WO2010109754A1 - 予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料 - Google Patents
予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010109754A1 WO2010109754A1 PCT/JP2010/000864 JP2010000864W WO2010109754A1 WO 2010109754 A1 WO2010109754 A1 WO 2010109754A1 JP 2010000864 W JP2010000864 W JP 2010000864W WO 2010109754 A1 WO2010109754 A1 WO 2010109754A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
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- the present invention relates to a fuel for a premixed compression self-ignition engine, and more particularly, to control the combustion reaction in the premixed compression self-ignition combustion and to achieve a high output of the premixed compression self-ignition engine.
- the present invention relates to a fuel for a mixed compression self-ignition engine.
- a spark-ignition gasoline engine is a system in which fuel is injected into an intake port or combustion chamber to form a premixed mixture of fuel and air, and is forcibly ignited and burned by electric discharge by a spark plug. It is required that it is easy to evaporate, difficult to self-ignite, and that the flame propagates smoothly after ignition.
- NOx nitrogen oxides
- HC hydrocarbons
- CO carbon monoxide
- the exhaust gas purification system using a three-way catalyst can be applied only to the range where the mixing ratio of air and fuel is close to the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, so that the thermal efficiency and fuel consumption are significantly inferior compared to a compression self-ignition diesel engine. There is.
- a compression self-ignition diesel engine the air in the combustion chamber is compressed by the piston rise in the compression stroke, the temperature rises, and the fuel is sprayed and self-ignited and combusted when the temperature reaches or exceeds the critical self-ignition temperature of light oil. It is a system, and the fuel characteristics are required to be easily ignited.
- the compression self-ignition type diesel engine is excellent in fuel efficiency and thermal efficiency, fuel spraying is performed from 30 crank angle before compression top dead center to around 10 crank angle after compression top dead center, so the temperature distribution during combustion is shaded, There is a drawback that the amount of NOx and soot emissions is significantly increased.
- a catalyst for purifying exhaust gas is not so popular, and there is a case where NOx is released into the atmosphere at a very high level of 100 to 1200 mass ppm.
- the conventional spark ignition gasoline engine can purify the exhaust gas to some extent, but there are problems in fuel efficiency and thermal efficiency, while the compression self-ignition diesel engine has low fuel consumption and high thermal efficiency.
- exhaust gas such as NOx.
- HCCI engine a premixed compression self-ignition engine
- a premixed compression self-ignition engine injects fuel into the intake port or the combustion chamber at a fuel injection pressure level of 20 MPa or less, which is significantly lower than the injection pressure in a compression self-ignition diesel engine.
- the premixed compression self-ignition type engine has a longer time from the time when fuel is injected to the start of combustion than the conventional compression self-ignition type diesel engine, and the fuel is uniformly mixed in the combustion chamber. High temperature range, NOx emission level can be suppressed to 10 mass ppm or less with no catalyst installed, and fuel efficiency and thermal efficiency are as good as those of a compression self-ignition diesel engine. It is possible.
- HCCI combustion In an internal combustion engine that performs premixed compression self-ignition combustion (hereinafter also referred to as HCCI combustion), an air-fuel mixture in which fuel is sufficiently premixed with air rises in temperature and pressure due to compression of the piston, resulting in ignition. Since the air-fuel mixture ignites almost at the same time, a sharp increase in pressure causes knocking of the engine, and the load cannot be increased.
- HCCI combustion premixed compression self-ignition combustion
- Paraffinic hydrocarbons that start to decompose in a cold flame reaction (temperature of 750 K or more and less than 900 K) in HCCI combustion, and aromatic radicals and aromatic hydrocarbons that open in a hot flame reaction (1100 K or more) Combining hydrocarbons mainly composed of monocyclic aromatics that generate methane, it is possible to extend the combustion period, suppress a steep pressure rise during ignition, and enable high-load operation that avoids knocking (Non-Patent Document 1).
