WO2010012790A1 - Procédé tribologique - Google Patents

Procédé tribologique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010012790A1
WO2010012790A1 PCT/EP2009/059830 EP2009059830W WO2010012790A1 WO 2010012790 A1 WO2010012790 A1 WO 2010012790A1 EP 2009059830 W EP2009059830 W EP 2009059830W WO 2010012790 A1 WO2010012790 A1 WO 2010012790A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wear
geometry
virtual
amount
counter
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PCT/EP2009/059830
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German (de)
English (en)
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WO2010012790A9 (fr
Inventor
Manfred Hartel
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Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM)
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Publication of WO2010012790A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010012790A1/fr
Publication of WO2010012790A9 publication Critical patent/WO2010012790A9/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/56—Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a tribological method for determining the wear between a main body and a specimen.
  • Tribology is an interdisciplinary field for optimizing mechanical technologies by reducing friction and wear-related energy and material losses.
  • the so-called tribosystem which in any case includes a main body and a counter-body (test specimen) and optionally an intermediate substance and a surrounding medium, is investigated.
  • This tribological test can be carried out as a field test or as a model experiment on a laboratory scale.
  • the wear can be determined, which occurs due to friction of the specimen on the body.
  • the determination of the quantitative wear amounts is a basic task of the tribological characterization of material pairings.
  • the aim of this characterization is the creation of an evaluative ranking with the statement: "the Material combination A has a lower friction and / or less wear than the material pairing B.
  • the amount of wear is typically detected on the basis of three geometric wear parameters, namely on the basis of the linear wear amount Wl [ ⁇ m], the planimetric wear amount Wq [ ⁇ m 2 ] and the volumetric wear amount Wv [ ⁇ m 3 ].
  • the comparative evaluation is typically carried out in the model wear examinations by the characteristics linear and volumetric wear amount. By selecting the parameter "volumetric wear amount", the influence of the specimen geometry is reduced.
  • a spherical counter-body is pressed against a flat base body and then reciprocated at a predetermined frequency over the oscillation amplitude ⁇ x.
  • this frequency is in the range of 0.1 Hz to 50 Hz or more.
  • the flat body has a trough-like wear track.
  • the profile of the wear track along the profile line on the tactile plane is now detected.
  • a sectional view running according to the profile line is shown in FIG. 2. Accordingly, the Tastline is transverse to the direction of stress and approximately centrally to the amplitude .DELTA.x. It detects a part of the unclaimed surface as a zero or reference line, and moreover, the area below this reference line. From this profile, the wear track width di and the areal planimetric wear amount Wq are determined.
  • the profile of the wear track is now described by an area-equivalent circular section with the radius R '.
  • the radius R ' is calculated approximately according to the formula (1) given below.
  • the radius R ' is typically greater than the original radius R of the spherical counter body.
  • tribological processes have generated a material order that is not taken into account in this wear analysis.
  • the linear wear amount at the plane and the volumetric wear amount W Vflat are set to zero by convention.
  • the linear amount of wear Wi at the plane is calculated approximately according to the formulas (2) or (2.1) given below.
  • the volumetric wear amount Wv at the plane is calculated approximately according to the formula (3) given below. ⁇ - d ⁇ - W 1
  • Fig. 3 shows schematically the actual geometric shape of the wear track of the ball.
  • the determination of the geometric wear characteristics of the ball takes place from the corresponding wear characteristics of the plane.
  • the wear-induced radius R ' is adopted at the plane for the calculation of the wear characteristics on the ball without correction.
  • the wear track width di of the ball corresponds to the wear track width di of the plane.
  • the linear amount of wear Wi of the ball is calculated approximately according to the formula (4) given below.
  • the volumetric wear amount Wv is approximately calculated by the formula (5) below.
  • the computation formulas calculate the volumetric wear amount on the sphere as the difference between two spherical cap volumes of radius R and R '.
  • the geometric statement of this assumption is shown in FIG. However, this does not correspond to the actual geometrical conditions in this tribosystem. Rather, the wear is determined geometrically as the volumetric intersection of a sphere with the radius R, which is penetrated by a cylinder with the radius R '. However, this provides a lower wear value than it is supplied by the approximate formulas given above. The volumetric amount of wear on the ball is therefore given according to the known method in principle greater than geometric explanations.
