WO2009126175A1 - Compositions de dérivés hydrophobes de taxane et leurs utilisations - Google Patents

Compositions de dérivés hydrophobes de taxane et leurs utilisations Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009126175A1
WO2009126175A1 PCT/US2008/076179 US2008076179W WO2009126175A1 WO 2009126175 A1 WO2009126175 A1 WO 2009126175A1 US 2008076179 W US2008076179 W US 2008076179W WO 2009126175 A1 WO2009126175 A1 WO 2009126175A1
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composition
composition according
unsubstituted
alkyl
nanoparticles
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PCT/US2008/076179
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English (en)
Inventor
Neil P. Desai
Chunlin Tao
Tapas De
Sherry Xiaopei Ci
Vuong Trieu
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Abraxis Bioscience, Llc
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Priority to KR1020157031393A priority Critical patent/KR20150136137A/ko
Priority to JP2011503961A priority patent/JP2011517683A/ja
Priority to PCT/US2009/036942 priority patent/WO2009126401A1/fr
Priority to CA2721153A priority patent/CA2721153C/fr
Priority to AU2009234127A priority patent/AU2009234127B2/en
Priority to MX2010011165A priority patent/MX2010011165A/es
Publication of WO2009126175A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009126175A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/337—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having four-membered rings, e.g. taxol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/513—Organic macromolecular compounds; Dendrimers
    • A61K9/5169—Proteins, e.g. albumin, gelatin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • Taxanes in particular the two currently available taxane drugs, paclitaxel and docetaxel, are potent antitumor agents.
  • Paclitaxel is very poorly water soluble (less than 10 ⁇ g/mL), and as a result, cannot be practically formulated with an aqueous medium for IV administration.
  • paclitaxel is formulated for IV administration to patients with cancer in a solution with polyoxyethylated castor oil (Polyoxyl 35 or Cremophor ® ) as the primary solvent/surfactant, with high concentrations of ethanol employed as co-solvent.
  • Polyoxyethylated castor oil Polyoxyl 35 or Cremophor ®
  • One of the major difficulties in the administration of paclitaxel is the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions.
  • Taxane ® is a nanoparticle composition of paclitaxel and albumin.
  • Nanoparticle compositions of substantially poorly water soluble drugs and uses thereof have been disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,916,596; 6,096,331; 6,749,868; and 6,537,579; and PCT Application Pub. Nos. WO98/14174, WO99/00113, WO07/027941 and WO07/027819.
  • Taxane derivatives have been disclosed in e.g., Kingston, /. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63, 726-734; Deutsch et al, J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 788-792; Mathew et al, J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 145-151, EP Pat. No. 1 063 234; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,059,699; 4,942,184; 6,482,850; and 6,602,902.
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein.
  • the carrier protein is albumin (such as human serum albumin).
  • the nanoparticles in the composition described herein have an average diameter of no greater than about 150 nm, including for example no greater than about any one of 100, 90, 80, 70, or 60 nm. In some embodiments, at least about 50% (for example at least about any one of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of all the nanoparticles in the composition have a diameter of no greater than about 150 nm, including for example no greater than about any one of 100, 90, 80, 70, or 60 nm.
  • At least about 50% (for example at least any one of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of all the nanoparticles in the composition fall within the range of about 20 to about 150 nm, including for example any one of about 30 to about 140 nm, and any one of about 40 to about 130, about 50 to about 120, and about 60 to about 100 nm.
  • the carrier protein has sulfhydral groups that can form disulfide bonds.
  • at least about 5% (including for example at least about any one of 10%, 15%, or 20%) of the carrier protein in the nanoparticle portion of the composition are crosslinked (for example crosslinked through one or more disulfide bonds).
  • the nanoparticles comprise the hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) coated with a carrier protein, such as albumin (e.g., human serum albumin).
  • a carrier protein such as albumin (e.g., human serum albumin).
  • the composition comprises hydrophobic taxane derivative in non-nanoparticle form, wherein at least about any one of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition are in nanoparticle form.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the nanoparticles constitutes more than about any one of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the nanoparticles by weight.
  • the nanoparticles have a non-polymeric matrix.
  • the nanoparticles comprise a core of hydrophobic taxane derivative that is substantially free of polymeric materials (such as polymeric matrix).
  • the composition is substantially free (such as free) of surfactants (such as Cremophor ® , Tween 80, or other organic solvents used for the administration of taxanes).
  • the composition contains less than about any one of 20%, 15%, 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 2.5%, or 1% organic solvent.
  • the weight ratio of carrier protein (such as albumin) and hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) in the composition is about 18:1 or less, such as about 15:1 or less, for example about 10:1 or less.
  • the weight ratio of carrier protein (such as albumin) and hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition falls within the range of any one of about 1:1 to about 18:1, about 2:1 to about 15:1, about 3:1 to about 13:1, about 4:1 to about 12:1, about 5:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of carrier protein and hydrophobic taxane derivative in the nanoparticle portion of the composition is about any one of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, or less.
  • the particle composition comprises one or more of the above characteristics.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative has a hydrophobic group attached to the 2'-hydroxyl position of the taxane.
  • the hydrophobic group is an acyl group, such as -C(O)-C 4 -C 1 O alkyl, for example -C(O)-C 6 alkyl.
  • the hydrophobic group is an acyl group attached to the 2'-hydroxyl of the taxane.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a prodrug of the taxane.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) has an improved binding to albumin over the corresponding unmodified taxane (e.g., improved over paclitaxel and/or docetaxel).
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the protein nanoparticle composition shows improved therapeutic efficacy over nanoparticle compositions of the corresponding unmodified taxane (e.g., paclitaxel and/or docetaxel) at an equal-toxicity dose.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a compound of formula I described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a compound of formula II described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a compound of formula III described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a compound of formula IV described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a compound of formula V described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a compound of formula VI described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative is any one of compounds 1-23 described herein. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative is compound 2 described herein.
  • compositions described herein for treating diseases (such as cancer), as well as kits and unit doses for uses described herein.
  • Figure 1 shows the amount of docetaxel produced versus incubation time for hydrophobic taxane derivatives.
  • Figure 2A shows the effects of increasing concentrations of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared with Taxotere ® on tumor growth in a breast cancer xenograft model.
  • Figure 2B shows the effects of increasing concentrations of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared with Taxotere ® on body weight change in a breast cancer xenograft model.
  • Figure 3A shows the effects of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared with Taxotere ® on tumor volume changes in a H358 lung cancer xenograft model.
  • Figure 3B shows the effects of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared with Taxotere ® on body weight change in a H358 lung cancer xenograft model.
  • Figure 4A shows the effects of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared to Nab-docetaxel on tumor growth in a HT29 colon cancer xenograft model (Study number CA-AB-6).
  • Figure 4B shows the effects of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared to Nab-docetaxel on body weight change in a HT29 colon cancer xenograft model (Study number CA-AB-6).
  • Figure 5A shows the effects of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared to Taxotere ® on tumor growth in a colon cancer HT29 xenograft model (Study number CA-AB-6).
  • Figure 5B shows the effects of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared to Taxotere ® on body weight change in a colon cancer HT29 xenograft model (Study number CA-AB-6).
  • Figure 6A shows the effects of increasing concentrations of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared with Taxotere ® on tumor growth in a colon cancer HT29 xenograft model (Study number ABS- 18).
  • Figure 6B shows the effects of increasing concentrations of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin compared with Taxotere ® on weight change in a colon cancer HT29 xenograft model (Study number ABS- 18).
  • Figure 7 shows the repeat-dose toxicity for nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin.
  • Figure 8 shows the particle distribution and mean particle size of nanoparticles containing a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin.
  • Figure 9 shows a particle dissolution profile for the nanoparticle composition Nab-2.
  • Figure 10 shows a particle dissolution profile for the nanoparticle composition Nab-docetaxel.
  • Figure 11 shows normalized dissolution profiles for the nanoparticle compositions Nab-2 and Nab-docetaxel.
  • the present invention provides taxane derivatives that are formulated in protein-based nanoparticles. These taxane derivatives have a hydrophobic group attached to the corresponding taxane and have increased hydrophobicity as compared to the unmodified taxane.
  • taxane derivatives containing a hydrophobic group such as an acyl group, for example a -C(O)-C 4 -C 1 O alkyl group, particularly a -C(O)-C 6 alkyl group attached to the 2'-hydroxyl of a taxane
  • a hydrophobic group such as an acyl group, for example a -C(O)-C 4 -C 1 O alkyl group, particularly a -C(O)-C 6 alkyl group attached to the 2'-hydroxyl of a taxane
  • compositions described here are therefore particularly suitable for use in treating diseases such as cancer.
  • the present invention in one aspect provides a composition comprising nanoparticles comprising: 1) a hydrophobic taxane derivative; and 2) a carrier protein.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a prodrug.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating diseases (such as cancer) using the compositions described herein.
  • kits and unit dosage forms are also provided.
  • hydrophobic taxane derivative refers to a taxane substituted with a hydrophobic group.
  • a “hydrophobic group” refers to a moiety which when substituted on a taxane, results in a taxane derivative with increased hydrophobic character compared to the unsubstituted taxane. Increased hydrophobic character may be determined, for example, by decreased water solubility, decreased polarity, decreased potential for hydrogen bonding, and/or an increased oil/water partition coefficient.
  • Texane as used herein includes paclitaxel and docetaxel. The term “hydrophobic taxane derivative” thus does not include paclitaxel or docetaxel.
  • halo or halogen, by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.
  • alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a fully saturated straight-chain (linear; unbranched) or branched chain, or combination thereof, having the number of carbon atoms specified, if designated (i.e. C 1 -C 1O means one to ten carbons).
  • Examples include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec -butyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. If no size is designated, the alkyl groups mentioned herein contain 1-20 carbon atoms, typically 1-10 carbon atoms, or 1-8 carbon atoms, or 1-6 carbon atoms, or 1-4 carbon atoms.
  • alkynyl refers to unsaturated aliphatic groups including straight-chain (linear; unbranched), branched-chain groups, and combinations thereof, having the number of carbon atoms specified, if designated, which contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (-C ⁇ C-).
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, -CH 2 -C ⁇ C-CH 3 ; -C ⁇ C-C ⁇ CH and -CH 2 -C ⁇ C-CH(CH 3 )-CH 2 -CH 3 . If no size is designated, the alkynyl groups mentioned herein contain 2-20 carbon atoms, typically 2-10 carbon atoms, or 2-8 carbon atoms, or 2-6 carbon atoms, or 2-4 carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl by itself or in combination with other terms, represents, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, or mixtures thereof. Additionally, cycloalkyl may contain fused rings, but excludes fused aryl and heteroaryl groups. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl, and the like. If no size is designated, the alkynyl groups mentioned herein contain 3-9 carbon atoms, typically 3-7 carbon atoms.
  • heterocycloalkyl represents a cycloalkyl radical containing of at least one annular carbon atom and at least one annular heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, P, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. Often, these annular heteroatoms are selected from N, O and S.
