WO2010059946A1 - Mélanges de polyacrylamides glyoxalés et d’agents de renforcement du papier - Google Patents

Mélanges de polyacrylamides glyoxalés et d’agents de renforcement du papier Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010059946A1
WO2010059946A1 PCT/US2009/065343 US2009065343W WO2010059946A1 WO 2010059946 A1 WO2010059946 A1 WO 2010059946A1 US 2009065343 W US2009065343 W US 2009065343W WO 2010059946 A1 WO2010059946 A1 WO 2010059946A1
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composition
polyacrylamide
glyoxal
paper
glyoxalated polyacrylamide
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PCT/US2009/065343
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English (en)
Inventor
Cornel Hagiopol
Yuping Luo
David F. Townsend
James W. Johnston
Clay E. Ringold
Karla D. Favors
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Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
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Priority to CA2744334A priority Critical patent/CA2744334C/fr
Priority to EP09761116.4A priority patent/EP2358941B1/fr
Publication of WO2010059946A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010059946A1/fr

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
    • D21H21/18—Reinforcing agents
    • D21H21/20—Wet strength agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
    • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
    • C08F220/52—Amides or imides
    • C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
    • C08F220/56—Acrylamide; Methacrylamide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/28—Condensation with aldehydes or ketones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F226/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
    • C08F226/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a single or double bond to nitrogen
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
    • D21H17/07—Nitrogen-containing compounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
    • D21H17/375—Poly(meth)acrylamide
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/54—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen
    • D21H17/56—Polyamines; Polyimines; Polyester-imides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to paper strengthening agents, particularly wet strengthening agents.
  • Paper is sheet material containing interconnected small, discrete fibers.
  • the fibers are usually formed into a sheet on a fine screen from a dilute water suspension or slurry.
  • Paper typically is made from cellulose fibers, although occasionally synthetic fibers are used.
  • Paper products made from untreated cellulose fibers lose their strength rapidly when they become wet, i.e., they have very little wet strength.
  • the wet strength of paper is defined (U.S. Patent 5,585,456) as the resistance of the paper to rupture or disintegration when it is wetted with water.
  • Wet strength of ordinary paper is only about 5% of its dry strength. To overcome this disadvantage, various methods of treating paper products have been employed.
  • wet strength resins applied to paper are either of the "permanent" or “temporary” type, which are defined by how long the paper retains its wet strength after immersion in water. While wet strength retention is a desirable characteristic in packaging materials, it presents a disposal problem. Paper products having such characteristics are degradable only under undesirably severe conditions. While some resins are known which impart temporary wet strength and thus would be suitable for sanitary or disposable paper uses, they often suffer from one or more drawbacks. For example, their wet strength is generally of a low magnitude (about one-half of the level achievable for permanent-type resins); they are easily attacked by mold and slime; or they can only be prepared as dilute solutions. [05] There is a continuing need in the art for methods of imparting appropriate levels of wet strength and repulbability to paper productcas.
  • compositions of the present invention comprise a blend of two components.
  • One component is a polymeric paper strengthening agent, preferably a wet strengthening agent.
  • the other component is a stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide prepared by (1) reacting a first portion of glyoxal with a polyacrylamide having pendant amide groups to form a first reaction mixture comprising glyoxalated polyacrylamide; (2) adding an acid to the first reaction mixture to form a second reaction mixture having a reduced pH and comprising the glyoxalated polyacrylamide; and (3) adding a second portion of glyoxal to the second reaction mixture to form the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide.
  • an aldehyde scavenger can be included in one or more of step (1), step (2), step (3), or the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide.
  • the present invention provides compositions for enhancing the strength of paper, particularly the wet strength of paper and/or the repulbability of the paper.
  • compositions of the invention comprise two components.
  • One component is one or more polymeric paper strengthening agents, preferably wet strengthening agent(s).
  • the other component is a stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide prepared by (1) reacting a first portion of glyoxal with a polyacrylamide having pendant amide groups to form a first reaction mixture comprising glyoxalated polyacrylamide; (2) adding an acid to the first reaction mixture to form a second reaction mixture having a reduced pH and comprising the glyoxalated polyacrylamide; and (3) adding a second portion of glyoxal to the second reaction mixture to form the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide.
  • an aldehyde scavenger can be included in one or more of step (1), step (2), step (3), or the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide.
  • the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide is present in a concentration of between about 1% and about 99% by weight of the two components.
  • the lower limit of stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide present in a concentration can be 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70 % by weight of the two components.
  • the upper limit of the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide present in a concentration can be 99, 95, 90, 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, or 30 % by weight of the two components. In any embodiment, any described upper limit may be combined with any of the described lower limit.
  • the final blend also can contain an aldehyde scavenger, which further enhances its stability.
  • Paper strengthened with some compositions of the invention can be defibered and repulped in neutral water without extraordinary processes.
  • the interpolymer networks formed by the blend inside the paper readily break down during repulping.
  • polymer is used throughout this specification in its conventional sense to refer to compounds made from smaller monomers and having a molecular weight of about 500 to 1000 or higher.
  • monomer is used herein to refer to compounds that are not polymeric and which can polymerize in order to generate a "polymer.”
  • crosslinked and similar terms are intended to embrace the structural and/or morphological change that occurs, for example, by covalent chemical reaction or ionic interaction between separate molecules in a composition.
  • the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide component of the disclosed blends is prepared by glyoxalating a base polyacrylamide according to the method described below.
  • the base polyacrylamide which is glyoxalated in accordance with the method outlined above, can be prepared by free radical polymerization of a base acrylamide monomer in an aqueous system using a chain transfer agent, such as 2-mercaptoethanol. Methods for making polyacrylamide polymers are well known in the prior art.
  • a base acrylamide monomer provides the primary reaction sites on the base polymer backbone to which the glyoxal substituents are attached.
  • the base polymer must have a sufficient number of base acrylamide monomers in its structure (pendant amide groups) so that, once functionalized with glyoxal, the resulting polymer is thermosetting.
  • the amount of base acrylamide monomer should be at least about 10 mole percent based on the total number of monomers used to prepare the base polyacrylamide polymer. Higher amounts are usually preferred as this has a beneficial effect on the paper strengthening properties of the resulting polymer.
  • the base acrylamide monomer is normally provided in an amount of at least about 50 mole percent and sometimes in excess of 75 mole percent of the total number of vinyl monomers from which the base polyacrylamide is prepared.
  • base acrylamide monomer is intended to embrace primary vinylamides including not only acrylamide itself but also substituted acrylamides such as methacrylamide, ethylacrylamide, crotonamide, N-methyl acrylamide, N-butyl acrylamide, N-ethyl methacrylamide and the like.
