-81 12-PG conversion card and input to the computer.
  • further processing is performed by the signal processing unit 120 therein.
  • the sampling rate of the acceleration sensor acquisition signal is 1024 times/second.
  • the structure of the signal processing unit 120 is substantially the same as that of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, and will not be described again here.
  • the laminate 5 is divided in the length direction of the sheet in units of 1.3 cm, since the traveling speed of the carriage 1 is 1.3 cm/s, and the sampling rate of the acceleration sensor acquisition signal is 1024 times/second. Therefore, the spectrum acquiring means 122 acquires the sensing signal in accordance with the data length of 1024 acceleration signals, and obtains the spectrum pattern by the short-time Fourier transform method.
  • the spectral envelope intercepting device 124 intercepts the frequency band corresponding to the tapping force, that is, the 90-240 Hz band Spectrum envelope.
  • the damage indication value calculation means 126 selects a frequency of 90, 100, 110..., 240 frequency as the frequency corresponding to the component in the spectrum vector, i.e., the damage indication value calculation means 126 vectorizes the spectral envelope to a length of 16. vector. Then, the damage indication value calculation means 126 calculates a matrix of MAC coefficients:
  • the damage position determining means 128 can determine the damage position based on the value of the MAC coefficient matrix.
  • Figure 4 shows the distribution of the MAC matrix elements, which is the result of the detection of an artificially fabricated laminate of about 2 cm long cracks 6 in a 140 x 15 x 3 cm laminate.
  • the MAC coefficient of the crack position is significantly lower than the MAC coefficient at other positions, thereby indicating that the method of the present invention can effectively detect the damage of the structure.
  • Fig. 5 schematically shows a flow chart of a structural damage detecting method in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the method begins in step S510, in which a tapping device in a structural damage detecting apparatus according to the present invention is used to scan along a surface of a structure to be inspected, wherein the tapping device is scanning At the same time, the tapping force is performed with a tapping force having a predetermined frequency band.
  • the response signal of the tapping device is sensed by the sensor in the structural damage detecting device according to the present invention.
  • the sensed signal may be any response signal capable of reflecting the tapping position transmitted by the surface of the structure to be detected to the striking device.
  • the signal sensed by the sensor can be displacement, velocity or acceleration.
  • the signal sensed by the sensor is an acceleration signal that is more convenient for engineering implementation.
  • the signal sensed by the sensor is subjected to a transform process to acquire a signal spectrum at each position of the surface of the detected structure. According to the requirements of the detection accuracy, it is necessary to divide the surface of the structure to be tested into a plurality of parts.
  • the signal sensed on each portion is a distribution of the time required for the signal to be scanned by the structural damage detecting device, so that the signal can be transformed in the time domain to obtain the signal in the frequency domain or the scale domain. Representation.
  • This transform processing can be performed by any transform processing in the prior art, for example, the transform processing can be a short time Fourier transform, a wavelet transform, or a Hilbert-Huang transform.
  • step S540 the tapping force of the tapping device is intercepted from the signal spectrum The portion corresponding to the predetermined frequency band and the envelope of the intercepted spectrum.
  • the structural damage detecting method according to the present invention intercepts only the spectrum corresponding to the tapping band of the striking device, and then analyzes only the signals in the band spectrum.
  • a damage indication value at each position of the surface of the detected structure is calculated according to the intercepted spectral envelope, the damage indication value reflecting the spectral envelope at the position and other positions The degree of similarity of the spectral envelope. There are several ways to calculate the damage indication value.
  • the damage indication value can be calculated as follows:
  • the number of components of the spectral vector can be determined based on the detection accuracy and the processing performance of the system.
  • the frequency corresponding to the component can be evenly distributed in the frequency band of the spectral envelope or unevenly distributed. However, for the structure being inspected, the frequency selection at each location should be the same;
  • a damage indication value reflecting the degree of similarity of the spectral vector at the current location and the spectral vector at other locations is calculated. There are several ways to calculate the degree of similarity between two spectral vectors.
  • the damage indication value can be calculated as: Where Yi and Yj represent the spectral vector at the current position and other positions on the structure, respectively, ⁇ represent the inner product operation of the spectral vector, w and 1 ⁇ 1 represent the length of ⁇ 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4i and Yj, n is the The number of unit detection sections divided by the detection structure is detected. ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ The more similar the Yi and Yj are, the more similar the shape of the envelope i and the envelope j are, the closer to 1. Therefore, the damage indication value for a certain spectral vector Yi may be an average of the sum of the similarity of the spectral vector Yi and all other spectral vectors Yj.
  • the MAC coefficient can be utilized to obtain the damage indication value.
  • the formula for calculating the MAC coefficient matrix is: Where Yi and Yj represent the spectra of the i-th and j-th portions of the structure, respectively Vector, ⁇ represents the inner product operation of the spectral vector, W and 1 ⁇ 1 represent the length of the vectors Yi and Yj.