- the temperature at which the high-temperature oxidation reaction starts is determined by the fuel (in the example of FIG. 2, it is in the range of 920-940K). This is because the high temperature oxidation reaction starts at the timing, and when the load is low, the low temperature oxidation reaction heat generation is small and the high temperature oxidation reaction is delayed. That is, in the example of FIG. 2, the high temperature oxidation reaction starts at 2.2 CA (crank angle) before top dead center when the load is high, but the high temperature oxidation reaction occurs at 4.6 CA after top dead center when the load is low. Standing up.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel for a premixed compression self-ignition engine capable of controlling the combustion reaction in the premixed compression self-ignition combustion and achieving high output of the premixed compression self-ignition engine. is there.
- the present invention solves the above-described problems, and provides a fuel suitable for HCCI combustion capable of starting a high-temperature oxidation reaction without changing the low-temperature oxidation reaction even when the load is changed. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- a fuel for a premixed compression self-ignition engine characterized by satisfying all the following properties (1) to (4): (1) The research octane number is 70 or more and 92 or less. (2) The ratio of normal paraffin content (volume%) to aromatic content (volume%) is 0.45 or more and 0.81 or less. (3) The normal paraffin content is 20% by volume or more and 60% by volume or less. (4) The isoparaffin content is 5% by volume or more and 30% by volume or less.
- the fuel in the present invention is a fuel suitable for a premixed compression self-ignition engine.
- the premixed compression self-ignition system refers to a combustion mode in which fuel is injected under the following conditions (A), (B), and (C), and combustion is performed by self-ignition.
- the fuel injection pressure in (A) is remarkably low, and the fuel injection end time in (C), that is, fuel is injected. It takes a long time to start burning. Therefore, in the premixed compression self-ignition system, the fuel is uniformly mixed in the combustion chamber, so that a region having a high temperature locally cannot be formed in the combustion chamber, and the amount of nitrogen oxide emitted is 10 in a state where the catalyst is not mounted. It can be made into mass ppm or less.
- the premixed compression self-ignition method includes HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition), PCCI (Premixed Charge Compression Ignition), PCI (Premixed Compression Ignition), CAI (Controlled Auto-Ignition), and AR (Active Radical (Combustion)).
- HCCI Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
- PCCI Premixed Charge Compression Ignition
- PCI Premixed Compression Ignition
- CAI Controlled Auto-Ignition
- AR Active Radical (Combustion)
- the fuel of the present invention is a fuel suitable for a premixed compression self-ignition type engine, and the premixed compression self-ignition type and spark ignition type engine, diesel engine, electric motor engine spark ignition type engine or diesel engine and electric motor.
- the present invention can also be applied to an engine that uses a hybrid engine that combines the above.
- the premixed compression self-ignition engine fuel according to the present invention is characterized by combining a highly decomposable fuel (normal paraffin) and a low decomposable fuel (aromatic and olefin), as shown in FIG.
- a highly decomposable fuel decomposes during the cold flame (Blue Flame) and blue flame (Blue ⁇ Flame), and aromatics with a benzene ring structure during the hot flame (Hot Flame)
- Two-stage combustion can be achieved by the decomposition of the system radicals and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the fuel of the present invention must satisfy all the following properties (1) to (4) defined in [I] above.
- the research method octane number is 70 or more and 92 or less.
- the ratio of the normal paraffin content (volume%) to the aromatic content (volume%) is 0.45 or more and 0.81 or less.
- the normal paraffin content is 20% by volume or more and 60% by volume or less.
- the isoparaffin content is 5% by volume or more and 30% by volume or less.
- the definition of the hydrocarbon content means a value measured by using a gas chromatograph in accordance with JIS K2536 “Petroleum products-component test method”.
- Normal paraffin means a straight-chain hydrocarbon and does not contain naphthene (cyclic saturated hydrocarbon).
- the research octane number is preferably 70 or more, more preferably 75 or more, and most preferably 80 or more.