  • polyacrylamides which by definition are polymers made from acrylamide monomers, include repeating units from at least some of these various compounds.
  • the reaction mixture also includes a sufficient amount of an unsaturated cationic co-monomer to provide the ultimate polyacrylamide polymer with a suitable cationic character for strengthening paper.
  • the amount of cationic components preferably is sufficient to render the modified polyacrylamide polymer self- substantive to cellulose fibers in aqueous suspensions.
  • the quantity of polymer retained on the cellulose fibers can be determined by measuring the nitrogen content of the fibers both before and after treatment with the polyacrylamide composition.
  • a few cationic monomers, and in some case a single monomer, in each base polymer molecule may be sufficient to provide the polymer with an adequate cationic character to make the polymer substantive to cellulose fibers.
  • a polymer with a suitable amount of cationic character thus can usually be obtained by including at least about 0.001 mole of cationic monomer and upwards of 0.25 mole and possibly more of cationic monomer, per mole of acrylamide monomer in the reaction mixture.
  • an amount between 0.01 and 0.15 mole of cationic monomer per mole of acrylamide monomer should be satisfactory, with an amount between 0.02 and 0.10 being more typical.
  • Suitable co-monomers for conferring a cationic character to the base polyacrylamide polymer when dissolved in water include a diallyl quaternary monomer (generally diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, DADMAC), 2-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpryridine, 2-methyl- 5-vinyl pyridine, 2-vinyl-N-methylpyridinium chloride, p-vinylphenyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, trimethyl(p- vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride, p-dimethylaminoethylstyrene, dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, 2-methylacroyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methylsulfate, 3-acrylamido-3- methylbutyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
  • the full complement of the cationic co-monomer(s) can be added all at once at the beginning of the polyacrylamide polymerization reaction.
  • the cationic co-monomer(s) can be added continuously along with base acrylamide monomers over the time course of the polymerization reaction, or in yet another embodiment the full complement of the co-monomer(s) can be added all at once, but only after a certain conversion of base acrylamide to form a polyacrylamide homopolymer has occurred.
  • Still other options for reacting the cationic co-monomer with the base acrylamide monomer/polyacrylamide polymer will be recognized by those skilled in the art.
  • vinyl monomers that can be present during preparation of the base polyacrylamide and thus become incorporated into the base polymer include (1) diluter monomers, i.e., monomers that reduce the concentration of required monomers is each polymer but do not provide any functional site for modification of the polymer, and (2) other functional monomers, i.e., non-amide vinyl monomers that can be incorporated into the base polymer and have pendant groups that also may react with glyoxal.
  • Diluter monomers include, for example, acrylic esters such as ethyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and the like, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, N 5 N'- dimethyl acrylamide, hydroxy alkyl (meth) acrylates, styrene and the like.
  • Functional monomers include, for example, allylglycidal ether, glycidyl methacrylate and the like. Of a special interest are those co-monomers with a 1,2-diol in their structure, such as 3-allyloxy-l,2-propandiol, 3-acryloyloxy-l,2-propandiol and methacryloyloxy- 1,2-propandiol.
  • the diluter monomers can be present in the reaction mixture in an amount of up to about 0.5 mole per mole of acrylamide monomer, while the amount of functional monomers should not exceed about 0.15 mole per mole of acrylamide monomer.
  • the amount and ratio of the diluter and functional monomers in the reaction mixture can be used as another control of the extent and distribution of glyoxalation.
  • Suitable base polymers for example, can be prepared from a mixture of acrylamide and diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride in a molar ratio between 99:1 and 75:25.
  • a di-functional co-monomer can be used in order to obtain a branched polyacrylamide polymer structure.
  • N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide, N 5 N'- methylene-bismethacrylamide, N-allyl acrylamide and N-allyl methacrylamide are recommended as a di-functional co-monomers if a structure with added branching is desired.
  • the polyacrylamide is prepared by free radical polymerization among the base acrylamide monomers, the cationic monomers and the optional diluter, functional and di-functional monomers and is initiated using known free radical initiators.
  • free radical initiators that can be used include the various peroxides, t- butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, benxoyl peroxide, t-butoxyperoxy hexanoate and various azo-compounds such as azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN), azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride (AIBA) and dimethylazodiisobutyrate.
  • Other useful initiators are the water-soluble compounds such as hydrogen peroxide and the sodium, potassium and ammonium persulfates used by themselves or in activated redox systems.
  • the amount of initiator should be sufficient to yield an acceptable reaction rate and, in combination with the level of monomeric reactants and the chain transfer agent, as hereinbelow described, a polyacrylamide adduct (reaction product) of a suitable molecular weight to be water soluble.
  • the amount of initiator should not be so high as to result in an uncontrolled rate of reaction and possible gel formation.
  • the amount of initiator used in the solution polymerization will generally be in the range of 0.01 to 3% by weight, based on the weight of the monomers, and is usually between about 0.2 and 2% by weight.
  • the initiator can be charged at the outset of the polymerization, however, incremental addition of the initiator throughout polymerization can also be employed and may be advantageous in some circumstances. Additional amounts of initiator (introduced by itself or associated with a reducer) are used at the end of the reaction in order to consume any residual un-reacted monomers. [26] The polymerization proceeds nicely at a temperature broadly in the range of 30 to 100° C, more usually in the range of 60 to 90° C.
  • an aliphatic alcohol such as about 4 to about 15 percent by weight of an aqueous reaction mixture of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propanol or butanol.
  • chain transfer agent Another constituent of the reaction system is a chain transfer agent.
  • the chain transfer agent functions to limit or control the molecular weight of the polymer formed by the free radical polymerization reaction taking place between the monomeric reactants.
  • a chain transfer agent preferably is used in an amount sufficient to limit the molecular weight to a desired endpoint for the specific application.
  • the amount of the chain transfer agent should not be so high, however, that it so severely limits the molecular weight of the resulting adduct that the polymer has a poor paper strengthening property.
  • the chain transfer agent will generally be included in the reaction mixture in the range of about 0.1 to 30% by weight, based on the weight of the monomers, and most often will be used in an amount between about 0.5 and 15% by weight.
  • the determination of a suitable level of chain transfer agent to use in any monomer system is a matter of routine experimentation to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the chain transfer agent usually is charged into the reaction mixture at the outset of the polymerization, though it too may be added later in the reaction or in increments if desired. Any material that is able to control/limit the extent of the polymerization via chain transfer can be used as the chain transfer agent.
  • Suitable chain transfer agents include allyloxypropane diol, thioglycol, and mercaptans such as 2-mercaptoethanol, hydroxyethyl-3-mercaptopropionate and dodecylmercaptan. By using the chain transfer agent, one is able to limit the molecular weight of the polymerized product.