  • Each element in the MAC coefficient matrix represents the degree of similarity between two spectral vectors, where the elements on the main diagonal must be equal to one.
  • the size of the i-th row or the i-th column element of the MAC coefficient matrix can reflect the damage condition corresponding to a certain spectral vector Yi, and thus the damage indication value of the position corresponding to the spectral vector Yi.
  • the damage position in the detected structure is determined based on the damage indication value at each position of the surface of the detected structure.
  • the position at which the damage indication value suddenly drops can be determined as the position where the damage exists.
  • the position where the absolute value of the first derivative value of the curve exceeds the predetermined threshold value may be determined as the position where the damage exists.
  • the components therein are logically divided according to the functions to be implemented, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and signals may be required as needed.
  • the various components in the processing component are re-divided or combined, for example, some components may be combined into a single component, or some components may be further broken down into more sub-components.
  • the signal processing component embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in hardware, or in software modules running on one or more processors, or in a combination thereof. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that some or all of the functionality of some or all of the signal processing components in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in practice using a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP).
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the invention can also be implemented as a device or device program (e.g., a computer program and a computer program product) for performing some or all of the methods described herein.
  • Such a program implementing the invention may be stored on a computer readable medium or may be in the form of one or more signals. Such signals may be downloaded from an Internet website, provided on a carrier signal, or provided in any other form.

