Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D271/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D271/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
  • C07D271/06—1,2,4-Oxadiazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-oxadiazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4245—Oxadiazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to deuterated (2R)-2 ⁇ [[(4- chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4-(l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]- 5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide compounds having drug and bio-affecting properties, their pharmaceutical compositions, processes thereof and methods of use.
• the novel compounds possesses a unique inhibition of A ⁇ peptide production, thereby acting to
• a ⁇ peptides and/or amyloid protein deposits in the brain prevent the accumulation of A ⁇ peptides and/or amyloid protein deposits in the brain, and are useful in the treatment or delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down syndrom and mild cognitive impairment as well as in the treatment of head trauma, traumatic brain injury, dementia pugilistica, and/or other conditions associated with ⁇ -amyloid peptide.
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• Plaques primarily consist of ⁇ -amyloid (A ⁇ ) peptides that are formed by a stepwise proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by ⁇ -site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE), to generate the N-terminus, and ⁇ -secretase, to generate the C- terminus (Selkoe, DJ., Physiol Rev. (2001) 81: 741-766).
• ⁇ -Secretase is a transmembrane protein complex that includes Nicastrin, Aph-1 , PEN-2, and either Presenilin-1 (PS-I) or Presenilin-2 (PS-2) (Wolfe, M.S.
• PS-I and PS-2 are believed to contain the catalytic sites of ⁇ -secretase.
• a ⁇ 40 is the most abundant form of A ⁇ synthesized (80-90%), while A ⁇ 42 is most closely linked with AD pathogenesis.
• mutations in the APP, PS-I, and PS-2 genes that lead to rare, familial forms of AD implicate A ⁇ 42 aggregates as the primary toxic species (Selkoe, D.J., Physiol Rev., (2001) 81 : 741-766).
• Current evidence suggests that oligomeric, protofibrillar and intracellular A ⁇ 42 play a significant role in the disease process (Cleary, J.P.
• Inhibitors of the enzymes that form A ⁇ 42 represent potential disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of AD.
• ⁇ -Secretase cleaves multiple type I transmembrane proteins in addition to APP (Pollack, SJ. et al, Curr Opin Investig Drugs (2005) 6: 35-47), While the physiological significance of most of these cleavage events is unknown, genetic evidence indicates that ⁇ -secretase cleavage of Notch is required for Notch signaling (Artavanis-Tsakonas, S.
• compounds that inhibit ⁇ -secretase and reduce production of A ⁇ could be used to treat these or other A ⁇ -dependent diseases.
• Excess production and/or reduced clearance of A ⁇ causes CAA (Thai, D. et al., J. Neuropath, Exp, Neuro. (2002) 61: 282-293).
• vascular amyloid deposits cause degeneration of vessel walls and aneurysms that may be responsible for 10-15% of hemorrhagic strokes in elderly patients.
• mutations in the gene encoding A ⁇ lead to an early onset form of CAA, referred to as cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Dutch type, and mice expressing this mutant protein develop CAA that is similar to patients.
• Compounds that specifically target ⁇ -secretase could reduce or prevent CAA.
• DLB manifests with visual hallucinations, delusions, and parkinsonism.
• familial AD mutations that cause A ⁇ deposits can also cause Lewy bodies and DLB symptoms (Yokota, O. et al, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) (2002) 104: 637-648).
• sporadic DLB patients have A ⁇ deposits similar to those in AD (Deramecourt, V. et al, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol (2006) 65: 278-288). Based on this data, A ⁇ likely drives Lewy body pathology in DLB and, therefore, ⁇ -secretase inhibitors could reduce or prevent DLB.
• Approximately 25% of ALS patients have significant dementia or aphasia
• ALS-D ubiquitin-positive inclusions comprised primarily of the TDP-43 protein (Neumann, M. et al, Science (2006) 314: 130-133).
• IBM is a rare, age-related degenerative disease of skeletal muscle.