  • free radical solution polymerization reactions can be conducted by charging a reactor with appropriate amounts of the various monomers, the chain transfer agent, and the free radical initiator.
  • An amount of water (and an optional water miscible solvent) also is included in the reactor to provide a final solids concentration in the aqueous composition within the range of about 5 to about 50 weight percent.
  • the solids concentration of the aqueous reaction mixture more usually is on the order of 10 to 45 weight percent.
  • Molecular weights of suitable base polyacrylamide polymers before glyoxalation typically fall within the range of 500 to 1,000,000, more usually in the range of 1000 to 100,000. It is preferred that the base polymer be water-soluble before glyoxalation. For the most part, base polyacrylamide polymers having a molecular weight of less than about 25,000 and especially less than 10,000 are normally preferred.
  • the molecular weight of the base polyacrylamide is influenced by changing the reaction temperature, the level of solids in the reaction, changing the amount of initiator, changing the amount of chain transfer agent, and other methods used by those skilled in the art.
  • the so-prepared polyacrylamide polymer then is glyoxalated at an alkaline pH in the range of 7.2 to 10.0.
  • the pH can be controlled using a buffer system.
  • a buffer of mono- and di-sodium phosphate is suitable, though other buffers would include any material that simultaneously functions as both a weak acid and a weak base and is able to maintain the desired pH such as: monopotassium phosphate plus borax, sodium hydroxide plus a mixture of acetic, phosphoric and boric acids, disodium phosphate plus citric acid.
  • Glyoxal (CHOCHO) reacts with pendant amide groups on the polyacrylamide backbone (1) according to the following reaction to produce a polyacrylamide having a pendant glyoxalated group (2): + CHOCHO
  • a second reaction involves the so-formed aldehyde moiety on the polymer backbone with another amide group, such as belonging to another macromolecule, and leads to building molecular weight and cross-linking.
  • an amount of glyoxal to provide between about 10 to 60 mole percent glyoxal, based on the molar concentration of pendant amide groups and other optional glyoxal-reactive functional groups in the polyacrylamide is added as the first of at least two separate portions to the polyacrylamide.
  • 1 to 6 glyoxals are supplied for every 10 pendant amide groups and other optional glyoxal-reactive functional groups in the polyacrylamide.
  • the glyoxalation of the cationic polyacrylamide usually is performed at a temperature of about 15° C to about 50° C and in an aqueous solution at a total solids concentration ranging from about 8 weight % to about 30 weight %.
  • the first portion of glyoxal is added to the polyacrylamide polymer in water to cause glyoxalation and some cross-linking between pendant amide and other glyoxal-reactive functional groups in the glyoxalated polyacrylamide.
  • Such cross-linking increases the molecular weight of the composition.
  • the molecular weight is preferably increased sufficiently so as to obtain a desired viscosity in the range of about 30 to about 80 cPs at 25° C for a 20 weight % solids solution.
  • Those skilled in the art will appreciate a suitable extent of crosslinking to obtain such a result.
  • the glyoxalation can start at a pH at the higher end of the pH range suitable for the glyoxalation reaction in order to obtain a higher reaction rate.
  • the pH then is reduced by adding an acid to the reaction mixture (first acid quench to 7.0 ⁇ pH ⁇ 7.4).
  • the reaction then continues at a reduced rate.
  • a second acid quench is used to reduce the pH further (3 ⁇ pH ⁇ 3.5) and to substantially terminate the glyoxalation reactions.
  • the pH of the aqueous reaction system be adjusted to the range of 3 to 5 through addition of an acid.
  • the acid added to the glyoxalated polyacrylamide can be either a mineral acid (such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and the like) or an organic acid like formic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid and the like.
  • an optional second portion of glyoxal is then preferably added to the composition to enhance its stability.
  • the amount of glyoxal added in the second portion is about 1% to about 75% by weight of the first portion of glyoxal, more usually between about 4 and about 50 weight percent.
  • Further stability enhancement of the polyacrylamide composition is obtained by adding to the glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition a buffer that regulates (stabilizes) the pH of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition between about 3 and 3.5.
  • a buffer that regulates (stabilizes) the pH of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition between about 3 and 3.5.
  • One suitable buffer is a mixture of 20 parts by volume of a 0.2 M sodium hydroxide with 100 parts by volume of a stock solution containing 0.4 M acetic acid, 0.4 M phosphoric acid, and 0.4 M boric acid. This buffer is used in the following examples and has been shown to keep the pH of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition relatively constant over a period of at least six weeks.
  • buffers that could be used include materials that simultaneously function as both a weak acid and a weak base, such as citric acid with sodium citrate, disodium phosphate with citric acid, succinic acid with borax, acetic acid with sodium acetate, monopotassium phthalate with hydrochloric acid, bicarbonates, carbonate esters, complex carbonate salts of organic acids, hydrogen phosphates, phosphate esters, phosphinate esters, borates, borate esters, hydrogen sulfates, sulfmates, and sulfate esters.
  • citric acid with sodium citrate disodium phosphate with citric acid
  • succinic acid with borax acetic acid with sodium acetate
  • monopotassium phthalate with hydrochloric acid bicarbonates
  • carbonate esters complex carbonate salts of organic acids
  • hydrogen phosphates, phosphate esters, phosphinate esters, borates, borate esters hydrogen sulfates, sul
  • buffers include potassium bicarbonate, potassium biphthalate, potassium bisulfate, potassium dihydrogen citrate, dipotassium hydrogen citrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen tartrate, potassium hydrogen oxolate, potassium hydrogen maleate, potassium hydrogen succinate, potassium hydrogen glutarate, potassium hydrogen adipate, potassium tetraborate, potassium pentaborate, potassium octaborate and all the corresponding sodium salts, complex calcium carbonate salts of organic acids (such as octanoic acid, iso-octanoic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, hexanoic acid, and the like) and other similar materials known in the art.
  • organic acids such as octanoic acid, iso-octanoic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, hexanoic acid, and the like
  • Yet another improvement to the stability of the composition is garnered by adding one or more aldehyde scavengers to the glyoxalated polyacrylamide or at one or more of its preparation steps.
  • the stability of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide depends upon a balance between the free glyoxal in the composition and the reactive pendant aldehyde and other functional groups.
  • a mono-functional aldehyde scavenger material preferably of a low volatility (high boiling point) is used.
  • aldehyde scavengers are present in an amount of about .0001 to 0.25 mole per mole of glyoxal added in both the first and second portions (the total glyoxal amount), preferably in an amount of 0.01 to about 0.15 mole per mole of total glyoxal, in preparing the glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition.