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Description

一种结构损伤检测系统、 设备以及结构损伤检测方法 技术领域
本发明涉及结构损伤检测系统、 设备及结构损伤检测方法, 尤其 涉及一种无损地对工程结构的损伤进行检测的结构损伤检测系统、 设 备以及结构损伤检 'j方法。 背景技术
工程结构在制造和使用过程中由于工艺原因或使用载荷的作用, 往往会产生一些局部损伤, 比如裂纹、 凹坑、 脱粘等等, 这些损伤积 累到一定程度就会影响结构的正常使用。 为确保结构能够正常运行, 在其交付使用前或服役一段时间后都需要对之进行损伤检测。 比如桥 梁在通车前需要进行成桥试验以确保达到设计要求, 在使用期内需要 进行定期的常规检测或不定期的特殊检测, 以便及时发现结构中出现 的损伤。 再如机翼蒙皮等航空构件, 只有其内部的损伤小于规定的程 度才能交付使用, 而使用一段时间后, 又需要对这些构件重新进行损 伤检测以确保今后的飞行安全。
通常对这些工程结构进行检测不能另外造成这些工程结构的损 伤, 因此, 这种检测方法也称为结构无损检测技术。 现有的结构无损 检测技术大致可分为局部检测和整体检测两个类别:
( 1 ) 局部检测技术通过人的肉眼观察或借助于 X射线、 红外线、 超声波、 雷达和磁涡流等方式进行损伤探测。 这类技术虽然对局部区 域具有较高的损伤检测精度, 但如果事先不知道损伤的大致区域, 要
Figure imgf000003_0001
在外加激励下的静位移、 速度、 加速度等响应, 并以此反演出工程结 构中的损伤。 如果事先在工程结构中预埋传感器, 还可以实现对损伤 情况的实时监测, 但此时只能利用工程结构工作时的环境激励所激发 出来的结构响应进行损伤反演。 相对于局部检测技术, 整体检测技术 的检测效率较高。 但是整体检测技术具有如下缺点。 首先, 如果外加 激励施加不当, 工程结构的响应可能无法充分反映出损伤情况, 从而 影响检测精度。 比如, 如果静载荷较小, 工程结构中的裂纹不能充分 张开, 那么静位移就对这种损伤不敏感。 另外, 由于损伤是工程结构 的局部特征, 它对结构动态特性的影响往往只体现在较高阶频段上, 因此如果外加激励不能激发出工程结构的高阶响应, 那么损伤反演的 精度就较差, 因此导致整体检测所获得的结果精度较低。 此外, 整体 法还存在着传感器的合理布设、 传感器的耐久性、 环境噪声的干扰以 及信号的采集和传输等问题。
基于 Cawley建立的敲击力学模型的敲击法可以检测复合材料层合 板中的损伤。 该敲击力学模型认为当力锤敲击到结构损伤部位时, 由 于局部刚度的降低使得该处的敲击力时程信号较敲击到完整部位时产 生的敲击力信号, 峰值较小, 宽度较大。 据此, 计算敲击力频谱曲线 和频率坐标轴所围的面积,可以得到一个特征参数 R,通过比较完好和 损伤部位的 R值就可以识别出损伤。 另外也可以直接比较损伤前后的 敲击力时程信号的宽度以识别损伤。 敲击法也是一种局部检测技术, 它不需要把传感器固定在结构上, 而且由于能够采集到结构局部刚度 的变化, 所以对损伤比较敏感。 不过这种方法使用了整个频段的敲击 力频谱信息, 这就在一定程度上降低了损伤识别的精度, 这是因为: ( 1 )损伤往往体现在敲击力的较高阶频段上, 使用整个频段信息会掩 盖对损伤敏感频段的信息; (2 )整个频段的信息中包含了环境噪声的 成份。 另外敲击力谱线所覆盖的频率范围是由结构刚度以及锤头的刚 度决定的。 为了获得高阶频段谱线, 虽然可以通过使用硬度较高的锤 头实现, 但这并不能精确地控制频谱的范围。 即便能够激发出高阶频 谱, 这些高频成份在整个频段上所占的比例往往较小, 这也会影响损 伤检测精度。 最后, 该方法要求事先知道完整结构的特征参数, 这也 对其使用带来了不便。 现有的敲击式损伤检测仪器只能可靠地检测出 结构 2mm厚度内直径约大于 10mm的损伤。
在桥梁损伤检测领域, 杨永斌等人提出了一种利用行驶的车辆作 为激励'、 通过车辆的加速度信号来提取桥梁基频的方法。 这种方法的 优点是不需要在桥梁上安装传感器, 而且测量过程不会影响桥梁的正 常运行。 但是该方法没有在车辆上安装敲击装置, 因此很难激发出桥 梁的较高频响应, 所得的加速度信号对局部损伤不敏感, 而仅根据桥 梁的基频是很难检测出结构的损伤的。 因此, 期望提供一种不需要事先知道工程结构的完整特征信息、 就可以方便、 快速且准确地检测工程结构中的损伤的结构损伤检 'J方 法及结构损伤检测设备。 发明内容
鉴于上述问题, 提出了本发明以便提供一种克服上述问题或者至 少部分地解决上述问题的结构损伤检测方法及结构损伤检测设备。