  • a heterocycloalkyl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule at an annular carbon or annular heteroatom. Additionally, heterocycloalkyl may contain fused rings, but excludes fused aryl and heteroaryl groups.
  • heterocycloalkyl examples include, but are not limited to, 1— (1,2,5,6- tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3- morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1 -piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like.
  • cycloalkyl-alkyl and “heterocycloalkyl-alkyl” designate an alkyl- substituted cycloalkyl group and alkyl-substituted heterocycloalkyl, respectively, where the alkyl moiety is attached to the parent structure.
  • Non-limiting examples include cyclopropyl-ethyl, cyclobutyl-propyl, cyclopentyl-hexyl, cyclohexyl-isopropyl, 1-cyclohexenyl-propyl, 3-cyclohexenyl-t-butyl, cycloheptyl- heptyl, norbornyl-methyl, 1-piperidinyl-ethyl, 4-morpholinyl-propyl, 3-morpholinyl-t- butyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-hexyl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl-isopropyl, and the like.
  • Cycloalkyl-alkyl and heterocycloalkyl-alkyl also include substituents in which at least one carbon atom is present in the alkyl group and wherein another carbon atom of the alkyl group has been replaced by, for example, an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom (e.g., cyclopropoxymethyl, 2-piperidinyloxy-t-butyl, and the like).
  • aryl means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent which can be a single ring or multiple rings (e.g., from 1 to 3 rings) which are fused together or linked covalently. Additionally, aryl may contain fused rings, wherein one or more of the rings is optionally cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, 1- naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl.
  • heteroaryl refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain from one to four annular heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized.
  • a heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule at an annular carbon or annular heteroatom.
  • heteroaryl may contain fused rings, wherein one or more of the rings is optionally cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl.
  • heteroaryl groups are 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3- pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2-phenyl-4- oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2- pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1- isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, and 6-
  • aralkyl designates an alkyl-substituted aryl group, where the alkyl portion is attached to the parent structure. Examples are benzyl, phenethyl, and the like. "Heteroaralkyl” designates a heteroaryl moiety attached to the parent structure via an alkyl residue. Examples include furanylmethyl, pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl, and the like.
  • Aralkyl and heteroaralkyl also include substituents in which at least one carbon atom of the alkyl group is present in the alkyl group and wherein another carbon of the alkyl group has been replaced by, for example, an oxygen atom (e.g., phenoxymethyl, 2-pyridylmethoxy, 3-(l-naphthyloxy)propyl, and the like).
  • an oxygen atom e.g., phenoxymethyl, 2-pyridylmethoxy, 3-(l-naphthyloxy)propyl, and the like.
  • alkyl alkenyl
  • alkynyl alkynyl
  • cycloalkyl heterocycloalkyl
  • cycloalkyl-alkyl heterocycloalkyl-alkyl
  • aryl heteroaryl
  • heteroaryl aralkyl
  • heteroaryl aralkyl
  • Optionally substituted refers to the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms with a monovalent or divalent radical.
  • Suitable substituent groups include, for example, hydroxyl, nitro, amino, imino, cyano, halo (such as F, Cl, Br, I), haloalkyl (such as -CCI 3 or -CF 3 ), thio, sulfonyl, thioamido, amidino, imidino, oxo, oxamidino, methoxamidino, imidino, guanidino, sulfonamido, carboxyl, formyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxy-alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy (- OCOR), aminocarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, carbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroaralkyl-carbon
  • the above groups are substituted with, for example, amino, heterocycloalkyl, such as morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, azetidine, hydroxyl, methoxy, or heteroaryl groups such as pyrrolidine.
  • a substituent group can itself be substituted.
  • the group substituted onto the substitution group can be carboxyl, halo, nitro, amino, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aminocarbonyl, -SR, thioamido, -SO 3 H, -SO 2 R or cycloalkyl, where R is typically hydrogen or alkyl.
  • the substituted substituent when the substituted substituent includes a straight chain group, the substituent can occur either within the chain (e.g., 2-hydroxypropyl, 2-aminobutyl, and the like) or at the chain terminus (e.g., 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-cyanopropyl, and the like).
  • Substituted substituents can be straight chain, branched or cyclic arrangements of covalently bonded carbon or heteroatoms (N, O or S).
  • “isomer” includes all stereoisomers of the compounds referred to in the formulas herein, including enantiomers, diastereomers, as well as all conformers, rotamers, and tautomers, unless otherwise indicated.
  • the invention includes all enantiomers of any chiral compound disclosed, in either substantially pure levorotatory or dextrorotatory form, or in a racemic mixture, or in any ratio of enantiomers.
  • the invention also includes the (S)-enantiomer; for compounds disclosed as the (S)-enantiomer, the invention also includes the (R)-enantiomer.
  • the invention includes any diastereomers of the compounds referred to in the above formulas in diastereomerically pure form and in the form of mixtures in all ratios.
  • the chemical structure or chemical name is intended to embrace all possible stereoisomers, conformers, rotamers, and tautomers of the compound depicted.
  • a compound containing a chiral carbon atom is intended to embrace both the (R) enantiomer and the (S) enantiomer, as well as mixtures of enantiomers, including racemic mixtures; and a compound containing two chiral carbons is intended to embrace all enantiomers and diastereomers (including (R,R), (S 5 S), (R 5 S), and (R 5 S) isomers).
  • the invention also includes use of any or all of the stereochemical, enantiomeric, diastereomeric, conformational, rotomeric, tautomeric, solvate, hydrate, polymorphic, crystalline form, non-crystalline form, salt, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, metabolite and prodrug variations of the compounds as described.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms (i.e., solvates).
  • Compounds of the invention may also include hydrated forms (i.e., hydrates).
  • the solvated and hydrated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms for purposes of biological utility and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • the invention also includes all polymorphs, including crystalline and non-crystalline forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • the invention embraces all salts of the compounds described herein, as well as methods of using such salts of the compounds.
  • the invention also embraces all non-salt forms of any salt of a compound described herein, as well as other salts of any salt of a compound named herein.
  • the salts of the compounds comprise pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” are those salts which retain the biological activity of the free compounds and which can be administered as drugs or pharmaceuticals to and individual (e.g., a human).
  • the desired salt of a basic functional group of a compound may be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art by treating the compound with an acid.
  • inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid.
  • organic acids include, but are not limited to, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, hippuric, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, sulfonic acids, and salicylic acid.
  • the desired salt of an acidic functional group of a compound can be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art by treating the compound with a base.
  • Examples of inorganic salts of acid compounds include, but are not limited to, alkali metal and alkaline earth salts, such as sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, and calcium salts; ammonium salts; and aluminum salts.
  • Examples of organic salts of acid compounds include, but are not limited to, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-ethylpiperidine, N 5 N'- dibenzylethylenediamine, and triethylamine salts.
  • prodrug refers to a compound which itself is relatively inactive, but is transformed into a more active compound following administration to the individual in which it is used, by a chemical or biological process in vivo (e.g., by hydrolysis and/or an enzymatic conversion).
  • Prodrugs include, for example, compounds wherein hydroxy, amine or thiol groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to an individual, becomes cleaved to form a free hydroxy, amino, or thiol group, respectively.
  • Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups.
  • prodrugs of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, esters, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives, N- acyloxyalkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines, N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters, metal salts and sulfonate esters.
  • the taxane derivatives used in the present invention are themselves prodrugs. In some embodiments, the taxane derivatives used in the present invention are not prodrugs.
  • a substantially pure compound means that the compound is present with no more than about 15% or no more than about 10% or no more than about 5% or no more than about 3% or no more than about 1% of the total amount of compound as impurity and/or in a different form.
  • substantially pure S,S compound means that no more than about 15% or no more than about 10% or no more than about 5% or no more than about 3% or no more than about 1% of the total R,R; S, R; and R,S form is present.
  • Protecting group refers to a chemical group that exhibits the following characteristics: 1) is stable to the projected reactions for which protection is desired; 2) is removable from the protected substrate to yield the desired functionality; and 3) is removable by reagents compatible with the other functional group(s) present or generated in such projected reactions. Selection of suitable protecting groups for use in the methods described herein is within the ordinary skill level in the art. Examples of suitable protecting groups can be found in Greene et al. (1991) PROTECTIVE GROUPS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS, 3rd Ed. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York), the content of which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • a protecting group is not removed from the hydrophobic taxane derivative.
  • a "hydroxy protecting group” as used herein denotes a group capable of protecting a free hydroxy group to generate a “protected hydroxyl” which, subsequent to the reaction for which protection is employed, may be removed without disturbing the remainder of the compound.
  • Exemplary hydroxy protecting groups include, but are not limited to, ethers (e.g., allyl, triphenylmethyt (trityl or Tr), benzyl, p- methoxybenzyl (PMB), p- methoxyphenyl (PMP)), acetals (e.g., methoxymethyl (MOM), 3- methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), ethoxy ethyl (EE), methylthiomethyl (MTM), 2- methoxy-2-propyl (MOP), 2- trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM)), esters (e.g., benzoate (Bz), allyl carbonate, 2,2,2- trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2- trimethylsilylethyl carbonate), silyl ethers (e.g., trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropy
  • treatment is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including clinical results.
  • beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: decreasing one more symptoms resulting from the disease, diminishing the extent of the disease, stabilizing the disease (e.g., preventing or delaying the worsening of the disease), delay or slowing the progression of the disease, ameliorating the disease state, decreasing the dose of one or more other medications required to treat the disease, increasing the quality of life, and/or prolonging survival (including overall survival and progression free survival.
  • treatment is a reduction of pathological consequence of cancer. The methods of the invention contemplate any one or more of these aspects of treatment.
  • “delaying" the development of cancer means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize, and/or postpone development of the disease. This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and/or individual being treated. As is evident to one skilled in the art, a sufficient or significant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that the individual does not develop the disease.
  • a method that "delays" development of cancer is a method that reduces probability of disease development in a given time frame and/or reduces the extent of the disease in a given time frame, when compared to not using the method. Such comparisons are typically based on clinical studies, using a statistically significant number of subjects. Cancer development can be detectable using standard methods, such as routine physical exams or x-ray. Development may also refer to disease progression that may be initially undetectable and includes occurrence and onset.
  • an "at risk” individual is an individual who is at risk of developing a condition (e.g., cancer).
  • An individual “at risk” may or may not have detectable disease, and may or may not have displayed a detectable disease prior to the treatment methods described herein.
  • At risk denotes that an individual has one or more so-called risk factors, which are measurable parameters that correlate with development of the condition, which are described herein. An individual having one or more of these risk factors has a higher probability of developing the condition than an individual without these risk factor(s).
  • pharmaceutically active compound As used herein, by “pharmaceutically active compound”, “therapeutic agent”, and cognates of these terms, is meant a chemical compound that induces a desired effect, e.g., treating, stabilizing, preventing, and/or delaying cancer.
