WO2010095687A1 - Système de gestion de la traçabilité du carbone - Google Patents

Système de gestion de la traçabilité du carbone Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010095687A1
WO2010095687A1 PCT/JP2010/052458 JP2010052458W WO2010095687A1 WO 2010095687 A1 WO2010095687 A1 WO 2010095687A1 JP 2010052458 W JP2010052458 W JP 2010052458W WO 2010095687 A1 WO2010095687 A1 WO 2010095687A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
greenhouse gas
lot
production
equipment
gas emissions
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PCT/JP2010/052458
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English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
良和 石井
和信 森田
節雄 河上
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株式会社日立製作所
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Publication of WO2010095687A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010095687A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
    • G06Q50/04—Manufacturing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/30—Computing systems specially adapted for manufacturing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/80—Management or planning
    • Y02P90/84—Greenhouse gas [GHG] management systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/50—Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a carbon traceability management system used for manufacturing management for the industrial field.
  • Patent Document 2 there is a technique for managing the energy usage status in the production process in real time. By using this technology, it is said that greenhouse gas emissions due to fuel, received power, etc. used in the product production process can be suppressed.
  • Patent Document 1 In order to calculate the carbon footprint, etc., [Patent Document 1], [Patent Document 2] and production management information are used to allocate greenhouse gas emissions as emissions per unit amount of each product. There is a need to. This must include contributions from procurement raw materials, etc., but the greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 50% that are not managed as described above are based on macro information such as input-output tables and raw material usage. It will be determined.
  • greenhouse gas emissions management in this way can be realized in a closed form at each manufacturing plant, it does not reflect the company's efforts in terms of purchasing and inventory management. As a result, greenhouse gas emission reduction results are not transmitted to upstream (upstream) materials and parts companies through the supply chain. Conversely, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the parts and materials industries do not have the effect of making transactions between companies advantageous.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a management apparatus capable of grasping greenhouse gas emissions related to production in product units.
  • the carbon traceability management system of the present invention includes a means for recording and managing externally received power, received cold / heat quantity, in-house facility operation results, cold / heat facility operation results, material receipt / payment results, A means of managing production results, a means of calculating greenhouse gas emissions from each result, a means of allocating the calculated greenhouse gas emissions to a single unit quantity of product, and distribution to production lots Means for managing greenhouse gas emission data as specific data for lots is provided.
  • the means for calculating the greenhouse gas emission from each result is to calculate the greenhouse gas emission using the highest efficiency value of the equipment and the purchaser.
  • the means for recording and managing the payment results is to record the basic unit of greenhouse gas emissions of the received materials together with the price and delivery date.
  • the means for recording and managing the receipt and payment results is to record the inventory period of the materials and raw materials that have been issued.
  • Means for calculating greenhouse gas emissions when calculating greenhouse gas emissions per unit for any lot that manufactures any product, or the calculated greenhouse gas emissions per unit of product The method of allocating to the greenhouse is based on the operating results of the individual manufacturing equipment used in the production lot, the use of cold / hot heat, the storage period of the raw materials used, the amount of raw materials used, etc. Distribute gas emissions to the product concerned, apportion greenhouse gas emissions associated with the operation of cold / hot facilities according to the use of cold / hot energy, and apportion greenhouse gas emissions generated during production and storage of raw materials used In addition, greenhouse gas emissions associated with cleaning, disposal, paperwork, etc. are apportioned in proportion to the production time of the production lot for a certain period.
  • the amount of greenhouse gas discharged to produce a unit quantity of the product, the electric power received and used or the electric power generated by private power generation Not only greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy used directly in production activities, such as steam consumption, but also greenhouse gas emissions generated during the production of raw materials and greenhouses emitted during the preservation process You can also grasp the effect gas.
  • the block diagram of the carbon traceability management system by Embodiment 1 of this invention Flow chart of processing to distribute greenhouse gas emissions to each production lot.
  • the figure which shows the structural example of the stock condition management data of material and raw material The figure which shows the structural example of the energy usage condition data of a facility installation.