  • Another known method for determining wear involves complete detection of the worn surface by scanning methods.
  • the wear amounts are calculated from the xyz data with appropriate evaluation software.
  • both wear traces on the main body and on the counter body must always be measured.
  • Detecting linear wear amounts in the sub-micron range on curved surfaces and determining the corresponding volumes is a complex and difficult task.
  • light-based methods eg interferometry, laser scanning and confocal microscopy
  • Tactile scanning methods have a wider field of application than light-based methods, but require a great deal of time to scan the wear tracks.
  • the scanning or tactile methods typically have a downstream evaluation software, which uses a shape suppression of the curved output contour for calculating the wear volume. Is the If the desired output contour is not contained in the software or if, for example, the radius of a cylinder is not precisely calculated from the tactilely generated data, a sensible determination of the wear volume can not be carried out.
  • Another known method for determining the volumetric wear amounts is by weighing the counter-bodies.
  • the weighing method can reach the resolution limit of today's precision balances (eg 10 " mg) due to the small difference between the counterweight before the test and the weight after the test.
  • Such small masses can not be evaluated differently by weighing.
  • Another disadvantage of the weighing method is the practical handling when carrying out several individual tests in a series. The weighing interrupts the test procedure by the change between removal and installation of the counter body within a series of experiments.
  • Radionuclide technique Another known method for determining the amount of wear is the radionuclide technique.
  • a partial radioactive activation of the surface of the counter body is carried out.
  • the worn wear particles are simultaneously counted by a detector.
  • the determination of the amounts of wear is carried out by evaluating the count.
  • the radionuclide technique requires a liquid to transport the debris to the detector.
  • experiments without precursors can not be carried out in principle.
  • the intensity of the radioactive activation of the counter-body surface is material-dependent and decreases by the radioactive decay with time. Therefore, accurate scheduling and execution of sample handling and testing is required. Careful cleaning of the experimental facility between the experiments is absolutely necessary and time-consuming, since the radioactive particles must be removed from the experimental setup without residue. Furthermore, radioactive waste is generated.
  • a method for determining the volumetric wear amount comprises the steps of: providing a base body and a counter body; Generating a respective wear track on the base body and on the counter body by rubbing the counter body and the base body against each other; Determining the planimetric amount of wear on at least one representative wear track; Determining the amplitude; Determining the volumetric amount of wear of the body by multiplying the amplitude by the wear amount of the planimetric wear amount; ; Providing a virtual unclaimed counterbody geometry; Providing a virtual wear trace geometry; Difference between the virtual unclaimed counterbody geometry and the virtual wear trace geometry to obtain a worn counterbody geometry; Determining the volumetric amount of wear of the mating body by forming the volume difference between the unstressed and the worn mating body geometry; and determining the volumetric amount
  • a virtual counter-body geometry of the tribologically unclaimed and stressed surfaces is generated.
  • the volumetric wear amounts are calculated by numerical integration of the geometrical intersection of the penetrating bodies. This achieves greater accuracy in calculating the volumetric wear amounts by using the exact theoretical penetration geometries.
  • the limiting and partly incorrect assumptions underlying the analytic formulas can be dispensed with.
  • the initial contours of the main body and the counter body and the contours of the worn surfaces allow the geometric representation and mathematical description of these tribologically stressed surfaces. It should be remembered that the representative wear trace typically depends on the tribosystem. For example, in the tribosystem: sphere / plane, the planimetric wear amount at the plane (base) is determined.
  • the counter-body has a shape such that a cross section of the wear track can be described essentially by a radius.
  • the counter-body may be a ball or a cylinder or a torus.
  • the main body is a flat planar body, such as a disc.
  • the base body may also have a different geometry.
  • the main body may be a cylinder. In this way, typical tribosystems can be described by means of the method.
  • the planimetric amount of wear of the wear track is determined by means of a tactile scan.