  • the term "additional pharmaceutical agent,” and cognates thereof, are intended to refer to active agents other than the taxane derivatives, for example, drugs, which are administered to elicit a therapeutic effect.
  • the pharmaceutical agent(s) may be directed to a therapeutic effect related to the condition that taxane derivative(s) are intended to treat or prevent (e.g., cancer) or, the pharmaceutical agent may be intended to treat or prevent a symptom of the underlying condition (e.g., tumor growth, hemorrhage, ulceration, pain, enlarged lymph nodes, cough, jaundice, swelling, weight loss, cachexia, sweating, anemia, paraneoplastic phenomena, thrombosis, etc.) or to further reduce the appearance or severity of side effects of administering taxane derivatives.
  • a symptom of the underlying condition e.g., tumor growth, hemorrhage, ulceration, pain, enlarged lymph nodes, cough, jaundice, swelling, weight loss, cachexia, sweating, anemia, paraneo
  • pharmaceutically acceptable or “pharmacologically compatible” is meant a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, e.g., the material may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition administered to a patient without causing any significant undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to adjuvants, binders, diluents, etc. known to the skilled artisan that are suitable for administration to an individual (e.g., a mammal or non- mammal). Combinations of two or more carriers are also contemplated in the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s) and any additional components, as described herein, should be compatible for use in the intended route of administration (e.g., oral, parenteral) for a particular dosage form. Such suitability will be easily recognized by the skilled artisan, particularly in view of the teaching provided herein.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients have preferably met the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing testing and/or are included on the Inactive Ingredient Guide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug administration.
  • pharmaceutically effective amount refers to an amount that results in a desired pharmacological and/or physiological effect for a specified condition (e.g., disease, disorder, etc.) or one or more of its symptoms and/or to completely or partially prevent the occurrence of the condition or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for the condition and/or adverse effect attributable to the condition (e.g., cancer).
  • a pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective amount may comprise an amount sufficient to, among other things, reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells; be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic; restore or maintain vasculostasis or prevention of the compromise or loss or vasculostasis; reduction of tumor burden; reduction of morbidity and/or mortality; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the cancer.
  • the effective amount may extend progression free survival (e.g. as measured by Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors, RECIST, or CA- 125 changes), result in an objective response (including a partial response or a complete response), increase overall survival time, and/or improve one or more symptoms of cancer (e.g. as assessed by FOSI).
  • the pharmaceutically effective amount is sufficient to prevent the condition, as in being administered to an individual prophylactically.
  • the "pharmaceutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” may vary depending on the composition being administered, the condition being treated/prevented (e.g., the type of cancer), the severity of the condition being treated or prevented, the age and relative health of the individual, the route and form of administration, the judgment of the attending medical or veterinary practitioner, and other factors appreciated by the skilled artisan in view of the teaching provided herein.
  • an "effective amount” may be in one or more doses, i.e., a single dose or multiple doses may be required to achieve the desired treatment endpoint.
  • An effective amount may be considered in the context of administering one or more therapeutic agents, and a nanoparticle composition (e.g., a composition including a taxane derivative and a carrier protein) may be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable or beneficial result may be or is achieved.
  • an "individual” as used herein intends a mammal, including but not limited to a primate, human, bovine, horse, feline, canine, and/or rodent.
  • an individual "in need thereof may be an individual who has been diagnosed with or previously treated for the condition to be treated.
  • the individual in need thereof may also be an individual who is at risk for a condition (e.g., a family history of the condition, life-style factors indicative of risk for the condition, etc.).
  • combination therapy is meant a first therapy that includes nanoparticles comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein in conjunction with a second therapy (e.g., surgery or an additional therapeutic agent) useful for treating, stabilizing, preventing, and/or delaying cancer.
  • Administration in "conjunction with” another compound includes administration in the same or different composition(s), either sequentially, simultaneously, or continuously.
  • the combination therapy optionally includes one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, non-pharmaceutically active compounds, and/or inert substances.
  • antimicrobial agent refers to an agent that is capable of inhibiting (e.g., delaying, reducing, slowing, and/or preventing) the growth of one or more microorganisms.
  • Significant microbial growth can be measured or indicated by a number of ways known in the art, such as one or more of the following: (i) microbial growth in a composition that is enough to cause one or more adverse effects to an individual when the composition is administered to the individual; (ii) more than about 10-fold increase in microbial growth over a certain period of time (for example over a 24 hour period) upon extrinsic contamination (e.g., exposure to 10-103 colony forming units at a temperature in the range of 20 to 25 0 C).
  • Other indicia of significant microbial growth are described in US 2007/0117744, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • sugar as used herein includes, but is not limited to, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and derivatives or modifications thereof. Suitable sugars for compositions described herein include, for example, mannitol, sucrose, fructose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose.
  • protein refers to polypeptide or polymer of amino acids of any length (including full length or fragments), which may be linear or branched, comprise modified amino acids, and/or be interrupted by non-amino acids.
  • the term also encompasses an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
  • polypeptides containing one or more derivatives of an amino acid including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc.
  • “Survival” refers to the patient remaining alive, and includes overall survival as well as progression free survival. “Overall survival” refers to the patient remaining alive for a defined period of time, such as 1 year, 5 years, etc. from the time of diagnosis or treatment. “Progression free survival” refers to the patient remaining alive, without the cancer progressing or getting worse. By “prolonging survival” is meant increasing overall or progression free survival in a treated patient relative to an untreated patient (e.g. relative to a patient not treated with a taxane nanoparticle composition).
  • reference to "not" a value or parameter generally means and describes "other than” a value or parameter. For example, if a taxane is not administered, it means an agent other than a taxane is administered.
  • Reference to "about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) variations that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to "about X” includes description of "X”.
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein (such as albumin, for example human serum albumin).
  • a composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein (such as albumin, for example human serum albumin), and wherein the hydrophobic taxane derivative has improved binding to albumin (as compared to taxane).
  • the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein (such as albumin, for example human serum albumin), and wherein the composition shows improved therapeutic efficacy compared to taxane.
  • a composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein (such as albumin, for example human serum albumin), and wherein the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a prodrug of the taxane.
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative of paclitaxel and a carrier protein (such as albumin, for example human serum albumin).
  • a composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative of docetaxel and a carrier protein (such as albumin, for example human serum albumin).
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein, wherein the hydrophobic taxane derivative has a hydrophobic group attached to the 2'-hydroxyl position of the corresponding taxane.
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein, wherein the hydrophobic taxane derivative has an acyl group attached to the 2'-hydroxyl position of the corresponding taxane.
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a compound of formula I and a carrier protein. In some embodiments, there is provided a composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a compound of formula II and a carrier protein. In some embodiments, there is provided a composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a compound of formula III and a carrier protein. In some embodiments, there is provided a composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a compound of formula IV and a carrier protein.
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a compound of formula V and a carrier protein. In some embodiments, there is provided a composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a compound of formula VI and a carrier protein.
  • compositions comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a compound selected from compounds 1-23 and a carrier protein. In some embodiments, there is provided a composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise compound 2 and a carrier protein.
  • the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) coated with a carrier protein, such as albumin (e.g., human serum albumin).
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • a carrier protein such as albumin (e.g., human serum albumin).
  • Nanoparticles described herein have significantly small diameter compared to a nanoparticle composition comprising a taxane which is not substituted with a hydrophobic group (see Figure 8).
  • Nanoparticles typically have an average diameter (e.g., in dry form) of no greater than about 1000 nanometers (nm), such as no greater than about any one of 900 nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, or 100 nm.
  • the average diameter of the particles is no greater than about 200 nm.
  • the average diameter of the particles is between about 20 to about 400 nm.
  • the average diameter of the particles is between about 40 to about 200 nm.
  • the particles are sterile-filterable.
  • the nanoparticles in the composition described herein have an average diameter of no greater than about 150 nm, including for example no greater than about any one of 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 or 50 nm. The smaller particle size may be beneficial in aiding transport, as described below.
  • at least about 50% (for example at least any one of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of all the nanoparticles in the composition have a diameter of no greater than about 150 nm, including for example no greater than about any one of 100, 90, 80, 70, or 60 nm.
  • At least about 50% (for example at least about any one of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of all the nanoparticles in the composition fall within the range of 20-150 nm, including for example about any one of 30-140 nm, 40-130 nm, 50-120 nm, and 60- 100 nm.
  • the nanoparticles described herein may be of any shape (e.g., a spherical or non-spherical shape).
  • the average diameter of the nanoparticles comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) in blood circulation is no greater than about 1000 nanometers (nm), such as no greater than about any one of 900 nm, 800 nm, 700 nm, 600 nm, 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, or 100 nm at a blood concentration of about any one of 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400 ug/mL.
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • At least about 50% (for example at least any one of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%) of all the nanoparticles in vivo have a diameter of no greater than about 150 nm, including for example no greater than any one of 100, 90, 80, 70, or 60 nm.
  • the average diameter of the nanoparticles comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) in the blood is between about any one of 5 nm and 80 nm, 10 nm and 70 nm, 20 nm and 60 nm, 30 and 50 nm, or about 45 nm at a blood concentration of between about any one of 10 ug/mL and 300 ug/mL, 25 ug/mL and 150 ug/mL, or 50 ug/mL and 100 ug/mL.
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • the carrier protein has sulfhydral groups that can form disulfide bonds.
  • at least about 5% (including for example at least about any one of 10%, 15%, or 20%) of the carrier protein in the nanoparticle portion of the composition are crosslinked (for example, crosslinked by S-S).
  • the composition comprises hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) in both nanoparticle forms and non-nanoparticle forms, wherein more than about any one of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of total hydrophobic taxane derivative is in nanoparticle forms.
  • hydrophobic taxane derivative constitutes more than about any one of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the nanoparticles by weight.
  • the nanoparticles are substantially free of polymeric core materials.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the nanoparticles is amorphous.
  • the derivative used for making the nanoparticle compositions is in anhydrous form.
  • carrier protein (such as albumin) to hydrophobic taxane derivative weight ratio in the nanoparticle composition is about any one of 18:1 or less, 15:1 or less, 14:1 or less, 13:1 or less, 12:1 or less, 11:1 or less, 10:1 or less, 9:1 or less, 8:1 or less, 7.5:1 or less, 7:1 or less, 6:1 or less, 5:1 or less, 4:1 or less, or 3:1 or less.
  • the weight ratio of carrier protein (such as albumin) and hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition falls within the range of any one of about 1:1 to about 18:1, about 2:1 to about 15:1, about 3:1 to about 13:1, about 4:1 to about 12:1, about 5:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of carrier protein and hydrophobic taxane derivative in the nanoparticle portion of the composition is about any one of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, or less.
  • the nanoparticles described herein may be present in a dry formulation (e.g., lyophilized composition) or suspended in a biocompatible medium.
  • Suitable biocompatible media include, but are not limited to, water, buffered aqueous media, saline, buffered saline, optionally buffered solutions of amino acids, optionally buffered solutions of proteins, optionally buffered solutions of sugars, optionally buffered solutions of vitamins, optionally buffered solutions of synthetic polymers, lipid-containing emulsions, and the like.