根据本发明的一个方面, 提供了一种用于检测结构的损伤的结构 损伤检测方法, 包括步骤: 使用敲击装置沿着所述结构的表面进行扫 描, 其中所述敲击装置在扫描的同时以具有预定频段的敲击力进行敲 击; 利用传感器感测在所述结构表面的每个位置处由所述结构表面传 递到所述敲击装置的响应信号, 其中所述传感器感测的信号可以为位 移、 速度和加速度中的至少之一; 对所述传感器感测到的信号进行变 换处理以获取在所述结构表面的每个位置处的信号频谱或尺度谱; 从 所述信号的谱图中截取与所述敲击力的预定频段相对应的谱图包络 线; 计算所述结构表面的每个位置处的损伤指示值, 该损伤指示值反 映了该位置处的谱图包络线与其他位置处的谱图包络线的相似程度; 以及将其损伤指示值发生突变的位置确定为存在结构损伤的位置。
根据本发明的另一个方面, 提供了一种结构损伤检测设备, 包括 敲击装置, 用于在待检测结构表面上以具有预定频段的敲击力进行敲 击; 以及传感器, 感测由待检测结构表面传递到所述敲击装置的响应 信号, 其中所述传感器感测的响应信号可以为位移、 速度和加速度中 的至少之一; 其中所述敲击装置和所述传感器集成在一起, 以便所述 敲击装置在所述待检测结构表面上进行敲击的同时, 所述传感器感测 由待检测结构表面传递到所述敲击装置的响应信号。
根据本发明的另一个方面, 提供了一种结构损伤检测系统, 包括 根据本发明的结构损伤检测设备, 以及信号处理部件, 用于对所述结 构损伤检测设备中的传感器所感测到的信号进行处理以确定待检测结 构中的损伤位置, 所述信号处理部件包括: 谱图获取装置, 用于对所 述传感器感测到的信号进行变换处理以获取在所述结构表面的每个位 置处的信号频谱或尺度谱; 谱图包络线截取装置, 用于从所述信号谱 图中截取与所述敲击力的预定频段相对应的谱图包络线; 损伤指示值 计算装置, 用于计算所述结构表面的每个位置处的损伤指示值, 该损 伤指示值反映了该位置处的谱图包络线与其他位置处的谱图包络线的 相似程度; 以及损伤位置确定装置, 用于基于所述结构表面的每个位 置处的损伤指示值来确定所述结构中的损伤位置。
根据本发明的结构损伤检测方法、 设备和系统可以设定敲击力的 大小和频段, 这样既有利于激发出损伤信息, 又可以避开环境噪声的 干扰, 此外, 本发明仅仅对由待检测结构表面传递到敲击装置的响应 中与敲击力的频段相对应的频段的响应信号进行进一步处理, 这可以 提高检测精度。
另外, 根据本发明的结构损伤检测方法、 设备和系统不需要事先 知道无损结构的特征信息, 更便于实施; 并且适用于在航空航天、 土 木和机械等任何可能发生结构材料的各种形式损伤的领域中应用。 附图说明
通过阅读下文优选实施方式的详细描述, 各种其他的优点和益处 对于本领域普通技术人员将变得清楚明了。 附图仅用于示出优选实施 方式的目的, 而并不认为是对本发明的限制。 而且在整个附图中, 用 相同的参考符号表示相同的部件。 在附图中:
图 1是根据本发明一个实施例的结构损伤检测系统 100的示意图; 图 2是根据本发明另一个实施例的结构损伤检测系统 200的俯视 示意图;
图 3是根据本发明另一个实施例的结构损伤检测系统 200的沿图 3 中的 A向的正视示意图;
图 4是 MAC矩阵元素的分布图; 以及
图 5 示意性地示出了根据本发明一个实施例的结构损伤检测方法 的流程图。 具体实施例
下面结合附图和具体的实施方式对本发明作进一步的描述。
图 1示出了根据本发明一个实施例的结构损伤检测系统 100。如图
1所示,结构损伤检测系统 100包括结构损伤检测设备 110和信号处理 部件 120。结构损伤检测设备 110用于在被检测结构上施加敲击并且感 测由被检测结构表面传递到敲击装置的响应信号。 信号处理部件 120 对结构损伤检测设备 110 所感测到的响应信号进行处理以确定被检测 结构中有无损伤以及损伤的位置。
结构损伤检测设备 110包括敲击装置 112和与该敲击装置 112集 成在一起的传感器 114。 所述敲击装置 1 12 用于当结构损伤检测设备 110 在待检测结构的表面上进行扫描的同时以具有预定频段和大小的 敲击力敲击该待检测结构。 传感器 114感测由待检测结构表面传递到 敲击装置的响应。 一般而言, 待检测结构表面在敲击力的作用下会产 生位移、 速度和加速度响应, 由于待检测结构表面和敲击装置的相互 作用, 这些响应会传递到敲击装置上, 其瞬时值的大小可以反映被检 测结构在敲击位置处的结构特征, 因此, 当被检测结构中出现损伤时, 该位置处由待检测结构表面传递到敲击装置的位移、 速度或加速度响 应会与没有损伤位置的响应明显不同, 本发明基于此而做出。 传感器
114 可以是能够感测由待检测结构表面传递到敲击装置的响应的任何 传感器。 例如, 传感器 114可以是能够感测由待检测结构表面传递到 敲击装置的位移、 速度和加速度响应之一的任何传感器。 根据本发明 的一个实施例, 传感器 114 为用于感测由待检测结构表面传递到敲击 装置的加速度响应的加速度传感器, 这是因为, 在传感器 1 14所感测 的加速度 a和结构位移响应 b、结构局部阻抗 Z以及敲击力 F之间的关 系存在如下关系:
Figure imgf000007_0001
其中, X代表敲击的位置, M是敲击装置的质量, g是重力加速度。 信号处理部件 120 包括谱图获取装置 122、 谱图包络线截取装置 124、 损伤指示值计算装置 126和损伤位置确定装置 128。