• Compounds that specifically target ⁇ -secretase could reduce or prevent IBM.
• a ⁇ was identified as one of several components of drusen, extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (Anderson, D.H. et al, Exp Eye Res (2004) 78: 243-256).
• RPE retinal pigment epithelium
• a recent study has shown potential links between A ⁇ and macular degeneration in mice (Yoshida, T. et al, J Clin Invest (2005) 115: 2793-2800). Increases in A ⁇ deposition and supranuclear cataracts have been found in AD patients (Goldstein, L. E. et al, Lancet (2003) 361 : 1258-1265).
• Compounds that specifically target ⁇ -secretase could reduce or prevent age-related macular degeneration.
• compounds which inhibit ⁇ -secretase may also be useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer (Shih, L-M., et al, Cancer Research (2007) 67: 1879-1882).
• Compounds which inhibit gamma secretase may also be useful in treating conditions associated with loss of myelmation, for example multiple sclerosis (Watkins, T.A., etal, Neuron (2008) 60: 555-569).
• Japanese Patent No.l 1343279 published December 14, 1999 discloses a series of sulfonamide derivatives which are TNF-alpha inhibitors useful for treating autoimmune diseases.
• the present disclosure provides a compound useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions associated with ⁇ -amyloid peptide.
• the present disclosure relates to deuterated (2R)-2-[[(4- chlorophenyl) sulfonyl] [ [2-fluoro-4-( 1 ,2 ,4-oxadiazol-3 -yl)phenyl]methyl] amino] - 5,5,5-trifiuoropentanamide compounds having the Formula I, their pharmaceutical formulations, and their use in inhibiting A ⁇ production in patients suffering from or susceptible to Alzheimer's disease (AD) or other disorders associated with ⁇ -amyloid peptide, where compounds of Formula I contain one or more deuterium atoms.
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• ⁇ -amyloid peptide where compounds of Formula I contain one or more deuterium atoms.
• the deuterium is attached to the oxadiazole ring, as shown in Formula I-A.
• the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a deuterated (2R)- 2- [[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl] [[2-fluoro-4-(l ,2,4 ⁇ oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]- 5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide compound in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier or diluent.
• the present disclosure provides a method for the treatment, alleviation or delaying the onset of disorders associated with ⁇ -amyloid peptide, especially Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, mild cognitive impairment, and Down syndrome which comprises administering together with a conventional adjuvant, carrier or diluent a therapeutically effective amount of a deuterated (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl] [[2-fluoro-4-(l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl]methyl]ammo] ⁇ 5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide compound or solvate or hydrate thereof.
• the present disclosure provides a process for the preparation of (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl] [[2-fluoro-4-(l ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-deutero-3- yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide comprising the step of reacting (R)-2-(4-chlorophenylsulfonamido)-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide with 3-(4- (bromomethyl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-deutero-l ,2,4-oxadiazole in an inert organic solvent in the presence of a base and preferably an inorganic base such as cesium carbonate.
• the present disclosure provides a process for the preparation of (2R)-2- [ [(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl] [ [2-fiuoro-4-( 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5 - deutero-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide comprising the steps of : (a) reacting (R)-2-(4-chloro-N-(4-cyano-2-fluorobenzyl)phenylsulfonamido)- 5,5,5-trifiuoro ⁇ entanamide with hydroxylamine, and
• the present disclosure includes the racemate as well as the individual enantiometric forms of the compound of Formula I and chiral and racemic intermediates as described herein.
• the use of a single designation such as (R) or (S) is intended to include mostly one stereoisomer.
• Mixtures of isomers can be separated into individual isomers according to known methods, e.g. fractional crystallization, adsorption chromatography or other suitable separation processes. Resulting racemates can be separated into antipodes in the usual manner after introduction of suitable salt-forming groupings, e.g.
• the term "therapeutically effective amount” means the total amount of each active component of the method that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, i.e., healing of conditions associated with ⁇ -amyloid peptide.