  • the tactile scanning can take place along a profile line extending essentially perpendicular to the oscillation width.
  • the tactile sampling can be done by known tactile methods. These methods are familiar to the tribologically skilled person and therefore will not be discussed in detail here.
  • the virtual unstressed sample body geometry is provided as a matrix.
  • the entries in the matrix can be determined by specifying a section plane, the section plane being selected such that the specimen surface is unambiguous in a direction perpendicular to the section plane. Then, a grid is defined in the section plane, wherein in each case one entry of the matrix corresponds in each case to a grid point. Subsequently, the distance between the unstressed sample body surface and the cutting plane is determined at a respective grid point and the distance determined in this way is entered at the point of the matrix assigned to the respective grid point.
  • the virtual wear trace geometry can also be provided as a matrix.
  • the entries in the matrix are typically determined by defining a plane so that the surface of the wear track in a direction perpendicular to the plane is unique. Furthermore, a grid is defined in the plane, wherein in each case one entry of the matrix corresponds in each case to a grid point. Then the distance between the surface of the wear track and the plane at a respective grid point can be determined and the distance thus determined can be entered at the point of the matrix assigned to the respective grid point.
  • the respective gratings are formed as regular gratings, ie equally spaced gratings, and preferably the two gratings are the same. The case in which the distance to the sample body surface and / or the distance to the surface of the wear track as a function of the respective plane, ie above each of the grid points, can be represented is advantageous.
  • the geometric section of the virtual sample body geometries is greater than the real wear track width to choose. In this way it can be ensured that the total amount of wear is detected correctly.
  • the virtual wear trace geometry is formed as an area of the circumferential surface of a circular cylinder, wherein the circular cylinder has a virtual radius R '.
  • the virtual radius R ' can be determined on the basis of the planimetric wear amount of the wear track, wherein the virtual radius R' can be determined in particular iteratively.
  • the worn counterbody geometry is obtained as follows. First, the virtual unstressed counterbody geometry and the virtual wear trace geometry are aligned with each other so that the virtual unclaimed counterbody geometry and the virtual wear trace geometry intersect. The distance between the intersections or cut lines should be substantially equal to the track width of the wear track. Furthermore, the distance between the mutually aligned virtual unclaimed counter-body geometry and the virtual wear track geometry is determined. According to a further development, the virtual unclaimed counterbody geometry and the virtual wear track geometry can be provided as matrices and the difference between the matrices formed. Subsequently, the virtual unclaimed counterbody geometry is reduced by the distance to obtain the worn counterbody geometry.
  • the difference between the difference matrix obtained from the virtual unclaimed counterbody geometry and the virtual wear track geometry and the matrix of the virtual unstressed counterbody geometry can be formed.
  • the worn counter body geometry can be obtained in a simple manner and geometrically correct by simple subtraction of matrices.
  • the volume difference between the unclaimed and the worn counterbody geometry can then be determined by simple numerical integration.
  • the virtual unclaimed counter-body geometry and the worn counter-body geometry can be provided as matrices, the difference between these matrices being formed in order to obtain a linear amount of wear for each entry of the matrix.
  • the linear wear amounts thus obtained are multiplied by respective areas associated with the matrix entries to obtain respective volumes.
  • the volumetric amount of wear on the mating body then results simply by adding up these volumes.
  • the volume of a portion of the worn counter-body geometry can furthermore be determined.
  • the portion is formed by the part of the counter-body geometry, which is recorded in the wear track when the worn counter body is fitted in the wear track.
  • This volume of the subarea is now added to the volumetric wear amount of the body.
  • the end portions of the wear track can be taken into account in the determination of the amount of wear, so that the result has a greater accuracy. This improves the result, especially at shorter vibration ranges, in which the end regions of the wear track are not negligible.
  • a cutting plane through the worn counter-body geometry are set, the cutting plane is selected so that it coincides with an unclaimed surface of the body when the worn counter body is fitted into the wear track.
  • a grid is set in the cutting plane, the cutting plane and the worn counter-body geometry are respectively provided as matrices, and wherein a respective entry in one of the matrices corresponds to a respective grid point.