  • the composition comprises a stable aqueous suspension of particles (e.g., nanoparticles) comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and carrier protein (such as albumin, e.g., particles of hydrophobic taxane derivative coated with albumin).
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • carrier protein such as albumin, e.g., particles of hydrophobic taxane derivative coated with albumin.
  • the composition is substantially free (such as free) of surfactants (such as Cremophor ® , Tween 80, or other organic solvents used for the administration of taxanes).
  • surfactants such as Cremophor ® , Tween 80, or other organic solvents used for the administration of taxanes.
  • the nanoparticle compositions described herein may allow enhanced transport and/or binding of hydrophobic taxane and/or a metabolite of the hydrophobic taxane derivative to a cell (e.g., a tumor cell).
  • Tumor cells exhibit an enhanced uptake of proteins including, for example, albumin and transferrin, as compared to normal cells. Since tumor cells are dividing at a rapid rate, they require additional nutrient sources compared to normal cells.
  • Tumor studies of the inventive pharmaceutical compositions containing paclitaxel and human serum albumin showed high uptake of albumin-paclitaxel into tumors. This has been found to be due to the previously unrecognized phenomenon of the albumin-drug transport by glycoprotein 60 ("gp60") receptors, which are specific for albumin.
  • gp60 glycoprotein 60
  • the nanoparticle composition comprises a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein (e.g., albumen) capable of binding the gp60 receptor.
  • the nanoparticle composition comprises a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein (e.g., albumen) capable of binding the SPARC receptor.
  • nanoparticle compositions comprising the hydrophobic taxane derivative have a different dissolution profile when compared to that of non-derivatized taxane derivatives which can result in significant advantages.
  • certain nanoparticles containing the hydrophobic taxane derivatives have been shown to have strikingly lower dissolution when compared to their non- derivatized counterparts (see Example 21; Tables 9 and 10; and Figures 9-11). Decreased dissolution may keep the nanoparticles intact for an extended time during circulation.
  • the nanoparticle composition comprises a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein (e.g., albumen) wherein the nanoparticle has a decreased aqueous dissolution rate (including a substantially decreased dissolution rate) compared to a nanoparticle composition comprising a taxane which is not substituted with a hydrophobic group (e.g., docetaxel).
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • a carrier protein e.g., albumen
  • aqueous dissolution of the nanoparticle composition comprises a hydrophobic taxane derivative is decreased by greater than any one of about 2-fold, or 3-fold, or 5-, 7-, 10-, 12-, 15-, 17-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 35-, 40-, 50-, 75-, 100-, 200-, 500-, or 1000-fold when compared to a nanoparticle composition comprising an unmodified taxane (e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel).
  • an unmodified taxane e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel
  • the nanoparticles have an average particle size of about any one of 10 nm to 100 nm, 20 to 75 nm, 15 to 50 nm, or more than about any one of 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm at any one of about 5, 10, 25, or 50 ug/mL, in a dissolution study in 5% HSA at 37 0 C as measured by Dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer.
  • the nanoparticles have an average particle size of about 20 nm to 75 nm, or more than about 30 nm at any one of about 5, 50, 75, or 100 ug/mL, in a dissolution study in 5% HSA at 37 0 C.
  • the nanoparticles exhibit the following dissolution profile when measured in 5% HSA at 37 0 C as measured by Dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer: (1) a) about 40 nm to 75 nm or more than about 50 nm at 200 ug/mL; b) about 30 nm to 60 nm or more than about 40 nm at 100 ug/mL; and c) about 10 nm to 40 nm or more than about 20 nm at 10 ug/mL; or (2) a) about 50 nm to 100 nm or more than about 60 nm at about 400 ug/mL; b) about 40 nm to 75 nm or more than about 50 nm at 200 ug/mL; c) about 30 nm to 60 nm or more than about 40 nm at about 100 ug/mL; d) about 10 nm to 40 nm or more than about more than 20 ug/m
  • the nanoparticles exhibit one or more of the following dissolution profile when measured in 5% HSA at 37 0 C as measured by Dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer: a) about 40 nm to 75 nm or more than about 50 nm at 200 ug/mL; b) about 30 nm to 60 nm or more than about 40 nm at 100 ug/mL; or c) about 10 nm to 40 nm or more than about 20 nm at 10 ug/mL.
  • the nanoparticles exhibit one or more of the following dissolution profile when measured in 5% HSA at 37 0 C as measured by Dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer: a) about 50 nm to 100 nm or more than about 60 nm at about 400 ug/mL; b) about 40 nm to 75 nm or more than about 50 nm at 200 ug/mL; c) about 30 nm to 60 nm or more than about 40 nm at about 100 ug/mL; d) about 10 nm to 40 nm or more than about more than 20 nm at 10 ug/mL; or e) about 10 nm to 40 nm or more than about 20 nm at about 5 ug/mL.
  • the nanoparticles exhibit a dissolution profile of Table 9 when measured in 5% HSA at 37 0 C by Dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer.
  • the EC50 (i.e., the half point) of the dissolution profile of the nanoparticle composition is lower than any one of about 200 ug/mL, 150 ug/mL, 120 mg/mL, 100 ug/mL, or 50 ug/mL when measured in 5% HSA at 37 0 C by Dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer.
  • the EC50 of the dissolution profile of the nanoparticle composition when measured in 5% HSA at 37 0 C is less than any one of about 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, or 5% of the EC50 for the unmodified taxane in the same nanoparticle formulation.
  • the E90 (i.e., the 90 dissolution point)of the dissolution profile of the nanoparticle composition is lower than any one of about 100 ug/mL, 75 ug/mL, 50 ug/mL, 30 ug/mL, 20 ug/mL, 15 ug/mL, or 10 ug/mL when measured in 5% HSA at 37 0 C by Dynamic light scattering using a Malvern Zetasizer.
  • the nanoparticles are capable of maintaining an average diameter of about 30 nm to about 50 nm for at least about 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 1 hour when administered intravenously.
  • nanoparticles comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative as described above may allow intact nanoparticle to enter the caveolae for endothelial transport into tumor cells (the opening of which is roughly 30-50 nm and internal diameter of 100 nm; see Westermann et. al. Histochem Cell Biol (1999) 111:71-81, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference). Accordingly, the transport of nanoparticles comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative may be more efficient than the transport of nanoparticles comprising a taxane which is not substituted with a hydrophobic group.
  • the nanoparticles containing the hydrophobic taxane derivative have improved physical and/or chemical stability compared to nanoparticles containing an unmodified taxane ⁇ e.g., paclitaxel and/or docetaxel).
  • the nanoparticle composition comprises a hydrophobic taxane derivative ⁇ e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein ⁇ e.g., albumen) wherein the nanoparticle is in a substantially pure form (for example no more than about 15% or no more than about 10% or no more than about 5% or no more than about 3% or no more than about 1% of the total amount of composition as impurity and/or in a different form, such as a different form of taxane/taxane derivative) after storage of any one of 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 270, 360 days, or any one of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 years at 4 0 C (or 25 0 C) and pH of about any one of 6, 7, or 8.
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative ⁇ e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • the nanoparticles containing hydrophobic taxane derivatives is suitable for infusion into humans after storage of any one of 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 270, 360 days, or any one of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 years at 4 0 C (or 25 0 C).
  • the nanoparticles containing the hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • a stabilizer e.g., citrate
  • the nanoparticle composition has a Cmax in the blood of about 0.05 hour to about 0.3 hour after administration to a primate exhibit. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle composition exhibits break down in blood with terminal half life of about 1 hour to about 5 hours, including for example about 2 hours to about 4 hours, such as about 3 hours to about 3.7 hours, after administration to a primate. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle composition has a metabolite conversion rate for removal of the hydrophobic group from the hydrophobic taxane derivative from between any one of about 2% and 20%, about 3% and 10%, or about 4% and 7% after administration to a primate. In some embodiments, the primate is a monkey. In some embodiments, the primate is a human.
  • the nanoparticle compositions described herein comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., a hydrophobic paclitaxel derivative or hydrophobic docetaxel derivative).
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., a hydrophobic paclitaxel derivative or hydrophobic docetaxel derivative.
  • Structural examples of taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel, are shown below with the conventional numbering system as used herein:
  • C2' or 2' refers to the carbon atom labeled " 2' " shown above, and the A-ring is made up of the ring formed by the fewest number of ring carbons surrounding the letter A (i.e., the ring formed by Cl, C15, CIl, C12, C13, and C14).
  • a "2'-hydroxyl group” refers to the hydroxyl moiety attached to the carbon atom labeled " 2' ".
  • the pendant side-chain is the moiety made up of the atoms linked to Cl 3 oxygen atom (e.g., Cl ⁇ C2 ⁇ C3 ⁇ etc.).
  • hydrophobic taxane derivative is a derivative of paclitaxel. In some embodiments, hydrophobic taxane derivative is a derivative of docetaxel.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a prodrug of the taxane.
  • the prodrug is an ester (e.g., a hydrophobic ester).
  • the ester is an alkyl ester (e.g., C 2 -C 1O ester, such as a hexanoate ester or an acetate ester) or an aryl ester (e.g., a benzoate ester).
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is a prodrug of the taxane (e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel) and is capable of being converted to the taxane (e.g., docetaxel or paclitaxel) by greater than about any one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, or 30% as measured by the methods known in the art and/or described in the examples section herein (e.g., conversion by human liver microsome).
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative contains a hydrophobic group attached to an A-ring carbon or to an exocyclic atom which is directly linked to an A-ring carbon. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative contains a hydrophobic group attached to a B-ring carbon or to an exocyclic atom which is directly linked to a B-ring carbon. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative contains a hydrophobic group attached to a C-ring carbon or to an exocyclic atom which is directly linked to a C-ring carbon. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative contains a hydrophobic group attached to the pendant side-chain.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative contains one or more hydrophobic groups. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative contains multiple hydrophobic groups. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative contains only one hydrophobic group. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is -C(O)R 6 ; wherein R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl- alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteraralkyl.
  • R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups are unsubstituted.
  • R 6 is an unsubstituted C 1 -C 15 alkyl or an unsubstituted 6-membered aryl. In some embodiments, R 6 is an unsubstituted C 1 -C 1O alkyl or an unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is an unsubstituted C 1 -C 1 O alkyl (e.g., C 5 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 6 is an unsubstituted phenyl.
  • hydrophobic taxane derivative is of the formula:
  • R 1 is phenyl or -OtBu
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently H or a hydrophobic group; and wherein at least one of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is not H.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative of formula I contains the proviso that when R 1 is phenyl and R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 are each H, then R 4 is not an acetyl moiety.
  • R 1 is phenyl.
  • R 1 is -OtBu.
  • R 1 is phenyl and R 2 is a hydrophobic group (such as an acyl group, for example a -C(O)-C 4 -C 1O alkyl group, particularly an unsubstituted -C(O)-C 6 alkyl group).
