Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
  • A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N45/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring
  • A01N45/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring having three carbocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N2300/00—Combinations or mixtures of active ingredients covered by classes A01N27/00 - A01N65/48 with other active or formulation relevant ingredients, e.g. specific carrier materials or surfactants, covered by classes A01N25/00 - A01N65/48

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors for controlling powdery mildew primary infections in crops and to a method for controlling those primary in- fections.
• Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales. It is one of the easier diseases to spot, as its symptoms are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white powder-like spots on the leaves and stems and specific russeting on fruits. The younger leaves are the most affected, but the mildew can appear on any part of the plant that shows above the ground. As the disease progresses, the spots get larger and thicker as massive numbers of spores form, and the mildew spreads up and down the length of the plant.
• Powdery mildew species over-winter either as mycelium in dormant buds or as cleistothecia on plant tissues.
• the shoots arising from the contaminated buds at the end of the previous season become infected and provide inoculum (mycelium and spores) for the subsequent secondary infections and disease development on plant tissues.
• fluopyram shows a high level of efficacy especially against powdery mildew species on different crops.
• powdery mildew can overwinter in buds to produce early infections the year after (primary infected shoots).
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of fluopyram, lsopyrazam, boscahd, penthiopyrad, N-[2-(l,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyi]-5-fiuoro-l,3- dimethyl-lH-pyrazole-4-carbo ⁇ -'amide, sedaxan and bixafen or mixtures thereof.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor is fluopyram.
• Fluopyram having the chemical name N- ⁇ [3-chloro-5-(t ⁇ fluoromethyl)-2-py ⁇ dinyl]ethyl ⁇ - 2,6-dichlorobenzamide is a fungicide belonging to the chemical class of py ⁇ dylethylbenzamides. Fluopyram and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in EP-A- 1 389 614.
• Penflufen having the chemical name N-[2-(l,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-l,3-dimethyl-lH- pyrazole-4-carboxamide and its manufactu ⁇ ng process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in WO 03/010149.
• Bixafen having the chemical name N-(3',4'-dichloro-5-fluoro-l,r-biphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoro- methyl)-l -methyl- lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (Compound 1-2) and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in WO 03/070705.
• Sedaxane is the mixture of 2 cis-isomers 2'-[(lRS,2RS)-l,r-bicycloprop-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)- l-methylpyrazole-4-carboxanihde and 2 trans-isomers 2 -[(lRS,2SR)-l,l -bicycloprop-2-yl]-3- (difluoromethyl)-l-methylpyrazole-4-carboxanilide.
• Sedaxane and its manufactu ⁇ ng process starting from known and commercially available compounds is desc ⁇ bed in WO 03/074491, WO 2006/015865 and WO 2006/015866.
• lsopyrazam is the mixture of 2 syn -isomers 3-(difluoromethyl)-l-methyl-N-[(lRS,4SR,9RS)- l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-isopropyl-l,4-methanonaphthalen-5-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide and 2 anti- isomers 3-(difluoromethyl)-l-methyl-N-[(lRS,4SR,9SR)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-isopropyl-l,4- methanonaphthalen-5-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide.
• Isopyrazam and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in WO 2004/035589.
• Penthiopyrad having the chemical name (RS)-N-[2-(l,3-dimethylbutyl)-3-thienyl]-l-methyl-3- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in EP-A-O 737 682.
• Boscalid having the chemical name 2-chloro-N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in DE-A 195 31 813.
• Fluxapyraxad having the chemical name 3-(Difluoromethyl)-l-methyl-N-(3',4',5'-trifluorobiphenyl- 2-yl)-lH-pyrazole-4-carboxamide and its manufacturing process starting from known and commercially available compounds is described in WO 2006/087343.
• primary infection denotes an infection which occurs when water-borne sporangia or zoospores, produced by germinating oospores, are splashed onto wet foliage.
• controlling denotes a significant reduction of the powdery mildew infestation in comparison to the untreated crop, more preferably the infestation is essentially diminished (50-79%), most preferably the infestation is totally suppressed (80-100%).
• the time specification "prior to the end of the previous vegetative cycle” means that the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, preferably fluopyram was applied to the crop at the previous year at least prior to the abscission of the leaves, preferably prior to the maturation of the fruits for harvesting, most preferably prior to the closing process of the end buds of the extension shoots.
• the use/method according to the present invention can be applied to any kind of crops as long as these crops are perennial crops, i.e. plants that live for more than two years.
• the crops to be treated are selected from the group consisting of apples, grapes, European gooseberry, chestnut, pecan nuts, cashew, papaya, mango, rambutan, citrus, hazel, pear, cherry, quince, apple, apricot, plum, peach and nectarine. Most preferred are apples and grapes.
• fluopyram is used for controlling powdery mildew infestations in apples or pears.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors preferably fluopyram can be employed for controlling powdery mildew primary infections within a certain period of time after the treatment.
• the period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 day to 1 year, preferably from 1 day to 0,5 years after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
• fluopyram is applied to the trees prior to the end of the previous vegetative cycle.
• the application rates can be varied within a broad range, depending on the type of application.
• the application rates of active compound are generally ranging from 1 to 200 g/ha, more preferably from 10 to 150 g/ha, most preferably from 20 to 50 g/ha based upon the pure a.s. (active substance).
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors preferably fluopyram
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors can be applied to all parts of the plants such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, leaves, needles, stalks, stems, flowers, vegetative buds and flower buds fruiting bodies and fruits.
• Plants are understood as meaning, in the present context, all plants and plant populations, such as desired and undesired wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants).
• Crop plants or crops may be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding and optimization methods or else by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or by combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including the plant varieties capable or not capable of being protected by plant breeders' rights.
• the treatment of the plants with the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors is carried out directly by the customary treatment methods, for example by immersion, spraying, vaporizing, fogging, injecting, dripping, drenching, broadcasting or painting.
