WO2009135049A1 - Procédés et compositions de micronutriments de plante - Google Patents

Procédés et compositions de micronutriments de plante Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009135049A1
WO2009135049A1 PCT/US2009/042384 US2009042384W WO2009135049A1 WO 2009135049 A1 WO2009135049 A1 WO 2009135049A1 US 2009042384 W US2009042384 W US 2009042384W WO 2009135049 A1 WO2009135049 A1 WO 2009135049A1
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Prior art keywords
plant
compound
ppm
chelate
metal
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PCT/US2009/042384
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English (en)
Inventor
Ibrahim Abou-Nemeh
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Novus International Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Novus International Inc. filed Critical Novus International Inc.
Publication of WO2009135049A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009135049A1/fr
Priority to US12/914,413 priority Critical patent/US20110098177A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C05D9/02—Other inorganic fertilisers containing trace elements

Definitions

  • the invention encompasses methods and compositions for providing a metal micronutrient to a plant.
  • Plants must obtain their vital micronuthents, such as essential metals, by absorption from air, water and/or soil. If a plant lacks a micronutrient it requires, its development or production may be affected, resulting in lower yields. A plant suffering from micronutrient malnutrition may appear healthy, but the growth of the plant and/or quality and quantity of the crop may be adversely affected. This may result in large economic losses.
  • vital micronuthents such as essential metals
  • Chelates generally comprise a metal and a ligand that holds the metal in a bioavailable form that a plant can use. Depending on the ligand, however, some metal chelates can be toxic to plants. Additionally, some ligands may hold the metal in a more bioavailable form than other ligands. The more bioavailable the metal is, the less chelate is required for the same effect on plant development or growth. This can be an important cost consideration. Some chelates may have the added advantage of reducing insect damage to a plant. Consequently, there is a need for compositions of bioavailable micronutrients, such as metals, that are non-toxic to plants. Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • one aspect of the invention encompasses a method for increasing a marketable yield trait of a plant.
  • the method includes administering to the plant at least one compound that includes a chelate of a metal and a compound of formula (I):
  • n is an integer from 0 to 2
  • R 1 is methyl or ethyl
  • R 2 is hydroxyl or amino
  • Another aspect of the invention encompasses a method for providing a micronutrient to a plant.
  • the method includes coating a seed of the plant or soaking the seed in a solution with at least one compound that includes a chelate of a metal and a compound of formula (I), as above, where n is an integer from 0 to 2, R 1 is methyl or ethyl, and R 2 is hydroxyl or amino.
  • the method includes incubating the seed under conditions such that the seed germinates. The amount of the compound coated on the seed or soaked into the seed provides the micronutrient to the plant as it grows in a manner that is non-toxic to the plant.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for providing a metal micronutrient to a plant and increasing a marketable yield trait of the plant.
  • the present invention provides compositions comprising at least one metal compound and a fertilizer.
  • the methods comprise Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • At least one marketable yield trait of the plant is increased.
  • compositions that may be utilized to provide a micronutrient to a plant or reduce insect damage to a plant.
  • a composition of the invention comprises at least one metal compound and at least one fertilizer.
  • a metal compound may be administered alone to a plant to provide a metal micronutrient.
  • a composition may also comprise an insecticide, microbicide, and/or a herbicide. Suitable metal compounds, fertilizers, and other components of a composition are detailed below.
  • a composition may comprise at least one metal compound and at least one fertilizer in a single component.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise more than one component.
  • a composition may comprise a metal compound component and a fertilizer component. If a composition comprises more than one component, then the separate components may be applied sequentially or simultaneously. More details on the application of a composition may be found in section Il below.
  • Metal compounds of the invention may comprise metal chelates or metal salts. Each is described in more detail below.
  • a metal compound may be administered to provide a metal micronutrient to a plant or to reduce insect damage to the plant.
  • the metal compound may be administered alone, or in a composition of the invention, as herein described.
  • compositions that include a metal chelate.
  • chelates usually comprise an organic acid moiety and an organic sulfur moiety.
  • the chelate comprises a hydroxy Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • the hydroxy analog of methionine is a compound having formula (I):
  • n is an integer from 0 to 2;
  • R 1 is methyl or ethyl
  • R 2 is hydroxyl or amino.
  • R 1 when R 1 is methyl, R 2 is not an amino.
  • n 2 is 2, R 1 is methyl and R 2 is hydroxyl.
  • the compound formed by this selection of chemical groups is 2- hydroxy-4(methylthio)butanoic acid (commonly known as "HMTBA” and sold by Novus International, St. Louis, Mo under the trade name ALIMET®).
  • HMTBA salts, chelates, esters, amides, and oligomers are also suitable for use in the invention.
  • Representative esters of HMTBA include the methyl, ethyl, 2-propyl, butyl, and 3- methylbutyl esters of HMTBA.
  • Representative amides of HMTBA include methylamide, dimethylamide, ethylmethylamide, butylamide, dibutylamide, and butylmethylamide.
  • Representative oligomers of HMTBA include its dimers, trimers, tetramers and oligomers that include a greater number of repeating units.
  • the hydroxy analog of methionine forms a chelate comprising one or more ligand compounds having formula (I) together with one or more metal ions.
  • suitable non-limiting examples of metal ions include zinc ions, copper ions, manganese ions, iron ions, chromium ions, cobalt ions, and calcium ions.
  • the metal ion is divalent. Examples of divalent metal ions (i.e., ions having a net charge of 2 + ) include copper ions, manganese ions, chromium ions, calcium ions, cobalt ions and iron ions.
  • the metal ion is zinc.
  • the metal ion is copper. Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • the metal ion is manganese. In a further embodiment, the metal ion is iron.
  • the ligand compound having formula (I) is preferably HMTBA. In one exemplary embodiment, the metal chelate is Mn-HMTBA. In a further exemplary embodiment, the metal chelate is Cu-HMTBA. In an alternative exemplary embodiment, the metal chelate is Zn-HMTBA.
  • the composition of the invention provides metal ion chelates that are effective for providing a metal micronuthent to a plant, and for reducing insect damage to a plant, and yet, minimize the degree of phytotoxicity for the plant itself.
  • metal ions may be toxic to plants, and their use generally carries the risk of injuring foliage and fruit of the plant in order to achieve the benefits.
  • One factor underlying the extent of plant injury is the amount of actual metal administered to the plant in a given application. Because the metal- containing compounds of the invention are chelates, such as Cu-HMTBA, that are relatively stable and release ions over a relatively prolonged duration of time, the compounds may be formulated for controlled release applications.
  • the amount of metal ion administered to the plant in any given application may be significantly lower (i.e., minimizing the risk of damage to the plant), while the total amount of metal ion administered over time may be enough to provide the desired benefits.
  • the metal-containing compounds of the invention may be formulated for controlled release according to methods generally known in the art.
  • certain metal chelate compounds of the invention provide a source of "fixed” copper compounds.
  • "fixed copper” refers to a form of copper compound in which the copper is in a chelated or complexed form. The resultant chemical is relatively insoluble compared to other copper compounds, such as copper sulfate.
  • Cu-HMTBA and mixtures including this compound as well as Zn-HMBTA may be used in applications suitable for use of fixed copper.
  • An exemplary formulation for this application is for dusting plants with a powder containing the copper-containing compound. Formulations for powder may be accomplished by methods generally known in the art. Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • the ratio of ligands to metal ions forming a metal chelate compound can and will vary. Generally speaking, where the number of ligands is equal to the charge of the metal ions, the charge of the molecule is typically net neutral because the carboxy moieties of the ligands having formula (I) are in deprotonated form.
  • each of the hydroxyl or amino groups i.e., R 2 of compound I
  • R 2 of compound I is believed to be bound by a coordinate covalent bond to the metal while an ionic bond exists between each of the carboxylate groups of the metal ion.
  • This situation exists, for example, where divalent zinc, copper, or manganese is complexed with two HMTBA ligands.
  • the ligands in excess of the charge generally remain in a protonated state to balance the charge.
  • the charge may be balanced by the presence of another anion, such as, for example, chloride, bromide, iodide, bicarbonate, hydrogen sulfate, and dihydrogen phosphate.
  • a suitable ratio of ligand to metal ion is from about 1 :1 to about 3:1 or higher. In another embodiment, the ratio of ligand to metal ion is from about 1.5:1 to about 2.5:1.
  • the mixture will include compounds having different ratios of ligand to metal ion.
  • a composition of metal chelate compounds may have species with ratios of ligand to metal ion that include 1 :1 , 1.5:1 , 2:1 , 2.5:1 , and 3:1.