  • R 1 is phenyl and R 2 is a hydrophobic group (such as an acyl group, for example a -C(O)-C 4 -C 1 O alkyl group, particularly an unsubstituted -C(O)-C 6 alkyl group).
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is not H.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is of the formula:
  • R 1 is a phenyl or -OtBu
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently H or -C(O)R 6 ; each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteraralkyl; and wherein at least one of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 is not H.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative of formula II contains the proviso that when R 1 is phenyl and R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 are each H, then R 4 is not an acetyl moiety.
  • R 1 is phenyl.
  • R 1 is -OtBu.
  • each R 6 of formula II is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkynyl, -C 1 -C 15 cycloalkyl, -C 1 -C 15 cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, 5 to 7 membered heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteraralkyl.
  • each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, and aryl.
  • each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted methyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 1 O alkyl, or -C 4 -C 1 O alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is any one of -CH 3, -CH 2 CH 3 , -(CHi) 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 , and -(CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 . In some embodiments, R 6 is -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 .
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 in formula II is not H.
  • R 2 is not H.
  • R 3 is not H.
  • R 4 is not H.
  • R 5 is not H.
  • only two of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 in formula II are not H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are not H.
  • R 2 and R 4 are not H.
  • R 3 and R 4 are not H.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety and only one of R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 is not H.
  • R 4 of formula II is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; and R 3 and R 5 are each H.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, and aryl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted -C 4 -C 1O alkyl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is phenyl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 4 -C 1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 1 is phenyl; R 3 and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 .
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted -C 4 -C 1O alkyl.
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl.
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is phenyl.
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 1O alkyl.
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 4 -C 1O alkyl.
  • R 1 of formula II is -OtBu; R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each H; and R 6 is -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 .
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is of the formula:
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently H or -C(O)R 6 ; each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteraralkyl; and wherein at least one of R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is not H.
  • each R 6 of formula III is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, -C 1 - C 15 alkynyl, -C 1 -C 15 cycloalkyl, -C 1 -C 15 cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, 5 to 7 membered heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteraralkyl.
  • each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, and aryl.
  • each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted methyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 1O alkyl, or -C 4 -C 1O alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is any one of -CH 3; -CH 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 , and -(CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 . In some embodiments, R 6 is -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 .
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 in formula III is not H.
  • R 2 is not H.
  • R 3 is not H.
  • R 4 is not H.
  • only two of R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are not H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are not H.
  • R 2 and R 4 are not H.
  • R 3 and R 4 are not H.
  • R 4 is H and only one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 3 and R 4 of formula II are each H.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, and aryl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted -C 4 -C 1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is phenyl. In some embodiments, R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 1O alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 4 -C 1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R 3 and R 4 are each H; and R 6 is -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 .
  • hydrophobic taxane derivative is of the formula:
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently H or -C(O)R 6 ; each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteraralkyl; and wherein at least one of R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is not H. In some embodiments, when R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 are each H, then R 4 is not an acetyl moiety.
  • each R 6 of formula IV is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, -C 1 - C 15 alkynyl, -C 1 -C 15 cycloalkyl, -C 1 -C 15 cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, 5 to 7 membered heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteraralkyl.
  • each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, and aryl.
  • each R 6 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted methyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • each R 6 is independently an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 1 O alkyl, or -C 4 -C 1 O alkyl. In some embodiments, each R 6 is any one of -CH 3, -CH 2 CH 3 , -(CHi) 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 , and -(CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 . In some embodiments, R 6 is -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 .
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 in formula IV is not H.
  • R 2 is not H.
  • R 3 is not H.
  • R 4 is not H.
  • only two of R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are not H.
  • R 2 and R 3 are not H.
  • R 2 and R 4 are not H.
  • R 3 and R 4 are not H.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety and only one of R 2 and R 3 is not H.
  • R 4 of formula IV is an acetyl moiety and R 3 is H.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, and aryl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted -C 4 -C 1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is phenyl.
  • R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 4 -C 1O alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is an acetyl moiety; R 3 is H; and R 6 is -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 .
  • hydrophobic taxane derivative is of the formula:
  • R is -C(O)R ; and R is independently a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, and heteraralkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, or solvate thereof.
  • R 6 of formula V and formula VI is a substituted or unsubstituted moiety selected from -C 1 -C 15 alkyl, -C 1 -C 15 alkenyl, and aryl.
  • R 6 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl or unsubstituted -C 1 - C 15 alkyl.
  • R 6 is an unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted methyl.
  • R 6 is an unsubstituted aryl (e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl. In some embodiments,R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 10 alkyl (e.g., -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 8 CH 3 ).
  • aryl e.g., phenyl
  • R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
  • R 6 is an unsubstituted -C 1 -C 10 alkyl (e.g., -CH 3
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is any one of the following compounds:
  • the nanoparticle compositions described herein can utilize suitable naturally occurring or synthetic proteins.
  • suitable carrier proteins include proteins normally found in blood or plasma, which include, but are not limited to, albumin, immunoglobulin including IgA, lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B, ⁇ -acid glycoprotein, ⁇ -2-macroglobulin, thyroglobulin, transferin, fibronectin, vitronectin, fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIII, factor IX, factor X, and the like.
  • the carrier protein is a non-blood protein, such as casein, ⁇ -lactalbumin, or ⁇ -lactoglobulin.
  • the carrier proteins may either be natural in origin or synthetically prepared.
  • the pharmaceutical acceptable carrier comprises albumin, such as human serum albumin (HSA).
  • HSA is a highly soluble globular protein of M r 65K and consists of 585 amino acids. HSA is the most abundant protein in the plasma and accounts for 70-80% of the colloid osmotic pressure of human plasma.
  • the amino acid sequence of HSA contains a total of 17 disulphide bridges, one free thiol (Cys 34), and a single tryptophan (Trp 214).
  • Other albumins are contemplated, such as bovine serum albumin. Use of such non-human albumins could be appropriate, for example, in the context of use of these compositions in non-human mammals, such as the veterinary animals (including domestic pets and agricultural animals).
  • suitable proteins include insulin, hemoglobin, lysozyme, immunoglobulins, oc-2-macroglobulin, casein and the like, as well as combinations of any two or more thereof.
  • suitable proteins are selected from the group consisting of albumin, immunoglobulins including IgA, lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B, beta-2-macroglobulin, and thyroglobulin.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises albumin (e.g., human serum albumin). Proteins, including albumin, suitable for the invention may be natural in origin or synthetically prepared.
  • HSA Human serum albumin
  • hydrophobic binding sites a total of eight for fatty acids, an endogenous ligand of HSA
  • binds a diverse set of drugs, especially neutral and negatively charged hydrophobic compounds Goodman et al., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9 th ed, McGraw-Hill New York (1996).
  • Two high affinity binding sites have been proposed in subdomains HA and MA of HSA, which are highly elongated hydrophobic pockets with charged lysine and arginine residues near the surface which function as attachment points for polar ligand features (see, e.g., Fehske et al., Biochem.
  • the carrier protein (e.g., albumin) in the composition generally serves as a carrier for the hydrophobic taxane derivative, i.e., the carrier protein in the composition makes the hydrophobic taxane derivative more readily suspendable in an aqueous medium or helps maintain the suspension as compared to compositions not comprising a carrier protein. This can avoid the use of toxic solvents for solubilizing of the hydrophobic taxane derivative, and thereby can reduce one or more side effects of administration of the derivative into an individual (e.g., human).
  • the composition is substantially free (e.g. free) of organic solvents or surfactants.
  • a composition is "substantially free of organic solvent” or “substantially free of surfactant” if the amount of organic solvent or surfactant in the composition is not sufficient to cause one or more side effect(s) in an individual when the composition is administered to the individual.
  • the nanoparticles in the composition have a solid core.
  • the nanoparticles in the composition have a core that is not aqueous (i.e., other than aqueous core).
  • the nanoparticles of the composition lack a polymeric matrix.
  • the nanoparticles of the composition are filter sterilizable.
  • the nanoparticles in the composition comprise at least one cross-linked carrier protein.
  • the nanoparticles in the composition comprise at least ten-percent of carrier protein that is cross-linked.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is "stabilized" in an aqueous suspension if it remains suspended in an aqueous medium (e.g., without visible precipitation or sedimentation) for an extended period of time, such as for at least about any one of 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, or 72 hours.
  • the suspension is generally, but not necessarily, suitable for administration to an individual (e.g., human). Stability of the suspension is generally (but not necessarily) evaluated at storage temperature, such as room temperature (e.g., 20-25 0 C) or refrigerated conditions (e.g., 4 0 C).
  • a suspension is stable at a storage temperature if it exhibits no flocculation or particle agglomeration visible to the naked eye or when viewed under the optical microscope at 1000 times, at about fifteen minutes after preparation of the suspension. Stability can also be evaluated under accelerated testing conditions, such as at a temperature that is higher than about 40 0 C.
  • the composition comprises nanoparticles comprising (in various variations consisting essentially of) a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein.
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is coated with the carrier protein.
  • Particles (such as nanoparticles) of poorly water soluble pharmaceutical agents have been disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the amount of carrier protein in the composition described herein will vary depending on the specific hydrophobic taxane derivative, other components in the composition, and/or the route of intended administration.
  • the composition comprises a carrier protein in an amount that is sufficient to stabilize the derivative in an aqueous suspension, for example, in the form of a stable colloidal suspension (e.g., a stable suspension of nanoparticles).
  • the carrier protein is in an amount that reduces the sedimentation rate of the hydrophobic taxane derivative in an aqueous medium.
  • the amount of carrier protein included in the composition is an amount effective to reduce one or more side effects of the hydrophobic taxane derivative.
  • the amount of the carrier protein may also depend on the size and density of particles of the hydrophobic taxane derivative.
  • the composition, in liquid form comprises from about 0.1% to about 25% by weight (e.g. about 0.5% by weight, about 5% by weight, about 10% by weight, about 15% by weight, or about 20% by weight) of carrier protein (e.g., albumin). In some embodiments, the composition, in liquid form, comprises about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of carrier protein (e.g., albumin).
  • carrier protein e.g., albumin
  • the composition can be dehydrated, for example, by lyophilization, spray-drying, fluidized-bed drying, wet granulation, and other suitable methods known in the art.
  • the carrier protein e.g., albumin
  • the active pharmaceutical agent e.g., albumin
  • the carrier protein e.g., albumin
  • the solution is from about 0.1% to about 25% by weight (about 0.5% by weight, about 5% by weight, about 10% by weight, about 15% by weight, or about 20% by weight of carrier protein (e.g., albumin).
  • the composition comprises more than, equal to, or less than any one of about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 75% or about 80% of carrier protein (e.g., albumin) in nanoparticle form.
  • carrier protein e.g., albumin
  • the carrier protein is present in an effective amount to reduce one or more side effects associated with administration of hydrophobic taxane derivative to a human compared to compositions without carrier protein.