  • the pH tends to remain constant and the shelf-life of the composition tends to be increased further.
  • the longer storage life of the stabilized product allows the glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition to be stored at a higher concentration (no dilution is required) and the only dilution that needs to be taken into account is at the wet end of the paper process.
  • Preferred aldehyde scavengers are adducts of choline or a choline salt and an acrylamide monomer and have the structure shown below:
  • the "acrylamide monomer” is a monomer of a primary vinylamide, including not only acrylamide itself but also substituted acrylamides having the formula:
  • R 1 is hydrogen or Ci-C 2 alkyl and R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • A is a compatible anion such as hydroxyl or any negatively charged ion which can form a salt with choline (e.g., chloride).
  • Preferred aldehyde scavengers are much more efficient than scavengers which contain a hydroxyl group.
  • preferred aldehyde scavengers can provide supplementary cationic charges for the polymer backbone because any reaction between an aldehyde pendant group and the adduct will result in an additional cationic charge on an acrylamide polymer or copolymer.
  • An adduct of choline chloride and acrylamide (ethanaminium, 2-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)- N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride) is a particularly preferred aldehyde scavenger:
  • Preferred aldehyde scavengers are prepared by reacting choline or a choline salt with an acrylamide monomer, as shown below:
  • Preferred aldehyde scavengers can be prepared, for example, through a Michael addition reaction.
  • the Michael addition can be performed in an aqueous solution containing about 2.5% by weight sodium hydroxide at a temperature in the range of 70° to 100° C.
  • the molar ratio between the choline or choline salt and the acrylamide monomer can be in the range of 1 :1 to 1 :0.5 with the solids content of the reactants between about 25 to 70 wt. %.
  • the acrylamide conversion to aldehyde scavenger is higher than 95% (based on free acrylamide concentration measurements).
  • the resultant preparation can be used without further purification.
  • One or more aldehyde scavengers can be added to a glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition and/or during one or more steps in the preparation of a glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition.
  • Preferred aldehyde scavengers also can be added during polymerization of the base polyacrylamide.
  • the longer storage life of the resultant stabilized product allows the glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition to be stored at a higher concentration (no dilution is required), and the only dilution that needs to be taken into account is at the wet end of the paper process.
  • shipping and storage costs associated with such stabilized compositions are generally lower than with prior art compositions.
  • acrylamide monomers form an adduct between the choline or choline salt during preparation of an aldehyde scavenger.
  • a preparation of aldehyde scavenger will contain free acrylamide monomers. If such a preparation is present during polymerization of a base polyacrylamide, the free acrylamide monomers will be incorporated into the base polyacrylamide, and the aldehyde scavenger will already be present when glyoxalation of the base polyacrylamide begins; presence of the aldehyde scavenger at that point can increase the density of positive charges on the glyoxalated polyacrylamide, as described below.
  • the preferred aldehyde scavenger typically is present in an amount ranging from about 0.7 mole to about 1.5 mole percent based upon total acrylamide monomer.
  • compositions having a higher positive charge density are obtained than if the preferred aldehyde scavenger had not been present.
  • Such compositions have a greater affinity for cellulose fibers than compositions prepared using other, non-charged scavengers.
  • the base polyacrylamide need not be polymerized with cationic co-monomers.
  • the base polyacrylamide can be a polyacrylamide homopolymer or can be a copolymer with a cationic co-monomer but at a lower concentration of cationic co-monomer than described in paragraph [16], above.
  • a preferred aldehyde scavenger preferably is present in an amount ranging from about 0.7 to about 1.5 mole for each mole of total glyoxal.
  • one or more preferred aldehyde scavengers can be included at any point during glyoxalation (i.e., before the acid quench).
  • the resultant glyoxalated product has a longer shelf life.
  • the endpoint of the glyoxalation reaction can be better controlled.
  • a preferred aldehyde scavenger preferably is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5 mole for each mole of total glyoxal.
  • a preferred aldehyde scavenger can be added after initial glyoxalation (i.e., during or after the acid quench). Addition of an aldehyde scavenger after glyoxalation also results in a longer shelf life for the final stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition.
  • a preferred aldehyde scavenger preferably is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.15 mole for each mole of total glyoxal. If added after the acid quench, a preferred aldehyde scavenger preferably is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.3 mole for each mole of glyoxal.
  • the pH tends to remain constant and the shelf-life of the composition tends to be increased further in the presence of aldehyde scavengers, including preferred aldehyde scavengers.
  • the glyoxalated polyacrylamide compositions can be prepared as described above or by any other means of preparing glyoxalated polyacrylamides known in the art.
  • stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamides can be prepared by adding a second portion of glyoxal after the acid quench.
  • Aldehyde scavengers, particularly preferred aldehyde scavengers also provide enhanced stability to these stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamides.
  • the shelf life for a stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide prepared as described above but without any scavenger is about 20 days at room temperature.
  • citric acid a known aldehyde scavenger
  • the shelf life increased to about 40 days at room temperature.
  • a preferred aldehyde scavenger ethanaminium, 2-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-N,N,N- trimethyl-, chloride
  • a preferred aldehyde scavenger preferably is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.3 mole for each mole of glyoxal.
  • compositions of the invention also include one or more polymeric paper strengthening agents, preferably wet strengthening agents, blended with the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide.
  • the polymeric paper strengthening agent can be a cationic polymer, an anionic polymer, or a neutral polymer; it can be a homopolymer or a copolymer; and it can be water soluble or water dispersible.
  • the polymeric paper strengthening agent can be, for example, another temporary or a permanent wet strengthening agent. Permanent- type wet strengthening agents are preferred.
  • cationic paper strengthening agents include dialdehyde starch, polyethylemeimine, mannogalactan gum, and dialdehyde mannogalactan. See, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,427,652.
  • Preferred cationic polymeric paper strengthening agents used in compositions of the invention include thermosetting cationic polyamine or polyamide wet- strength resins which are commonly used in papermaking. Most of these resins are reaction products of polyamines and polyamides with halohydrins, such as epichlorohydrin.
  • Illustrative examples of the polyamine, cationic wet-strength resins are those described in U.S.
  • Preferred cationic polymers include, but are not limited to, poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (poly D ADM AC), polyamidoamine (prepolymer), polyamidoamine- Epi (AMRES®), DADMAC copolymers, cationic styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), cationic latexes, and mixtures thereof.
  • Particle cores for cationic latexes can be made by polymerization or copolymerization of any hydrophobic monomer (e.g., styrene, butyl acrylate or any other acrylic ester, methyl methacrylate or any other methacrylic ester, etc.).