  • Metal chelate compounds of the invention may be made in accordance with methods generally known in the art, such as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,335,257 and 4,579,962, which are both hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the metal chelate compounds may be purchased from a commercially available source.
  • Zn-HMTBA and Cu-HMTBA may be purchased from Novus International, Saint Louis, MO, sold under the trade names MINTREX® Zn, and MINTREX® Cu, respectively.
  • the amount of metal chelate in a composition of the invention can and will vary. Generally speaking, the amount should be determined by the metal Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • micronutrient needs of the plant The micronutrient concentration of the soil used for the plant may also be taken into consideration. For more details, see Section Il below.
  • the hydroxy analog of methionine may be a metal salt comprising an anionic compound having formula (I) together with a metal ion.
  • suitable metal ions will have either a 1 + , 2 + or a 3 + charge and will be selected from zinc ions, copper ions, manganese ions, iron ions, chromium ions, nickel ions, and cobalt ions.
  • zinc ions, copper ions, manganese ions, iron ions, chromium ions, nickel ions, and cobalt ions zinc ions, copper ions, manganese ions, iron ions, chromium ions, nickel ions, and cobalt ions.
  • Salts useful in the invention may be formed when the metal, metal oxide, metal hydroxide or metal salt (e.g., metal carbonate, metal nitrate, or metal halide) react with one or more compounds having formula (I).
  • the compound having formula (I) will be HMTBA.
  • Salts may be prepared according to methods generally known in the art. For example, a metal salt may be formed by contacting HMTBA with a metal ion source.
  • the amount of metal salt in a composition of the invention can and will vary. Generally speaking, the amount should be determined by the metal micronutrient needs of the plant. The micronutrient concentration of the soil used for the plant may also be taken into consideration. For more details, see Section Il below.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise more than one metal compound.
  • a composition may comprise at least one metal chelate and at least one metal salt.
  • a composition may comprise at least two metal chelates.
  • a composition may comprise at least three metal chelates.
  • the metal compound preferably comprises a chelate of formula (I), as Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • the metal compound preferable comprises HMTBA.
  • a composition may comprise a metal compound combination detailed in Table A below.
  • the ratio of one metal compound to another in a combination of the invention can and will vary. Generally speaking, the ratio is determined by the metal micronuthent needs of the plant. The micronutrient concentration of the soil used for the plant may also be taken into consideration. For more details, see Section Il below.
  • a composition of the invention typically comprises at least one fertilizer in addition to at least one metal compound.
  • fertilizer refers to a composition capable of providing nutrition to a plant.
  • a fertilizer may provide, in varying proportions, the three primary plant nutrients (also called macronutrients): nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
  • the macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and may be present as a whole number or tenths of percentages in plant tissues (on a dry matter weight basis).
  • the fertilizer may provide secondary plant nutrients such as calcium, sulfur, or magnesium.
  • a fertilizer may provide a trace element (or micronuthent) such as boron, chlorine, and molybdenum.
  • Micronutrients may be required in concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 parts per million (ppm) by mass.
  • Fertilizers may be artificial or naturally occurring.
  • naturally occurring fertilizers may include manure, slurry, worm castings, peat, seaweed, sewage, mine rock phosphate, sulfate of potash, limestone and guano.
  • Fertilizers may also include conventional fertilizer source materials that contain phosphorous, potassium or nitrogen. The amounts of available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium may be varied in accordance with the requirements of the plants to be fertilized.
  • Conventional fertilizer percentages i.e., the mass ratio of N:P:K
  • Conventional fertilizer percentages including but not limited to 16:8:8; 8:4:4; 5:5:5; 15:5:5 and 22:11 :11 may be provided by a fertilizer of the invention.
  • Urea, ammonium sulfate, mono-ammonium phosphate or other known sources of nitrogen may be used alone or in mixtures as the source of nitrogen.
  • Diammonium phosphate may be used as a source of both nitrogen and phosphorous.
  • mono-ammonium phosphate, super phosphate, or triple super phosphate, a phosphate rock containing three times as much phosphoric acid as super phosphate may be used as the source of phosphorous.
  • Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate or other potassium salt may be used to provide the potash.
  • Trace elements and secondary nutrients such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur may be included in the mixture, if desired.
  • the trace elements may include iron, copper, manganese, barium, zinc, chlorine, vanadium, selenium, sodium, molybdenum or any other element required by a plant.
  • Suitable fertilizers may be in the form of a powder, a granule, a liquid, or a nutritionally enriched soil. Methods of making various fertilizer forms are well known in the art.
  • the ratio of fertilizer to metal compound(s) in a composition of the invention can and will vary. In some embodiments, the ratio of fertilizer to metal compound(s) is about 1 :1 , 1 :2, 1 :3, 1 :4, 1 :5, 1 :6, 1 :7, 1 :8, 1 :9, or 1 :10. In other embodiments, the ratio is about 2:1 , 3:1 , 4:1 , 5:1 , 6:1 , 7:1 , 8:1 , 9:1 , or 10:1.
  • compositions comprising insecticides, microbicides, herbicides, plant-growth regulators and other components.
  • synergism can be expected from the use of the compositions of this invention.
  • the other components of a composition of the invention will not exceed about 50% of the composition.
  • the other components will not exceed about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, or 45% of the composition.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise a microbicide.
  • Suitable microbicides may include a fungicide or a bactericide.
  • the choice of a fungicide or bactericide can and will vary depending upon the plant and the microbial target.
  • fungicides and bactericides include the following: carbamate fungicides such as 3,3'-ethylenebis(tetrahydro-4,6-dimethyl-2H-1 ,3,5-thiadiazine-2- thione), zinc or manganese ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate), bis(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl)disulfide, zinc propylenebis(dithiocarbamate) bis(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl)ethylenediamine; nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, methyl 1 - (butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, 1 ,2-bis(3-methoxycarbonyl-2- thioureido)benzene, 1 -isopropylcarbamoyl-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)hydantoin, potassium N-hydroxymethyl-N-methyldi
  • carbamate fungicides such
  • phthalimide fungicides such as N-(2,6- diethylphenyl)phthalimide and N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-4-methylphthalinnide; dicarboxyimide fungicides such as N-trichloromethylthio ⁇ -cyclohexene-i ⁇ - dicarboxyimide and N-tetrachloroethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1 ,2-dicarboxyimide; oxathine fungicides such as ⁇ . ⁇ -dihydro ⁇ -nnethyl-i ⁇ -oxathine-S-carboxanilido ⁇ -dioxide and 5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1 ,4-oxathine-3-carboxanilide; naphtho
  • Additional suitable fungicides may include a chlorothalonil-based fungicide, a strobiluhn-based fungicide, a triazole-based fungicide or a suitable combination of these fungicides.
  • strobilurin-based fungicides include azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, or trifloxystrobin.
  • triazole-based fungicides include myclobutanil, propiconazole, tebuconazol, and tetraconazole.
  • a composition of the invention may comprise an herbicide.
  • herbicides that may be used include, without limitation, imidazolinone, acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, AKH-7088, alachlor, alloxydim, ametryn, amidosulfuron, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, asulam, atrazine, azafenidin, azimsulfuron, BAS 620H, BAS 654 00H, BAY FOE 5043, benazolin, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, bentazone, benzofenap, bifenox, bilanafos, bispyribac-sodium, bromacil, bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, butachlor, butam
  • MCPA MCPA-thioethyl
  • MCPB mecoprop, mecoprop-P, mefenacet, metamitron, metazachlor, methabenzthiazuron, methylarsonic acid, methyldynnron, methyl isothiocyanate, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, molinate, monolinuron, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, nonanoic acid, norflurazon, oleic acid (fatty acids), orbencarb, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxasulfuron, oxyfluorfen, paraquat dichloride, pebulate, pendimethalin, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, pentox
  • a composition of the invention may comprise an insecticide.
  • suitable insecticides may include the following: phosphoric insecticides such as O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6- pyhmidinyl)phosphorothioate, O,O-dimethyl S-2-[(ethylthio)ethyl]phosphorodithioate, O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)thiophosphate, O,O-dimethyl S-(N- methylcarbamoylmethyl)phosphorodithioate, O,O-dimethyl S-(N-methyl-N- formylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate, O,O-dimethyl S-2-[(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate, O,O-diethyl S-2-[(ethylthio)ethyl
  • compositions of this invention typically may contain at least one metal compound and an adjuvant in liquid or solid form.