  • These side effects include, but are not limited to, myelosuppression, neurotoxicity, hypersensitivity, inflammation, venous irritation, phlebitis, pain, skin irritation, neutropenic fever, anaphylactic reaction, hematologic toxicity, and cerebral or neurologic toxicity, and combinations thereof.
  • a method of reducing hypersensitivity reactions associated with administration of the hydrophobic taxane derivative including, for example, severe skin rashes, hives, flushing, dyspnea, tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension (e.g., lymphoma); chest pain; black, tarry stools; general feeling of illness, shortness of breath; swollen glands; weight loss; yellow skin and eyes, abdominal pain; unexplained anxiousness; bloody or cloudy urine; bone pain; chills; confusion; convulsions (seizures); cough; decreased urge to urinate; fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; fever; frequent urge to urinate; increased thirst; loss of appetite; lower back or side pain; mood changes; muscle pain or cramps; nausea or vomiting; numbness or tingling around lips, hands, or feet; painful or difficult urination; rash; sore throat; sores or white spots on lips or in mouth; swelling of hands, ankles, feet, or
  • side effects are merely exemplary and other side effects, or combination of side effects, associated with the hydrophobic taxane derivative can be reduced.
  • the side effects may be immediate or delayed (such as not occurring for a few days, weeks, months, or years after treatment begins).
  • the compositions of the invention also includes an antimicrobial agent (e.g., an agent in addition to the hydrophobic taxane derivative) in an amount sufficient to significantly inhibit (e.g., delay, reduce, slow, and/or prevent) microbial growth in the composition for use in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • an antimicrobial agent e.g., an agent in addition to the hydrophobic taxane derivative
  • exemplary microbial agents and variations for the use of microbial agents are disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0117744A1 (such as those described in paragraphs [0036] to [0058] therein), the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the antimicrobial agent is a chelating agent, such as EDTA, edetate, citrate, pentetate, tromethamine, sorbate, ascorbate, derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof.
  • the antimicrobial agent is a polydentate chelating agent.
  • the antimicrobial agent is a non-chelating agent, such as any of sulfites, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, and paraben.
  • an antimicrobial other than the taxane discussed above is not contained or used in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • the compositions of the invention include a sugar for use in the methods of treatment described herein.
  • the compositions of the invention include both a sugar and an antimicrobial agent for use in the methods of treatment described herein.
  • Exemplary sugars and variations for the use of sugars are disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0117744A1 (such as those described in paragraphs [0084] to [0090] therein), the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the sugar serves as a reconstitution enhancer which causes a lyophilized composition to dissolve or suspend in water and/or aqueous solution more quickly than the lyophilized composition would dissolve without the sugar.
  • the composition is a liquid (e.g., aqueous) composition obtained by reconstituting or resuspending a dry composition.
  • concentration of sugar in the composition is greater than about 50 mg/ml.
  • the sugar is in an amount that is effective to increase the stability of the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition as compared to a composition without the sugar.
  • the sugar is in an amount that is effective to improve filterability of the composition as compared to a composition without the sugar.
  • the sugar-containing compositions described herein may further comprise one or more antimicrobial agents, such as the antimicrobial agents described herein or in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0117744A1.
  • antimicrobial agents such as the antimicrobial agents described herein or in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0117744A1.
  • other reconstitution enhancers such as those described in U.S. Pat. App. Publication No. 2005/0152979, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety
  • a sugar is not contained or used in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • compositions of the invention also include a stabilizing agent for use in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • the compositions of the invention include an antimicrobial agent and/or a sugar and/or a stabilizing agent for use in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • Exemplary stabilizing agents and variations for the use of stabilizing agents are disclosed in US 2007/0082838 (such as those described in paragraphs [0038] to [0083] and [0107] to [0114] therein).
  • the present invention in another variation provides for compositions and methods of preparation of a hydrophobic taxane derivative which retain the desirable therapeutic effects and remain physically and/or chemically stable upon exposure to certain conditions such as prolonged storage, elevated temperature, or dilution for parenteral administration.
  • the stabilizing agent includes, for example, chelating agents (e.g., citrate, malic acid, edetate, or pentetate), sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium gluconate.
  • the invention provides pharmaceutical formulations of a hydrophobic taxane derivative comprising citrate, sodium pyrophosphate, EDTA, sodium gluconate, citrate and sodium chloride, and/ .
  • the invention provides a composition of a hydrophobic taxane derivative, wherein the derivative used for preparing the formulation is in an anhydrous form prior to being incorporated into the composition.
  • a stabilizing agent is not contained or used in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • compositions described herein may be used in the preparation of a formulation, such as a pharmaceutical composition or formulation, by combining the nanoparticle composition(s) described with a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier, excipients, stabilizing agents and/or other agents, which are known in the art, for use in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • negatively charged components include, but are not limited to bile salts, bile acids, glycocholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, litocholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, and others; phospholipids including lecithin (egg yolk) based phospholipids which include the following phosphatidylcholines: palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine, palmitoyllinoleoylphosphatidylcholine, stearoyllinoleoylphosphatidylcholine, stearoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine, stearoylarachidoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphosphatid
  • phospholipids including L- ⁇ -dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), and other related compounds.
  • Negatively charged surfactants or emulsifiers are also suitable as additives, e.g., sodium cholesteryl sulfate and the like.
  • the nanoparticle compositions described herein can be stabilized with a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant.
  • surfactants refers to surface active group(s) of amphiphile molecules.
  • Surfactants can be anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic. Any suitable surfactant can be included in the inventive pharmaceutical composition.
  • Suitable surfactants include non-ionic surfactants such as phosphatides, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate.
  • the surfactant is egg lecithin, tween 80, or vitamin E-t d-ac-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS).
  • Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include sterile water; saline, dextrose; dextrose in water or saline; condensation products of castor oil and ethylene oxide combining about 30 to about 35 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of castor oil; liquid acid; lower alkanols; oils such as corn oil; peanut oil, sesame oil and the like, with emulsifiers such as mono- or di-glyceride of a fatty acid, or a phosphatide, e.g., lecithin, and the like; glycols; polyalkylene glycols; aqueous media in the presence of a suspending agent, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; sodium alginate; poly(vinylpyrolidone) ; and the like, alone, or with suitable dispensing agents such as lecithin; polyoxyethylene stearate; and the like.
  • a suspending agent for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose; sodium alginate; poly(vinylpyrolidone)
  • the carrier may also contain adjuvants such as preserving stabilizing, wetting, emulsifying agents and the like together with the penetration enhancer.
  • the final form may be sterile and may also be able to pass readily through an injection device such as a hollow needle.
  • the proper viscosity may be achieved and maintained by the proper choice of solvents or excipients.
  • the use of molecular or particulate coatings such as lecithin, the proper selection of particle size in dispersions, or the use of materials with surfactant properties may be utilized.
  • the nanoparticle compositions described herein may include other agents, excipients, or stabilizers to improve properties of the composition.
  • suitable excipients and diluents include, but are not limited to, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, saline solution, syrup, methylcellulose, methyl- and propylhydroxybenzoates, talc, magnesium stearate and mineral oil.
  • the formulations can additionally include lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents or flavoring agents.
  • emulsifying agents include tocopherol esters such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate and the like, pluronic®, emulsifiers based on polyoxy ethylene compounds, Span 80 and related compounds and other emulsifiers known in the art and approved for use in animals or human dosage forms.
  • the compositions can be formulated so as to provide rapid, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures well known in the art.
  • the composition is formulated to have a pH in the range of about 4.5 to about 9.0, including for example pH ranges of any one of about 5.0 to about 8.0, about 6.5 to about 7.5, and about 6.5 to about 7.0.
  • the pH of the composition is formulated to no less than about 6, including for example no less than about any one of 6.5, 7, or 8 (e.g., about 8).
  • the composition can also be made to be isotonic with blood by the addition of a suitable tonicity modifier, such as glycerol.
  • the composition is suitable for administration to a human.
  • suitable formulations of the inventive composition see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,916,596 and 6,096,331, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties).
  • the following formulations and methods are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration can comprise (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the compound dissolved in diluents, such as water, saline, or orange juice, (b) capsules, sachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as solids or granules, (c) suspensions in an appropriate liquid, (d) suitable emulsions, and (e) powders.
  • liquid solutions such as an effective amount of the compound dissolved in diluents, such as water, saline, or orange juice
  • capsules, sachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as solids or granules
  • suspensions in an appropriate liquid such as water, saline, or orange juice
  • Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and pharmacologically compatible excipients.
  • Lozenge forms can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, as well as pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such excipients as are known in the art.
  • a flavor usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth
  • pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such excipients as are known in the art.
  • the nanoparticles of this invention can be enclosed in a hard or soft capsule, can be compressed into tablets, or can be incorporated with beverages or food or otherwise incorporated into the diet.
  • Capsules can be formulated by mixing the nanoparticles with an inert pharmaceutical diluent and inserting the mixture into a hard gelatin capsule of the appropriate size. If soft capsules are desired, a slurry of the nanoparticles with an acceptable vegetable oil, light petroleum or other inert oil can be encapsulated by machine into a gelatin capsule.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation compatible with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizing agents, and preservatives.
  • the formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein (i.e., water) for injection, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid excipient methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein i.e., water
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described. Injectable formulations are preferred.
  • the invention also includes formulations of nanoparticle compositions comprising the hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier suitable for administration by inhalation for use in the methods of the invention.
  • hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • a carrier suitable for administration by inhalation for use in the methods of the invention.
  • Formulations suitable for aerosol administration comprise the inventive composition include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes, as well as aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizing agents, and preservatives, alone or in combination with other suitable components, which can be made into aerosol formulations to be administered via inhalation.
  • These aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like. They also can be formulated as pharmaceuticals for non-pressured preparations, such as in a nebulizer or an atomizer.
  • the invention also includes formulations of nanoparticle compositions administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • suppositories for rectal administration.
  • These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • the invention also includes formulations of nanoparticle compositions administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
  • Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically- transdermal patches may also be used.
  • unit dosage forms comprising the compositions and formulations described herein. These unit dosage forms can be stored in a suitable packaging in single or multiple unit dosages and may also be further sterilized and sealed.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may include (i) nanoparticles that comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • a carrier protein e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • the pharmaceutical composition also includes one or more other compounds (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) that are useful for treating cancer.
  • the amount of hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition is included in any one of the following ranges: about 5 to about 50 mg, about 20 to about 50 mg, about 50 to about 100 mg, about 100 to about 125 mg, about 125 to about 150 mg, about 150 to about 175 mg, about 175 to about 200 mg, about 200 to about 225 mg, about 225 to about 250 mg, about 250 to about 300 mg, about 300 to about 350 mg, about 350 to about 400 mg, about 400 to about 450 mg, or about 450 to about 500 mg.
  • the amount of hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition is in the range of about 5 mg to about 500 mg, such as about 30 mg to about 300 mg or about 50 mg to about 200 mg, of the derivative.
  • the carrier is suitable for parental administration (e.g., intravenous administration).