- the research octane number exceeds 92, only a small operating region can be taken with respect to the engine speed and load. From this, the research octane number is preferably 92 or less, more preferably 90 or less, and most preferably 85 or less.
- the rate of decrease in the calorific value of the low-temperature oxidation reaction is greater than 10% with respect to the load fluctuation per 100 kPa of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP).
- IMEP mean effective pressure
- the volume ratio of normal paraffin content / aromatic content is 0.45 or more and 0.81 or less, the low temperature oxidation reaction hardly changes even when the load fluctuates, and the high temperature oxidation reaction is always started from the same timing.
- the engine control is extremely easy.
- the volume ratio of normal paraffin content / aromatic content is smaller than 0.45, the rate of decrease in the calorific value of the low temperature oxidation reaction with respect to the load fluctuation per 100 kPa of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) is less than 10%. Although it is small, it is not preferable because the region in which the HCCI engine can be operated becomes narrow.
- the volume ratio of normal paraffin content / aromatic content is preferably 0.45 or more and 0.81 or less, more preferably 0.50 or more and 0.70 or less, and most preferably 0.55 or more and 0. .65 or less is preferable.
- the drop rate of the low temperature oxidation reaction per 100 kPa of the indicated mean effective pressure is defined by a numerical value (LTHR drop rate) represented by the following (Formula 1).
- LTHR drop rate (LTHR 800- LTHR 400 ) / LTHR 800 / (IMEP 800- IMEP 400 ) x 100 x 100
- LTHR drop rate Decrease rate (%) of the calorific value of the low-temperature oxidation reaction per 100 kPa of the indicated mean effective pressure
- LTHR 800 Low temperature oxidation reaction calorific value at maximum pressure increase rate of 800 kPa / deg (J)
- LTHR 400 Low temperature oxidation reaction calorific value at maximum pressure rise rate of 400 kPa / deg (J)
- IMEP 800 Average effective pressure (kPa) shown when the maximum pressure increase rate is 800 kPa / deg
- IMEP 400 Average effective pressure (kPa) shown when the maximum pressure rise rate is 400 kPa / deg
- the average effective pressure is calculated from the in-cylinder pressure measured by the piezo pressure sensor (an example of a measuring method is described in the paper SAE2006-01-0207).
- the definition of the calorific value of the low-temperature oxidation reaction is based on the description in the publicly known paper SAE 2007-01-0220 (published by SAE International in April 2007).
- ⁇ ⁇ Isoparaffin has very low temperature oxidation reactivity in HCCI combustion. Inclusion of 5% by volume or more of isoparaffin serves to stabilize the heat generated by the low temperature oxidation reaction of normal paraffin, but if it exceeds 30% by volume in the fuel, it is oxidized at low temperatures against load fluctuations. The influence of reaction fluctuations on combustion cannot be ignored. Therefore, the isoparaffin contained in the fuel needs to be 5% by volume to 30% by volume, preferably 10% by volume to 30% by volume, more preferably 15% by volume to 30% by volume, most preferably Is 20 volume% or more and 30 volume% or less.
- the fuel of the present invention is preferably a fuel that satisfies the following requirements (5) and (6).
- the 50% distillation temperature in distillation properties is 75 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower, more preferably 75 ° C. or higher and 115 ° C. or lower, more preferably 80 ° C. or higher and 120 ° C. or lower. Most preferably, it is 80 ° C. or higher and 115 ° C. or lower.
- the end point in the distillation properties is 190 ° C. or lower, more preferably 170 ° C. or lower, more preferably 160 ° C. or lower, even more preferably 150 ° C. or lower, most preferably 140 Must be below °C.
- HCCI engines require fuel to evaporate and mix with air before ignition.