  • the distance between the cutting plane and the worn counter-body geometry can be determined at a respective grid point. Multiplying the distances at each grid point with areas each assigned to the grid points then yields respective volumes. The volume of the subregion is obtained by summing up these volumes.
  • the above invention or portions of the above invention may be realized, for example, by a computer program having program code adapted to perform the method or part of the method.
  • a computer program may be stored on a machine-readable medium or provided as a data stream.
  • the method may be made available via a computer program product, the computer program product having a program code for performing the method when the program is executed on a computer. As a result, a computer is available, which is set up to carry out the method.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a wear track on the main body.
  • Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the wear track along the profile line shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a worn counter-body geometry.
  • FIG. 5 shows a possible representation of the virtual unclaimed counterbody geometry according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 shows a possible representation of the virtual wear trace geometry according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 shows a possible representation of the middle part B of the virtual wear trace geometry from FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 8 shows a possible representation of the worn counter-body geometry according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • Fig. 9 shows a possible representation of the end portions of the wear track according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • Cylinder axis is ..
  • Cylinder axis is located.
  • Cylinder axis is located.
  • FIG. 5 shows a possible representation of the virtual unclaimed counterbody geometry according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • the counter-body is spherical and the counter-body geometry is a section of the spherical surface.
  • the spherical surface is represented as a grid over the cutting plane, wherein in each case a grid point is assigned an entry in a matrix.
  • the entry in the matrix indicates the distance of the grid point to the section plane (xy plane).
  • the number of points in the xy section specifies the size and dimensions of the xy matrices. The finer the grid is chosen, the more accurate the results will be.
  • the xy-cut larger than the wear track width is selected. In this way the wear volume can be calculated completely.
  • the surface contour is computationally generated in an xy-matrix as a z-coordinate.
  • FIG. 6 shows a possible representation of the virtual wear track geometry according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • the wear track breaks down into two end regions A and a middle region B.
  • the middle region B has a length which is equal to the amplitude ⁇ x.
  • the surface geometry of the central region B can be described as the lateral surface of a circular cylinder.
  • the volumetric amount of wear of the region B results from the multiplication of the planimetric wear amount Wq by the amplitude .DELTA.x.
  • FIG. 7 shows such a possible representation of the middle part B of the virtual wear track geometry as a cylinder jacket surface.
  • the profile of the wear mark on the plane can be described by a planar circular section with the radius R '(see Fig. 2).
  • the middle part B of the virtual wear trace geometry can be represented as a cylinder jacket surface of a circular cylinder.
  • the circular cylinder having a radius R 'cy iinder au f from the planimetric wear amount Wq of the plane can now by a numeric approximation methods, the radius R' are calculated Direction cy ii. The calculation can be done iteratively using formulas (6) and (7) below:
  • FIG. 8 now shows a possible representation of the worn counterbody geometry.
  • the superposed counter-body geometry and 5 shown the geometry of the wear track shown in Fig. 7 in FIG., Namely such that the zenith of the ball with the value of the generatrix of the cylinder R 'cy i Mder coincides.
  • the cylinder jacket surface is lowered by the linear amount of wear Wi of the ball. If the radius R'cyii ⁇ de r is known, then the linear amount of wear Wi of the sphere can be analytic be determined according to the formulas (2) and (4).
  • the raster area i. the plane dimension of the xy-cut divided by the number of grid points, multiplied by the corresponding z-coordinate (matrix entry) of the difference matrix.
  • the summation of these columns numerically gives the volume of the worn ball.
  • the end portions A of the wear track can be neglected. With typical dimensions of the counter body and the amplitude, however, this condition is not necessarily fulfilled. Therefore, a simple way will be given below of how the end portions of the wear track can be considered. Since the two end regions A are mirror-symmetrical to each other, they need not be determined individually. Rather, the end regions can be formed by the part of the counter-body geometry that is recorded in the wear track when the worn counter-body is fitted in the wear track. This volume is shown schematically in FIG.
  • the cutting plane is selected so that it coincides with an unclaimed surface of the body when the worn counter body is fitted into the wear track (see Fig. 9).