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is the only pharmaceutically active agent for the treatment of cancer that is contained in the composition.
  • the invention features a dosage form (e.g., a unit dosage form) for the treatment of cancer comprising (i) nanoparticles that comprise a carrier protein and a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI), wherein the amount of derivative in the unit dosage from is in the range of about 5 mg to about 500 mg, and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the amount of the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the unit dosage form includes about 30 mg to about 300 mg.
  • compositions, formulations, and unit dosages described herein in suitable packaging for use in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • suitable packaging for compositions described herein are known in the art, and include, for example, vials (such as sealed vials), vessels (such as sealed vessels), ampules, bottles, jars, flexible packaging (e.g., sealed Mylar or plastic bags), and the like. These articles of manufacture may further be sterilized and/or sealed.
  • kits comprising the compositions, formulations, unit dosages, and articles of manufacture described herein for use in the methods of treatment, methods of administration, and dosage regimes described herein.
  • Kits of the invention include one or more containers comprising hydrophobic taxane derivative-containing nanoparticle compositions (formulations or unit dosage forms and/or articles of manufacture), and in some embodiments, further comprise instructions for use in accordance with any of the methods of treatment described herein.
  • the kit comprises i) a composition comprising nanoparticles comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein (such as albumin) and ii) instructions for administering the nanoparticles and the chemotherapeutic agents simultaneously and/or sequentially, for treatment of cancer.
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • a carrier protein such as albumin
  • the amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the kit is included in any one of the following ranges: about 5 mg to about 20 mg, about 20 to about 50 mg, about 50 to about 100 mg, about 100 to about 125 mg, about 125 to about 150 mg, about 150 to about 175 mg, about 175 to about 200 mg, about 200 to about 225 mg, about 225 to about 250 mg, about 250 to about 300 mg, about 300 to about 350 mg, about 350 to about 400 mg, about 400 to about 450 mg, or about 450 to about 500 mg.
  • the amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the kit is in the range of about 5 mg to about 500 mg, such as about 30 mg to about 300 mg or about 50 mg to about 200 mg.
  • the kit includes one or more other compounds (i.e., one or more compounds other than a hydrophobic taxane derivative) that are useful for cancer.
  • kits of the invention are typically written instructions on a label or package insert (e.g., a paper sheet included in the kit), but machine-readable instructions (e.g., instructions carried on a magnetic or optical storage disk) are also acceptable.
  • the instructions relating to the use of the nanoparticle compositions generally include information as to dosage, dosing schedule, and route of administration for the intended treatment.
  • the kit may further comprise a description of selecting an individual suitable or treatment.
  • kits comprising compositions (or unit dosages forms and/or articles of manufacture) described herein and may further comprise instruction(s) on methods of using the composition, such as uses further described herein.
  • the kit of the invention comprises the packaging described above.
  • the kit of the invention comprises the packaging described above and a second packaging comprising a buffer. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for performing any methods described herein.
  • the kit may contain instructions for administering the first and second therapies simultaneously and/or sequentially for the effective treatment of cancer.
  • the first and second therapies can be present in separate containers or in a single container. It is understood that the kit may comprise one distinct composition or two or more compositions wherein one composition comprises a first therapy and one composition comprises a second therapy.
  • Kits may also be provided that contain sufficient dosages of the hydrophobic taxane derivative as disclosed herein to provide effective treatment for an individual for an extended period, such as any one of a week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months or more. Kits may also include multiple unit doses of the hydrophobic taxane derivative compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, and formulations described herein and instructions for use and packaged in quantities sufficient for storage and use in pharmacies, for example, hospital pharmacies and compounding pharmacies.
  • the kit comprises a dry (e.g., lyophilized) composition that can be reconstituted, resuspended, or rehydrated to form generally a stable aqueous suspension of nanoparticles comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative and albumin (e.g., a hydrophobic taxane derivative coated with albumin).
  • a dry composition e.g., lyophilized composition
  • albumin e.g., a hydrophobic taxane derivative coated with albumin.
  • the kits of the invention are in suitable packaging. Suitable packaging include, but is not limited to, vials, bottles, jars, flexible packaging (e.g., sealed Mylar or plastic bags), and the like. Kits may optionally provide additional components such as buffers and interpretative information.
  • compositions containing carrier proteins and poorly water soluble pharmaceutical agents are known in the art.
  • nanoparticles containing poorly water soluble pharmaceutical agents and carrier proteins e.g., albumin
  • carrier proteins e.g., albumin
  • These methods are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,916,596; 6,096,331; 6,749,868; and 6,537,579; and PCT Application Pub. Nos. WO98/14174; WO99/00113; WO07/027941; and WO07/027819.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., a hydrophobic docetaxel derivative) is dissolved in an organic solvent.
  • organic solvents include, for example, ketones, esters, ethers, chlorinated solvents, and other solvents known in the art.
  • the organic solvent can be methylene chloride, chloroform/ethanol, or chloroform/t-butanol (for example with a ratio of about any one of 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, or 9:1 or with a ratio of about any one of 3:7, 5:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:5, 8:5, 9:5, 9.5:5, 5:3, 7:3, 6:4, or 9.5:0.5).
  • a carrier protein e.g., human serum albumin
  • the mixture is subjected to high pressure homogenization (e.g., using an Avestin, APV Gaulin, MicrofluidizerTM such as a MicrofluidizerTM Processor M-110EH from Microfluidics, Stansted, or Ultra Turrax homogenizer).
  • the emulsion may be cycled through the high pressure homogenizer for between about 2 to about 100 cycles, such as about 5 to about 50 cycles or about 8 to about 20 cycles (e.g., about any one of 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 or 20 cycles).
  • the organic solvent can then be removed by evaporation utilizing suitable equipment known for this purpose, including, but not limited to, rotary evaporators, falling film evaporators, wiped film evaporators, spray driers, and the like that can be operated in batch mode or in continuous operation.
  • the solvent may be removed at reduced pressure (such as at about any one of 25 mm Hg, 30 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg, 50 mm Hg, 100 mm Hg, 200 mm Hg, or 300 mm Hg).
  • the amount of time used to remove the solvent under reduced pressure may be adjusted based on the volume of the formulation.
  • the solvent can be removed at about 1 to about 300 mm Hg (e.g., about any one of 5-100 mm Hg, 10-50 mm Hg, 20-40 mm Hg, or 25 mm Hg) for about 5 to about 60 minutes (e.g., about any one of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 16, 18, 20, 25, or 30 minutes).
  • the dispersion obtained can be further lyophilized.
  • human albumin solution may be added to the dispersion to adjust the human serum albumin to the hydrophobic taxane derivative ratio or to adjust the concentration of the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the dispersion.
  • human serum albumin solution e.g., 25 % w/v
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • ratio e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • human serum albumin solution e.g., 25 % w/v
  • another solution is added to adjust the concentration of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the dispersion to about any one of 0.5 mg/ml, 1.3 mg/ml, 1.5 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, 7 mg/ml, 8 mg/ml, 9 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 15 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, or 50 mg/ml.
  • the dispersion may be serially filtered through multiple filters, such as a combination of 1.2 ⁇ m and 0.8/0.2 ⁇ m filters; the combination of 1.2 ⁇ m, 0.8 ⁇ m, 0.45 ⁇ m, and 0.22 ⁇ m filters; or the combination of any other filters known in the art.
  • the dispersion obtained can be further lyophilized.
  • the nanoparticle compositions may be made using a batch process or a continuous process (e.g., the production of a composition on a large scale).
  • a second therapy e.g., one or more compounds useful for treating cancer
  • an antimicrobial agent e.g., one or more compounds useful for treating cancer
  • sugar, and/or stabilizing agent can also be included in the composition.
  • This additional agent can either be admixed with the hydrophobic taxane derivative and/or the carrier protein during preparation of the hydrophobic taxane derivative/carrier protein composition, or added after the hydrophobic taxane derivative/carrier protein composition is prepared.
  • the agent is admixed with the hydrophobic taxane derivative/carrier protein composition prior to lyophilization.
  • the agent is added to the lyophilized hydrophobic taxane derivative/carrier protein composition.
  • the pH in the composition are generally (but not necessarily) adjusted to a desired pH.
  • Exemplary pH values of the compositions include, for example, in the range of about 5 to about 8.5.
  • the pH of the composition is adjusted to no less than about 6, including for example no less than any one of about 6.5, 7, or 8 (e.g., about 8).
  • an emulsion comprising a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI), the emulsion comprising: (a) a first phase comprising nanodroplets comprising at least a portion of the hydrophobic taxane derivative dissolved in an organic solvent for the hydrophobic taxane derivative and an alcohol solvent for the hydrophobic taxane derivative, and (b) a second phase comprising water and a biocompatible polymer, wherein the emulsion is substantially free of surfactants.
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • the emulsion comprising: (a) a first phase comprising nanodroplets comprising at least a portion of the hydrophobic taxane derivative dissolved in an organic solvent for the hydrophobic taxane derivative and an alcohol solvent for the hydrophobic taxane
  • hydrophobic taxane derivatives of the invention are synthesized by an appropriate combination of generally well-known synthetic methods. Techniques useful in synthesizing the compounds of the invention are both readily apparent and accessible to those of skill in the relevant art, particularly in view of the teachings described herein. The discussion below is offered to illustrate certain of the diverse methods available for use in assembling the compounds of the invention. However, the discussion is not intended to define the scope of reactions or reaction sequences that are useful in preparing the compounds of the invention, nor is it intended to define the scope of the compounds themselves.
  • hydrophobic taxane derivatives useful in the present invention may be synthesized by modifying the 2'-hydroxyl of the taxane as shown in Scheme 1.
  • Treatment of the taxane e.g., docetaxel
  • a reactive hydrophobic group e.g., a benzyl halide, such as benzoyl chloride
  • a base such as triethylamine or pyridine
  • a reactive hydrophobic group e.g., benzoic acid
  • a coupling agent e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • a catalytic amount of 4- pyrrolidinopyridine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine provides the desired hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., 2' -benzoyl docetaxel shown in scheme 1).
  • hydrophobic taxane derivatives useful in the present invention may be synthesized by modifying the 7 position of the taxane as shown in Scheme 2.
  • the reactivity of the 2'-hydroxyl group of the taxane may be blocked with a protecting group.
  • selective protecting groups such as triethylsilyl, may be used as it is easily removed from the 2'-hydroxyl by treatment with acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid in methanol, or hydrofluoric acid in pyridine).
  • the taxane containing the 2'-protected hydroxyl can then be subjected to the reactive hydrophobic group as described herein (e.g., benzoic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and a catalytic amount of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine or A- dimethylaminopyridine), to generate a hydrophobic taxane derivative modified at the 7 position.
  • the 2'-protected hydroxyl e.g., 2'-triethylsilyl group
  • hydrophobic taxane derivatives useful in the present invention may be synthesized by modifying the 10-position of the taxane as shown in Scheme 3. To introduce new functionality of a hydrophobic group at the 10-position, the reactivity of both the 2'-hydroxyl group and the 7-hydroxyl group of the taxane may be blocked with a protecting group.