  • the compositions may be prepared by admixing the components with or without an adjuvant plus diluents, extenders, carriers, and conditioning agents to provide compositions in the form of wettable powder, soluble powder, dust, aerosol, microcapsules, finely-divided particulate solids, granules, pellets, solutions, seed coatings, dispersions or emulsions.
  • a composition will be in the form of a dust or powder for use in dusting the plant with a composition of the invention, such as by crop dusting.
  • the components may be mixed with an adjuvant such as a finely divided solid, a liquid of organic origin, water, a wetting agent, a dispersing agent, an emulsifying agent, a spreader, a sticker, a thickening agent, or any suitable combination of these agents.
  • Suitable solid, liquid, and gaseous carriers may be utilized in the compositions of the invention.
  • suitable solid carriers include, for example, fine powders or granules of clays (e.g. kaolin clay, diatomaceous earth, synthetic hydrated silicon dioxide, attapulgite clay, bentonite and acid clay), talcs, other inorganic minerals (e.g. sericite, powdered quartz, powdered sulfur, activated carbon, calcium carbonate and hydrated silica), and salts for chemical fertilizers (e.g. ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium chloride).
  • clays e.g. kaolin clay, diatomaceous earth, synthetic hydrated silicon dioxide, attapulgite clay, bentonite and acid clay
  • talcs other inorganic minerals (e.g. sericite, powdered quartz, powdered sulfur, activated carbon, calcium carbonate and hydrated silica),
  • Suitable liquid carriers include, for example, water, alcohols (e.g. methanol and ethanol), ketones (e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and methylnaphthalene), aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g. hexane and kerosene), esters (e.g. ethyl acetate and butyl acetate), Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • alcohols e.g. methanol and ethanol
  • ketones e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone
  • aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and methylnaphthalene
  • nitriles e.g. acetonitrile and isobutyronitrile
  • ethers e.g. dioxane and diisopropyl ether
  • acid amides e.g. dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide
  • halogenated hydrocarbons e.g. dichloroethane, thchloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride
  • gaseous carriers include, for example, butane gas, carbon dioxide, and fluorocarbon gas.
  • the formulation may include a wetting agent
  • a suitable wetting agent will enhance the contact and uptake of the components of the composition by the plant via a variety of mechanisms such as by causing increased spreading and retention of the components.
  • a variety of wetting agents of the cationic, anionic or non-ionic type may be used.
  • Non-limiting examples of wetting agents suitable for use include alkyl benzene and alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, alkyl and alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl amine oxides, alkyl and alkyl aryl phosphate esters, organosilicones, fluoro-organic wetting agents, alcohol ethoxylates, alkoxylated amines, sulfated fatty alcohols, amines or acid amides, long chain acid esters of sodium isothionate, esters of sodium sulfosuccinate, sulfated or sulfonated fatty acid esters, petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated vegetable oils, ditertiary acetylenic glycols, block copolymers, polyoxyalkylene derivatives of alkylphenols (particularly isooctylphenol and nonylphenol) and polyoxyalkylene derivatives of the mono-high
  • Further examples may include ethoxylated sorbitan, ethoxylated fatty acid, polysorbate-80, glycerol oleate, oleate salts, coconate salts, laurelate salts and suitable combinations of any of these wetting agents.
  • the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.
  • the composition may include a dispersant.
  • dispersant examples include methyl, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium lignin sulfonates, polymeric alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, polymethylene bisnaphthalene sulfonate, and neutralized polyoxyethylated derivatives or ring-substituted alkyl phenol phosphates.
  • Stabilizers may also be used to produce stable emulsions, such as magnesium aluminum silicate and xanthan gum.
  • the composition may include a sticker.
  • a suitable sticker will increase the firmness of attachment of finely-divided solids or other water-soluble or water-insoluble materials to the solid surfaces of the Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • stickers include latex-based resins, beta-pinene, free fatty acids, alkanolamides, gum arabic, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, alginate salt, casein, dextran, pectin, agar, 2-hydroxyethyl starch, 2-aminoethyl starch, 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose salt, cellulose sulfate salt, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, and gelatin.
  • stickers include latex-based resins, beta-pinene, free fatty acids, alkanolamides, gum arabic, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, alginate salt, casein, dextran, pectin, agar, 2-hydroxyethy
  • the composition may include a thickening agent.
  • a suitable thickening agent increases the viscosity of the composition.
  • suitable thickening agents include polyethylene glycols, glycerol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, gelatin, pectin, zinc oxide, starch, bentonite, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose, starches, gums, casein, gelatin, phycocolloids, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxyvinylates, silicates, colloidal silica, alginates, talc, magnesium aluminum silicate, xanthan gum, cornstarch, potato starch, soy starch, and wheat starch.
  • the active compounds may also be formulated as a spray in the form of an aerosol.
  • the formulation When formulated as an aerosol spray, the formulation is generally charged in a container under pressure together with a propellant.
  • propellants include fluorothchloromethane or dichlorodifluoromethane.
  • the active compounds may be formulated in the form of a seed coating that includes the active compounds as well as at least one coating agent.
  • suitable seed coatings house ingredients to enhance seed propagation, as well as to protect the seeds from fungal infestation, pest insects, and damage during packaging, shipping and planting.
  • Non-limiting examples of coating agents include polymers, such as acrylics, modified polyacrylamides, vinyl acrylics, a neutralized copolymer of acrylic acid (AA) or methacrylic acid (MAA) and a lower acrylate, a crosslinked copolymer of vinyl acetate and a lower alkyl acrylate, proteins, polysaccharides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinyl alcohol, hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyvinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • polymers such as acrylics, modified polyacrylamides, vinyl acrylics, a neutralized copolymer of acrylic acid (AA) or methacrylic acid (MAA) and a lower acrylate, a crosslinked copolymer of vinyl acetate and a lower alkyl acrylate, proteins, polysaccharides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyvinyl alcohol, hydrolyze
  • the seed coating may be formed using methods known in the art.
  • the active compounds may be mixed with an emulsion polymer, the emulsion polymer may be applied to the seed, and the polymer may be allowed to dry on the seed.
  • the seed coating may be applied using known methods including but not limited to immersing the seeds in an emulsion polymer, spraying the seeds with the emulsion polymer, rotary drum coating, and coating using a fluidized bed apparatus such as a Wurster apparatus.
  • the amount of seed coating that is applied to a seed can and will vary depending in part on the number and amounts of active compounds incorporated into the seed coating, the size of the seed, and the desired material properties of the seed coating.
  • the seed coating may be resistant to abrasion or fracture during manufacture, packaging, transport, and planting.
  • the seed coating may be resistant to forming aggregated clumps of seeds during storage or planting. Further, the seed coating may be resistant to storage conditions such as heat or humidity.
  • the seed coating may also degrade when exposed to conditions conducive to germination once the seed is planted.
  • the seed coating may degrade in such a way that the seed receives adequate oxygen, water, and nutrients to support germination and subsequent emergence.
  • the seed coating may degrade in such a way that the growing shoot of the germinated seed may emerge from the seed.
  • the coating agent material may be water- permeable and may further swell and form pores, channels or other physical openings when exposed to moisture in an amount sufficient to support germination.
  • the coating agent material may be susceptible to degradation only within a temperature range conducive to seed germination. The material properties of the seed coating can and will vary depending in part on the size and shape of the seed, the desired germination conditions, the coating agent, and the thickness and overall amount of the seed coating.
  • the thickness of the seed coating may be sufficiently thin to allow normal respiration and germination of the seed.
  • the thickness of the seed coating applied to a seed may vary between about 0.01 mm and about 5 mm. In other embodiments, the thickness of the seed coating may vary between about 0.01 Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • the weight of the seed coating may vary between about 1 % and about 100% of the weight of the uncoated seed.
  • the weight of the seed coating may vary between about 1 % and about 10%, about 5% and about 20%, about 10% and about 30%, about 20% and about 40%, about 50% and about 70%, about 60% and about 80%, about 70% and about 90%, and about 80% and about 100% of the weight of the uncoated seed.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for providing an essential metal to a plant.
  • the method comprises administering to the plant an effective amount of at least one metal compound.
  • the method comprises administering an effective amount of at least one metal chelate, wherein the chelate comprises a compound of formula (I):
  • n is an integer from 0 to 2; R 1 is methyl or ethyl; and R 2 is hydroxyl or amino.
  • R 1 of formula (I) when R 1 of formula (I) is methyl, R 2 is not an amino.
  • n of formula (I) is 2, R 1 is methyl and R 2 is hydroxyl.
  • the metal chelate is comprised of HMTBA.
