Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
  • C09K21/06—Organic materials
  • C09K21/12—Organic materials containing phosphorus
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
  • C07F9/3804—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)] not used, see subgroups
  • C07F9/3808—Acyclic saturated acids which can have further substituents on alkyl
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
  • C07F9/40—Esters thereof
  • C07F9/4003—Esters thereof the acid moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
  • C07F9/4006—Esters of acyclic acids which can have further substituents on alkyl
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/48—Phosphonous acids [RP(OH)2] including [RHP(=O)(OH)]; Thiophosphonous acids including [RP(SH)2], [RHP(=S)(SH)]; Derivatives thereof
  • C07F9/4808—Phosphonous acids [RP(OH)2] including [RHP(=O)(OH)]; Thiophosphonous acids including [RP(SH)2], [RHP(=S)(SH)]; Derivatives thereof the acid moiety containing a substituent or structure which is considered as characteristic
  • C07F9/4816—Acyclic saturated acids or derivatices which can have further substituents on alkyl
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/48—Phosphonous acids [RP(OH)2] including [RHP(=O)(OH)]; Thiophosphonous acids including [RP(SH)2], [RHP(=S)(SH)]; Derivatives thereof
  • C07F9/4866—Phosphonous acids [RP(OH)2] including [RHP(=O)(OH)]; Thiophosphonous acids including [RP(SH)2], [RHP(=S)(SH)]; Derivatives thereof the ester moiety containing a substituent or structure which is considered as characteristic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/49—Phosphorus-containing compounds
  • C08K5/51—Phosphorus bound to oxygen
  • C08K5/53—Phosphorus bound to oxygen bound to oxygen and to carbon only
  • C08K5/5317—Phosphonic compounds, e.g. R—P(:O)(OR')2

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for the preparation of Alkylphospon Textren, esters and salts by oxidation of Alyklphosphonigklandren and their use.
• CH CH-C (O) R 5 and wherein R 5 is C r C 8 alkyl or C 6 -C 8 aryl and m is an integer from 0 to 10 and X and Y are the same or different and independently of one another are H, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, C 6 -C 8 -aryl, C 6 -C 8 -aralkyl, C 6 -Cie-alkyl-aryl, (CH 2 ) k OH, CH 2 -CHOH-CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) k O (CH 2 ) k H, (CH 2 ) k -CH (OH) - (CH 2 ) k H, (CH 2 -CH 2 O) k H, (CH 2 -C [CH 3 ] HO) k H,
• Transition metal compounds and / or catalyst systems which are composed of a transition metal and / or a transition metal compound and at least one ligand.
• the alkylphosphonic acid obtained according to step b), its salt or ester (III) is then preferably admixed in a step c) with metal compounds of Mg, Ca, Al, Sb, Sn, Ge, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Ce, Bi, Sr, Mn, Li, Na, K and / or a protonated one Nitrogen base to the corresponding Alkylphosphonklaresalzen (III) of these metals and / or a nitrogen compound reacted.
• alkylphosphonous acid obtained according to step a), its salt or ester (II) and / or the alkylphosphonic acid obtained according to step b), its salt or ester (III) and / or the respectively resulting reaction solution thereof with an alkylene oxide or an alcohol M are preferred Esterified -OH and / or M'-OH, and the resulting alkylphosphonous (II) and / or alkylphosphonic (III) the further reaction steps b) or c) subjected.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are the same or different and are independently H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert. Butyl and / or phenyl.
• X and Y are the same or different and are each H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Ti, Fe, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert. Butyl, phenyl, ethylene glycol, propyl glycol, butyl glycol, pentyl glycol, hexyl glycol, allyl and / or glycerol.
• the catalyst system A and B is preferably formed in each case by reaction of a transition metal and / or a transition metal compound and at least one ligand.
• the transition metals and / or transition metal compounds are those from the first, seventh and eighth subgroup.
• the transition metals and / or transition metal compounds are preferably rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium and / or gold.
• the oxidizing agents are preferably potassium permanganate, manganese dioxide, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate, pyridine dichromate, pyridinium chlorochromate, Collins reagent, Jones reagent, Corey Gilman Ganem reagent, (Dess-Martin) periodinane, o-iodoxybenzoic acid, Ruthenium tetroxide, ruthenium dioxide, tetra-n-propyl perruthenate, ruthenium trichloride / sodium periodate, ruthenium dioxide / sodium periodate, chlorine, hypochlorite, peracids and / or peroxo compounds.
• the alcohol of the general formula M-OH is preferably linear or branched, saturated and unsaturated, monohydric organic alcohols having a carbon chain length of CrCl 8 and in the case of the alcohol of the general formula M'-OH linear or branched, saturated and unsaturated, Polyvalent organic alcohols with a carbon chain length of CrCi ⁇ -
• the invention also relates to the use of alkylphosphonic acid, esters and salts (III) prepared according to one or more of claims 1 to 10 as an intermediate for further syntheses, as a binder, as a crosslinker or accelerator in the curing of epoxy resins, polyurethanes, unsaturated polyester resins as polymer stabilizers, as a plant protection agent, as a therapeutic agent or additive in therapeutics for humans and animals, as sequestering agent, as mineral oil additive, as corrosion inhibitor, as acid scavenger, as flame retardant, in washing and cleaning agent applications, in electronic applications.
• alkylphosphonic acid, esters and salts (III) prepared according to one or more of claims 1 to 10 as an intermediate for further syntheses, as a binder, as a crosslinker or accelerator in the curing of epoxy resins, polyurethanes, unsaturated polyester resins as polymer stabilizers, as a plant protection agent, as a therapeutic agent or additive in therapeutics for humans and animals, as sequestering
• the invention also relates to the use of alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) which have been prepared according to one or more of claims 1 to 10 as acid scavengers in a polymer and in an amount of from 0.0001 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 2 wt .-%, more preferably 0.025 to 1 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.5 wt .-% based on the respective polymer.
• alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) which have been prepared according to one or more of claims 1 to 10 as acid scavengers in a polymer and in an amount of from 0.0001 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 2 wt .-%, more preferably 0.025 to 1 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.5 wt .-% based on the respective polymer.
• the invention also relates to the use of alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) prepared according to one or more of claims 1 to 10 in mixtures with "classical acid scavengers" as acid scavenger in a polymer and an amount of the mixture of 0.0001 to 5% by weight. %, preferably 0.01 to 2 wt .-%, more preferably 0.025 to 1 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.5 wt .-% based on the respective polymer.
• the invention also relates to the use of flame-retardant thermoplastic or thermoset molded articles and compositions, films, filaments and fibers containing from 5 to 30% by weight of the alkylphosphonic acid / ester / salts (III) prepared according to one or more of the claims 1 to 10, 5 to 80 wt .-% polymer or mixtures thereof, 5 to 40 wt .-% of additives and 5 to 40 wt .-% filler, wherein the sum of the components is 100 wt .-%.
• alkylphosphonic acid (III) after step b) is an ester
• acidic or basic hydrolysis may preferably be carried out in order to obtain the free alkylphosphonic acid or its salt.
• the alkylphosphonic acid is preferably ethyl, propyl, i-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, Hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl and / or eicosylphosphonic acid.
• the alkylphosphonic acid ester is preferably a mono- or di-propionic acid, methyl, ethyl; i-propyl; Butyl, phenyl; 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl and / or 2,3-dihydroxypropyl esters of the abovementioned alkylphosphonic acids or mixtures thereof.
• the alkylphosphonic acid salt is a sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, aluminum (III), cerium (III), Ti (IV) and / or zinc (II) salt of the abovementioned alkylphosphonic acids or esters.
• the transition metals for catalyst A are elements of the seventh and eighth minor groups (by modern nomenclature a Group 7, 8, 9, or 10 metal), such as rhenium, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium , Platinum.
• the metal salts used as the source of the transition metals and transition metal compounds are those of mineral acids containing the anions fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, fluorate, chlorate, bromate, iodate, fluorite, chlorite, bromite, iodite, hypofluorite, hypochlorite, hypobromite, hypoiodite, perfluorate, perchlorate, perbromate, periodate, Cyanide, cyanate, nitrate, nitride, nitrite, oxide, hydroxide, borate, sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, persulfate, thiosulfate, sulfamate, phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, phosphide, carbonate and sulfonate, such as methanesulfonate, chlorosulfonate, fluorosulfonate, fluorosulfonate
• transition metals and transition metal compounds are salts of the transition metals with tetraphenylborate and halogenated tetraphenylborate anions, such as perfluorophenylborate.
• Suitable salts also include double salts and complex salts consisting of one or more transition metal ions and independently one or more alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, organic ammonium, Phosphonium and organic phosphonium ions and independently one or more of the above anions.
• Suitable double salts provide z.
• a source of the transition metals is the transition metal as an element and / or a transition metal compound in its zero-valent state.
• the transition metal is used metallically or used as an alloy with other metals, in which case boron, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, cobalt, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum and / or gold is preferred.
• the transition metal content in the alloy used is preferably 45-99.95% by weight.
• the transition metal is microdispersed (particle size 0.1 mm - 100 microns) used.
• the transition metal on a metal oxide such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, Celite ®, diatomaceous earth, on a metal carbonate such as barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, on a metal sulfate such as barium sulfate, it is preferred Calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, on a metal phosphate such as aluminum phosphate, vanadium phosphate, on a metal carbide such as silicon carbide, on a metal aluminate such as calcium aluminate, on a metal silicate such as aluminum silicate, chalks, zeolites, bentonite, montmorillonite, hectorite, on functionalized silicates, functionalized silica gels such as Silia Bond ®, QuadraSil TM, on functionalized polysiloxanes such as Deloxan ®,
• Suitable sources of the metal salts and / or transition metals are preferably also their complex compounds.
• Complex compounds of the metal salts and / or transition metals are composed of the metal salts or transition metals and one or more complexing agents. Suitable complexing agents are, for. For example, olefins, diolefins, nitriles, dinitriles, carbon monoxide, phosphines, diphosphines, phosphites, diphosphites, dibenzylideneacetone, cyclopentadienyl, indenyl or styrene. Suitable complex compounds of the metal salts and / or transition metals may be supported on the abovementioned support materials.
• the content of said supported transition metals 0.01 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.1 to 10 wt .-%, in particular 0.2 to 5 wt .-%, based on the total mass of the support material.
• Suitable sources of transition metals and transition metal compounds are, for example, palladium, platinum, nickel, rhodium; Palladium, platinum, nickel or rhodium, on alumina, on silica, on barium carbonate, on barium sulfate, on calcium carbonate, on strontium carbonate, on carbon, on activated charcoal; Platinum-palladium-gold, aluminum-nickel, iron-nickel, lanthanoid-nickel, zirconium-nickel, platinum-iridium, platinum-rhodium; Raney ® nickel, nickel-zinc-iron oxide; Palladium (II), nickel (II), platinum (II), rhodium chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, hydride, oxide, peroxide, cyanide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphide, boride, chromium oxide, cobalt oxide, carbonate hydroxide, cyclohexanebutyrate, hydro
• the ligands are preferably phosphines of the formula (V)
• phosphines (V) are trimethyl, triethyl, tripropyl, triisopropyl, tributyl, triisobutyl, triisopentyl, trihexyl, tricyclohexyl, trioctyl, tridecyl, triphenyl, diphenylmethyl, phenyldimethyl, tri (o-tolyl), tri (p-tolyl), ethyldiphenyl, dicyclohexylphenyl, 2-pyridyldiphenyl, bis (6-methyl-2-pyridyl) phenyl, tri (p-chlorophenyl), tri ( p-methoxyphenyl), diphenyl (2-sulfonatophenyl) phosphine; Potassium, sodium and ammonium salts of diphenyl (3-sulfonatophenyl) phosphine, bis (4,6-dimethyl-3-sulfon
• the ligands are bidentate ligands of the general formula
• M independently represent N, P, As or Sb.