  • the distance between the cutting plane and the worn counter-body geometry at a respective grid point can be determined. Multiplying the distances at each grid point with areas assigned to the grid points then yields the respective volumes.
  • the total volume of the end regions is finally obtained by summing up these volumes. This volume of the end regions is now added to the volumetric wear amount of the main body. In this way, the end portions of the wear track can be taken into account in the determination of the amount of wear, so that the result has a greater accuracy. This improves the result, especially at shorter vibration ranges, in which the end regions of the wear track are not negligible.
  • FIG. 10 shows a possible representation of the virtual wear track geometry on a first cylinder
  • FIG. 11 shows a possible representation of the virtual wear track geometry on a second cylinder in a 0 ° -90 ° arrangement.
  • the planimetric wear amount Wq is determined only on the first cylinder by a tactile scan.
  • tribosystem cylinder / cylinder in a 45 ° -45 ° - arrangement is possible.
  • Fig. 12 a possible representation of the virtual wear trace geometry of this system is shown.
  • the wear track width di and the planimetric wear amount Wq are determined by a profile scan.
  • Tribosystem volume
  • the volumetric wear amounts at the level Wv flat show no significant differences and are to be regarded as equal within the scope of the distribution of tribological tests.
  • the amount Wv ⁇ 14800 * 10 '6 mm 3 from the tactile measurement is about 15% lower than the values from the two calculation methods.
  • the tribological method comprises the generation of a virtual counter-body geometry of the tribologically unclaimed and stressed surfaces as well as the calculation of the volumetric wear amounts by numerical integration of the geometrical intersections of the penetrating counter-bodies. Due to these properties, the method according to the invention has a greater accuracy of calculating the volumetric wear amounts by using the real penetration geometries. An analytical formula with limiting assumptions need not be applied.
  • the output contours of the counter bodies and the contours of the worn surfaces can be stored as xy matrices, for example in ASCII code, and allow the geometric representation and mathematical description of these tribologically stressed surfaces.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de détermination du degré d'usure volumétrique, lequel procédé consiste à préparer un corps de base et un corps complémentaire, à pratiquer respectivement une marque d'usure sur le corps de base et sur le corps complémentaire par frottement du corps complémentaire et du corps de base l'un contre l'autre, à déterminer le degré d'usure planimétrique sur au moins une marque d'usure représentative, à déterminer le rebondissement, à déterminer le degré d'usure volumétrique du corps de base par multiplication du rebondissement par le degré d'usure planimétrique de la marque d'usure, à établir une géométrie de corps complémentaire non contrainte virtuelle, à établir une géométrie de marque d'usure virtuelle, à établir la différence entre la géométrie de corps complémentaire non contrainte virtuelle et la géométrie de marque d'usure virtuelle afin d'obtenir une géométrie de corps complémentaire usée, à déterminer le degré d'usure volumétrique du corps complémentaire par établissement de la différence de volume entre la géométrie de corps complémentaire non contrainte et la géométrie de corps complémentaire usée, puis à déterminer le degré d'usure volumétrique par addition du degré d'usure volumétrique du corps de base et du degré d'usure volumétrique du corps complémentaire.
PCT/EP2009/059830 2008-07-29 2009-07-29 Procédé tribologique WO2010012790A1 (fr)

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JP2013142611A (ja) * 2012-01-11 2013-07-22 Sumitomo Wiring Syst Ltd 電線被覆材の耐磨耗性試験方法
DE102012004846B4 (de) * 2012-03-13 2014-03-20 Efim Fischbein Verfahren zum Beurteilen der Qualität von Reibpaarungen
CN107167193B (zh) * 2017-04-07 2020-02-21 北京工业大学 传送带上的物料体积流量测量方法及系统
DE102019104725B4 (de) * 2019-02-25 2021-06-10 Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh Verfahren und Messeinrichtung zur Bestimmung des Verschleißes einer Oberfläche

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DE102005023651A1 (de) * 2005-04-12 2007-02-08 Daimlerchrysler Ag Verfahren zur Vorhersage des Abriebs einer Oberfläche

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