  • 10 is a flowchart of an algorithm for interpreting policy reading processing and processing settings for a discarded lot according to the second embodiment of the present invention. Flow chart of the algorithm that interprets the policy reading process and process settings for the cleaning lot.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of a carbon traceability management system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • the system according to the present embodiment manages a utility management apparatus 102 that supervises or manages generation facilities such as a power receiving / transforming facility 110, a private power generation facility 123, a cooling / heating facility 122, and a hydraulic / pneumatic facility 121, and manufacturing facilities 131, 132.
  • a facility management device 105 for managing the computer and the communication equipment 153, and the like.
  • the driving system equipment operation results obtained from the utility management device 102, the equipment use results of each production lot obtained from the manufacturing execution management device 103, the materials and raw material use results, the equipment use results and the materials and raw material use associated with cleaning, etc.
  • Actual results storage period of used materials and raw materials obtained from the material management device 104, greenhouse gas emission basic unit required for the production, actual use of air conditioning and lighting required for storage of materials and storage facilities
  • Use results energy use results of facility equipment obtained from the facility management device 105, allocation policies 106 of greenhouse gas emissions by cleaning and lot disposal, and greenhouse gases for each facility according to the operating state of each equipment Emission equivalent data 107 and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions associated with manufacturing out of materials and raw materials
  • use greenhouse gas emission data 108 for each material and raw material prepared in advance using an input-output table, etc. and allocate greenhouse gas emissions for each production lot of products and intermediate products.
  • a greenhouse gas emission management device 101 for each lot for calculation is provided.
  • the manufacturing execution management device 103 records the usage results of the input materials and raw materials and the equipment used for each lot. For materials and raw materials, record the lot number and amount used, and for facilities, record the power used in the lot and the amount of heat and cold energy.
  • the amount of cold / hot heat is the amount and temperature in the case of hot water and cold water, and the amount, temperature, and pressure in the case of steam.
  • the material management device 104 manages the storage status and stocking status of materials and raw materials. Information on the period from warehousing to unloading is managed for the lots of materials and raw materials allocated by the manufacturing execution management apparatus 103. In addition, it manages the power consumption of the transportation equipment that accompanies loading and unloading and the results of air conditioning usage.
  • the facility management device 105 manages the energy used by the facility equipment during the manufacturing period of the lot recorded by the manufacturing execution management device 103.
  • the greenhouse gas emission equivalent data 107 of the power generation equipment used and the greenhouse gas emission data 108 of the materials and raw materials are used.
  • the greenhouse gas emission equivalent data 107 for each facility refers to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions generated per unit time or unit output in the operation state of the facility.
  • the greenhouse gas emission data 108 from the production of materials and raw materials is used if there is greenhouse gas emission basic unit information 160 of the relevant materials and raw material lots at the time of arrival. Use to calculate.
  • the greenhouse gas emissions generated by the production of the related cleaning operations and waste lots may be apportioned based on the allocation policy 106.
  • the greenhouse gas emission management device 101 for each lot records and manages the greenhouse gas emission for each lot calculated by the above-described method in addition to the management items such as the production amount and the raw materials used for each lot.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an example of processing executed by the greenhouse gas emission distribution means for the product and intermediate product lots
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of greenhouse gas emission equivalent data 107 for each facility. is there.
  • the data 401 of the utility facility 120 is an example of data for a facility whose greenhouse gas emission amount per unit time is determined in accordance with the operation state of the facility.
  • the data 402 of the utility facility 120 is an example of data for a facility whose greenhouse gas emission rate with respect to the amount of raw material used is determined in accordance with the operation state of the facility.
  • the data 403 of the utility facility 120 is an example of data targeted for a utility that changes the amount of greenhouse gas generated with respect to the unit amount of energy used by the provider (electric power company), such as purchased power from the electric power company.
  • the data 404 of the utility facility 120 is an example of data targeted for utilities that can be managed appropriately by changing the distribution of greenhouse gas emissions according to the quality (pressure) of the utility used like air pressure.
  • FIG. 4 is an example of data indicating the operating status of each lot or each facility.
  • the production lot data 500 records the process included in the production lot, its start time, end time, equipment used, amount of utility used, and the like. Further, the data 501 records the used material and the lot number and the amount of the raw material.