谱图获取装置 122获取传感器 1 14所感测到的传感器信号。 根据 检测精度的要求, 可以将被检测结构的表面划分为具有一定大小的多 个部分, 而结构损伤检测设备 110扫描每个表面部分都需要一定时间, 此时, 传感器 114 所获取的信号为在该段时间上的传感器信号分布。 随后, 谱图获取装置 112对该传感器信号在时间上的分布进行变换处 理以获取该信号在频率域或者尺度域上的表示。 这种变换处理可以利 用现有技术领域的任何变换处理进行, 例如该变换处理可以是短时傅 立叶变换、 小波变换或者 Hilbert-Huang变换等。 因此, 谱图获取装置 122获取了在所述结构表面的每个位置部分处的信号频谱或尺度谱。
谱图包络线截取装置 124从所述信号谱图中截取与敲击装置的敲 击力频段相对应的谱图包络线。 本发明仅仅截取与敲击装置的敲击频 段相对应的谱图, 并随后仅仅对在该谱图内的信号进行分析, 一方面 可以减少由于处理全部频段谱图所需要的处理开销, 另一方面, 通过 将敲击频段设置为与环境噪声的频段不同的频段, 可以显著减少环境 噪声对检测结果的影响, 从而提高检测的精度。
损伤指示值计算装置 126基于所截取的谱图包络线来计算被检测 结构表面的每个位置处的损伤指示值, 该损伤指示值反映了该位置处 的谱图包络线与其他位置处的谱图包络线的相似程度。 可以有多种方 式来计算损伤指示值, 根据本发明的一个实施例, 可以如下所述来计 算损伤指示值, 首先将谱图包络线转换为谱图向量, 这可以通过获取 谱图包络线中的多个频率处的幅值作为谱图向量的分量来进行转换。 谱图向量的分量数量可以根据检测精度以及系统的处理性能等确定。 分量对应的频率可以均匀分布在语图包络线的频段中, 也可以不均匀 分布。 但是, 对于被检测结构而言, 每个位置处的频率选择方式应当 是相同的。 在生成了每个位置处的谱图向量之后, 计算反映当前位置 处的谱图向量和其他位置处的谱图向量的相似程度的损伤指示值。 可 以有多种方式来计算两个谱图向量之间的相似程度。 根据本发明的一 个实施例, 可以将损伤指示值计算为:
Figure imgf000008_0001
其中, Yi和 Yj分别表示在所述结构上的当前位置和其他位置处的 谱图向量, ·表示谱图向量的内积运算, W和 I ^表示向量 Yi和 Yj的长
度, n为被检测结构所划分的单位检测部分的数量。
Figure imgf000008_0002
Yi和 Yj 越相似, 即包络线 i和包络线 j的形状越相似时, 就越接近 1。 因此, 针对某个谱图向量 Yi的损伤指示值可以是该谱图向量 Yi和所有其他谱 图向量 Yj相似度的总和的平均值。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,可以利用 MAC系数来获取损伤指示 值。 MAC系数矩阵的计算公式为:
其中, Yi和 Yj分别表示在所述结构上第 i个和第 j个部分的谱图 向量, ·表示谱图向量的内积运算, W和 Ιγ 1表示向量 Yi和 Yj的长度。 MAC系数矩阵中的每个元素都表示了两个谱图向量之间的相似程度, 其中主对角线上的元素一定等于 1。 MAC系数矩阵的第 i行或第 i列元 素的大小就能反映出对应于某个谱图向量 Yi的损伤情况, 因而也就是 该谱图向量 Yi所对应位置的损伤指示值。
损伤位置确定装置 128 基于被检测结构表面的每个位置处的损伤 指示值来确定被检测结构中的损伤位置。 例如, 损伤位置确定装置 128 可以将损伤指示值发生突然下降的位置确定为存在损伤的位置。 因为 如果结构没有损伤, 那么损伤指示值在空间的分布是比较光滑的; 如 果某处的损伤指示值发生了突变, 那么就意味着该处局部阻抗和其他 地方明显不同, 很可能出现了损伤, 而突变的大小也就反映了损伤的 严重程度。 比如, 取 MAC系数矩阵第一行元素的值为纵轴元素, 并以 所对应的结构位置为横轴画一条曲线, 如果结构没有损伤, 那么该曲 线应该是比较光滑的; 如果曲线在某处突然下降, 就说明该处存在损 伤, 下降的幅度越大, 损伤也就越严重。 根据本发明的一个实施例, 可以将曲线的一阶导数值的绝对值超过预定阔值的位置确定为存在损 伤的位置。
图 2和 3 示出了根据本发明另一个实施例的、 适于对类似于桥梁 的结构进行结构损伤检测的损伤检测系统 200 的示意图。 在该实施例 中, 被检测结构为轴向长度远大于垂直于轴向的截面的板结构, 该板 结构沿轴向的横截面都非常相似。 这种结构在工程实践中较为常见, 例如公路桥梁, 铁路桥梁等都具有这种结构。 而且在工程实践中, 这 类桥梁也经常需要进行检测以确保桥梁没有损伤, 或者在出现损伤后 及时加以修复以防止由于桥梁断裂而出现事故。