- the engine performance can satisfy this requirement if the 50% distillation temperature is 75 ° C. or more and 120 ° C. or more and the end point (EP) is 190 ° C. or less. More preferably, the 50% distillation temperature is 80%. And the end point is 170 ° C. or less, more preferably 50% distillation temperature is 80 ° C. or more and 115 ° C. or less and the end point is 160 ° C. or less, and even more preferably 50% distillation. The maximum effect is exhibited when the temperature is 80 ° C. or higher and 115 ° C. or lower and the end point is 150 ° C. or lower, most preferably when the 50% distillation temperature is 80 ° C. or higher and 115 ° C. or lower and the end point is 140 ° C. or lower. To do.
- the sulfur content is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 mass ppm or less, more preferably 5 mass ppm or less from the viewpoint of maintaining the performance of the catalyst, and most preferably 1 mass ppm or less. If the sulfur content exceeds 10 ppm by mass, the exhaust gas purification catalyst mounted on the engine is poisoned by sulfur, which causes a problem that the exhaust gas purification capacity is lowered, which is not preferable.
- the sulfur content is a value measured by JIS K2541 “Crude oil and petroleum product one sulfur content test method”.
- the fuel of the present invention can reduce unburned hydrocarbons (HC), fine particulate matter, and the like in the exhaust gas.
- HC unburned hydrocarbons
- fine particulate matter fine particulate matter
- the content ratio of the oxygen-containing compound is preferably 5% by mass or less with respect to the total amount of fuel in terms of oxygen element (oxygen content).
- fuel additives include friction modifiers such as amide compounds of higher carboxylic acids and alcohol amines, detergent dispersants such as succinimides, polyalkylamines and polyetheramines, N, N′-diisopropyl-p- Antioxidants such as phenylenediamine, N, N′-diisobutyl-p-phenylenediamine, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, hindered phenols, N, N′-disalicylidene-1,2, -Metal deactivators such as amine carbonyl condensation compounds such as diaminopropane, surface ignition inhibitors such as organophosphorus compounds, anti-icing agents such as polyhydric alcohols and ethers thereof, alkali metal salts or alkaline earths of organic acids
- Auxiliary surfactant such as metal salt, higher alcohol sulfate, anionic surfactant, cationic
- Low-temperature fluidity improvers such as cetane improvers, carboxylic acid-based, ester-based, alcohol-based and phenol-based lubricity improvers, silicone-based antifoaming agents, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, alkenyl succinic acid amides, etc. And discriminating agents such as quinizarin and coumarin, and odorants.
- These additives can be added alone or as a mixture.
- the total amount of these additives is preferably 0.5% by mass or less, more preferably 0.2% by mass or less based on the total amount of fuel. It is desirable to add.
- the total amount of additive means the amount added as an active ingredient of the additive.
- the calorific value of the low temperature oxidation reaction does not fluctuate with respect to the load, and the high temperature oxidation reaction always starts from the same timing.
- the graph of the heat release rate of the fuel 3 applicable to this invention and the temperature change in a cylinder is shown in FIG.6 and FIG.7.
- the fuel of the present invention is useful as a fuel for a premixed compression self-ignition engine because it can control the combustion reaction in the premixed compression self-ignition combustion and improve the engine thermal efficiency.