• a meaningful patient benefit i.e., healing of conditions associated with ⁇ -amyloid peptide.
• the term refers to that ingredient alone.
• the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously.
• the terms "treat, treating, treatment” as used herein and in the claims means preventing, delaying, suppressing or ameliorating diseases associated with ⁇ - amyloid peptide.
• the compound of Formula I may be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the treatment/prevention/suppression or amelioration of the diseases or conditions for which the compound of Formula I is useful.
• Such other drugs may be administered by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with the compound of the present disclosure.
• a pharmaceutical composition containing such drugs in addition to the compound of Formula I is preferred.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to the compound of Formula I.
• Examples of other active ingredients that may be combined with, for example, (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fiuoro-4-(l,2,4-oxadiazol- 5-deutero-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]-5 ,5,5-trifluoropentanamide, either administered separately or in the same pharmaceutical compositions, to treat Alzheimer's disease include, but are not limited to: the class of drugs which are cholinesterase inhibitors, for example donepezil (Aricept ® ), rivastigmine (Exelon ® ), galantamine (Reminyl ® , now Razadyne ® ); other drugs which are NMDA antagonists such as memantine (Namenda ® ) and PDE4 inhibitors such as cilomilast (Ariflo ® ); the class of NSAIDs, such as R-flurbiprofen (Flurizan ®
• the compound of the present disclosure may be used with known anti-cancer agents or treatments.
• agents and treatments include cytotoxic/cytostatic agents, androgen receptor modulators, estrogen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, agents that interfere with cell-cycle checkpoints, and radiation therapy.
• the compounds of the present disclosure may be useful in the treatment of immunological disorders such as Lupus.
• the amount of the compound actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances including the condition to be treated, the choice of compound to be administered, the chosen route of administration, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, and the severity of the patient's symptoms.
• the compound of the present disclosure can be prepared in a number of different ways well-known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• the compounds of Formula I can be prepared by the methods described below in Reaction Schemes 1-5.
• Reasonable variations of the described procedures, together with synthetic methods which would be evident to one skilled in the art, are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
• the starting ( ⁇ - amino)acetamide of Formula II which is used in substantially enantiomerically pure form may be prepared by well-known literature procedures such as using the asymmetric Strecker synthesis method described in Reaction Scheme 3 for the conversion of trifluorobutyraldehyde to the ( ⁇ -amino)acetamide of Formula II, or alternatively from (R)-5,5,5-trifluoronorvaline (see; I. Ojima, J. Org. Chem. (1989) 54: 4511 -4522) and the method described in Reaction Scheme 4 followed by the general procedures for amide preparation: R.C. Larock "Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989, pp.
• the ( ⁇ - amino)acetamide of Formula II is treated with a suitable base and sulfonylated with £>-chlorosul ⁇ honyl chloride in a suitable aprotic solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 at about room temperature to afford the (oc-sulfonamido)acetamide of Formula III.
• suitable bases include triethylamine, diisopropylamine, pyridine and the like.
• the conversion of the compound of Formula III to the sulfonamide of Formula I-A is carried out in the presence of a base by reacting the ( ⁇ - sulfonamido)acetamide of Formula III with a deuterated oxadiazole fluorobenzyl alkylating agent of Formula IV in a suitable aprotic solvent with or without heating.
• a base by reacting the ( ⁇ - sulfonamido)acetamide of Formula III with a deuterated oxadiazole fluorobenzyl alkylating agent of Formula IV in a suitable aprotic solvent with or without heating.
• the fluorobenzyl deuterated oxadiazole of Formula TV may readily be prepared by methods well-known in the art wherein X is a leaving group and by the method described in Reaction Scheme 6.
• Suitable bases for this alkylation include inorganic bases such as potassium carbonate and cesium carbonate.