  • Cationic latexes can be stabilized by a cationic emulsif ⁇ er or can be "self- stabilized” (if a cationic monomer is involved in the free-emulsif ⁇ er emulsion copolymerization) .
  • Preferred anionic polymers include acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymers, styrene acrylic acid copolymers, styrene maleic anhydride copolymers, styrene-acrylic acid - hydroxyethyl acrylate copolymers, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), anionic latex, and mixtures thereof.
  • Neutral polymers include polyvinyl alcohol, starch, polyhycroxyethyl acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
  • polyacrylamide-adducts acrylamide-amine adducts
  • the polyacrylamide-adduct can be obtained "in situ" between acrylamide in excess and polyamine before the free radical polymerization and then the excess of acrylamide is copolymerized in the presence of that adduct.
  • these adducts can be added, after the polyacrylamide synthesis, to the cationic polyacrylamide composition before the glyoxalation reaction is conducted.
  • these adducts can be used as a glyoxal scavenger after the glyoxalation has been conducted.
  • polyacrylamide-adducts are prepare by reacting an amine, such as ammonia, ethylene diamine, diethylene triamne (DETA), triethylene tetraamine (TETA), a polyamidoamine, or a polyvinylamine with an acrylamide monomer.
  • an amine such as ammonia, ethylene diamine, diethylene triamne (DETA), triethylene tetraamine (TETA), a polyamidoamine, or a polyvinylamine
  • Suitable acrylamide monomers would include acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-alkyl acrylamide and N-alkyl methacrylamide to name a few.
  • the reaction proceeds in water at room temperature and is accompanied by a strong exotherm.
  • the adduct forms as a Michael Addition product between the active hydrogen of the amine and the double bond of the acrylamide monomer, the tertiary amine product itself acting as a catalyst to promote the Michael Addition reactions.
  • the molar ratio of the acrylamide (acrylamide double bond(s)) to the active hydrogens of the amine broadly may be between about 0.1 and 2.0, and more often is between about 0.5 and 1.5. At a molar ratio below 1, there generally are secondary amine hydrogens (active hydrogens) left for further reaction. At molar ratios above 1, there is excess acrylamide in the composition that could be available for free radical polymerization in the synthesis of the polyacrylamide composition. Often, such adducts are prepared at a mole ratio of acrylamide to active amine hydrogens of greater than about 1.
  • Suitable amines for preparing the polyacrylamide adducts include ammonia, ethylene diamine, diethylene triamne (DETA), Methylene tetraamine (TETA), low molecular weight polyamidoamines, polyvinylamines, polyethyleneimine and copolymers of vinyl amine with other unsaturated co-polymerizable monomers such as vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol to name a few.
  • Suitable polyamidoamines are generally prepared by reacting a dicarboxylic acid (diacid), (or a corresponding dicarboxylic acid halide, or diester thereof) with a polyalkylene polyamine.
  • suitable polyamidoamines can be made by reacting suitable polyalkylene polyamines, such as polyethylenepolyamines including diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, aminoethyl piperazine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, N,N-bis(2- aminoethyl)-ethylenediamine, diaminoethyl triaminoethylamine, piperazinethyl triethylenetetramine, and the like, with polycarboxylic acids such as succinic, glutaric, 2- methylsuccinic, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, undecanedioic, dodecandioic, 2-methylglutaric, 3,3-dimethylglutaric and tricarboxypentanes such as 4-carboxypimelic; alicyclic saturated acids such as 1,2-cyclohex, 1,
  • Adipic acid is readily available and is most often used.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen and the residue of an acrylamide monomer (resulting from a Michael Addition reaction between an acrylamide monomer and an active hydrogen of the amine, i.e., (-RC(O)NHR' ) where R and R' independently are a linear or branched Ci to C 6 alkyl, which are optionally substituted, and wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is the residue of an acrylamide monomer.
  • Suitable polyacrylamide adducts of formula II will have a molecular weight between about 200 and 350.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 6 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen and the residue of an acrylamide monomer (resulting from a Michael Addition reaction between an acrylamide monomer and an active hydrogen of the amine, i.e., (-RC(O)NHR') where R and R' independently are a linear or branched Ci to C 6 alkyl, which are optionally substituted, and wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 6 and R 3 is the residue of an acrylamide monomer; R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen and a Ci to C 4 alkyl; a is an integer independently selected from 1 , 2 or 3 and b is an integer reflecting the number of repeating N-alkylene units (indicative of the molecular weight) of the polyacrylamide- adduct.
  • Suitable polyacrylamide adducts of formula III will have a molecular weight between about 300 and 800.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen and the residue of an acrylamide monomer (resulting from a Michael Addition reaction between an acrylamide monomer and an active hydrogen of the amine, i.e., (-RC(O)NHR'), R and R' independently are a linear or branched Ci to C 6 alkyl, which are optionally substituted, and wherein at least one of R 1 and R 2 is the residue of an acrylamide monomer; R 4 , R 5 and R 7 are independently selected from hydrogen and a Ci to C 4 alkyl; ; a is an integer independently selected from 1, 2 or 3, n is an integer reflecting the number of repeating vinyl amine units (indicative of the molecular weight of the polyacrylamide-adduct) and Z and Z' independently can be the repeating unit(s) of another vinyl-type monomer such as vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol, or can be hydrogen, or a linear or branched Ci to C 6 alkyl.
  • R 1 and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen and the residue of an acrylamide monomer (resulting from a Michael Addition reaction between an acrylamide monomer and an active hydrogen of the amine, i.e., (-RC(O)NHR'), R and R' independently are a linear or branched Ci to C 6 alkyl, which are optionally substituted, and wherein at least one of R 1 and R 8 is the residue of an acrylamide monomer; a and b are integers independently selected from 1, 2 or 3; R 4 , R 5 , R 7 and R 9 are independently selected from hydrogen or a Ci to C 4 alkyl; n is an integer reflecting the number of repeating amidoamine units (indicative of the molecular weight) and X and X' independently can be the residue of the diacid (-OH, OR, or OMe, where Me is a salt- forming metal ion), the residue of the diamine (-H) used to prepare the polyamidoamine, the residue of an acrylamide monomer
  • Formula (V) constitutes a class of polyacrylamide-adducts made from well-known class of polyamidoamines that are made from polyalkylene polyamines and aliphatic diacids.
  • Suitable polyacrylamide adducts of formula IV will have a molecular weight between about 200 and 6000.
  • the polyacrylamide-adducts of formulae (I) through (V) can be joined or linked together using a bi-functional reactant such as methylene bis-acrylamide.
  • a bi-functional reactant such as methylene bis-acrylamide.