• the two M are the same and more preferably M "is a phosphorus atom.
• Each group R 6 independently of one another represents the radicals described under formula (V).
• all groups R 6 are identical.
• Z preferably represents a divalent bridging group which contains at least 1 bridging atom, preferably containing 2 to 6 bridging atoms.
• Bridging atoms can be selected from C, N, O, Si, and S atoms.
• Z is an organic bridging group containing at least one carbon atom.
• Z is an organic bridging group containing from 1 to 6 bridging atoms, of which at least two are carbon atoms, and may be unsubstituted or substituted.
• Preferred Z groups are -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH (CHa) -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -C (CHa) 2 -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -C (C 2 Hs) -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -Si (CH 3 ) 2 -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH (C 2 Hs) -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH (n-Pr) -CH and -CH 2 -CH (n-Bu) -CH 2 -, unsubstituted or substituted 1, 2-phenyl, 1, 2-cyclohexyl, 1, 1'- or 1, 2-ferrocenyl radicals, 2,2 '- (1, 1' -
• Suitable bidentate phosphine ligands (VI) are, for example, 1, 2-bis (dimethyl), 1, 2-bis (diethyl), 1, 2-bis (dipropyl), 1, 2-bis (diisopropyl), 1, 2-bis (dibutyl), 1, 2-bis (di-tert-butyl), 1, 2-bis (dicyclohexyl) and 1, 2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane; 1,3-bis (dicyclohexyl), 1,3-bis (diisopropyl), 1,3-bis (di-tert-butyl) and 1,3-bis (diphenylphosphino) propane; 1,4-bis (diisopropyl) and 1,4-bis (diphenylphosphino) butane; 1, 5-bis (dicyclohexylphosphino) pentane;
• the ligands of the formula (V) and (VI) can be bonded to a suitable polymer or inorganic substrate by the radicals R 6 and / or the bridging group.
• the catalyst system has a transition metal-ligand molar ratio of from 1: 0.01 to 1: 100, more preferably from 1: 0.05 to 1:10, and most preferably from 1: 1 to 1: 4.
• the reactions in the process stages a), b) and c) are preferably carried out optionally in an atmosphere which contains further gaseous constituents such as, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide; the temperature is -20 to 340 0 C, in particular 20 to 180 0 C and the total pressure of 1 to 100 bar.
• the isolation of the products and / or the transition metal and / or the transition metal compound and / or catalyst system and / or the ligand and / or the reactants according to process steps a), b) and c) is carried out optionally by distillation or rectification, by crystallization or precipitation , by filtration or centrifugation, by adsorption or chromatography or other known methods.
• solvents, adjuvants and optionally other volatile components are replaced by, for. As distillation, filtration and / or extraction.
• the reactions in the process stages a), b) and c) are preferably carried out optionally in absorption columns, spray towers, bubble columns, stirred kettles, trickle bed reactors, flow tubes, loop reactors and / or kneaders.
• Suitable mixing devices are z. Anchor, sheet, MIG, propeller, impeller,
• Turbine cross stirrer, dispersing discs, hollow (gas) stirrers, rotor-stator mixers, static mixers, Venturi nozzles and / or mammoth pumps.
• reaction solutions / mixtures preferably have a mixing intensity which corresponds to a rotational Reynolds number of from 1 to 1,000,000, preferably from 100 to 100,000.
• an intensive mixing of the respective reactants, etc. takes place under an energy input of 0.080 to 10 kW / m 3 , preferably 0.30 to 1.65 kW / m 3 .
• the respective catalyst A or B preferably acts homogeneously and / or heterogeneously during the reaction. Therefore, the heterogeneous catalyst acts during the reaction as a suspension or bound to a solid phase.
• the particular catalyst A or B is preferably generated in situ before the reaction and / or at the beginning of the reaction and / or during the reaction.
• the particular reaction is preferably carried out in a solvent as a one-phase system in homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture and / or in the gas phase.
• phase transfer catalyst can additionally be used.
• the reactions according to the invention can be carried out in the liquid phase, in the gas phase or else in the supercritical phase.
• the respective catalyst A or B is preferably used for liquids in a homogeneous or suspension, while in gas-phase or supercritical driving a fixed bed arrangement is advantageous.
• Suitable solvents are water, alcohols, such as. Methanol, ethanol, i-propanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, t-butanol, n-amyl alcohol, i-amyl alcohol, t-amyl alcohol, n-hexanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, n-tridecanol, benzyl alcohol, etc. Preference is furthermore given to glycols such as.
• Ethylene glycol 1, 2-propanediol, 1, 3-propanediol, 1, 3-butanediol, 1, 4-butanediol, diethylene glycol, etc .
• aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and petroleum ether, petroleum benzine, kerosene, petroleum, paraffin oil, etc .
• aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, ethylbenzene,
• Halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, 1, 2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrabromoethylene, etc .
• alicyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and methylcyclohexane, etc .
• Ethers such as anisole (methyl phenyl ether), t-butyl methyl ether, dibenzyl ether, diethyl ether, dioxane, diphenyl ether, methyl vinyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, triisopropyl ether, etc .
• Glycol ethers such as diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME monogly
• Suitable solvents are also the olefins and phosphinic acid sources used. These offer advantages in terms of a higher space-time yield.
• the reaction is carried out under its own vapor pressure of the olefin and / or the solvent.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 of the olefin (IV) are the same or different and are independently H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl and / or phenyl.
• olefins such as allyl isothiocyanate, allyl methacrylate, 2-allylphenol, N-allylthiourea, 2- (allylthio) -2-thiazoline,
• the reaction preferably takes place at a partial pressure of the olefin of 0.01-100 bar, more preferably at a partial pressure of the olefin of 0.1-10 bar.