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Abstract
Description
火花点火式ガソリンエンジンは、吸気ポートあるいは燃焼室内に燃料を噴射して燃料と空気の予混合気を形成させ、スパークプラグによる電気放電で強制的に点火、燃焼させる方式であり、燃料特性として、蒸発しやすいこと、自己着火し難いこと、点火後は火炎伝播がスムーズに行われること等が求められる。火花点火式ガソリンエンジンにおいては、窒素酸化物(NOx)、炭化水素(HC)、一酸化炭素(CO)が排出されるため、これらの浄化に三元触媒等が広く使用されている。しかし、三元触媒による排出ガス浄化システムは、空気と燃料との混合割合が理論空燃比近傍になる範囲にしか適用できないため、圧縮自己着火式ディーゼルエンジンと比較すると熱効率、燃費が著しく劣るという欠点がある。
予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジンは、燃料の噴射圧力レベルが20MPa以下と圧縮自己着火式ディーゼルエンジンにおける噴射圧力に比べると著しく低い燃料噴射圧力にて燃料を吸気ポート又は燃焼室内に噴射し、そのサイクルで燃焼する燃料噴射を圧縮上死点前60クランク角度以前に終了するシステムであって、燃料と空気との予混合気をスパークプラグによる強制点火ではなく、自己着火で燃焼させるエンジンである。予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジンは、従来の圧縮自己着火式ディーゼルエンジンに比べて燃料が噴射されてから燃焼が始まるまでの時間が長く、燃料が燃焼室内で均一に混合されるため、燃焼時に局所的に温度の高い領域ができず、NOx排出レベルを触媒未装着状態で10質量ppm以下に抑えることが可能となり、かつ燃費及び熱効率を圧縮自己着火式ディーゼルエンジン並みの好燃費、高効率にすることが可能である。
本発明の目的は、予混合圧縮自己着火燃焼における燃焼反応を制御し、予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジンの高出力化を達成することができる予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料を提供することにある。
すなわち、本発明は以下のとおりである。
(1)リサーチ法オクタン価が70以上、92以下であること。
(2)芳香族含有量(容積%)に対するノルマルパラフィン含有量(容積%)の比率が0.45以上、0.81以下であること。
(3)ノルマルパラフィン含有量が20容積%以上、60容積%以下であること。
(4)イソパラフィン含有量が5容積%以上、30容積%以下であること。
(5)蒸留性状における50%留出温度が75℃以上、120℃以下であること。
(6)蒸留性状における終点が190℃以下であること。
本発明における燃料は、予混合圧縮自己着火方式エンジンに適した燃料である。ここで予混合圧縮自己着火方式とは、下記(A)、(B)及び(C)の条件下に燃料を噴射させ、自己着火により燃焼を行わせる燃焼形態をいう。
(A)燃料噴射圧力:20MPa以下
(B)燃料噴射位置:吸気ポート及び/又は燃焼室内部
(C)燃料噴射終了時期:圧縮上死点前60クランク角度以前
なお、予混合圧縮自己着火方式は、HCCI(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)、PCCI(Premixed Charge Compression Ignition)、PCI(Premixed Compression Ignition)、CAI(Controlled Auto-Ignition)、AR(Active Radical (Combustion) )と呼ばれることもある。
(1)リサーチ法オクタン価が70以上、92以下であること。
(2)芳香族含有量(容積%)に対するノルマルパラフィン含有量(容積%)の比率が0.45以上、0.81以下であること。
(3)ノルマルパラフィン含有量が20容積%以上、60容積%以下であること。
(4)イソパラフィン含有量が5容積%以上、30容積%以下であること。
なお、ここでいう炭化水素の含有量の定義は、JIS K2536「石油製品-成分試験方法」に準拠してガスクロマトグラフを利用して測定される値を意味する。またノルマルパラフィンは直鎖系炭化水素を意味し、ナフテン(環状飽和炭化水素)分は含まないものである。
LTHR下落率=(LTHR800-LTHR400)/LTHR800/(IMEP800-IMEP400)×100×100
LTHR下落率:図示平均有効圧力100kPa当りの低温酸化反応の発熱量の下落率(%)
LTHR800:最大圧力上昇率800kPa/degの時の低温酸化反応発熱量(J)
LTHR400:最大圧力上昇率400kPa/degの時の低温酸化反応発熱量(J)
IMEP800:最大圧力上昇率800kPa/degの時の図示平均有効圧力(kPa)