  • the method comprises administering to the plant an effective amount of a composition, as detailed in section I above. Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • an "effective amount" of a metal compound can and will vary depending in part on the metal compound, the plant, the soil composition, and the growing conditions. Generally speaking, no increase in growth or production of the plant will occur either below or above the effective amount. In addition, applications of the metal compound above the effective amount may be toxic to the plant, resulting in adverse effects including but not limited to foliar toxicity and decreased marketable yield.
  • the metal nutrient needs of a plant may be calculated for a growing season using methods commonly known in the art.
  • the calculated nutrient needs may then be used to calculate the effective amount.
  • the effective amount of the metal compound will usually be about 10x, 9x, 8x, 7x, 6x, 5x, 4x, 3x, 2x, 1x, 0.75x, 0.5x, or 0.25x of the metal nutrient needs of the plant.
  • the metal micronuthent concentration of the soil may be considered in determining the effective amount.
  • the compound may be applied as an aqueous solution.
  • the aqueous solution including the compound may be sprayed directly onto the soil, onto the seeds of the plant prior to planting, or onto the leaves and stem of the plant.
  • the compound may be applied in a single application, or the compound may be applied in at least two applications.
  • the concentration at which the compound may be administered in each application can and will vary depending in part on the metal compound, the plant, the soil composition and the growing conditions. In one embodiment, the compound may be applied in each application at a concentration ranging between about 10 ppm and about 50,000 ppm.
  • the compound may be applied in each application at concentrations ranging between about 20 ppm and about 45,000 ppm, between about 40 ppm and about 40,000 ppm, between about 40 ppm and about 30,000 ppm, between about 40 ppm and about 20,000 ppm, between about 40 ppm and about 10,000 ppm, between about 40 ppm and about 5,000 ppm, and between about 40 ppm and about 2500 ppm.
  • the compound may be applied in each application at a concentration ranging between Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • the compound may be applied in each application at concentrations ranging between about 30 ppm and about 300 ppm, about 50 ppm and about 500 ppm, between about 100 ppm and about 600 ppm, between about 200 ppm and about 700 ppm, between about 300 ppm and about 800 ppm, between about 400 ppm and about 900 ppm, between about 500 ppm and about 1 ,000 ppm, and between about 750 ppm and about 1250 ppm, between about 1000 ppm and about 2000 ppm, between about 1500 ppm and about 2500 ppm, and between about 2000 ppm and about 3000 ppm.
  • the compound may be applied in each application at a concentration ranging between about 200 ppm and about 15,000 ppm. In other embodiments, if the compound is a Cu-HMTBA chelate, the compound may be applied in each application at concentrations ranging between about 200 ppm and about 1200 ppm, between about 500 ppm and about 1500 ppm, between about 1000 ppm and about 2000 ppm, between about 1500 ppm and about 2500 ppm, between about 2000 ppm and about 4000 ppm, between about 5000 ppm and about 7000 ppm, and between about 6000 ppm and about 8000 ppm, between about 7000 ppm and about 9000 ppm, between about 8000 ppm and about 10,000 ppm, between about 9000 ppm and about 11 ,000 ppm, between about 10,000 ppm and about 12,000 ppm, between about 11 ,000 ppm
  • the compound may be applied in each application at a concentration ranging between about 1000 ppm and about 50,000 ppm. In other embodiments, if the compound is a Mn-HMTBA chelate, the compound may be applied in each application at concentrations ranging between about 1000 ppm and about 5000 ppm, between about 2500 ppm and about 7500 ppm, between about 5000 ppm and about 10,000 ppm, between about 7,500 ppm and about 12,500 ppm, between about 10,000 ppm and about 20,000 ppm, between about 15,000 ppm and about 25,000 ppm, and between about 20,000 ppm and about 30,000 ppm, between about 25,000 ppm and about Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • the compound may be applied in each application at a concentration ranging between about 5000 ppm and about 15,000 ppm. In other embodiments, if the compound is a Fe-HMTBA chelate, the compound may be applied in each application at concentrations ranging between about 5000 ppm and about 6000 ppm, between about 5500 ppm and about 6500 ppm, between about 6000 ppm and about 7000 ppm, between about 6500 ppm and about 7500 ppm, between about 7000 ppm and about 8000 ppm, between about 7500 pm and about 8500 ppm, between about 8000 ppm, and about 9000 ppm, between about 8500 ppm and about 9500 ppm, between about 9000 ppm and about 10,000 ppm, between about 9500 ppm and about 10,500 ppm, between about 10,000 ppm and about 12,000 ppm, between about 11 ,
  • the compound may be applied in each application at a concentration ranging between about 20 ppm and about 500 ppm.
  • the compound may be applied in each application at concentrations ranging between about 20 ppm and about 80 ppm, between about 50 ppm and about 100 ppm, between about 70 ppm and about 150 ppm, between about 100 ppm and about 200 ppm, between about 150 ppm and about 250 ppm, between about 200 ppm and about 300 ppm, and between about 250 ppm and about 350 ppm, between about 300 ppm and about 400 ppm, between about 350 ppm and about 450 ppm, and between about 400 ppm and about 500 ppm.
  • a Zn-HMTBA chelate may be administered at about 45.0 to about 500 mg/plant/season, a Cu-HMTBA chelate may be administered at about 300.0 to about 1500.0 mg/plant/season, and an Mn-HMTBA chelate may be administered at about 200.0 to about 3400.0 mg/plant/season.
  • a Zn-HMTBA chelate may be administered at about 10.0 to about 65.0 mg/plant/season, a Cu- Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • HMTBA chelate may be administered at about 50.0 to about 375.0 mg/plant/season, and an Mn-HMTBA chelate may be administered at about 350.0 to about 900.0 mg/plant/season.
  • a method of the invention may comprise administering at least two, at least three, or at least four metal compounds to a plant.
  • a method of the invention may comprise administering a combination of metal compounds detailed in Table A above.
  • the foliar nutrient concentration of the plant may be determined, using methods commonly known in the art, before and after application of the metal compound.
  • the marketable yield for a plant provided the metal compound may be compared to a similarly situated plant that was not provided the metal compound.
  • marketable yield trait refers to the product or attribute of the plant affected by the metal compound.
  • marketable yield trait may refer to an increase in harvestable grain, vegetables, fruits, flowers, or seeds.
  • marketable yield trait may refer to the growth of the plant, the hardiness of the plant (including flowers), and/or the color or taste of the plant.
  • the toxicity of the compound may be assessed by periodically inspecting the plants after application of the compound to the plant during the growth cycle to determine visually the condition of the plant.
  • the condition of the plant may be rated on a visual toxicity scale in which a score of zero corresponds to no visible injury and a score of ten corresponds to plant death.
  • Another method of assessing the toxicity of the compound is to periodically inspect the leaves of the plants and to rate the plants on a visual greenness scale in which a score of one corresponds to healthy green leaves and a score of 5 corresponds to significant necrosis in the leaves of the plant.
  • foliar toxicity refers to the adverse effect of a compound on a growing plant in which the leaves of the plant display significant yellowing or necrosis over at least 10% of the total leaf area of the plant.
  • a metal compound of the invention may be used to provide a metal micronuthent to a wide variety of plants. It is envisioned, as shown in the Examples, that the metal compounds will provide a variety of benefits to the plant. Generally speaking, though, the benefit may be increased growth or production of the plant. For example, in vegetable plants, fruit plants, grain plants, or other harvestable plants, the benefit may be an increase in marketable yield, or an improvement in a marketable yield trait, such as better taste or better color. Alternatively, in floral plants such as houseplants, the benefit may be hardier flowers, a greater number of flowers, or better floral color.
  • a plant is to be interpreted broadly to include both crop and non-crop plants and both edible and non-edible plants.
  • plants may include the class of higher and lower plants, including angiosperms (i.e., monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants), gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, psilophytes, lycophytes, bryophytes, and multicellular algae.
  • the plant may be any vascular plant, for example monocotyledons or dicotyledons or gymnosperms.
  • plants may include vegetable plants, herb and spice plants, fruit plants, trees, house plants, and grain plants. Non-limiting examples of plants are detailed below.
  • the plant is a vegetable plant.
  • vegetables may include leafy and salad vegetables such as Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), Bitterleaf (Vernonia calvoana), Bok choy (Brassica rapa Pekinensis and Chinensis groups), Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea Gemmifera group), Cabbage ⁇ Brassica oleracea Capitata group), Catsear (Hypochaeris radicata), Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var.
  • bulb and stem vegetables such as Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), Celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum), Celery (Apium graveolens), Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum), Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce), Garlic (Allium sativum), Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes group), Kurrat (Allium ampeloprasum var.