• the reaction is carried out in a phosphinic-olefin molar ratio of 1: 10,000 to 1: 0.001, more preferably in the ratio of 1: 30 to 1: 0.01.
• the reaction preferably takes place in a phosphinic acid catalyst molar ratio of 1: 1 to 1: 0.00000001, more preferably 1: 0.01 to 1: 0.000001.
• the reaction preferably takes place in a phosphinic acid / solvent molar ratio of 1: 10,000 to 1: 0, more preferably 1:50 to 1: 1.
• a process according to the invention for the preparation of compounds of the formula (II) is characterized in that a phosphinic acid source is reacted with olefins in the presence of a catalyst and the product (II) (alkylphosphonous acid or salts, esters) of catalyst, transition metal or transition metal compound , Ligand, complexing agent, salts and by-products.
• a phosphinic acid source is reacted with olefins in the presence of a catalyst and the product (II) (alkylphosphonous acid or salts, esters) of catalyst, transition metal or transition metal compound , Ligand, complexing agent, salts and by-products.
• the catalyst, the catalyst system, the transition metal and / or the transition metal compound is separated by adding an adjuvant 1 and removing the catalyst, the catalyst system, the transition metal and / or the transition metal compound by extraction and / or filtration.
• the ligand and / or complexing agent is separated by extraction with auxiliaries 2 and / or distillation with auxiliaries 2.
• Auxiliary 1 is preferably water and / or at least one member of the family of metal scavengers.
• Preferred metal scavengers are metal oxides such as alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, Celite ®, diatomaceous earth, metal carbonates such as barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, metal sulfates such as, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate,
• Metal phosphates such as aluminum phosphate, vanadium phosphate, metal carbides such as silicon carbide, metal aluminates, such as calcium aluminate, metal silicates such as aluminum silicate, chalk, zeolites, bentonite, montmorillonite, hectorite, functionalized silicates, functionalized silica gels, such as Silia Bond ®, QuadraSil TM, Polysiloxanes such as Deloxan ® , metal nitrides,
• Auxiliaries 1 are preferably added in quantities corresponding to a 0.1-40% by weight loading of the metal on the auxiliary 1.
• Aid 1 at temperatures of 20 is preferred - 90 0 C.
• the residence time of adjuvant 1 is preferably 0.5 to 360 minutes.
• Auxiliaries 2 are preferably the abovementioned solvents according to the invention, as are preferably used in process step a).
• the esterification of the alkylphosphonic acid (III) or the Alkylphosphonigklarivate (II) and the Phosphin Acid Tarska (I) to the corresponding esters can be achieved for example by reaction with higher boiling alcohols with removal of the water formed by azeotropic distillation or by reaction with epoxides (alkylene oxides).
• the alkylphosphonous acid (II) is directly esterified with an alcohol of the general formula M-OH and / or M'-OH or by reaction with alkylene oxides, as indicated below.
• M-OH are primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols having a carbon chain length of C 1 -C 18 .
• Particularly preferred are methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, amyl alcohol and / or hexanol.
• M'-OH ethylene glycol 1, 2-propylene glycol, 1, 3-propylene glycol, 1, 4-butanediol, 2,2-dimethylpropane-1, 3-diol, neopentyl glycol, 1, 6-hexanediol, 1, 4-cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerol, trishydroxymethylethane, trishydroxymethyl propane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, ⁇ -naphthol, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols and / or EO-PO block polymers.
• M-OH and M'-OH are mono- or polyhydric, unsaturated alcohols having a carbon chain length of CMS, for example n-buten-2-ol-1, 1,4-butenediol and allyl alcohol.
• M-OH and M'-OH are reaction products of monohydric alcohols with one or more molecules of alkylene oxides, particularly preferred are ethylene oxide and 1, 2-propylene oxide.
• M-OH and M'-OH are also preferably reaction products of polyhydric alcohols with one or more molecules of alkylene oxide, in particular diglycol and triglycol, and adducts of 1 to 6 molecules of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with glycerol, trishydroxymethylpropane or pentaerythritol.
• reaction products of water with one or more molecules of alkylene oxide Preferred are
• Polyethylene glycols and poly-1, 2-propylene glycols of various molecular sizes having an average molecular weight of 100-1000 g / mol, particularly preferably from 150 to 350 g / mol.
• M-OH and M'-OH are reaction products of ethylene oxide with poly-1, 2-propylene glycols or fatty alcohol propylene glycols; also reaction products of 1, 2-propylene oxide with polyethylene glycols or fatty alcohol ethoxylates.
• reaction products with a average molecular weight of 100-1000 g / mol, more preferably of 150- 450 g / mol.
• M-OH and M'-OH are reaction products of alkylene oxides with ammonia, primary or secondary amines,
• Suitable reaction products of ethylene oxide with nitrogen compounds are triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, n-butyldiethanolamine, n-dodecyldiethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-butylmethylethanolamine, di-n-butylethanolamine, n-dodecylmethylethanolamine, tetrahydroxyethylethylenediamine or pentahydroxyethyldiethylenetriamine.
• Preferred alkylene oxides are ethylene oxide, 1, 2-propylene oxide, 1, 2-epoxybutane, 1, 2-epoxyethylbenzene, (2,3-epoxypropyl) benzene, 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol and 3,4-epoxy-1 butene.
• Suitable solvents are the solvents mentioned in process step a) and also the alcohols used M-OH and M'-OH and alkylene oxides. These offer advantages in terms of a higher space-time yield.
• the reaction is preferably carried out under its own vapor pressure of the alcohol M-OH used and M'-OH and alkylene oxide and / or of the solvent.
• the reaction preferably takes place at a partial pressure of the alcohol M-OH and M'-OH and alkylene oxide used of 0.01 to 100 bar, more preferably at a partial pressure of the olefin of 0.1 to 10 bar.