  • the usage record 701 of the utility facility 120 shown in FIG. 6 is the usage of the facility that can be recorded by a combination of a proportional scale (received power) and a nominal scale (provider) with respect to time, such as the amount of power received and the provider, such as the power receiving facility 110. It is an example of situation data.
  • the usage status data of the facility that records the operation state on one proportional scale. For example, if the time change of the tank pressure is recorded as a record in a compressor or the like, the greenhouse gas emission amount can be obtained using the equivalent data 404. In the facility usage record 901 shown in FIG. 8, the amount of power used at each time is recorded.
  • the stock status of materials and raw materials is recorded.
  • the arrival date (receipt date), the place of receipt, record the inventory amount and the greenhouse gas emission intensity.
  • the stock quantity is updated every time a shipment is issued.
  • Greenhouse gas emission basic unit (manufacturing basic unit) is recorded when data is obtained from the purchase source at the time of purchase of the material and raw materials.
  • the transport unit obtained by dividing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with transport from the purchase source to the establishment using the management system of the present embodiment by the amount received at the time of arrival is added to the production unit. It may be recorded.
  • data such as the emission equivalent 405 related to the transportation of materials is prepared in advance, and a method of calculating the amount of emissions according to the actual transportation distance can be adopted. good.
  • the facility energy usage record 1101 shown in FIG. 10 includes divisions that can be linked to production lots such as the warehouse facility 140 and the production site 130 in addition to divisions that do not depend directly on production lots such as the office 150. , Records energy consumption with respect to time for each category such as warehouses A and B.
  • FIG. 11 shows an example of greenhouse gas emission equivalent data 108 for each material and raw material. This can be created from an input-output table. This data indicates that when 1 kg of item AA is consumed, it is regarded as 0.12 kg of greenhouse gas emissions. When there is no basic unit data in the inventory information, this data is used for the greenhouse effect associated with raw material production and transportation. Estimates of gas emissions can be obtained.
  • FIG. 12 shows a description example of a greenhouse gas emission allocation policy 106 for cleaning and lot disposal.
  • the description method of the allocation policy 106 depends on an algorithm for processing the allocation policy 106.
  • a disposal lot is a production lot of the same item that is manufactured within 60 hours in any item manufacturing process. Apportion in 1/3 increments. If three or more lots of the same item are not manufactured within the time, the greenhouse gas emissions from the waste lot remaining when the time has elapsed are Error processing such as assigning to a production lot of the same item executed is described.
  • step 312 While looping in step 302 for each equipment used in the lot, the loop in step 303 is rotated for each utility therein, in which, first, in step 311, for each utility used there. Acquire usage records.
  • step 312 the utility operating status 601, 701, 801 for the time period is acquired.
  • step 313 greenhouse gas emission equivalent data 401 to 404 of the utility is acquired.
  • step 314 the utility uses the utility. Calculate and apportion the amount related to the lot of the greenhouse gas emissions.
  • step 320 inventory information is acquired regarding the materials and raw materials used in the lot, and a loop is performed for each stock.
  • step 321 the presence or absence of purchase unit data is first confirmed, and the purchase source is obtained. If there is unit data from, the value is acquired in step 323, and if not, the value of greenhouse gas emission data 108 for each material and raw material is acquired in step 324.
  • step 325 in step 320, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the manufacture and transportation of the material and raw material is calculated using the used amount of the material and raw material and the obtained basic unit. Also, in step 326, the greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of energy at the facility of the warehouse during the inventory period of the material and the raw material are prorated according to the weight ratio or heat capacity ratio of the other raw materials that use the same warehouse, and the greenhouse accompanying the storage is stored. Calculate effect gas emissions.
  • step 330 if there is a track record of waste lots or cleaning operations for which emissions are not yet completed, a loop is performed for each of the waste lots or cleaning operations that have not been counted.
  • step 331 it is determined whether or not it is necessary to apportion the discharges of those lots to the lots. If apportioning is necessary, in step 332, the target waste lot or cleaning operation is performed. Calculate greenhouse gas emissions associated with the use of materials and raw materials and utility use.