  • the plant is an herb and/or a spice plant.
  • Non-limiting examples of herbs and spices may comprise Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), Alkanet (Anchusa arvensis), Allspice (Pimenta dioica), Almond, Amchur - mango (Mangifera), Angelica (Angelica archangelica), Anise (Pimpinella anisum), Aniseed myrtle (Syzygium anisatum), Annatto (Bixa orellana L), Apple mint (Mentha suaveolens), Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), Asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida), Berberis, Banana, Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Bay leaves, Black cardamom, Black cumin, Blackcurrant, Black lime, Bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus), Blue-leaved mallee (Eucalyptus polybractea), Bog Labrador
  • ⁇ Xylopia aethiopica Green tea, Ground Ivy, Guaco, Gypsywort, Hawthorn (Crataegus sanguinea), Hawthorne Tree, Hibiscus, Holly, Holy Thistle, Hops, Horehound, Horseradish, Horsetail (Equisetum telmateia), Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), ImIi (Tamarind), Jalap, Jasmine, Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum), Joe Pye weed (Gravelroot), John the Conqueror, Juniper, Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix, C.
  • Lemon lronbark (Eucalyptus staigeriana), Lemon mint, Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), Lemon Thyme, Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora), Licorice - adaptogen, Lime Flower, Limnophila aromatica, Lingzhi, Linseed, Liquorice, Long pepper, Lovage (Levisticum officinale), Luohanguo, Mace, Mahlab, Malabathrum, Manchurian Thorn Tree (Aralia manchurica), Mandrake, Marjoram (Origanum majorana), Marrubium vulgare, Marsh Labrador Tea, Marshmallow, Mastic, Meadowsweet, Mei Yen, Melegueta pepper (Aframomum melegueta), Mint (Mentha spp.), Milk thistle (Silybum), Bergamot (Monarda didyma), Motherwort, Mountain Skullcap, Mullein
  • Orris root Osmorhiza, Olive Leaf, Pandan leaf, Paprika, Parsley (Petroselinum crispum), Passion Flower, Patchouli, Pennyroyal, Pepper (black, white, and green), Peppermint, Peppermint Gum (Eucalyptus dives), Perilla, Plantain, Pomegranate, Ponch phoran, Poppy, Primrose (Primula), Psyllium, Purslane, Quassia, Quatre epices, Ramsons, Ras el-hanout, Raspberry, Reishi, Restharrow, Rhodiola rosea, Riberry (Syzygium luehmannii), Rocket/Arugula, Roman chamomile, Rooibos, Rosehips, Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Rowan Berries, Rue, Safflower, Saffron, Sage (Salvia officinalis), Saigon Cinnamon, St John'
  • the plant is a fruit plant.
  • fruits may include Apple and crabapple (Malus), Chokeberry (Aronia), Hawthorn (Crataegus and Rhaphiolepis), Loquat (Eryobotrya japonica), Medlar (Mespilus germanica), Pear, European and Asian species (Pyrus), Quince (Cydonia oblonga and Chaenomeles), Rose hip, Rowan (Sorbus), Service tree (Sorbus domestica), Serviceberry or Saskatoon (Amelanchier), Shipova (Sorbopyrus auricularis), Apricot (Prunus armeniaca or Armeniaca vulgaris); Sweet, black, sour, and wild cherry species (Prunus avium, Prunus serotina, P.
  • Moraceae Jujube (Ziziphus zizyphus; Rhamnaceae), Olive (Olea europea; Oleaceae), Pomegranate (Punica granatum; Punicaceae), Sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus; Moraceae), Citron (Citrus medica), Clementine (Citrus reticulata var.
  • mamee apple known as mamee apple; abric ⁇ in Portuguese Mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus; Sapindaceae), also known as quenepa, genip or Fijian Longan, Manila tamarind (or Monkeypod, Pithecellobium dulce), Mango (Mangifera indica; Anacardiaceae), Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana; Clusiaceae), Marang (Artocarpus odoratissima; Moraceae), a breadfruit relative, Melinjo, Melon pear, Monstera (Monstera deliciosa; Araceae) also called Swiss Cheese Plant, Split-leaf Philodendron, Morinda, Mountain soursop, Mundu, Mung bean, Muskmelon, Nance, Naranjilla, LuIo (Solanum quitoense; Solanaceae), Nutmeg, Neem, Oil Palm, Okra, Papaya (Carica papaya; Caricaceae),
  • the plant may be a tree.
  • the plant may be a Dicotyledon (Magnoliopsida; broadleaf or hardwood trees).
  • Non-limiting examples may include the Adoxaceae (Moschatel family), such as Moschatel (Adoxa moschatellina), Elderberry (Sambucus species), Sinadoxa (Sinadoxa corydalifolia), and Viburnum (Viburnum species); the Altingiaceae (Sweetgum family) such as Sweetgum (Liquidambar species); the Anacardiaceae (Cashew family) such as Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Mango (Mangifera indica), Pistachio (Pistacia vera), Sumac (Rhus species), and Lacquer tree (Toxicodendron verniciflua); the Annonaceae (Custard apple family) such as Cherimoya (Annona cherimola),
  • the Lauraceae Laurel family
  • Cinnamon Cinnamon
  • Bay Laurel Laurus nobilis
  • avocado Persea Americana
  • the Lecythidaceae Pieris nut family
  • the Lythraceae Loosestrife family such as Crape-myrtle (Lagerstroemia species)
  • the Magnoliaceae Magnolia family
  • Tulip tree Liriodendron species
  • Magnolia Magnolia species
  • Malvaceae Mallow family; including Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae and Bombacaceae) such as Baobab (Adansonia species), Silk-cotton tree (Bombax species), Bottletrees (Brachychiton species), Kapok (Ceiba pentandra), Durian (Durio zibeth
  • Sapotaceae (Sapodilla family) such as Argan (Argania spinosa), Gutta-percha ⁇ Palaquium species) and Tambalacoque, or "dodo tree" (Sideroxylon grandiflorum, previously Calvaria major); the Simaroubaceae family such as Tree of heaven (Ailanthus species); the Theaceae (Camellia family) such as Gordonia (Gordonia species) and Stewartia (Stewartia species); the Thymelaeaceae (Thymelaea family) such as Ramin (Gonystylus species); the Ulmaceae (Elm family) such as Elm (Ulmus species) and Zelkova (Zelkova species); and the Verbenaceae family such as Teak (Tectona species).
  • Argan Argan
  • Argania spinosa Gutta-percha ⁇ Palaquium species
  • Tambalacoque or "dodo tree
  • the tree may be a Monocotyledon
  • Non-limiting examples may include the Agavaceae (Agave family) such as Cabbage tree ⁇ Cordyline australis), Dragon tree ⁇ Dracaena draco), and Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia); the Arecaceae (Palmae) (Palm family) such as Areca Nut (Areca catechu), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and Chusan Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei); and the Poaceae (grass family) such as Bamboos (Poaceae subfamily Bambusoideae)
  • the tree may be a Conifer (Pinophyta; softwood trees).
  • Non-limiting examples may include the Araucariaceae (Araucaha family) such as Araucaria (Araucaria species), Kauri (Agathis species) and Wollemia (Wollemia nobilis); the Cupressaceae (Cypress family) such as Cypress (Cupressus and Chamaecyparis species), Juniper (Juniperus species), Alerce or Patagonian cypress (Fitzroya cupressoides), Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata) and Bald Cypress (Taxodium species); the Pinaceae (Pine family) such as White pine (Araucaria species), Ka
  • the tree may be a Ginkgos (Ginkgophyta) of the Ginkgoaceae (Ginkgo family) such as Ginkgo biloba.
  • the tree may be a Cycads (Cycadophyta).
  • Cycads Non-limiting examples may include Cycadaceae (Cycad family) such as Ngathu cycad (Cycas angulata).
  • the tree may be from the Zamiaceae (Zamia family) such as Wunu cycad (Lepidozamia hopei).
  • the tree may be a Fern (Pteridophyta), such as a Cyatheaceae or a Dicksoniaceae, including the tree ferns, Cyathea, Alsophila, and Dicksonia.
  • Fern Pieridophyta
  • the tree may be a Fern (Pteridophyta), such as a Cyatheaceae or a Dicksoniaceae, including the tree ferns, Cyathea, Alsophila, and Dicksonia.
  • the plant may be a houseplant.