• the reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature of -20 to 340 ° C., more preferably at a temperature of 20 to 180 ° C.
• the reaction takes place at a total pressure of 1 to 100 bar.
• the reaction preferably takes place in a molar ratio of the alcohol or alkylene oxide component to the phosphinic acid source (I) or alkylphosphonous acid (II) or alkylphosphonic acid (III) of 10,000: 1 to 0.001: 1, particularly preferably in the ratio of 1,000: 1 to 0 , 01: 1.
• the reaction preferably takes place in a molar ratio of the phosphinic acid source (I) or alkylphosphonous acid (II) or alkylphosphonic acid (III) to the solvent of 1: 10,000 to 1: 0, particularly preferably in a phosphinic acid solvent molar ratio of 1:50 to 1 :1.
• step b) for the alkylphosphonic acid, its salts and esters (III) is achieved by selective oxidation of the alkylphosphonous acid, its salts and esters (II) by an oxidizing agent, an oxidizing agent and water or by oxygen and water in the presence of a catalyst B.
• Preferred oxidants and / or oxygen generators are potassium permanganate, manganese dioxide, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate, pyridinedichromate, pyridinium chlorochromate, Collins reagent, Jones reagent, Corey Gilman ganem reagent, (Dess-Martin) periodinan, o-iodo-benzoic acid , Rutheniumtetroxid, ruthenium dioxide, tetra-n-propyl perruthenate, ruthenium trichloride / sodium periodate, ruthenium dioxide / sodium periodate, chlorine, hypochlorite, peracids, such.
• As hydrogen peroxide performic acid and peracetic acid, nitroxyl radicals, such as. B. 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxide (TEMPO).
• TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxide
• Oxidizing agents and / or oxygen formers are also peroxo compounds such as peroxomonosulfuric acid, potassium monopersulfate (potassium peroxymonosulfate), Caroat TM, Oxone TM, peroxodisulfuric acid, potassium persulfate (potassium peroxodisulfate), sodium persulfate (sodium peroxodisulfate), ammonium persulfate (ammonium peroxodisulfate) suitable.
• peroxomonosulfuric acid potassium monopersulfate (potassium peroxymonosulfate), Caroat TM, Oxone TM, peroxodisulfuric acid, potassium persulfate (potassium peroxodisulfate), sodium persulfate (sodium peroxodisulfate), ammonium persulfate (ammonium peroxodisulfate) suitable.
• oxidizing agents and / or oxygen generators are compounds which can form peroxides in the solvent system, such as sodium peroxide, hydrates, sodium peroxydisperoxohydrate, hydrates, lithium peroxide, hydrates, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium, zinc peroxide, potassium hyperoxide, hydrates, peroxyborate, hydrates, Kaliumperoxoboratperoxohydrat, magnesium perborate, Calciumperoxoborat, Bari ⁇ mperoxoborat, Strontiumperoxoborat, Kaliumperoxoborat, Peroxomonophosphorklare, peroxodiphosphoric, potassium peroxodiphosphate, ammonium peroxodiphosphate, Kaliumammoniumperoxo-diphosphate, sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate , Hamstoffperoxohydrat, ammonium oxalatperoxid, Bariumperoxidperoxohydrat, Bariumperoxidperoxohydrat, calcium hydroperoxides, Calciumperoxidperoxo
• Preferred oxidizing agents and / or oxygen generators are hydrogen peroxide, performic acid, peracetic acid, benzoyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauryl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, pinene hydroperoxide, p-menthane hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide , Acetylacetone peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, succinic acid peroxide, dicetyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxyacetate, t-butyl peroxymaleic acid, t-butyl peroxybenzoate, acetylcyclohexylsulfonyl peroxide.
• the reaction preferably takes place in a dialkylphosphinic acid / oxidizing agent molar ratio of 1:10 to 1: 0.1, more preferably in one
• Catalyst B as used for process step b) for the reaction of the alkylphosphonous acid derivative (II) with oxygen and water to form the end product, the alkylphosphonic acid derivative (III), may preferably be catalyst A.
• the transition metals for the catalyst C are preferably elements of the first subgroup, such as gold.
• transition metals and transition metal compounds listed under Catalyst A, the following transition metals and transition metal compounds can also be used:
• Gold colloidal gold, ruthenium, ruthenium on activated carbon, on carbon, on alumina, platinum-palladium-gold, gold-nickel, gold-germanium, gold-platinum, gold-palladium, gold-beryllium, platinum Ruthenium, palladium-ruthenium alloy, gold (I) and / or gold (III), ruthenium (II) and / or ruthenium (III) and / or ruthenium (IV) chloride, bromide, iodide, oxide, cyanide, potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide sulfide, sulfate, hydride, nitrosyl chloride, nitrosyl nitrate, -bathophenanthroline disulfonate, sodium salt, thiosulfate, perchlorate, cyclopentadienyl, -ethylcyclopentadienyl, -pentamethylcyclopentadienyl,
• the proportion of catalyst B relative to the alkylphosphonous acid (II) is preferably 0.00001 to 20 mol%, more preferably 0.0001 to 10 mol%.
• the reaction takes place in a phosphinic acid solvent molar ratio of 1: 10,000 to 1: 0, particularly preferably in a phosphinic acid solvent molar ratio of 1:50 to 1: 1.
• the oxidation takes place at temperatures of 30 to 120 0 C and more preferably at 50 to 90 0 C.
• the reaction time is preferably 0.1 to 20 hours.
• the reaction takes place at a total pressure of 1 to 100 bar.
• Suitable solvents for process step b) are those which are used further in process step a).
• the reaction preferably takes place at a partial pressure of the oxygen of 0.01-100 bar, more preferably 0.1-10 bar
• the oxidation can be carried out in the liquid phase, in the gas phase or else in the supercritical phase.