  • step 333 the emission amount is apportioned to the lot according to the allocation policy 106, and in step 334, the emission amount value is updated.
  • step 340 a loop is made for a time zone that has not yet been accounted for in the amount of emissions generated by the facility.
  • step 341 it is determined whether or not the time zone falls within the time zone in which the production lot was implemented. If so, in step 342, the balance is equally distributed with other production lots executed in that time zone. If not, in step 343, a certain proportion of the emission amount due to the facility in the time period is apportioned, and in step 344, the emission amount value is updated.
  • step 14-101 the policy file is read and its contents are stored in the memory.
  • step 14-207 If it is determined in step 14-207 that it is the allocation target, the start date of the allocation target production lot is checked in step 14-208, and this is the allocation child acquired in step 14-204 from the production end date of the discarded lot. Check whether it is within the period specified by element time attribute and time_unit attribute.
  • step 14-210 In the processing of (A) within the period, in step 14-210, the rate attribute of the bunkatsu child element acquired in step 14-205 and the total discharge amount of the disposal lot (in the case of the disposal lot, depending on the utility usage and the material / raw material) Using this method, the apportionment amount for the allocation lot is determined. In step 14-211, the apportioned amount and apportioned amount of the disposal lot are updated, and in step 14-212, the apportioned amount obtained in step 14-210 is returned as the calculation result.
  • the return value is zero in the example of FIG. 14, but other proportional methods may be used.
  • step 14-225 the apportioned amount of the discarded lot is updated, and in step 14-226, the return value is returned.
  • step 15-101 the used equipment and manufacturing period of the allocation target manufacturing lot are first acquired.
  • step 15-104 the allocation child element of the cleaning element thus obtained is acquired, and in step 15-105, the bunkatsu child element is acquired.
  • step 15-202 it is obtained in step 15-105 how to apportion the generated amount generated in the cleaning lot to the production lot immediately before searched in step 15-201 and the production lot to be allocated.
  • rate attribute product_quantity_depend
  • x is calculated in the same manner as in the case of x: y, where x is the product manufacturing amount (weight) of the allocation target lot and y is the product manufacturing amount (weight) of the immediately preceding manufacturing lot.
  • rate attribute material_quantity_depend
  • x is the material and raw material usage (weight) of the allocation target lot
  • y is the raw material and raw material usage (weight) of the previous production lot, as in the case of x: y described above calculate.
  • step 15-203 the apportioned amount and the incomplete amount of the actual cleaning lot are updated, and the apportioning process is completed.
  • step 15-204 the value obtained in Equation 2 is added to the discharge amount of the previous lot, and the record is updated.
  • step 15-205 the value obtained in equation 1 is returned.
  • the emission equivalents in each facility and utility are defined in advance in a table as shown in FIG. 4, and the table is directly searched from the facilities and utilities used in the production lot, and the emission amount is determined in this table. It is calculated using the value of.
  • the output 1601 of the primary power equipment and the greenhouse gas emission amount 1602 are proportional.
  • the amount of emissions varies depending on the configuration of the power generation equipment or when the power is supplied from multiple power providers.
  • the output 1601 of the primary power equipment and the greenhouse gas emissions 1602 may not be proportional.
  • FIG. 16 shows the state of the secondary power facility of this embodiment.
  • Reference numeral 1701 in FIG. 16A shows a situation where the secondary power equipment uses the primary power equipment shown in FIG.
  • Reference numeral 1702 in FIG. 16B indicates the energy stored in the secondary power facility. If the secondary energy is liquid, it can be grasped by a value proportional to the product of temperature and mass, and if it is a compressible gas, it is proportional to the product of pressure and volume.
  • the contribution of 1703 in FIG. 16C to the discharge amount of the primary power by the secondary power is the ratio of the amount 1701 of the primary power used by the secondary power to the output 1601 of the primary power, and the discharge amount by the primary power. Is allocated at this value to allocate secondary power emissions.
  • Reference numeral 1704 in FIG. 16D indicates an integrated value obtained by integrating the discharge amount by the secondary power in the time direction.
  • FIG. 18 shows the state of the tertiary power equipment of this embodiment.