  • the resulting product made by linking the adducts with methylene bis-acrylamide may have the following structure:
  • the polyacrylamide-adducts of the present invention also can be quaternized to give the adducts a cationic character before they are used in accordance with the present invention.
  • epichlorohydrin can be reacted with residual secondary amines in the polyacrylamide-adducts to make a quaternary ammonium salt or an azetidinium cation (see formula (VII) below).
  • Such residual secondary amines also could be functionalized with dimethyl sulfate.
  • the polyacrylamide-adducts described above also can be used as a glyoxal scavenger in the final glyoxalated polyacrylamide composition.
  • the adduct should be essentially free of unreacted acrylamide monomer.
  • compositions of the invention typically are made by mixing one or more polymeric paper strengthening agent(s) and the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide at about 20-35 0 C for from about 1 to about 30 minutes.
  • concentration of the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide is within the range of about 40-99% of the combined weight of the polymeric paper strengthening agent(s) and the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide by weight, based on solids.
  • compositions of the invention are readily employed in the manufacture of paper as aqueous solutions and dispersions. Generally, a composition of the invention used as a paper strengthening agent will have a solids concentration between about 5 and 25 weight percent.
  • compositions are not limited to treating any particular type of paper and should find application in Kraft paper, sulfite paper, semichemical paper, and the like, including paper produced using both bleached and unbleached pulps.
  • Compositions of the present invention are extremely effective for developing wet strength in facial tissue, napkins, towels, carrierboard, liquid packaging, bag paper, linerboard medium and other specialty papers.
  • composition of this invention When using a composition of this invention in papermaking, it can be added at any time before, during or after the paper is formed.
  • the composition is conveniently added at the wet end of a paper-making facility to the dilute cellulose fiber suspensions, normally at a point when wet strength resins are conventionally added.
  • a composition of the present invention can be added to a previously prepared paper by padding, spraying, immersing, printing and the like.
  • compositions of this invention can be added to paper pulp over a wide range of pH values. However, best results are obtained by adding the composition to the paper pulp at a pH of from about 4.5 to about 8.0, most preferably from about 4.5 to about 7.0. Compositions of the present invention are readily absorbed by the cellulose fibers at these pH values.
  • the amount of a composition of this invention added can be as low as about 0.05% of the dry weight of the cellulose fibers, but usually does not exceed about 0.5% by weight. An amount in the range of 0.2% to 0.4% of the dry paper weight is more usual.
  • the reaction mixture was maintained at 50° C. until it had obtained a viscosity of KL.
  • To the resulting solution was added about 29.3 gram of an acid mixture containing formic acid and sulfuric acid in a blend ratio of 1.19 to 1 and having an acid concentration of 52% by weight.
  • the dilution water of 125 gram was added to achieve the target RI of 1.3826.
  • the final aqueous polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resin resulting solution was obtained by adjusting resin pH to 2.85 using the blend of sulfuric and formic acids.
  • the final resin has a solids concentration of 25.04 wt. %, cationic charge of 2.09 meq/gram, a pH of 3.0 and a viscosity of 172 cPs at 25 0 C.
  • a suitable 2 liter glass reactor was fitted with a stirring apparatus, thermometer, a nitrogen inlet, a condenser and then placed in heating bath.
  • the reactor was charged with 400 g water, 125 g DADMAC solution (63% concentration), 12O g acrylamide solution (50% concentration), 9 g 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 19 g solution of a polyacrylamide- adduct (the adduct of Formula I obtained by reacting 355 g acrylamide 50% solution -2.5 moles - with 51.5 g DETA - 0.5 moles - for 30 minutes at 75 0 C), having a concentration 56% by weight) and 7 g 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • the reactor was then heated to 8O 0 C at which time the acrylamide monomer feed (680 g acrylamide (50% concentration), 51 g hydroxyethyl acrylate, 110 g solution of the polyacrylamide-adduct and 41 g 2- mercaptoethanol) and the initiator solution feed (3.2 g ammonium persulfate in 120 g water) were initiated and continuously added to the reactor.
  • the initiator solution flow rate is constant over a total addition time of 190 minutes.
  • the acrylamide monomer solution is added initially at a slow flow rate (282 g in the first 120 minutes) and then at a much higher flow rate (600 g in 60 minutes).
  • the total addition time for the acrylamide monomer solution is 180 minutes.
  • the temperature was maintained at 8O 0 C for an additional 30 minutes.
  • t-butyl hydroperoxide 0.7 g solution 70%
  • sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate 0.3 g
  • the final solution has a solids concentration of 40.7%, a pH of 3.3, a viscosity of 18.9 cPs at 25 0 C and a charge density of 0.193 meq/gram.
  • the resulting resin has a cationic charge density of 0.56 meq/gm, a solids concentration of 19.96 wt. %, a pH of 3.35, and a viscosity of 25.2 cPs at 25. degree. C.
  • a suitable 1 liter glass beaker was fitted with stirring apparatus.
  • the beaker was charged with 718.6g of the polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin of Example 1 and 100.2 g of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide resin of Example 2.
  • PAE polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin
  • the stirring apparatus turned on immediately.
  • Initial viscosity of mixture was 156 cPs.
  • the mixture temperature did not need to control, just maintained at the room temperature of around 25 0 C.
  • the two components were maintained to mix at the speed rate of 500 RPM for 30 minutes, resulting in a viscosity increased product.
  • the final mixed product is cationic and water-soluble, has a solids concentration of 24.43 wt. %, cationic charge of 1.89 meq/gram, a pH of 3.0 and a viscosity of 192 cPs at 25 0 C.
  • a suitable 1 liter glass beaker was fitted with stirring apparatus.
  • the beaker was charged with 638.7 of polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resin of Example 1 and 200.4 g of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide resin of Example 2.
  • the stirring apparatus turned on immediately.
  • Initial viscosity of mixture was 134 cPs.
  • the mixture temperature did not need to control, just maintained at the room temperature of around 25 0 C.
  • the two components were maintained to mix at the speed rate of 500 RPM for 30 minutes, resulting in a viscosity increased product.
  • the final mixed product is cationic and water-soluble, has a solids concentration of 23.84 wt. %, cationic charge of 1.75 meq/gram, a pH of 3.0 and a viscosity of 206 cPs at 25 0 C.
  • Example 5 Composition with 30% of Glyoxalated Polyacrylamide Resin and 70% PAE resin
  • a suitable 1 liter glass beaker was fitted with stirring apparatus.
  • the beaker was charged with 558.9 of polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resin of Example 1 and 300.6 g of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide resin of Example 2.
  • the stirring apparatus turned on immediately.
  • Initial viscosity of mixture was 123 cPs.
  • the mixture temperature did not need to control, just maintained at the room temperature of around 25 0 C.