• the catalyst is preferably used homogeneously or as a suspension, while in the case of gas phases or supercritical procedure, a fixed-bed arrangement is advantageous.
• the pH of the reaction solution is maintained in the range of pH 6 to 12 by addition of alkali and / or alkaline earth compounds, more preferably in a range of pH 6 to 9.
• Preferred alkali and / or alkaline earth metals are lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium.
• Preferred alkali and / or alkaline earth compounds are their oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and carboxylates.
• Preferred alkali and / or alkaline earth metal compounds are lithium hydroxide, lithium hydride, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydride, potassium hydroxide.
• the oxygen is used as pure oxygen or, alternatively, an oxygen-containing mixture, such as air or oxygen-enriched air.
• the oxygen is used in the form of oxygen generators such as hydrogen peroxide.
• the ratio of oxygen to phosphorus-containing compound (II) is 1: 1 to 1,500: 1.
• the alkylphosphonic acid, its ester or salt (III) can be converted in the following to other metal salts.
• the metal compounds used in process step c) are preferably compounds of the metals Mg, Ca, Ba, Al, Sb, Sn, Ge 1 Ti, Fe, Zr 1 Zn, Ce, Bi, Sr, Mn, Li, Na, K, more preferably Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, Zn, Fe.
• Suitable solvents for process step c) are those which are used further up in process step a).
• reaction is carried out in process step c) in an aqueous medium.
• the reaction takes place in a molar ratio of alkylphosphonic acid / ester / salt (III) to metal of 8: 1 to 1: 3 (for tetravalent metal ions or metals having a stable tetravalent oxidation state), from 6: 1 to 1: 3 (for trivalent metal ions or metals with stable trivalent oxidation state), from 4 to 1 to 1 to 3 (for divalent metal ions or metals with stable divalent oxidation state) and from 3 to 1 to 1 to 4 (for monovalent metal ions or metals with stable monovalent oxidation state).
• the alkylphosphonic acid ⁇ ester obtained in process step b) is preferably converted into an alkylphosphonic acid alkali salt and, in process step c), this is reacted with metal compounds of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, Zn or Fe to give the alkylphosphonic acid salts (III). these metals around.
• the metal compounds of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, Zn or Fe for process stage c) are preferably metals, metal oxides, hydroxides, oxide hydroxides, borates, carbonates, hydroxocarbonates, hydroxocarbonate hydrates, mixed hydroxocarbonates, mixed hydroxocarbonate hydrates, phosphates, sulphates, sulphate hydrates, hydroxysulphate hydrates, mixed hydroxysulphate hydrates, oxysulphates, acetates, nitrates, fluorides, fluoride hydrates, chlorides, chloride hydrates, oxychlorides, bromides, iodides, iodide hydrates, carboxylic acid derivatives and / or alkoxides.
• reaction in process step c) of alkylphosphonic acids and / or their salts with metal compounds of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, Zn or Fe preferably takes place to the alkylphosphonic acid salts of these metals at a solids content of the alkylphosphonic acid salts of these metals of 0, 1 to 95 wt .-%, preferably 5 to 70 wt .-%.
• the reaction preferably takes place in process stage c) at a temperature of 20 to 250 ° C., preferably at a temperature of 80 to 120 ° C.
• the reaction in process step c) preferably takes place at a pressure between 0.01 and 1000 bar, preferably 0.1 to 100 bar.
• the reaction takes place in process stage c) during a reaction time of 1 * 10 "7 to 1000 h.
• the product mixture obtained after process step b) is reacted with the metal compounds without further purification.
• Preferred solvents are the solvents mentioned in process step a).
• the reaction in process step b) and / or c) is preferably in the solvent system given by step a).
• the reaction in process step c) is in a modified given solvent system.
• acidic components, solubilizers, foam inhibitors, etc. are added.
• the product mixture obtained after process stage a) and / or b) is worked up.
• the product mixture obtained after process step b) is worked up and then the alkylphosphonic acids obtained according to process step b) and / or their salts or esters (III) are reacted with the metal compounds in process step c).
• the product mixture according to process stage b) is worked up by the alkylphosphonic acids and / or their salts or esters (III) are isolated by removing the solvent system, for. B. by evaporation.
• the alkylphosphonic acid salt (III) of the metals Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ti, Zn or Fe preferably has a residual moisture content of from 0.01 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1% by weight. %, an average particle size of from 0.1 to 2,000 ⁇ m, preferably from 10 to 500 ⁇ m, a bulk density of from 80 to 800 g / l, preferably from 200 to 700 g / l, a pourability of 0.5 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5, on.
• the invention relates to the use of the alkylphosphonic acid / ester / salts (III) according to the invention as acid scavengers.
• the "classical acid scavengers” are preferably hydrotalcites, C 12 .C 3 6-carboxylates, oxides, hydroxides and / or carbonates of the metals Na, Mg 1 Ca or Zn, such as hydrotalcite, sodium stearate, Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide or calcium carbonate.
• alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) with “classical acid scavengers” are used in a ratio of 5-95% by weight of alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) and 95-5% by weight of "classical acid scavenger", preferably 20-80% by weight of alkylphosphonic acid salts ( III) and 80-20% by weight of "classic acid scavenger", more preferably 30-70% by weight of alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) and 70-30% by weight of "classic acid scavenger", particularly preferably 40-60% by weight Alkylphosphonklaresalze (III) and 60-40 wt .-% "classic acid scavenger" used.
• Alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) and mixtures of alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) with “classical acid scavengers” are added to the polymer in a ratio of 0.0001 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 2% by weight, more preferably 0.025 to 1% by weight .-% and particularly preferably 0.05 to 0.5 wt .-% based on the respective polymer added.
• alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) and mixtures of alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) with "classical acid scavengers” are preferably added to the polymer at the end of the production process, in the processing and further processing, in the production of moldings and molding compositions.
• alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) and mixtures of alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) with “classical acid scavengers” are preferred as powders, granules, compacts or extrudates in solid, liquid, molten, dissolved or dispersed form, optionally together with other additives, e.g. Antioxidants, antistatics, blowing agents, other flame retardants, heat stabilizers, impact modifiers, processing aids, lubricants, light stabilizers, anti-dripping agents, compatibilizers, reinforcing materials, fillers,
• additives e.g. Antioxidants, antistatics, blowing agents, other flame retardants, heat stabilizers, impact modifiers, processing aids, lubricants, light stabilizers, anti-dripping agents, compatibilizers, reinforcing materials, fillers,
• nucleating agents nucleating agents, laser marking additives, hydrolysis stabilizers, chain extenders, color pigments, plasticizers, Flame retardants and / or plasticizers and solvents used.
• alkylphosphonic acid salts (III) according to the invention prove to be efficient acid scavengers for polymers with simultaneously increased
• the invention additionally relates to the use of the alkylphosphonic acid / ester / salts (III) according to the invention as flame retardant or as intermediate for the preparation of flame retardants for polymers.
• thermoplastic or thermoset molded articles and compositions, films, filaments and fibers which are flame-retardant by alkylphosphonic acid / ester / salts (III) preferably contain 5 to 30% by weight of the alkylphosphonic acid / ester / salts (III), prepared according to one or more of claims 1 to 10, 5 to 80 wt .-% polymer or mixtures thereof, 5 to 40 wt .-% of additives and 5 to 40 wt .-% filler, wherein the sum of the components is always 100 wt. -% is.
• the additives are preferably: antioxidants, antistatics, blowing agents, other flame retardants, heat stabilizers, impact modifiers, process aids, lubricants, light stabilizers, anti-dripping agents, compatibilizers, reinforcing agents, fillers, nucleating agents, nucleating agents, additives for laser marking, hydrolysis stabilizers, chain extenders, color pigments, Plasticizers and / or plasticizers.
• Preferred additives are also aluminum trihydrate, antimony oxide, brominated aromatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, phenols, ethers, chlorinated paraffin, hexachloro-cyclopentadiene adducts, red phosphorus, melamine derivatives, melamine cyanurates, ammonium polyphosphates and magnesium hydroxide.
• Preferred additives are also other flame retardants, in particular salts of dialkylphosphinic acids.
• Examples of preferred polymers are:
• Polymers of monoolefins and diolefins for example, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, butene, 4-methylpentene, isoprene, butadiene, styrene), such as.
• Polypropylene for example, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, butene, 4-methylpentene, isoprene, butadiene, styrene
• Polyisobutylene polybut-1-ene, poly-4-methylpent-1-ene, polystyrene, poly (p-methylstyrene) and / or poly (alpha-methylstyrene), polyisoprene or polybutadiene, and polyethylene (optionally cross-linked), such as High density polyethylene (HDPE), high density, high molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE-HMW), high density and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (HDPE-UHMW), medium density polyethylene (HMDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE ), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), branched low density polyethylene (BLDPE), also polymers of cycloolefins, such as. B. of cyclopentene or norbornene.
• HDPE High density polyethylene
• HDPE-HMW high molecular weight polyethylene
• HDPE-UHMW medium density polyethylene
• HMDPE low density polyethylene
• polymers such. Polypropylene with polyisobutylene, polyethylene with polyisobutylene, polypropylene with polyethylene (eg PP / HDPE / LDPE) and mixtures of different types of polyethylene (eg LDPE / HDPE).
• Copolymers of monoolefins and diolefins with each other and of monoolefins and diolefins with other vinylic monomers such as.
• Styrene-butadiene styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-alkyl methacrylate, styrene-butadiene-alkyl acrylate and methacrylate, styrene-maleic anhydride, styrene-acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate; Blends of high impact strength of styrene copolymers and another polymer, such as.
• styrene-butadiene-styrene styrene-isoprene-styrene
• styrene-ethylene / butylene-styrene or styrene-ethylene / propylene-styrene graft copolymers of styrene or alpha-methylstyrene, such as.
• ABS so-called ABS, MBS, ASA or AES polymers
• ASA ASA or AES polymers
• polyvinyl alcohols polyvinyl acetates
• Polyvinyl stearates polyvinyl benzoates, polyvinyl maleates, polyvinyl butyrates, polyallyl phthalates or polyallylamines; and also their copolymers with mentioned under 1. olefins. 5. polyacetals such as.
• polyoxymethylene and such polyoxymethylenes the comonomers, such as. For example, ethylene oxides; also polyacetals modified with thermoplastic polyurethanes, acrylates or MBS.
• Polyamides and copolyamides derived from diamines and dicarboxylic acids and / or from aminocarboxylic acids or the corresponding lactams such as polyamide 2,12, polyamide 4, polyamide 4,6, polyamide 6, polyamide 6,6, polyamide 6,9, Polyamide 6,10, polyamide 6,12, polyamide 6,66, polyamide 7,7, polyamide 8,8, polyamide 9,9, polyamide 10,9, polyamide 10,10, polyamide 11, polyamide 12; aromatic polyamides starting from m-xylene, diamine and adipic acid; Polyamides prepared from hexamethylenediamine and iso- and / or
• Terephthalic acid and optionally an elastomer as a modifier for.
• polyethylene glycol poly-2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide or poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide, block copolymers of the aforementioned polyamides with polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ionomers or chemically bonded or grafted elastomers, or with polyethers, such as.
• polyethylene glycol polyethylene glycol
• Polypropylene glycol or polytetramethylene glycol Further modified with EPDM or ABS polyamides or copolyamides; and during processing condensed polyamides ("RIM polyamide systems").
• polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and their esters and diols and / or hydroxycarboxylic acids preferably terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, propane-1, 3-diol and butane-1, 3-diol, or the corresponding lactones, such as.