  • Non- limiting examples may include tropical and subtropical houseplants such as Aglaonema (Chinese Evergreen), Aphelandra squarrosa (Zebra Plant), Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine), Asparagus densiflorus (Asparagus Fern), Begonia species and cultivars, Bromeliaceae (Bromeliads), Chamaedorea elegans (Parlor Palm), Chlorophytum comosum (Spider Plant), Citrus, compact cultivars such as the Meyer Lemon, Dracaena, Dieffenbachia (Dumbcane), Epipremnum aureum (Golden Pothos), Ficus benjamina (Weeping Fig), Ficus elastica (Rubber Plant), Mimosa pudica (Sensitive Plant), Nephrolepis exaltata cv.
  • the plant may be a grain plant (i.e., a cereal).
  • a grain plant i.e., a cereal
  • Non-limiting examples may include barley, buckwheat, corn or maize, millet, oats, quinoa, rice, wild rice, rye, spelt, and wheat.
  • the metal compound of the invention may be administered to a plant by any effective means.
  • the metal compound is combined with a liquid and sprayed and/or dripped onto the plant (i.e. foliar application or fertigation).
  • the metal compound may be applied directly to the soil.
  • the metal compound may be administered to a plant in a composition as described in section I above. If the metal compound is administered as part of a composition, then the metal compound may be administered simultaneously or sequentially with the other components of the composition. Generally speaking, the components should be administered within about 2 weeks, 1 week, 3 days, 2 days, 36 hours, 24 hours, 20 hours, 16 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours, 4 hours, or 1 hour of each other.
  • a metal compound of the invention may be applied to a plant or its progeny at various stages of its development.
  • the term "plant” includes whole plants and parts thereof, including, but not limited to, shoot vegetative organs/structures (e.g., leaves, stems and tubers), roots, flowers and floral organs/structures (e.g., bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, anthers and ovules), seed (including embryo, endosperm, and seed coat) and fruit (the mature ovary), plant tissue (e.g., vascular tissue or ground tissue) and cells (e.g., guard cells or egg cells), and progeny of the plant or any of the aforementioned parts of the plant.
  • the application occurs during the stages of germination, seedling growth, vegetative growth, and reproductive growth. More typically, applications of the present invention occur during vegetative and reproductive growth stages.
  • the method may involve more than one application of the composition to the plant or its progeny. For example, the number of Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • applications may range from about 1 to about 5 or more.
  • the applications, as detailed herein, may be made at the same or different stages of the plant's life cycle.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention encompasses a method for reducing insect damage to a plant.
  • the method comprises administering to the plant an effective amount of at least one metal compound, as detailed in section l(a) above.
  • the method comprises administering an effective amount of at least one metal chelate, wherein the chelate comprises a compound of formula (I):
  • n is an integer from 0 to 2; R 1 is methyl or ethyl; and R 2 is hydroxyl or amino.
  • R 1 of formula (I) when R 1 of formula (I) is methyl, R 2 is not an amino.
  • n of formula (I) is 2, R 1 is methyl and R 2 is hydroxyl.
  • the metal chelate is comprised of HMTBA.
  • the method comprises administering to the plant an effective amount of a composition, as detailed in section I above.
  • an "effective amount" of a metal compound, as used herein, can and will vary depending in part on the metal compound, the plant, and the insect. Generally speaking, however, no reduction in insect damage to the plant will occur below the effective amount.
  • a method of the invention may comprise administering at least two, at least three, or at least four metal compounds to a plant.
  • method of the invention may comprise administering a combination of metal compounds detailed in Table A above.
  • Methods of measuring the effectiveness of a metal compound in reducing insect damage to a plant are known in the art. For instance, the plant administered the metal compound, and a similar plant that has not be administered the compound, may be visually scored for insect damage.
  • a composition of the invention may be used to reduce insect damage to agricultural crops.
  • insects may include, for example, coleopterans (beetles), lepidopterans (caterpillars), and mites.
  • the Coleopterans include numerous beetle species including ground beetles, reticulated beetles, skin and larder beetles, long-horned beetles, leaf beetles, weevils, bark beetles, ladybird beetles, soldier beetles, stag beetles, water scavenger beetles, and a host of other beetles.
  • the agricultural pests included within the infraorders Chrysomeliformia and Cucujiformia are particularly important among the Coleoptera.
  • Members of the infraorder Chrysomeliformia including the leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the weevils (Curculionidae), are particularly problematic to agriculture, and are responsible for a variety of insect damage to crops and plants.
  • the infraorder Cucujiformia includes the families Coccinellidae, Cucujidae, Lagridae, Meloidae, Rhipiphohdae, and Tenebhonidae.
  • the method may be used to reduce insect damage to a plant detailed in section Il above.
  • a method of the invention may be used to reduce insect damage to vegetable plants, herb and spice plants, fruit plants, trees, house plants, and grain plants.
  • Non-limiting examples of insect damage that may be reduced by a composition of the invention may include damage from the following non-limiting examples of orrnamental plant insects, such as Aphids (including, for instance, the Maple Leaf Aphid or Woolly Alder Aphid), Bagworm, Black Woolly Bear, Boxelder Bug, Boxwood Leaf Miner, Comstock Mealybug, Cottony Cushion Scale, Euonymus Scale, Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • Aphids including, for instance, the Maple Leaf Aphid or Woolly Alder Aphid
  • Bagworm including, for instance, the Maple Leaf Aphid or Woolly Alder Aphid
  • Black Woolly Bear including, for instance, the Maple Leaf Aphid or Woolly Alder Aphid
  • Boxelder Bug Boxwood Leaf Miner
  • Comstock Mealybug Comstock Mealybug
  • Cottony Cushion Scale Euonymus Scale
  • Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • insects that damage corn plants such as Billbug, Corn Earworm, Corn Rootworm, Cutworms, European Corn Borer, Fall Armyworm, Southern Cornstalk Borer, Sugarcane Beetle, and Wireworm; insects that damage cotton plants such as Boll Weevil, Bollworm, Cotton Aphid, Loopers, Thrips, and the Two-Spotted Spider Mite; insects that damage forage crops such as Alfalfa Weevil, Corn Earworm, Fall Armyworm, Grasshopper, Green June Beetle, Sorghum Webworm, Spittlebug, Two Lined Spittlebug, and White Grub; insects that damage peanut plants such as Burrower Bug, Lesser Cornstalk Borer,
  • Insect damage may be to the leaves, flowers, stem, or roots of a plant.
  • "reducing" the damage from an insect means that the damage to a plant administered a composition of the invention is less than to a similar plant not Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • compositions of the invention administered a composition of the invention.
  • Methods of administering a composition of the invention to a plant are detailed in section Il above. Briefly, a composition may be applied by any means known in the art that produces the desired results. For instance, a composition of the invention may be applied foliarly or to the soil in liquid or powder formulations.
  • Fertilization with the non-target micronutrients was achieved with custom-made formulas and applied once per week in the potting soil according to current production practices and recommendations and crop requirements. There were four control treatments corresponding to each target micronuthent in which non-Fe, non- Mn, non-Zn or non-Cu pots received all other essential nutrients under non-limiting conditions.
  • Treatments were applied at three rates (high, medium and low) obtained from the estimated concentration of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn foliarly-applied in tomato and bell pepper in field situations (Table 1 ). Products were weighed and dissolved in 200ml of deionized water with a non-ionic surfactant and applied to the newly-matured open leaves of each crop at 3 and 7 weeks after transplant (WAT). Treated pots were isolated during application to avoid cross-contamination of other treatments.
  • Medium nutrient concentration was determined 1 week before treatment.
  • the mineral composition of the medium was 26.8 ppm NH 4 -N, 49 ppm NO 3 - N, 15.8 ppm P, 91.2 ppm K, 82.3 ppm Ca, 58.2 ppm Mg, 23.9 ppm Na, 125.6 ppm S, 1.33 ppm Fe, 0.39 ppm Mn, 0.35 ppm Zn, 0.05 pp, Cu, 0.04 ppm B, 0 ppm Mo, 0.73 ppm Al, and 12.1 ppm Si.
  • the pH of the medium was 5.36 and the electric conductivity was 1.38 mS/cm.
  • BIOX-A is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • BIOX-Z is Zn-HMTBA
  • BIOX-Cu is Cu-HMTBA
  • BIOX-M is Mn-HMTBA
  • BIOX- Fe is Fe-HMTBA
  • BIOX-MEZ is Ca-HMTBA
  • BIOX-INC is copper sulfate
  • BIOX-INI is ferrous sulfate
  • BIOX-INZ is zinc sulfate
  • BIOX-INM is manganese sulfate
  • BIOX-GZ is zinc glycinate
  • BIOX-GC is copper glycinate
  • BIOX-GF is iron glycinate
  • BIOX-GM is manganese glycinate
  • BIOX-EDC is EDTA chelated copper
  • BIOX-EDZ is EDTA Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • BIOX-EDI is EDTA chelated iron
  • BIOX-EDM is EDTA chelated manganese
  • BIOX-EDDI is EDDHA chelated iron
  • BIOX-CM is manganese citrate.