  • the two components were maintained to mix at the speed rate of 500 RPM for 30 minutes, resulting in a viscosity increased product.
  • the final mixed product is cationic and water-soluble, has a solids concentration of 23.27 wt. %, cationic charge of 1.61 meq/gram, a pH of 3.1 and a viscosity of 224 cPs at 25 0 C.
  • the pulp stock used in the handsheet work was composed of 60% Boise Cascade, 27% Eucalyptus, 13% Miller Western; 30% Recycle Fiber (obtained from a commercial tissue paper machine).
  • the stock freeness was in the range of 580CSF to 600CSF.
  • the stock pH was 7.1 through the process.
  • the composition resins were added at 16 lb/ton of pulp solids to a 0.3% consistency diluted stock allowing a 2-minute mixing time.
  • the treated stock was immediately poured into the headbox of the Noble & Wood handsheet machine containing pH pre-adjusted water (pH of 7.0).
  • the target sheet basis weight was 30 lb/3000ft 2 .
  • Dry tensile measurement method refers to TAPPI Test Method T494 om-01 (Effective Date September 5, 2001).
  • compositions provide improved dry and wet tensile strength as compared with polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin alone at an equal resin dosage level.
  • PAE polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin
  • the compositions with lower cationic charge density than PAE resin allows papermakers to target the high wet strength toweling machines to generate higher absolute wet strength not achievable with PAE wet strength resin alone.
  • the compositions allow papermakers to increase the usage of recycled fibers and achieve dry tensile improvement typically not achievable with PAE wet strength resin alone.
  • dry ensile strength is at least 2.24 BL mile, 2.29 BL mile, 2.50 BL mile, 2.75 BL mile, or 3.0 BL mile as measured by TAPPI Test Method T494 om-01 (Effective Date September 5, 2001).
  • the % dry strength gain over using PAE alone is at least 0.9, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 14.0, or 20.0 % where the dry strength is measured by TAPPI Test Method T494 om-01 (Effective Date September 5, 2001).
  • the wet tensile strength is at least 0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58 or 0.60 BL mile as measured by TAPPI Test Method T456 om-03 (Effective Date May 13, 2003) where the test specimens were immersed in distilled water at 23.0 ⁇ 2 0 C under the vacuum level of 21 inch Hg for 3 minutes for saturation.
  • the % wet strength gain is at least 5, 10, 12, 15, or 20% as measured by TAPPI Test Method T456 om-03 (Effective Date May 13, 2003) where the test specimens were immersed in distilled water at 23.0 ⁇ 2 0 C under the vacuum level of 21 inch Hg for 3 minutes for saturation.
  • a suitable 1 liter glass beaker was fitted with stirring apparatus.
  • the beaker was charged with 399.2 g of the polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resin of Example 1 and 501 g of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide resin of Example 2.
  • the stirring apparatus turned on immediately.
  • Initial viscosity of mixture was 96 cPs.
  • the mixture temperature did not need to control, just maintained at the room temperature of around 25 0 C.
  • the two components were maintained to mix at the speed rate of 500 RPM for 30 minutes, resulting in a viscosity increased product.
  • the final mixed product is cationic and water-soluble, has a solids concentration of 22.22 wt. %, cationic charge of 1.27 meq/gram, a pH of 3.1 and a viscosity of 187 cPs at 25 0 C.
  • a suitable 1 liter glass beaker was fitted with stirring apparatus.
  • the beaker was charged with 239.5 of polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resin of Example 1 and 701.4 g of the glyoxalated polyacrylamide resin of Example 2.
  • the stirring apparatus turned on immediately.
  • Initial viscosity of mixture was 65 cPs.
  • the mixture temperature did not need to control, just maintained at the room temperature of around 25 0 C.
  • the two components were maintained to mix at the speed rate of 500 RPM for 30 minutes, resulting in a viscosity increased product.
  • the final mixed product is cationic and water-soluble, has a solids concentration of 21.26 wt. %, cationic charge of 0.94 meq/gram, a pH of 3.2 and a viscosity of 108 cPs at 25 0 C.
  • the pulp stock used in the handsheet work was composed of 70% unbleached southern pine kraft, 10% machine broke and 20% OCC (obtained from a commercial paperboard machine).
  • the stock freeness was in the range of 670CSF to 701 OCSF.
  • the stock pH was 6.6.
  • the stock pH was pre-adjusted to 5.0 by using sulfuric acid before addition of the strength additives.
  • the composition resins were added at 5 lb/ton of pulp solids to a 0.3% consistency thin stock allowing a 1 -minute mixing time (1000 rpm of mixing speed).
  • the handsheet samples were continued at a constant humidity (50%) and at a constant temperature (73 0 F) for 24 hours prior to physical testing.
  • Dry tear and wet tear test specimens immersed in distilled water at 23.0 ⁇ 2 0 C under the vacuum level of 21 inch Hg for 3 minutes for saturation) were tested to measure improved paper dry and wet tear strength performance.
  • Sheet repulpability was measured according to GP wet strength paperboard repulpability test method
  • Dry tear measurement method refer to TAPPI Test Method T 414-om-04 (Effective date ofIssue May 3, 2004)
  • Example 1 the paper made of Example 1(PAE resin) was not be def ⁇ bered and repulped in neutral water without extraordinary means, resulting in 32% of fiber yield.
  • Example 2 the temporary wet strength resin
  • Example 7 the combination of example 1 and 2 at various ratios to create Example 7 and 8, which provided useful wet tear strengths and achieved adequate fiber yields on repulping.
  • This invention has provided a novel solution to manufacture repulpable papers having satisfactory wet strength for most paperboard applications.
  • the paperboard made of Example 8 is qualified as a repulpable wet strength paper because the repulping yield of the paper is greater than 70%.
  • This invention has provided a novel solution to manufacture repulpable papers having satisfactory wet strength and repulping yields for most paperboard applications.
  • the % fiber yield on repulping is at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% as measured by the GP wet strength paperboard repulpability test method described herein.
  • the dry tear strength is at least 742 g.f, 745 g.f, 750 g.f, 755 g.f, 760 g.f, 770 g.f, 780 g.f, 790 g.f, or 800 g.f as measured by TAPPI Test Method T 414-om-04 (Effective date of Issue May 3, 2004).