图 2和 3所示的损伤检测系统 200非常适合于上述类似桥梁结构 的损伤检测。 如图 2所示, 被检测结构为层合板 5 , 其固定在地面上的 两根钢棒 4 上, 并且离地具有一定间隙应保证结构损伤检测设备 210 移动至层合板 5中间位置时层合板 5不接触地面, 从而层合板 5可以 很好地模拟现实中的桥梁结构。 另外, 为了测试检测结构, 在层合板 5 中制造了损伤 6, 该损伤表现为裂缝。 结构损伤检测设备 210集成在钢 制小车 1上, 其中的敲击装置 3可以在控制信号的控制下产生具有预 定频段的敲击力。根据本发明的一个实施方式, 该敲击装置 3为 JZK-2 激振器, 其可以在来自计算机 11的控制信号的控制下产生具有预定频 段的敲击力。 例如, 计算机 11 中的 DASYLab软件可以产生由 16个 90-240HZ之间均勾分布的等幅正弦信号合成的控制信号, 这些控制信 号由 ACL-8112-PG转换卡的 D/A端口进行数模转换, 并经 YE5871功 率放大器 10放大, 最后传送到激振器 3上以产生 90-240HZ频段的敲 击力。
结构损伤检测设备 210中的传感器 2为加速度传感器, 其感测由 待检测结构表面传递到敲击装置 3 的加速度信号, 并且将其发送到计 算机 11中的信号处理部件 120进行进一步处理。 该加速度传感器 2可 以采用 YD-36压电式加速度计,它采集到的信号经过 YE5852T电荷放 大器 9放大后,通过 ACL-81 12-PG转换卡的 A/D端口进行数模转换后 输入到计算机 1 1中, 以由其中的信号处理部件 120进行进一步处理。 这里, 加速度传感器采集信号的采样率为 1024次 /秒。
信号处理部件 120的结构和参考图 1所示的实施方式基本相同, 这里就不再进行赘述。
如图 2和 3所示, 在对层合板 5进行检测时, 将集成有结构损伤 检测设备 210的小车 1置于层合板 5的中心处, 并由固定在地面处的 41k25RGN-C调速电机 8带动细钢丝 7拖动, 以大约 V = 1.3cm/s的速 度沿层合板 5 的长度方向 (即轴向)进行扫描。 在扫描的同时, 用上 所述由激振器 3产生 90-240HZ频段的敲击力来敲击, 并同时由加速度 传感器 2采集加速度信号以发送到信号处理部件 120进行进一步处理。
在该实施例中, 以 1.3cm为单位来沿板长度方向划分层合板 5, 由 于小车 1的行进速度为 1.3cm/s, 而且加速度传感器采集信号的采样率 为 1024次 /秒。 因此, 谱图获取装置 122按照 1024个加速度信号的数 据长度获取感测信号, 并采用短时傅里叶变换方法获得频谱图。 谱图 包络线截取装置 124截取与敲击力的频段相对应的、 即 90-240HZ频段 的频谱包络线。 损伤指示值计算装置 126选择大小为 90, 100, 110..., 240频率作为频谱向量中的分量相对应的频率,即损伤指示值计算装置 126将频谱包络线向量化为长度为 16的向量。 然后, 损伤指示值计算 装置 126计算 MAC系数矩阵:
γ · γ
、 , |γ, | χ Υ. 随后,损伤位置确定装置 128可以根据 MAC系数矩阵的值来确定 损伤位置。
图 4示出了 MAC矩阵元素的分布图, 这是对尺寸为 140x 15x3cm 的层合板中存在人为制造的一条约 2cm长的裂缝 6的层合板进行检测 所获取的结果。 从图 4中可以明显看出, 裂缝位置的 MAC系数明显低 于其它位置的 MAC系数,由此可以说明本发明方法能够有效地检测出 结构的损伤。
图 5 示意性地示出了根据本发明一个实施例的结构损伤检测方法 的流程图。 如图 5所示, 该方法始于步骤 S510, 在该步骤 S510中, 使 用根据本发明的结构损伤检测设备中的敲击装置沿着被检测结构的表 面进行扫描, 其中该敲击装置在扫描的同时以具有预定频段的敲击力 进行敲击。 随后, 在步骤 S520中, 利用根据本发明的结构损伤检测设 备中的传感器来感测该敲击装置的响应信号。 如上参考结构损伤检测 设备所述, 所感测的信号可以是能够反映由待检测结构表面传递到敲 击装置的在敲击位置处的任何响应信号。 例如传感器感测的信号可以 为位移、 速度或加速度。 特别的, 传感器所感测的信号为加速度信号 更便于工程实施。 在步骤 S530中, 对所述传感器感测到的信号进行变 换处理以获取在被检测结构表面的每个位置处的信号谱。 根据检测精 度的要求, 需要将被检测结构的表面分为多个部分。 在每个部分上感 测到的信号是信号在结构损伤检测设备扫描该部分所需时间上的分 布, 因此可以对信号在时间域上分布进行变换处理以获取该信号在频 率域或尺度域上的表示。 这种变换处理可以利用现有技术领域的任何 变换处理进行, 例如该变换处理可以是短时傅立叶变换、 小波变换或 Hilbert-Huang变换等。
随后, 在步骤 S540中, 从信号谱图中截取与敲击装置的敲击力的 预定频段相对应的部分, 并获取所截取谱图的包络线。 如上所述, 根 据本发明的结构损伤检测方法仅仅截取与敲击装置的敲击频段相对应 的谱图, 并随后仅仅对在该频段谱图内的信号进行分析。
在步骤 S550中, 根据所截取的谱图包络线来计算被检测结构表面 的每个位置处的损伤指示值, 该损伤指示值反映了该位置处的谱图包 络线与其他位置处的谱图包络线的相似程度。 可以有多种方式来计算 损伤指示值。
根据本发明的一个实施例, 可以如下所述来计算损伤指示值:
1、 将谱图包络线转换为谱图向量, 这可以通过获取谱图包络线中 的多个频率处的幅值作为谱图向量的分量来进行转换。 谱图向量的分 量数量可以根据检测精度以及系统的处理性能等确定。 分量对应的频 率可以均匀分布在谱图包络线的频段中, 也可以不均匀分布。 但是, 对于被检测结构而言, 每个位置处的频率选择方式应当是相同的;
2、 在生成了每个位置处的谱图向量之后, 计算反映当前位置处的 谱图向量和其他位置处的谱图向量的相似程度的损伤指示值。 可以有 多种方式来计算两个谱图向量之间的相似程度。 根据本发明的一个实 施例, 可以将损伤指示值计算为:
Figure imgf000012_0001
其中, Yi和 Yj分别表示在所述结构上的当前位置和其他位置处的 谱图向量, ·表示谱图向量的内积运算, w和 1^1表示^ ¾¾i和 Yj的长 度, n为被检测结构所划分的单位检测部分的数量。 ΙΧΙΧΙΥΙ在 Yi和 Yj 越相似, 即包络线 i和包络线 j的形状越相似时, 就越接近 1。 因此, 针对某个谱图向量 Yi的损伤指示值可以是该谱图向量 Yi和所有其他谱 图向量 Yj相似度的总和的平均值。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,可以利用 MAC系数来获取损伤指示 值。 MAC系数矩阵的计算公式为:
Figure imgf000012_0002
其中, Yi和 Yj分别表示在所述结构上第 i个和第 j个部分的谱图 向量, ·表示谱图向量的内积运算, W和 1^1表示向量 Yi和 Yj的长度。
MAC系数矩阵中的每个元素都表示了两个谱图向量之间的相似程度, 其中主对角线上的元素一定等于 1。 MAC系数矩阵的第 i行或第 i列元 素的大小就能反映出对应于某个谱图向量 Yi的损伤情况, 因而也就是 该谱图向量 Yi所对应位置的损伤指示值。
在为被检测结构表面的每个位置计算了损伤指示值之后, 在步骤 S560中, 基于被检测结构表面的每个位置处的损伤指示值来确定被检 测结构中的损伤位置。 例如, 可以将损伤指示值发生突然下降的位置 确定为存在损伤的位置。 比如, 取 MAC系数矩阵第一行元素的值为纵 轴元素, 并以所对应的结构位置为横轴画一条曲线, 如果结构没有损 伤, 那么该曲线应该是比较光滑的; 如果曲线在某处突然下降, 就说 明该处存在损伤, 下降的幅度越大, 损伤也就越严重。 根据本发明的 一个实施例, 可以将该曲线的一阶导数值的绝对值超过预定阈值的位 置确定为存在损伤的位置。
应当注意的是, 在本发明的结构损伤检测设备的信号处理部件中, 根据其要实现的功能而对其中的部件进行了逻辑划分, 但是, 本发明 不受限于此, 可以根据需要对信号处理部件中的各个部件进行重新划 分或者组合, 例如, 可以将一些部件组合为单个部件, 或者可以将一 些部件进一步分解为更多的子部件。
本发明的信号处理部件实施例可以以硬件实现, 或者以在一个或 者多个处理器上运行的软件模块实现, 或者以它们的组合实现。 本领 域的技术人员应当理解, 可以在实践中使用微处理器或者数字信号处 理器( DSP )来实现根据本发明实施例的信号处理部件中的一些或者全 部部件的一些或者全部功能。 本发明还可以实现为用于执行这里所描 述的方法的一部分或者全部的设备或者装置程序 (例如, 计算机程序 和计算机程序产品) 。 这样的实现本发明的程序可以存储在计算机可 读介质上, 或者可以具有一个或者多个信号的形式。 这样的信号可以 从因特网网站上下载得到, 或者在载体信号上提供, 或者以任何其他 形式提供。 限制, 并且本领域技术人员在不脱离所附权利要求的范围的情况下可 设计出替换实施例。 在权利要求中, 不应将位于括号之间的任何参考 符号构造成对权利要求的限制。 单词 "包含" 不排除存在未列在权利 要求中的元件或步骤。 位于元件之前的单词 "一" 或 "一个" 不排除 存在多个这样的元件。 本发明可以借助于包括有若干不同元件的硬件 以及借助于适当编程的计算机来实现。 在列举了若干装置的单元权利 要求中, 这些装置中的若干个可以是通过同一个硬件项来具体体现。 单词第一、 第二、 以及第三等的使用不表示任何顺序。 可将这些单词 解释为名称。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种用于检测结构的损伤的结构损伤检测方法, 包括步骤: 使用敲击装置沿着所述结构的表面进行扫描, 其中所述敲击装置 在扫描的同时以具有预定频段的敲击力进行敲击;
利用传感器感测在所述结构表面的每个位置处、 由所述结构表面 传递到所述敲击装置的响应信号, 其中所述传感器感测的信号可以为 位移、 速度和加速度中的至少之一;
对所述传感器感测到的信号进行变换处理以获取在所述结构表面 的每个位置处的信号谱图;
从所述信号谱图中截取与所述敲击力的预定频段相对应的谱图包 络线;
计算所述结构表面的每个位置处的损伤指示值, 该损伤指示值反 映了该位置处的谱图包络线与其他位置处的谱图包络线的相似程度; 以及
将损伤指示值发生突变的位置确定为存在结构损伤的位置。
2、 如权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中还包括步骤: 根据所述损伤指 示值的突变程度来确定损伤大小。