• dicarboxylic acids and their esters and diols and / or hydroxycarboxylic acids preferably terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, propane-1, 3-diol and butane-1, 3-diol, or the corresponding lactones, such as.
• polyethylene terephthalate polybutylene terephthalate
• poly-1, 4-dimethylolcyclohexanterephthalat polyhydroxybenzoates
• Polyether esters derived from hydroxyl terminated polyethers also with polycarbonates or MBS modified polyester.
• Crosslinked polymers derived from aldehydes with phenols, urea or melamines such as. Phenol / formaldehyde resin, urea / formaldehyde resin and melamine / formaldehyde resin.
• Mixtures (blends) of the aforementioned polymers such as. PP / EPDM, polyamide / EPDM or ABS, PVC / EVA, PVC / ABS, PVC / MBS, PC / ABS, PBTP / ABS, PC / ASA, PC / PBT, PVC / CPE, PVC / Acrylate, POMAThermoplastic PUR , PC / Thermoplastic PUR, POM / Acrylates, POM / MBS, PPO / MBS, PPO / HIPS, PPO / PA 6.6 and Copolymers, PA / HDPE, PA / PP, PA / PPO, PBT / ABS or PBT / PET / PC ,
• Natural and synthetic organic substances that form pure monomers or mixtures thereof, such as. Mineral oils, animal or vegetable fats, oils and waxes, waxes and fats based on synthetic esters (e.g., phthalates, adipates, phosphates or trimellitites), and also blends of synthetic esters with mineral oils of any desired composition.
• synthetic esters e.g., phthalates, adipates, phosphates or trimellitites
• the flame retardant components are mixed with the polymer granules and any additives and on a twin-screw extruder (type Leistritz LSM ® 30/34) at temperatures of 230 to 260 0 C (PBT-GV) or from 260 to 280 0 C (PA 66 -GV) incorporated.
• PBT-GV twin-screw extruder
• PA 66 -GV twin-screw extruder
• Injection molding machine (type Aarburg Allrounder) at melt temperatures of 240 to 270 0 C (PBT-GV) or from 260 to 290 0 C (PA 66-GV) processed into test specimens.
• the specimens are tested and classified for flame retardance (flame retardance) using the UL 94 (Underwriter Laboratories) test.
• V- 1 no afterburning longer than 30 sec after flaming end, sum of the afterburning times for 10 flame treatments not greater than 250 sec, no afterglowing of the samples longer than 60 sec after flaming end, other criteria as for V-O
• Example 1 At room temperature, in a three-necked flask with stirrer and
• Example 7 Analogously to Example 7, 66 g (0.5 mol) of phosphinic acid, 140.0 g (0.5 mol) of octadecene, 23 mg of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium and 32 mg of 4,5-bis (diphenylphosphino) -9,9-dimethylxanthene in 500 g tetrahydrofuran reacted and worked up. 157 g (85% of theory) of octadecylphosphonous acid are obtained.
• Example 2 As in Example 1, 198 g of phosphinic acid, 198 g of water, 84 g of ethylene, 6.1 mg of palladium (II) sulfate and 25.8 mg of 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis (diphenylphosphino) -2,7- reacted sulfonato-xanthene disodium salt, then added to the purification over a charged with Deloxan ® THP II column and then added n-butanol. At a reaction temperature of 80-110 0 C, the water formed is removed by azeotropic distillation. The product (Ethylphosphonigklaklad) is purified by distillation at reduced pressure. Yield: 374 g (83% of theory).
• Example 16 An aqueous solution of 220 g (2 mol) of ethylphosphonic acid (prepared as in Example 12) is reacted with about 160 g of a 50% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and the water is distilled off in vacuo. There were obtained 302 g (98% of theory) of ethylphosphonic acid di-sodium salt as a colorless solid.
• Hexadecylphosphonic acid monosodium salt obtained as a colorless solid.
• Example 20 660 g (6 mol) of ethylphosphonic acid (prepared as in Example 12) are dissolved in 860 g of water and placed in a 5 l five-necked flask with thermometer, reflux condenser, intensive stirrer and dropping funnel and with about 960 g (12 mol) 50%. neutralized sodium hydroxide solution. At 85 0 C, a mixture of 2583 g of a 46% aqueous solution of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 -14 H 2 O is added. Subsequently, the resulting solid is filtered off, washed with hot water and dried at 130 0 C in vacuo. Yield: 718 g (95% of theory) of ethylphosphonic acid aluminum (III) salt as a colorless salt.
• Example 21 165 g (1.5 mol) of ethylphosphonic acid (prepared as in Example 12) are dissolved at 85 ° C. in 400 ml of toluene and admixed with 444 g (6 mol) of butanol. At a reaction temperature of about 100 0 C, the water formed by Azeotropic distillation removed. By distillation under reduced pressure, 296 g (89% of theory) ethylphosphonic acid butyl ester are obtained.
• Hexadecylphosphonic acid Mono- and di-sodium salts are added in the concentrations given in the table below to an LLDPE melt (obtained by Ziegler-Natta polymerization) as a suspension in Isopar. The resulting polymer was extruded and granulated.
• the HCl concentration in the exhaust gas of the LLDPE production process was determined by Dräger tubes, the acidity of the polymer by alkalimetric titration of the milled polymer, and the corrosivity of the polymer to steel plates by determining the corrosion index.
• a mixture of 50% by weight of polybutylene terephthalate, 20% by weight of ethylphosphonic acid aluminum (III) salt (prepared as in Example 20) and 30% by weight of glass fibers are added to a twin-screw extruder (Leistritz LSM 30/34 type) Temperatures from 230 to 260 0 C to a
• Polymer molding compound compounded The homogenized polymer strand was stripped off, cooled in a water bath and then granulated. After drying, the molding materials are processed on an injection molding machine (type Aarburg Allrounder) at 240 to 270 0 C to form polymer moldings and a UL-94 classification of V-1 determined.
• injection molding machine type Aarburg Allrounder

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