  • the wet tear strength is at least 400 g.f, 450 g.f, 500 g.f, 550 g.f, 600 g.f, 650 g.f, 700 g.f, or 750 g.f as measured by TAPPI Test Method T 414-om-04 (Effective date of Issue May 3, 2004) after the board has been immersed in distilled water for 3 minutes under the vacuum level of 21 inch Hg
  • the present invention can be described as:
  • composition for enhancing the wet strength of paper comprising a blend of two
  • the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide is prepared by (1) reacting a first portion of glyoxal with a polyacrylamide having pendant amide groups to form a first reaction mixture comprising glyoxalated polyacrylamide; (2) adding an acid to the first reaction mixture to form a second reaction mixture having a reduced pH and comprising the glyoxalated polyacrylamide; and (3) adding a second portion of glyoxal to the second reaction mixture to form the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide.
  • composition of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the polyacrylamide is prepared by free radical polymerization of an acrylamide monomer in the presence of a cationic co-monomer.
  • composition of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the cationic co- monomer is selected from diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 2-vinylpyridine, 4- vinylpryridine, 2-methyl-5-vinyl pyridine, 2-vinyl-N-methylpyridinium chloride, p-vinylphenyl- trimethyl ammonium chloride, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, trimethyl(p- vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride, p-dimethylaminoethylstyrene, dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, 2-methylacroyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium methylsulfate, 3-acrylamido-3- methylbutyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate, and mixtures thereof.
  • di-functional monomer is selected from the group consisting of N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide, N 5 N'- methylene-bismethacrylamide, N-allyl acrylamide, N-allyl methacrylamide and mixtures thereof.
  • composition of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the second portion of glyoxal is from about 1 to about 75 weight percent of the first portion of glyoxal.
  • composition of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the second portion of glyoxal is from about 4 to about 50 weight percent of the first portion of glyoxal.
  • composition of any of the preceding paragraphs further comprising an aldehyde scavenger.
  • composition of claim any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the aldehyde scavenger is selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and choline chloride.
  • composition of claim any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the aldehyde scavenger has the structure: wherein:
  • R 1 is hydrogen or Ci-C 2 alkyl
  • R 2 is hydrogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl
  • a " is a compatible anion
  • composition of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the polymeric paper strengthening agent is a polymeric wet strengthening agent.
  • the polymeric wet strengthening agent comprises one or more of a cationic polymer, an anionic polymer, and a neutral polymer.
  • the polymeric wet strengthening agent comprises a cationic polymer and the cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (poly D ADM AC), polyamidoamine (prepolymer), polyamidoamine-Epi (AMRES ® ), a DADMAC copolymer, a cationic styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), a cationic latex, and mixtures thereof.
  • anionic polymer is selected from the group consisting of an acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer, a styrene acrylic acid copolymer, a styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, a styrene-acrylic acid - hydroxyethyl acrylate copolymer, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), an anionic latex, and mixtures thereof.
  • a composition for enhancing the wet strength of paper comprising a blend of two components:
  • an aldehyde scavenger having the structure:
  • step (1) is included in one or more of step (1), step (2), step (3), and the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide.
  • composition of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide is in a concentration of between 1% and 40% by weight of the two components.
  • composition of any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the stabilized glyoxalated polyacrylamide is in a concentration of between 10% and 40% by weight of the two components.
  • Equipment A Valley vibrating screen with 0.006-inch slots (A six-cut Valley Screen-
  • Voith is used for estimating the % fiber rejects, a water source and a stainless steel basket with fine mesh for collecting the passed fiber. 1. Turn on the motor of the Valley screen vibrator.
  • the LVDV-II+ viscometer is calibrated at the factory for viscosity and temperature; no mechanism exists for recalibration of either parameter in the field.
  • the accuracy and repeatability of viscosity readings are affected by bent spindles, temperature extremes, and damage or wear to the bearing and pivot point. Therefore, perform an autozero and bearing check on each viscometer on a regular basis as outlined in Appendix D.
  • a calibration verification using an NIST certified standard is required to quantify accuracy and repeatability of viscosity readings and is recommended at least once per month.
  • the water bath setpoint should result in a water temperature in the viscometer sample chamber of 25.O 0 C. Fill a sample chamber with water and verify the 25.O 0 C. reading using the NIST thermometer.
  • the LVDV-II+ viscometer reads viscosity directly so no calculations are necessary. Three equal % output readings
  • pH meter (Fisher Accumet AR25 , #13 -636- AR25 , or equivalent)
  • PVSK normality should be determined each time the pH is adjusted, when the PVSK reservoir is refilled, and at the beginning of each shift in the case of continuous plant operations. In the case of R&D operations the PVSK normality should be determined each time pH is adjusted, when the PVSK reservoir is refilled, and at the beginning of each day of operations. Determine Normality of PVSK titrant solution (see Appendix).
  • Muetek PCD 03 Charge Density (NB #230G02) Amres 25-HP, EUG #102270, 4/15/02 NB #215G99-2 Samples at pH 8

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des compositions comprenant un mélange d'au moins deux agents de renforcement du papier dont la stabilité est améliorée par rapport aux agents de renforcement déjà connus. Un composant est un agent de renforcement du papier polymère, de préférence un agent de renforcement à l’état humide. L'autre composant est un polyacrylamide glyoxalé stabilisé préparé (1) en faisant réagir une première portion de glyoxal avec un polyacrylamide portant des groupes amido latéraux pour former un premier mélange réactionnel comprenant un polyacrylamide glyoxalé, (2) en ajoutant un acide au premier mélange réactionnel pour former un deuxième mélange réactionnel de pH réduit et comprenant le polyacrylamide glyoxalé, et (3) en ajoutant une deuxième portion de glyoxal au deuxième mélange réactionnel pour former le polyacrylamide glyoxalé stabilisé. Si on le souhaite, un agent neutralisant les aldéhydes peut être inclus dans l'une ou plusieurs des étapes (1), (2) et (3), ou dans le polyacrylamide glyoxalé stabilisé. Ces compositions permettent d’améliorer la résistance du papier, en particulier la résistance du papier à l’état humide.
PCT/US2009/065343 2008-11-21 2009-11-20 Mélanges de polyacrylamides glyoxalés et d’agents de renforcement du papier WO2010059946A1 (fr)

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CA2744334A CA2744334C (fr) 2008-11-21 2009-11-20 Melanges de polyacrylamides glyoxales et d'agents de renforcement du papier
EP09761116.4A EP2358941B1 (fr) 2008-11-21 2009-11-20 Mélanges de polyacrylamides glyoxalatés et agents de renfort pour papier

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US12/275,619 US7897013B2 (en) 2004-08-17 2008-11-21 Blends of glyoxalated polyacrylamides and paper strengthening agents
US12/275,619 2008-11-21

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CA2744334A1 (fr) 2010-05-27
US7897013B2 (en) 2011-03-01
EP2358941A1 (fr) 2011-08-24
CA2744334C (fr) 2016-06-21
EP2358941B1 (fr) 2014-10-08

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