  • Reference numeral 1801 in FIG. 17A indicates the usage status of secondary power by the tertiary equipment.
  • the energy usage status x of the secondary power by the tertiary equipment can be grasped.
  • 1802 in FIG. 17B is a ratio of this value and the state of the secondary power unit at each time point, and shows the distribution ratio of greenhouse gas emissions to the tertiary equipment.
  • c) 1803 calculates the integrated value of the discharge amount indicated by p of 1803 by taking the product of this value and the integrated discharge amount 1704 allocated to the secondary power equipment and integrating it. By subtracting from the emission amount 1704, the unallocated emission amount excluding the emission amount by the secondary equipment indicated by Z ′ in FIG.
  • FIG. 19 shows an example of the equipment state management screen.
  • changes over time such as the tank pressure and discharge amount of the compressor are displayed as results.
  • FIG. 20 shows an example of a lot state management screen.
  • the utility management apparatus 102 manages the usage status of the power receiving / transforming equipment and the operating status of the cold / hot heat generation equipment in units of seconds, minutes, or hours, and records the lot recorded in the manufacturing execution management unit 103. It manages the operation of equipment related to manufacturing.
  • This screen displays the start-to-end time and the utilization status of utility equipment during that period for the production lot.
  • the amount of greenhouse gas emitted to produce a unit quantity of the product is received and used, or the power and steam used by private power generation.
  • greenhouse gases associated with energy directly used in production activities, etc. greenhouse gases associated with cleaning of equipment used for manufacturing, manufacturing execution failures, cleaning waste liquids, etc. are also included. Can be grasped.
  • the amount of greenhouse gas emitted to produce a unit quantity of the product is received and used, or the power and steam used by private power generation. As shown above, it is possible to grasp not only greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy directly used in production activities but also greenhouse gases associated with office work.
  • Each embodiment can be used in an information processing system that manages manufacturing processes, material receipt and ordering, and ordering in assembly processing factories, chemical factories, food factories, and the like.
  • Greenhouse gas emission management device 101
  • Utility management device 102
  • Manufacturing execution management device 104
  • Material management device 105
  • Facility management device 106
  • Allocation policy 107
  • Greenhouse gas emission equivalent data 108
  • Greenhouse gas emission data 110
  • Power receiving / transforming equipment 120
  • Utility equipment 130
  • Production site 140
  • Warehouse equipment 150 Office

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de gestion qui permet de déterminer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre par unité de produit associée à la production dudit produit. Le dispositif est équipé d'un dispositif de gestion d'utilitaires (102), qui enregistre et gère une puissance d'entrée provenant de l'extérieur, une entrée de refroidissement/chauffage, des résultats d'exploitation d'un équipement de production d'énergie privé et des résultats d'exploitation d'un équipement de refroidissement-chauffage, d'un dispositif de gestion de matériaux (104) qui enregistre et gère des matériaux et des résultats d'utilisation de matériaux de départ, d'un dispositif de gestion d'installations (105) qui enregistre et gère l'énergie utilisée par les installations et l'équipement pendant une période de production, d'un dispositif de gestion d'exécution de fabrication (103) qui gère des résultats de production de produits, d'un moyen de calcul d'émissions qui calcule les émissions des gaz à effet de serre à partir des différents résultats enregistrés et gérés par le dispositif de gestion des utilitaires (102), le dispositif de gestion de matériaux (104), le dispositif de gestion d'installations (105) et le dispositif de gestion d'exécution de fabrication (103), d'un moyen d'attribution d'émissions qui attribue les émissions de gaz à effet de serre calculées par le moyen de calcul d'émissions dans des unités de produits, et d'un dispositif de gestion d'émissions (101) qui gère les données des émissions de gaz à effet de serre attribuées à un lot de fabrication en tant que données intrinsèques du lot.
PCT/JP2010/052458 2009-02-20 2010-02-18 Système de gestion de la traçabilité du carbone WO2010095687A1 (fr)

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JP2012113512A (ja) * 2010-11-25 2012-06-14 Hitachi Ltd 複数ユーザ共同使用プロセス上でライフサイクルを管理される製品の環境負荷決定システムおよび装置
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