• Preferred solvents include DMF and acetonitrile
• the 1 ,2,4- oxadiazole compound of Formula I-A is prepared by alkylating the compound of Formula III with 2-cyano ⁇ 4-fiuorobenzyl derivative of Formula VI wherein X is a leaving group in the presence of a base in a suitable solvent to produce the nitrile of Formula VII.
• the desired compound of Formula I-A is then prepared from the nitrile compound of Formula VII using methods well-known to those skilled in the art (ref: Joule, J.A, et al, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Chapman & Hall, London (1995) 452-456 and references cited therein).
• reaction of the nitrile of Formula VII with hydroxylamine in an alcohol solvent such as methanol or ethanol at temperatures up to reflux provides an intermediate amide oxime that is subsequently treated with a deutero-orthoformate (such as triethyl or trimethyl orthoformate-D) in the presence of an acid source such as trifluoroacetic acid or boron trifluoride etherate in an inert organic solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 , acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and the like to provide the 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole of Formula I-A.
• an alcohol solvent such as methanol or ethanol at temperatures up to reflux
• a deutero-orthoformate such as triethyl or trimethyl orthoformate-D
• an acid source such as trifluoroacetic acid or boron trifluoride etherate
• an inert organic solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2 , acetonitrile, tetrahydro
• Hydrolysis of the nitrile of Formula VIII to the corresponding amide of Formula IX is carried out with sulfuric acid and neutralization of the reaction, followed by acidification and recrystallization from a suitable solvent such as methanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, methyl tert-butyl ether, or mixtures therof, to afford the amide of Formula X in > 99% diastereomeric excess.
• a suitable catalyst such as palladium hydroxide or palladium on carbon to give the amino amide of Formula II which maybe sulfonylated withp-chlorosulphonyl chloride to afford the sulfonamide of Formula III.
• the ( ⁇ -amino)acetamide of Formula II can be stereoselectivity produced using an enzymatic process starting with 5,5,5-trifluoro- 2-oxopentanoic acid as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 4.
• the (R)-5,5,5- trifluoronorvaline of Formula XIV may be prepared in substantially enantiomerically pure form from the compound of Formula XIII using commercially available (R)- aminotransferase enzyme by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
• the enzymatic process may be carried out using the commercially available (R)-amino acid dehydrogenase enzyme.
• the enzymatic processes are carried out using the methods described below and methods well-known to those skilled in the art.
• the conversion of the (R)-5,5,5-trifluoronorvaline of Formula XIV to the compound of Formula II may be carried out using general procedures for amide preparation well-known in the art.
• Benzyl bromide of Formula Via may be prepared by bromination of commercially available 2-iluoro-4-cyanotoluene with N-bromosuccinimide in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane or carbon tetrachloride, using an initiator such as AIBN as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 5.
• a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane or carbon tetrachloride
• AIBN an initiator
• the bromination proceeds in high yield and, if desired, the compound of Formula Via may readily be converted to the compound of Formula VI wherein X is a leaving group by methods well-known to those skilled in the art.
• Reaction Scheme 6 As an alternative to the use of the compound of Formula VI in the linear sequence to the sulfonamide oxadiazole of Formula I- A described above in Reaction Scheme 2, the preparation of the compound of Formula IV for use in the convergent route depicted in Reaction Scheme 1 is shown in Reaction Scheme 6.
• the cyclization can also be cleanly accomplished by employing trifluoroacetic acid as the acid source.
• a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, or carbon tetrachloride using an initiator such as AIBN affords the mono-bromo deuterated oxadiazole compound of Formula IVa.
• the toluyl function of compound of Formula XI may deliberately be overbrominated with N-bromosuccinimide and AIBN to afford the corresponding dibromide which may then be reduced with diethyl phosphite to afford the mono-bromide of Formula Via in over 90% yield.
• the compound of Formula IVa may also be prepared from the compound of Formula XII with excess sodium bromate and sodium bisulfite in a suitable two-phase solvent system such as ethyl acetate/water, dichloromethane/water, butyl acetate/water, trifluorotohiene/water and the like to provide a mixture of mono- and di-bromide intermediates which is reduced in situ with diethyl phosphate/diisopropylamine to afford the mono-bromide of Formula IVa.