  • Table 1 Treatments applied to tomato and bell pepper, Fall 2007, Balm, Florida
  • BIOX-Cu was applied to the plants at a copper concentration of
  • BIOX-GC and BIOX-EDC resulted in foliar toxicity, with toxicity scale scores of 7 and 8 respectively.
  • BIOX-M was applied to the plants at a manganese concentration of 0.015% to 0.124% by weight, with no toxic effect on the plant.
  • BIOX-GM applied at similar manganese concentrations proved to be toxic to the plants, causing a toxicity scale score of 7.
  • BIOX-Z had Zn concentrations approximately 3 times higher than the non-Zn control.
  • BIOX-M provided between 2.4 and 3 times more foliar Mn than the non-Mn control.
  • BIOX-Cu provided about 4 times more foliar Cu than the non-Cu control.
  • Treatments were applied at 5 WAT (weeks after transplanting) using a water volume of 200 mL/plant. A non-ionic surfactant was added. Foliar tissue Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • Deionized water was used for foliar applications, and other nutrients were applied as appropriate under non-limiting conditions.
  • Marketable fruit were collected three times during the growing season, starting at 10 WAT (5 weeks after the initial treatment). Tomato fruit was graded as extra-large, large and medium. Non-marketable fruit were harvested and number and weight recorded but not sized.
  • Table 12 Zn concentrations in tomato leaves 2 weeks after Zn treatment
  • BIOX-A Foliar nutrient concentrations in the leaves of tomato plants treated with the BIOX-A supplementation treatments are shown in Table 14. None of the applied concentrations of BIOX-A had a significant effect (P>0.05) on the foliar concentration of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, B, Mn, Fe and Zn relative to the control. Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • BIOX-A Marketable tomato yields significantly decreased (P ⁇ 0.05) with the foliar applications of BIOX-A at concentrations of 2.86 or higher. The application of BIOX-A at these higher concentrations severely injured tomato plants, and also resulted in significantly higher non-marketable tomato yields than control. Both marketable and unmarketable yields of the plants treated with 1.37 Ib/acre or less of BIOX-A were statistically similar.
  • Table 16 Plant heights at 3 weeks after transplantation (pre-treatment)
  • BIOX-CM All foliar fertilizers except BIOX-CM were applied to the various treatment groups at 3 weeks after transplantation (WAT) and again at 5 WAT.
  • the BIOX-CM treatment was applied at 4 and 5 WAT.
  • the working water volume was 60 gal/acre and a non-ionic surfactant (Ad-Spray 80) was added in the amount of 2 Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • Table 17 Rates of micronutrient treatments applied to tomato and bell pepper plants
  • Leaf samples were collected from the most recent mature leaves from each plant at 6 WAT (2 weeks after initial treatment). Foliar tissue analysis was performed by a commercial laboratory to determine the concentration of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu. Tomato marketable fruit weights were collected at 10 and 12 WAT, and the fruits were graded according to USDA standards. Pepper marketable fruit weights were determined beginning at 5 WAT over 5 weekly harvests. Fruit mineral analysis (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu) was performed on samples from the tomato harvest.
  • the experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 5 replications for each treatment. All comparison data were analyzed using a general linear model and the means of each treatment were separated with a Fisher's protected LSD test at the 5% significance level. Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • Example 7 Effect of BIOX-Z on foliar nutrient concentration and fruit yields for tomato and bell pepper plants
  • Table 20 Marketable yields from tomato and bell pepper plants
  • micronuthent concentrations of the harvested tomato fruits are summarized for the control group and all Zn supplementation treatment groups in Table 21. None of the foliar nutrient concentrations in the tomato fruits were affected by any of the treatments.
  • BIOX-Z was associated with both a significantly higher foliar Zn content, and a higher marketable yield compared to control.
  • supplemental Zn compositions was associated with a higher Zn concentration in the resulting tomato fruit.
  • All of the treatments except BIOX-INZ were associated with significantly higher bell pepper marketable yields compared to control.
  • none of the treatments had a significant effect on any foliar nutrient concentration of the bell pepper plants, including Zn.
  • Example 8 Effect of BIOX-M on foliar nutrient concentration and fruit yields for tomato and bell pepper plants
  • the tomato leaf nutrient foliar nutrient concentrations in the tomato plants measured 6 weeks after transplantation are summarized for the control group and all Mn supplementation treatment groups in Table 22.
  • Treatment of the tomato plant with BIOX-M was associated with a significant increase in the foliar concentration of P and Mn compared to control at 6 WAT.
  • Treatment with BIOX-EDM was associated with a significant decrease in the foliar concentration of P, and a significant increase in the foliar concentration of K, Zn, and Mn at 6 WAT.
  • Treatment with BIOX-CM was associated with a significantly higher foliar concentration of Mn compared to control at 6 WAT. The highest foliar concentration of Mn was associated with treatment of the tomato plant with BIOX-M.
  • BIOX-EDM was associated with significant increases in micronuthent concentrations of Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu in the tomato fruits at 10 WAT.
  • BIOX-M was associated with both a significantly higher foliar Mn content, and a higher marketable yield of tomato fruits compared to control.
  • BIOX-EDM treatment of the tomato plants was associated with the highest Mn concentration in the resulting tomato fruit. None of the treatments had a significant effect on any foliar nutrient concentration of the bell pepper plants, including Mn.
  • Example 9 Effect of BIOX-Cu on foliar nutrient concentration and fruit yields for tomato and bell pepper plants
  • Table 28 Marketable yields from tomato and bell pepper plants
  • BIOX-INC were associated with a significantly higher marketable yield of tomato fruits compared to control.
  • neither of the supplemental Cu compositions was associated with a higher Cu concentration in the resulting tomato fruit, and neither of the treatments was associated with significantly higher bell pepper marketable yields compared to control.
  • neither of the Cu supplementation treatments had a significant effect on any foliar nutrient concentration of the bell pepper plants, including Cu.
  • Example 10 Effect of BIOX-Fe on foliar nutrient concentration and fruit yields for tomato and bell pepper plants
  • Table 31 Marketable yields from tomato and bell pepper plants
  • micronuthent concentrations of the harvested tomato fruits are summarized for the control group and both Fe supplementation treatment groups in Table 32. None of the foliar nutrient concentrations in the tomato fruits were affected by any of the treatments.
  • BIOX-GF were associated with a significantly higher tomato marketable yield compared to control.
  • neither of the supplemental Fe compositions had a significant effect relative to control on the Fe concentration in the resulting tomato fruit, bell pepper marketable yield, or foliar nutrient concentration of the tomato or bell pepper plants.
  • Trial design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications.
  • Each plot measured 10' by 30' and consisted of five 22" rows. Although all five rows of each plot were treated, only the center three rows (25' in length) of each plot were machine harvested. Summary descriptions of the two field sites are summarized in Table 33. The two fields selected for these studies had historical Iron Deficiency Chlorosis (IDC) issues.
  • IDC Iron Deficiency Chlorosis
  • BIOX-F was applied at a 1X rate (134 g Fe/ha) for groups 1 and 2, as well as a 2x rate (269 g Fe/ha) for groups 4 and 5.
  • Treatment rates for the BIOX- EDDI were based on the manufacturer's recommended rates for the BIOX-EDDI (Soygreen, West Central, Inc., Willmar, MN, USA) at the V4 growth stage (4 true leaves open).
  • BIOX-M was applied at a rate of 1.12 kg Mn/ha.
  • V4 treatments were applied in 10 gallons per acre of water with a backpack sprayer with a hand boom designed to "band" apply product directly to the plant row. Three nozzles with ConeJet TXVS-2 tips were oriented on either side and over the top of each row. This maximized the applied product to the plant tissue itself and minimized application of product to the soil surface. All products were applied in combination with non-ionic surfactant (Cornbelt Premier 90, Van Diest Supply Co., Webster City, IA, USA) at 0.5% concentration by mass. The V6 treatments (where applicable) were applied in 20 gallons per acre of water to increase the suspension of the BIOX products. Atty. Docket No. 48968-133876 Via EFS Web
  • Newly developed thfoliates were harvested from 10 randomly selected plants from all plots on 29 July, 2008. The harvested plants were dried, ground, and subjected to Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis to determine plant micronuthent content.
  • ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry
  • BIOX-F The results of the visual greenness ratings measured from the control plot and the plots supplemented with either BIOX-F or BIOX-EDDI are summarized in Table 35. Significant differences in scores were recorded only at the Foxhome site at the 29 July rating. At this site, both the BIOX-F and BIOX-EDDI supplements provided small but significant increases in greenness as indicated by lower visual greenness score, depending on the rate and timing of application.
  • BIOX-F treatment applied at the lower rate at V4 had no effect on greenness, but when applied at both V4 and V6, BIOX-F significantly increased the greenness of the soybean plants. When applied at the higher rate at V4 only, BIOX-F significantly increased the greenness in treated plants.
  • BIOX-F applied at the higher rate at both V4 and V6 resulted in no change in greenness compared to control.
  • a similar increase in greenness relative to control was observed in the plants treated with BIOX-EDDI, when applied at both V4 and V6, but not when applied at V4 only.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé pour fournir un métal à une plante. Un aspect concerne un procédé pour augmenter un caractère de rendement commercialisable d’une plante. Le procédé comprend l’administration à la plante d’au moins un composé qui comprend un chélate d’un métal et un composé formé par une sélection de groupes chimiques appelé acide 2-hydroxy-4(méthylthio)butanoïque (appelé « HMTBA »). Un autre aspect concerne un procédé pour fournir un micronutriment à une plante. Le procédé comprend l’enrobage d’une semence de la plante ou le trempage de la semence dans une solution avec au moins un composé de la même formule. De plus, le procédé comprend l’incubation de la semence dans des conditions telles que la semence germe. La quantité du composé dont la semence est enrobée ou imprégnée fournit le micronutriment à la plante au fur et à mesure qu’elle croît d’une manière qui est non toxique pour la plante.
PCT/US2009/042384 2006-03-28 2009-04-30 Procédés et compositions de micronutriments de plante WO2009135049A1 (fr)

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CN102617426A (zh) * 2012-04-19 2012-08-01 西南大学 一种对虾用羟基蛋氨酸锌及其制备方法
EP2852282A4 (fr) * 2012-05-21 2015-12-23 Innovation Hammer Llc Procédés destinés à rendre sûrs des complexes de coordination micellaire pour le traitement de plantes et formulations associées
WO2016144886A1 (fr) * 2015-03-06 2016-09-15 Minn-Dak Farmers Cooperative Application sur champ de sucres pour augmenter le rendement agricole
CN106718578A (zh) * 2016-12-21 2017-05-31 阜阳市颍泉区玉寿种植专业合作社 一种提高山楂含糖量的种植方法
US10010029B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2018-07-03 Innovation Hammer, Llc Methods and systems for growing plants using silicate-based substrates, cultivation of enhanced photosynthetic productivity and photosafening by utilization of exogenous glycopyranosides for endogenous glycopyranosyl-protein derivatives, and formulations, processes and systems for the same
CN108640753A (zh) * 2018-06-29 2018-10-12 松桃如阿雅观光农业产业开发有限公司 一种制备火龙果复混肥的方法
CN108715568A (zh) * 2018-08-15 2018-10-30 松桃如阿雅观光农业产业开发有限公司 一种提高火龙果成活率的肥料
CN108813455A (zh) * 2018-05-25 2018-11-16 湖南农业大学 一种槟榔青果的干制方法
WO2020110110A1 (fr) * 2018-11-27 2020-06-04 Future Tense Technologies Development And Entrepreneurship Ltd Effet insecticide d'engrais à base de micronutriments
US11013234B2 (en) 2016-04-29 2021-05-25 Innovation Hammer Llc Formulations and methods for treating photosynthetic organisms and enhancing qualities and quantities of yields with glycan composite formulations
US20220144718A1 (en) * 2020-11-10 2022-05-12 Atikullah Husenmiya SAIYAD Multilayer water dispersible film having improved germination of seeds and soil fertility
WO2023288294A1 (fr) 2021-07-16 2023-01-19 Novozymes A/S Compositions et procédés pour améliorer la résistance à la pluie de protéines sur des surfaces de plantes
WO2023225459A2 (fr) 2022-05-14 2023-11-23 Novozymes A/S Compositions et procédés de prévention, de traitement, de suppression et/ou d'élimination d'infestations et d'infections phytopathogènes
US11864561B1 (en) * 2023-06-28 2024-01-09 Thanh Duc Le Multipurpose fertilizer composition having anti-insect properties, water-retaining, and capable of improving to absorb micronutrients for plants

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US20070232693A1 (en) * 2006-03-28 2007-10-04 Novus International, Inc. Compositions for treating infestation of plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms

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US20070232693A1 (en) * 2006-03-28 2007-10-04 Novus International, Inc. Compositions for treating infestation of plants by phytopathogenic microorganisms

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US11147219B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2021-10-19 Innovation Hammer, Llc Methods and systems for growing plants using silicate-based substrates, cultivation of enhanced photosynthetic productivity and photosafening by utilization of exogenous glycopyranosides for endogenous glycopyranosyl-protein derivatives, and formulations, process and systems for the same
US10010029B2 (en) 2011-11-21 2018-07-03 Innovation Hammer, Llc Methods and systems for growing plants using silicate-based substrates, cultivation of enhanced photosynthetic productivity and photosafening by utilization of exogenous glycopyranosides for endogenous glycopyranosyl-protein derivatives, and formulations, processes and systems for the same
CN102617426A (zh) * 2012-04-19 2012-08-01 西南大学 一种对虾用羟基蛋氨酸锌及其制备方法
EP2852282A4 (fr) * 2012-05-21 2015-12-23 Innovation Hammer Llc Procédés destinés à rendre sûrs des complexes de coordination micellaire pour le traitement de plantes et formulations associées
US9828299B2 (en) 2012-05-21 2017-11-28 Innovation Hammer, Llc Methods for rendering micellar coordination complexes safe for the treatment of plants and formulations for same
CN113712030A (zh) * 2015-03-06 2021-11-30 明尼苏达-达科塔农民合作社 用以增加作物产量的糖的田间施用
WO2016144886A1 (fr) * 2015-03-06 2016-09-15 Minn-Dak Farmers Cooperative Application sur champ de sucres pour augmenter le rendement agricole
US11968978B2 (en) 2016-04-29 2024-04-30 Innovation Hammer Llc Formulations and methods for treating photosynthetic organisms and enhancing qualities and quantities of yields with glycan composite formulations
US11013234B2 (en) 2016-04-29 2021-05-25 Innovation Hammer Llc Formulations and methods for treating photosynthetic organisms and enhancing qualities and quantities of yields with glycan composite formulations
US11122804B2 (en) 2016-04-29 2021-09-21 Innovation Hammer Llc Formulations and methods for treating photosynthetic organisms and enhancing qualities and quantities of yields with glycan composite formulations
CN106718578A (zh) * 2016-12-21 2017-05-31 阜阳市颍泉区玉寿种植专业合作社 一种提高山楂含糖量的种植方法
CN108813455A (zh) * 2018-05-25 2018-11-16 湖南农业大学 一种槟榔青果的干制方法
CN108813455B (zh) * 2018-05-25 2021-10-15 湖南农业大学 一种槟榔青果的干制方法
CN108640753A (zh) * 2018-06-29 2018-10-12 松桃如阿雅观光农业产业开发有限公司 一种制备火龙果复混肥的方法
CN108715568A (zh) * 2018-08-15 2018-10-30 松桃如阿雅观光农业产业开发有限公司 一种提高火龙果成活率的肥料
WO2020110110A1 (fr) * 2018-11-27 2020-06-04 Future Tense Technologies Development And Entrepreneurship Ltd Effet insecticide d'engrais à base de micronutriments
US20220144718A1 (en) * 2020-11-10 2022-05-12 Atikullah Husenmiya SAIYAD Multilayer water dispersible film having improved germination of seeds and soil fertility
WO2023288294A1 (fr) 2021-07-16 2023-01-19 Novozymes A/S Compositions et procédés pour améliorer la résistance à la pluie de protéines sur des surfaces de plantes
WO2023225459A2 (fr) 2022-05-14 2023-11-23 Novozymes A/S Compositions et procédés de prévention, de traitement, de suppression et/ou d'élimination d'infestations et d'infections phytopathogènes
US11864561B1 (en) * 2023-06-28 2024-01-09 Thanh Duc Le Multipurpose fertilizer composition having anti-insect properties, water-retaining, and capable of improving to absorb micronutrients for plants

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