• fluopyram is applied by injecting, dripping, drenching or spraying.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors preferably fluopyram can be converted to the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, foams, pastes, granules, aerosols, very fine capsules in polymeric substances and in coating compositions for seed, and also ULV cold- and warm-fogging formulations.
• formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with extenders, that is liquid solvents, pressurized liquefied gases and/or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surface-active agents, that is emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam formers. If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ for example organic solvents as cosolvents.
• Suitable liquid solvents are essentially: aromatics, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example mineral oil fractions, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol as well as their ethers and esters, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
• aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes
• chlorinated aromatics or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride
• Liquefied gaseous extenders or carriers are those liquids which are gaseous at ambient temperature and at atmospheric pressure, for example aerosol propellants such as halogenated hydrocarbons and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
• aerosol propellants such as halogenated hydrocarbons and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
• solid carriers there are suitable: for example ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and silicates.
• solid carriers for granules there are suitable: for example crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, pumice, marble, sepiolite and dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks.
• emulsifiers and/or foam formers there are suitable: for example non-ionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates and protein hydrolysates.
• dispersants for example, lignosulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose are suitable.
• Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids, can be used in the formulations.
• Other possible additives are mineral and vegetable oils.
• colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• organic dyestuffs such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs
• trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• the formulations in general contain between 0.1 and 95 per cent by weight of active compounds, preferably between 0.5 and 90 per cent by weight, based upon the total formulation.
• the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors preferably fluopyram as such or their formulations
• synergistic effects are obtained, i.e. the activity of the mixture exceeds the activity of the individual components.
• a further embodiment of the invention relates to the use of a composition
• a composition comprising a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, preferably fluopyram and a second fungicide for controlling powdery mildew primary infections in perennial crops.
• Suitable fungicides which can be used in combination with the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, preferably with fluopyram are selected from the group consisting of
• Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis for example benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, bupi ⁇ mate, clozylacon, dimethi ⁇ mol, ethi ⁇ mol, furalaxyl, hymexazol, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, ofurace, oxadixyl and oxohnic acid.
• Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division for example benomyl, carbendazim, chlorfenazole, diethofencarb, ethaboxam, Albendazole, pencycuron, thiabendazole, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl and zoxamide.
• Inhibitors of the respiration for example diflumeto ⁇ m as CI-respiration inhibitor; bixafen, boscahd, carboxin, fenfuram, flutolanil, fluopyram, furametpyr, furmecyclox, lsopyrazam (9R-component), isopyrazam (9S-component), meproml, oxycarboxin, penthiopyrad, thifluzamide as CII-respiration inhibitor; amisulbrom, azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, dimoxystrobin, enestrobu ⁇ n, famoxadone, fenamidone, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyribencarb, trifloxystrobin as CHI-respiration inhibitor.
• Inhibitors of the ATP production for example fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, and silthiofam.
• Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis for example andoprim, blasticidin- S, cyprodinil, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil.
• Inhibitors of the signal transduction for example fenpiclonil, fludioxonil and quinoxyfen.
• Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis for example biphenyl, chlozolinate, edifenphos, etridiazole, iodocarb, iprobenfos, iprodione, isoprothiolane, procymidone, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride, pyrazophos, tolclofos-methyl and vinclozolin.
• Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis for example aldimorph, azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, diclobutrazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole- M, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenhexamid, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fluquinconazole, flu ⁇ rimidol, flusilazole, flutriafol, furconazole, furconazole-cis, hexaconazole, imazalil, imazalil sulfate, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, naftifme, nuarimol, oxpoconazole, paclobu
• Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis for example benthiavalicarb, dimethomorph, flumorph, iprovalicarb, mandipropamid, polyoxins, polyoxorim, prothiocarb, validamycin A, and valiphenal.
• Inhibitors of the melanine biosynthesis for example carpropamid, diclocymet, fenoxanil, phthalide, pyroquilon and tricyclazole.
• a further embodiment of the present invention is a method for controlling powdery mildew primary infections of crops, preferably Podosphera leucotricha of apple trees, characterized in that, fluopyram was applied to the perennial crop prior to the end of the previous vegetative cycle.
• the present invention is exemplified by the following examples.
• Fluopyram was tested in apples orchard in comparison with already know fungicides active against Powdery mildew such as triadimenol (Bayleton) and boscalid.
• Fluopyram was applied at range of rates: 18,5g - 25g - 37,5 - 5Og a.s./ha/ meter canopy height (g ha/m c.h.).
• Bayleton was applied at 25g a.s./ha/m c.h.
• Boscalid (Cantus WG50) was applied at 125 g a.s./m c.h.
• the compounds were applied at apple susceptible stages from BBCH09 (green leaf tips 5mm above bud scales to BBCH73 Fruit size between 20 and 40mm (as described in BBCH Monograph, 2. Edition, 2001, edited by Uwe Meier, Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry) in order to protect leaves, buds and shoots against Powdery mildew.
• the compounds have been applied eight times with an interval often days during spray season.
• Count and % infested shoots were assessed 345 days after application 8 (345 DAT8).
• fluopyram clearly demonstrate an excellent efficacy against powdery mildew on apples against secondary infections controlled during the spray program (assessment 10DAT8), with a visible dose rate effect between 18.5g to 5Og a.s./m c.h..
• This efficacy, from the lowest rate is supe ⁇ or to triadimenol (25g a.s./m c.h) and boscahd (125g a.s./m c.h.).

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
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• Plant Pathology (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Dentistry (AREA)
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• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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• Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)

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