• the compound of Formula IVa may readily be converted to the compound of Formula IV wherein X is a leaving group by methods well-known to those skilled in the art.
• deuterium atoms may be incorporated in various startng materials used in the preparation of compounds of Formula 1.
• a sulfonyl chloride incorporating one or more deuterium atoms in the sulfonylation of amino amide II will provide a deuterated sulfonamide III-d, which may be used in the preparation of compounds of Formula I-B as illustrated in Scheme 7.
• Such methods may be used to incorporate one or more deuterium atoms in desired positions in compounds of Formula I.
• this disclosure includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound of Formula I in combination with a pharmaceutical adjuvant, carrier or diluent.
• this disclosure relates to a method of treatment of disorders responsive to the inhibition of ⁇ -amyloid peptide in a mammal in need thereof, which comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I or a solvate or hydrate thereof.
• this disclosure relates to a method for treating, alleviating or delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, systemic amyloidosis, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Dutch type, multi-infarct dementia, mild cognitive impairment and Down syndrome in a patient in need thereof, which comprises administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I or solvate or hydrate thereof.
• this invention relates to a method for the treatment of head trauma, traumatic brain injury, and/or dementia pug ⁇ istica, which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I or a solvate or hydrate thereof.
• this invention relates to a method for the treatment of head trauma which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I or a solvate or hydrate thereof.
• this invention relates to a method for the treatment of traumatic brain injury which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I or a solvate or hydrate thereof.
• this invention relates to a method for the treatment of dementia pugilistica which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I or a solvate or hydrate thereof.
• the pharmacologically active compound of Formula I will normally be administered as a pharmaceutical composition comprising as the (or an) essential active ingredient at least one such compound in association with a solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and, optionally, with pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants and excipients employing standard and conventional techniques.
• the pharmaceutical compositions include suitable dosage forms for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal and intravenous), transdermal, sublingual, bronchial or nasal administration.
• parenteral including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal and intravenous
• transdermal sublingual, bronchial or nasal administration.
• a solid carrier may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, tableting lubricants, disintegrants, wetting agents and the like.
• the tablet may, if desired, be film coated by conventional techniques.
• Oral preparations include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, scaled capsules made of gelatin and a coating, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• Push-fit capsules can contain active ingredients mixed with a filler or binders, such as lactose or starches, lubricants, such as talc or magnesium stearate, and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid, or liquid polyethylene glycol with or without stabilizers.
• suitable liquids such as fatty oils, liquid, or liquid polyethylene glycol with or without stabilizers.
• the preparation may be in the form of a syrup, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, sterile vehicle for injection, an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspension, or may be a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, wetting agents, non-aqueous vehicle (including edible oils), preservatives, as well as flavoring and/or coloring agents.
• a vehicle normally will comprise sterile water, at least in large part, although saline solutions, glucose solutions and like may be utilized.
• injectable suspensions also may be used, in which case conventional suspending agents may be employed.
• Conventional preservatives, buffering agents and the like also may be added to the parenteral dosage forms.
• penetrants or permeation agents that are appropriate to the particular barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by conventional techniques appropriate to the desired preparation containing appropriate amounts of the active ingredient, that is, the compound of Formula I according to the disclosure. See, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 17th edition, 1985.
• the dosage of the compound of Formula I to achieve a therapeutic effect will depend not only on such factors as the age, weight and sex of the patient and mode of administration, but also on the degree of A ⁇ inhibition desired and the potency of the compound of Formula I for the particular disorder or disease concerned. It is also contemplated that the treatment and dosage of the compound of Formula I may be administered in unit dosage form and that the unit dosage form would be adjusted accordingly by one skilled in the art to reflect the relative level of activity. The decision as to the particular dosage to be employed (and the number of times to be administered per day) is within the discretion of the physician, and may be varied by titration of the dosage to the particular circumstances of this disclosure to produce the desired therapeutic effect.