IMEP400:最大圧力上昇率400kPa/degの時の図示平均有効圧力(kPa)
また、低温酸化反応の発熱量の定義については公知論文SAE 2007-01-0220(2007年4月SAE International発行)の記載に基づく。
(5)蒸留性状における50%留出温度が75℃以上、120℃以下であること、より好ましくは75℃以上、115℃以下であること、さらに好ましくは80℃以上、120℃以下であること、最も好ましくは80℃以上、115℃以下であること。
(6)蒸留性状における終点が190℃以下であること、より好ましくは170℃以下であること、さらに好ましくは160℃以下であること、さらにより好ましくは150℃以下であること、最も好ましくは140℃以下であること。
本発明の燃料は、前記含酸素化合物を含有することにより、排出ガス中の未燃炭化水素(HC)、微小粒子状物質等を低減することができる。また、バイオマス由来の含酸素化合物を使用した場合は、二酸化炭素削減等にも寄与する。しかし、場合によっては窒素化合物の増加を招く場合もあるので、含酸素化合物の含有割合は、酸素元素換算(酸素含有量)で燃料全量に対し5質量%以下が好ましい。
1)ノルマルパラフィン含有量/芳香族含有量の容積比(以下n-P/A容積比と略す)で0.45以上0.81以下の範囲の燃料Aから燃料Dの4種類を準備した。
2)次に、それぞれの燃料を用いて、エンジン回転数1000rpm、過給圧力155kPa(絶対圧力)でHCCIエンジンを運転し、燃料Aから燃料Dまでを最大圧力上昇率800kPa/deg、400kPa/degとなる条件でHCCIエンジンを運転する。
3)そのときの筒内圧力をピエゾ圧力センサーでサンプリングし、図示平均有効圧力(IMEP)、熱発生率、低温酸化反応の発熱量を求める。
4)これに対し、燃料1、燃料2、燃料3、燃料4を用意した。これはLSR、HSR、FMT燃料を用い、配合比を変えて調製した燃料である(表3参照)。燃料1、燃料2、燃料3、燃料4のn-P/A容積比はそれぞれ1.09、0.8、0.68、0.53である。
5)燃料1、燃料2、燃料3、燃料4を用いてエンジン回転数1000rpm、過給圧力155kPa(絶対圧力)でHCCIエンジンを運転し、最大圧力上昇率が800kPa/deg、400kPa/degとなる条件での筒内圧力をピエゾ圧力センサーでサンプリングし、図示平均有効圧力(IMEP)、熱発生率、低温酸化反応の発熱量を求めた。
なお、本発明に該当する燃料3の熱発生率及びシリンダ内の温度変化のグラフを図6及び図7に示す。
Claims (2)
- 下記の(1)~(4)の全ての性状を満たすことを特徴とする予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料。
(1)リサーチ法オクタン価が70以上、92以下であること。
(2)芳香族含有量(容積%)に対するノルマルパラフィン含有量(容積%)の比率が0.45以上、0.81以下であること。
(3)ノルマルパラフィン含有量が20容積%以上、60容積%以下であること。
(4)イソパラフィン含有量が5容積%以上、30容積%以下であること。 - 下記の(5)および(6)の性状を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1記載の予混合圧縮自己着火式エンジン用燃料。
(5)蒸留性状における50%留出温度が75℃以上、120℃以下であること。
(6)蒸留性状における終点が190℃以下であること。
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Cited By (8)
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JP2013509489A (ja) * | 2009-10-30 | 2013-03-14 | シェブロン ユー.エス.エー. インコーポレイテッド | 燃料組成物 |
JP2015172200A (ja) * | 2009-10-30 | 2015-10-01 | シェブロン ユー.エス.エー. インコーポレイテッド | 燃料組成物 |
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JP2013151874A (ja) * | 2012-01-24 | 2013-08-08 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | 火花点火式内燃機関 |
CN108368441A (zh) * | 2015-07-20 | 2018-08-03 | 环球油品有限责任公司 | 用于gci发动机的燃料组合物及其制备方法 |
JP2018526522A (ja) * | 2015-07-20 | 2018-09-13 | ユーオーピー エルエルシー | Gciエンジン用燃料組成物および製造方法 |
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