3、 如权利要求 1或者 2所述的结构损伤检测方法, 其中所述传感 器和所述敲击装置集成在一起。
4、 如权利要求 1-3 中的任一个所述的结构损伤检测方法, 其中计 算所述结构表面的每个位置处的损伤指示值的步骤包括:
为所述结构表面中的所有位置, 生成与所述位置处的谱图包络线 相对应的谱图向量, 其中所述谱图向量的每个分量为谱图包络线中某 个频率所对应的语值; 以及
为所述结构表面中的每个位置, 计算反映当前位置处的谱图向量 和其他位置处的谱图向量的相似程度的损伤指示值。
5、 如权利要求 4所述的结构损伤检测方法, 其中所述计算反映该 位置处的谱图向量和其他位置处的谱图向量的相似程度的损伤指示值 包括: Υ · Υ
η
Υ
将损伤指示值计算为 7 Σ=1.. Υ,. χ
) , 其中, Yi和 Yj分别表示 在所述结构上的当前位置和其他位置处的谱图向量, *表示谱图向量的 内积运算, W和 IY I表示向量 Yi和 Yj的长度, 以及 n为所述结构中的 检测位置数量。
6、 如权利要求 4所述的结构损伤检测方法, 其中所述计算反映该 位置处的谱图向量和其他位置处的谱图向量的相似程度的损伤指示值 包括:
计算 MAC系数矩阵, 其被计算为:
Figure imgf000016_0001
其中, Yi和 Yj分别表示在所述结构上第 i个和第 j个部分的谱图 向量, ·表示谱图向量的内积运算, W和 1^1表示向量 Yi和 Yj的长度; 以及
根据所述 MAC 系数矩阵中与该位置相对应的行或者列元素的相 对大小来确定该位置的损伤指示值。
7、 如权利要求 1-6中的任一个所述的结构损伤检测方法, 其中所 述结构的形状为细长型, 沿所述结构轴向的每个截面相似, 所述敲击 装置在所述结构的表面上沿轴向进行扫描, 所述传感器感测所述结构 沿轴向方向每个位置处的响应信号。
8、 如权利要求 1-7中的任一个所述的结构损伤检测方法, 其中所 述传感器为感测由所述结构表面传递到敲击装置的加速度响应的传感 器。
9、 一种结构损伤检测设备, 包括:
敲击装置, 用于在待检测结构表面上以具有预定频段的敲击力进 行敲击; 以及
传感器, 感测所述由待检测结构表面传递到敲击装置的响应信号, 其中所述传感器感测的响应信号可以为位移、 速度和加速度中的至少 之一;
其中所述敲击装置和所述传感器集成在一起, 以便所述敲击装置 在所述待检测结构表面上进行敲击的同时, 所述传感器感测由所述待 检测结构表面传递到所述敲击装置的响应信号。
10、 如权利要求 9 所述的结构损伤检测设备, 其中所述传感器可 以为加速度传感器。
1 1、 一种结构损伤检测系统, 包括:
如权利要求 9或者 10所述的结构损伤检测设备; 以及
信号处理部件, 用于对所述结构损伤检测设备中的传感器所感测 到的信号进行处理以确定待检测结构中的损伤位置, 所述信号处理部 件包括:
谱图获取装置, 用于对所述传感器感测到的信号进行变换处理以 获取在所述结构表面的每个位置处的信号谱图;
谱图包络线截取装置, 用于从所述信号谱图中截取与所述敲击力 的预定频段相对应的谱图包络线;
损伤指示值计算装置, 用于计算所述结构表面的每个位置处的损 伤指示值, 该损伤指示值反映了该位置处的谱图包络线与其他位置处 的谱图包络线的相似程度; 以及
损伤位置确定装置, 用于基于所述结构表面的每个位置处的损伤 指示值来确定所述结构中的损伤位置。
12、 如权利要求 11所述的结构损伤检测系统, 其中所述损伤指示 值计算装置为所述结构表面中的所有位置, 生成与所述位置处的谱图 包络线相对应的谱图向量, 其中所述谱图向量的每个分量为谱图包络 线中某个频率所对应的谱值; 以及
所述损伤指示值计算装置为所述结构表面中的每个位置, 计算反 映当前位置处的谱图向量和其他位置处的谱图向量的相似程度的损伤 指示值。
13、 如权利要求 12所述的结构损伤检测系统, 其中所述损伤指示 值计算装置将损伤指示值计算为:
Figure imgf000017_0001
其中, Yi和 Yj分别表示在所述结构上的当前位置和其他位置处的 谘图向量, ·表示谱图向量的内积运算, W和 1表示向量 Yi和 Yj的长 度, 以及 n为所述结构中的检测位置数量。
14、 如权利要求 12所述的结构损伤检测系统, 其中所述损伤指示 值计算装置被配置为:
计算 MAC系数矩阵, 该 MAC系数矩阵被计算为:
MAC {i,j) =
Y. Y 其中, Yi和 Yj分别表示在所述结构上第 i个和第 j个部分的谱图 向量, ·表示谱图向量的内积运算, W和^ I表示向量 Yi和 Yj的长度; 以及
根据所述 MAC 系数矩阵中与该位置相对应的行或者列元素的相 对大小来确定该位置的损伤指示值。
15、如权利要求 11-14中的任一个所述的结构损伤检测系统, 其中 所述待检测结构的形状为细长型, 沿所述待检测结构轴向的每个截面 相似, 所述敲击装置在所述待检测结构的表面上沿轴向进行扫描, 所 述传感器感测由所述待检测结构表面传递到所述敲击装置在所述待检 测结构沿轴向方向每个位置处的响应信号。
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