• a suitable dose of the compound of Formula I or pharmaceutical composition thereof for a mammal, including man, suffering from, or likely to suffer from any condition related to A ⁇ peptide production as described herein generally the daily dose will be from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg and preferably, about 0.1 to 2 mg/kg when administered parenterally.
• the dose may be in the range from about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg and preferably from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg body weight.
• the active ingredient will preferably be administered in equal doses from one to four times a day. However, usually a small dosage is administered, and the dosage is gradually increased until the optimal dosage for the host under treatment is determined.
• the instant compound in accordance with good clinical practice, it is preferred to administer the instant compound at a concentration level that will produce an effective anti- amyloid effect without causing any harmful or untoward side effects.
• the amount of the compound actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances including the condition to be treated, the choice of compound of be administered., the chosen route of administration, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, and the severity of the patient's symptoms.
• SWE clone 8.20 developed at Bristol-Myers Squibb, an H4 neuroglioma cell line stably expressing the Swedish mutant of APP751.
• Cells were maintained in log phase through twice weekly passage at a 1 :20 dilution.
• 30 ⁇ L cells (1.5 x 10 4 cells/well) in DMEM media containing 0.0125% BSA (Sigma A8412) were plated directly into 384-well compound plates (Costar 3709) containing 0.1 ⁇ L serially diluted compound in DMSO. Following incubation for 19 hours in 5% CO 2 at 37°C, plates were briefly centrifuged (1000 rpm, 5 min).
• Antibody cocktails were freshly prepared by dilution into 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) with 0.2% BSA and added to assay plates.
• antibodies specific for the A ⁇ 42 neoepitope (565, developed at Bristol-Myers Squibb; conjugated to the Wallac reagent (Perkin Elmer)
• the N-terminal sequence of A ⁇ peptide 26D6, developed at SIBIA/Bristol-Myers Squibb; conjugated to APC (Perkin Elmer)
• Assay plates containing antibodies were sealed with aluminum foil and incubated overnight at 4°C. Signal was determined using a Viewlux counter (Perkin Elmer) and IC 50 values determined using curve fitting in CurveMaster (Excel Fit based).
• the compounds of the present application can be prepared in a number of ways well known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• the compounds of the present application can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those described below. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
• the compounds may be prepared using the reactions and techniques described in this section.
• the reactions are performed in solvents appropriate to the reagents and materials employed and are suitable for the transformations being effected.
• all proposed reaction conditions including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, are chosen to be the conditions standard for that reaction, which should be readily recognized by one skilled in the art. It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the molecule must be compatible with the reagents and reactions proposed. Such restrictions to the substituents which are compatible with the reaction conditions will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art and alternate methods must then be used.
• Multiplicity patterns are designated as follows; s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br, broad peak; dd, doublet of doublet; br d, broad doublet; dt, doublet of triplet; br s, broad singlet; dq, doublet of quartet.
• IR Infrared
• DMF dimethylformamide
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• Leu leucine
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• MTBE methyltertbutylether
• DAST (diethylamino) sulfur trifluoride]
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• rt room temperature
• aq. aqueous
• AP area percent
• Step B 5,5,5-Trifluoro-2-(l-phenylethylammo) ⁇ entanenitrile (mixture of diastereomers)
• R- ⁇ -Methyl benzyl amine (528.5 g) was charged into a suitable vessel equipped with mechanical stirring, cooling bath and maintained under a blanket of nitrogen. 4, 4, 4-Trifluorobutyraldehyde solution (from Step A, 550 g) was charged, followed by methanol (3.3 L). The reaction mixture was then cooled to about 0 to - 3°C. Acetic acid (glacial, 260 mL) was added drop- wise, maintaining the temperature around 0 0 C followed by trimethylsilyl cyanide (581 mL) over a period of 15 minutes. Similarly, sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassium cyanide could be used as the cyanide source.
• NaCN sodium cyanide
• potassium cyanide could be used as the cyanide source.
• the reaction mixture was poured slowly over crushed ice ( ⁇ 15.0 kg) and was neutralized with aqueous ammonia (-25% by volume). The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (2 x 3.0 L). The combined dichloromethane layer was washed with water (1 x 12.0 L) followed by brine (1 x 3.0 L).
• Step D (R)- 5 ,5 , 5 -Trifluoro-2-((R)- 1 -phenylethylammo)pentanamide hydrochloride
• reaction mixture was then raised to 25 to 27°C and stirred for 2 hours. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC.
• a suitable solvent such as ethyl acetate (1.8 L) followed by petroleum ether (2.5 L), or a mixture of isopropanol and methyl tert-butyl ether.
• NBS/AIBN bromination 1 ,2-Dichloroethane (151 kg) was charged to a suitable vessel along with 4- cyano-2-fluorotoluene (24kg) and AIBN (2kg). The mixture was heated to 70 ⁇ 74°C. Once the batch temperature reached 70 0 C, N-bromosuccinimide (47.4kg) was added in portions at the rate of 12kg/h, maintaining the temperature at 70 ⁇ 74°C (it is important to control addition rate to avoid exothermic reaction). The mixture was sampled via GC detection after 24kg of N-bromosuccinimide was added, and the reaction was heated at 70-74 0 C until complete reaction was observed.
• the mixture was cooled to 0-5 0 C and allowed to stand for 2 additional hours.
• the mixture was filtered, and the cake was washed with MTBE (24 kg).
• the filtrate was washed with water (3 x 65 kg).
• the organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate (10.3 kg) for 6 hours, filtered and the cake was washed with MTBE (24 kg).
• the solution was evaporated under reduced pressure, ethanol (12 kg) was added and the mixture was heated to 40-45 0 C, then cooled slowly to 0-5 0 C while stirring to crystallize.
• the mixture was filtered and the cake was washed with cold ethanol (5 kg).
• Step B (R)-5 ,5,5-Trifluoro-2-((R)- 1 -phenylethylamino)pentanamide hydrochloride To a solution of 5,5 ,5-trifluoro-2-(l -phenylethylamino)pentanenitrile (18.O g,
• Step C (R)-2-(4-Chlorophenylsulfonamido)-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide
• EtOH 100 mL
• Pd(OH) 2 350 mg
• water 10 mL
• the reaction mixture was hydrogenated (40 psi) for 4 h at 50°C.
• the reaction was filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to afford the intermediate amine hydrochloride as a white solid.
• Step B (R)-2-(4-Chloro-N-(4-cyano-2-fluorobenzyl)phenylsulfonamido)-5,5,5- trifluoropentanamide
• (R)-2-(4-chlorophenylsulfonamido)-5,5,5- trifluoropentanamide (6.88 g, 20.0 mmol) and 4-(bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzonitrile (6.43 g, 30 mmol) in DMF (35 mL) was added anhydrous Cs 2 CO 3 (19.56 g, 60 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 min.
• a solution of sodium phosphate monobasic (0.2 M in water, 20.66 L) was charged and the bottom aqueous phase was separated and the pH was tested to ensure that it was ⁇ 6.5. (Note: If the pH is >6.5, an additional 20.66 L of 0.2 M sodium phosphate monobasic solution may be charged and the extraction and pH measurement repeated.)
• the solvent was then exchanged by a constant volume vacuum distillation. The reactor was placed under vacuum (270 mmHg) and the jacket was heated to 75-80 0 C. Once distillation of ethyl acetate started, isopropanol (41.34 L) was added at the same rate of distillate collection, and the overall batch volume was maintained at a constant level.
• Step B (R)-2-(4-Chloro-N-(2-fiuoro-4-(N ! - hydroxycarbamimidoyl)benzyl)phenylsulfonamido)-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide

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