  • the doubly protected taxane can be produced (e.g., 2',7-bis(triethylsilyl) docetaxel) can be produced.
  • a suitable protecting group e.g., chlorotriethylsilane (TESCl)
  • TSCl chlorotriethylsilane
  • the desired 10-acylation product is obtained (e.g., 10-acylation), from which both protecting groups can readily be removed (e.g., under mild acidic conditions).
  • the reactive hydrophobic group as described herein e.g., benzoyl chloride/pyridine or benzoic acid, in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and a catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine
  • the desired 10-acylation product is obtained (e.g., 10-acylation), from which both protecting groups can readily be removed (e.g., under mild acidic conditions).
  • the hydrophobic group such as benzoyl
  • the hydrophobic group may be conjugated to virtually any drug compound or diagnostic agent, formulated and used according to the methods of the present invention.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include the following categories and specific examples. It is not intended that the category be limited by the specific examples. Those of ordinary skill in the art will, in light of the teachings provided herein, recognize numerous other compounds that fall within the categories and that are useful according to the invention.
  • the invention also includes products made by the methods described herein.
  • Anticancer activity of the hydrophobic taxane derivatives or nanoparticle compositions comprising the hydrophobic taxane derivatives can be examined in vitro, for example, by incubating a cancer cell culture with the derivative, and then evaluating cell growth inhibition in the culture.
  • Suitable cells for such testing include murine P388 leukemia, B16 melanoma and Lewis lung cancer cells, as well as human mammary MCF7, ovarian OVCAR-3, A549 lung cancer cells, MX-I (human breast tumor cell), HT29 (colon cancer cell line), HepG2 (liver cancer cell lines), and HCTl 16 (colon cancer cell lines).
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative (or composition comprising hydrophobic taxane derivative) can be tested in vivo for antitumor activity, for example, by first establishing tumors in suitable test animals, e.g., nude mice.
  • Cells suitable for establishing tumors include those described above for in vitro testing, as well as other cells generally accepted in the art for establishing tumors.
  • the taxane derivative is administered to the animal; ED 50 values, that is, the amount of the derivative (or composition) required to achieve 50% inhibition of tumor growth in the animal are then determined, as are survival rates.
  • ED 50 values that is, the amount of the derivative (or composition) required to achieve 50% inhibition of tumor growth in the animal are then determined, as are survival rates.
  • ED 50 values that is, the amount of the derivative (or composition) required to achieve 50% inhibition of tumor growth in the animal are then determined, as are survival rates.
  • Ordinarily skilled artisans given the teachings described herein, are well able to select particular hydrophobic taxane derivatives (or
  • the nanoparticle compositions of the present invention may be used to treat diseases associated with cellular proliferation or hyperproliferation, such as cancers.
  • methods of treating a proliferative disease ⁇ e.g., cancer) in an individual comprising administering to the individual an effective amount of the composition comprising nanoparticles, wherein the nanoparticles comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative (e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI) and a carrier protein (e.g., albumin).
  • a hydrophobic taxane derivative e.g., any one of compounds 1, 2, 3-23 and any compound of Formula I, II, III, IV, V, or VI
  • carrier protein e.g., albumin
  • cancers that may be treated by the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, multiple myeloma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver, renal, gastric, and breast cancer.
  • the individual being treated for a proliferative disease has been identified as having one or more of the conditions described herein. Identification of the conditions as described herein by a skilled physician is routine in the art (e.g., via blood tests, X-rays, CT scans, endoscopy, biopsy, etc.) and may also be suspected by the individual or others, for example, due to tumor growth, hemorrhage, ulceration, pain, enlarged lyph nodes, cough, jaundice, swelling, weight loss, cachexia, sweating, anemia, paraneoplastic phenomena, thrombosis, etc. In some embodiments, the individual has been identified as susceptible to one or more of the conditions as described herein.
  • the susceptibility of an individual may be based on any one or more of a number of risk factors and/or diagnostic approaches appreciated by the skilled artisan, including, but not limited to, genetic profiling, family history, medical history (e.g., appearance of related conditions), lifestyle or habits.
  • the methods and/or compositions used herein reduce the severity of one or more symptoms associated with proliferative disease (e.g., cancer) by at least about any one of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% compared to the corresponding symptom in the same individual prior to treatment or compared to the corresponding symptom in other individuals not receiving the methods and/or compositions.
  • proliferative disease e.g., cancer
  • the invention provides a method of treating cancer in an individual by administering to the individual an effective amount of a combination of a) a first therapy that comprises a composition comprising nanoparticles that comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein (e.g., albumin) and b) a second therapy useful for treating cancer.
  • the second therapy includes surgery, radiation, gene therapy, immunotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, stem cell transplantation, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, cryotherapy, ultrasound therapy, photodynamic therapy, and/or chemotherapy (e.g., one or more compounds useful for treating cancer). It is understood that reference to and description of methods of treating cancer below is exemplary and that this description applies equally to and includes methods of treating cancer using combination therapy.
  • the amount of the inventive composition administered to an individual may vary with the particular composition, the method of administration, and the particular type of recurrent cancer being treated.
  • the amount should be sufficient to produce a desirable beneficial effect.
  • the amount of the composition is effective to result in an objective response (such as a partial response or a complete response).
  • the amount of the hydrophobic taxane derivative nanoparticle composition is sufficient to result in a complete response in the individual.
  • the amount of the composition is sufficient to result in a partial response in the individual.
  • the amount of the composition administered alone is sufficient to produce an overall response rate of more than about any one of 40%, 50%, 60%, or 64% among a population of individuals treated with the composition.
  • Responses of an individual to the treatment of the methods described herein can be determined, for example, based on RECIST or CA- 125 level.
  • a complete response can be defined as a return to a normal range value of at least 28 days from the pretreatment value.
  • a particle response can be defined as a sustained over 50% reduction from the pretreatment value.
  • the amount of the hydrophobic taxane derivative nanoparticle composition is sufficient to prolong progress-free survival of the individual (for example as measured by RECIST or CA- 125 changes). In some embodiments, the amount of the composition is sufficient to prolong overall survival of the individual. In some embodiments, the amount of the composition is sufficient to produce clinical benefit of more than about any one of 50%, 60%, 70%, or 77% among a population of individuals treated with the composition.
  • the amount of the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition is below the level that induces a toxicological effect (i.e., an effect above a clinically acceptable level of toxicity) or is at a level where a potential side effect can be controlled or tolerated when the composition is administered to the individual.
  • the amount of the composition is close to a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the composition following the same dosing regime.
  • the amount of the composition is more than about any one of 80%, 90%, 95%, or 98% of the MTD.
  • the amount of the composition is an amount sufficient to decrease the size of a tumor, decrease the number of cancer cells, or decrease the growth rate of a tumor by at least about any one of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100% compared to the corresponding tumor size, number of cancer cells, or tumor growth rate in the same subject prior to treatment or compared to the corresponding activity in other subjects not receiving the treatment.
  • Standard methods can be used to measure the magnitude of this effect, such as in vitro assays with purified enzyme, cell-based assays, animal models, or human testing.
  • the amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition is included in any one of the following ranges: about 0.5 to about 5 mg, about 5 to about 10 mg, about 10 to about 15 mg, about 15 to about 20 mg, about 20 to about 25 mg, about 20 to about 50 mg, about 25 to about 50 mg, about 50 to about 75 mg, about 50 to about 100 mg, about 75 to about 100 mg, about 100 to about 125 mg, about 125 to about 150 mg, about 150 to about 175 mg, about 175 to about 200 mg, about 200 to about 225 mg, about 225 to about 250 mg, about 250 to about 300 mg, about 300 to about 350 mg, about 350 to about 400 mg, about 400 to about 450 mg, or about 450 to about 500 mg.
  • the amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the effective amount of the composition is in the range of about 5 mg to about 500 mg, such as about 30 mg to about 300 mg or about 50 mg to about 200 mg.
  • the concentration of the hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition is dilute (about 0.1 mg/ml) or concentrated (about 100 mg/ml), including for example any one of about 0.1 to about 50 mg/ml, about 0.1 to about 20 mg/ml, about 1 to about 10 mg/ml, about 2 mg/ml to about 8 mg/ml, about 4 to about 6 mg/ml, about 5 mg/ml.
  • the concentration of the hydrophobic taxane derivative is at least about any one of 0.5 mg/ml, 1.3 mg/ml, 1.5 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, 7 mg/ml, 8 mg/ml, 9 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 15 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, or 50 mg/ml.
  • Exemplary effective amounts of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the nanoparticle composition include, but are not limited to, about any one of 25 mg/m 2 , 30 mg/m 2 , 50 mg/m 2 , 60 mg/m 2 , 75 mg/m 2 , 80 mg/m 2 , 90 mg/m 2 , 100 mg/m 2 , 120 mg/m 2 , 160 mg/m 2 , 175 mg/m 2 , 180 mg/m 2 , 200 mg/m 2 , 210 mg/m 2 , 220 mg/m 2 , 250 mg/m 2 , 260 mg/m 2 , 300 mg/m 2 , 350 mg/m 2 , 400 mg/m 2 , 500 mg/m 2 , 540 mg/m 2 , 750 mg/m 2 , 1000 mg/m 2 , or 1080 mg/m 2 of a hydrophobic taxane derivative.
  • the composition includes less than about any one of 350 mg/m 2 , 300 mg/m 2 , 250 mg/m 2 , 200 mg/m 2 , 150 mg/m 2 , 120 mg/m 2 , 100 mg/m 2 , 90 mg/m 2 , 50 mg/m 2 , or 30 mg/m 2 of a hydrophobic taxane derivative.
  • the amount of the hydrophobic taxane derivative per administration is less than about any one of 25 mg/m 2 , 22 mg/m 2 , 20 mg/m 2 , 18 mg/m 2 , 15 mg/m 2 , 14 mg/m 2 , 13 mg/m 2 , 12 mg/m 2 , 11 mg/m 2 , 10 mg/m 2 , 9 mg/m 2 , 8 mg/m 2 , 7 mg/m 2 , 6 mg/m 2 , 5 mg/m 2 , 4 mg/m 2 , 3 mg/m 2 , 2 mg/m 2 , or 1 mg/m 2 .
  • the effective amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition is included in any one of the following ranges: about 1 to about 5 mg/m 2 , about 5 to about 10 mg/m 2 , about 10 to about 25 mg/m 2 , about 25 to about 50 mg/m 2 , about 50 to about 75 mg/m 2 , about 75 to about 100 mg/m 2 , about 100 to about 125 mg/m 2 , about 125 to about 150 mg/m 2 , about 150 to about 175 mg/m 2 , about 175 to about 200 mg/m 2 , about 200 to about 225 mg/m 2 , about 225 to about 250 mg/m 2 , about 250 to about 300 mg/m 2 , about 300 to about 350 mg/m 2 , or about 350 to about 400 mg/m 2 .
  • the effective amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition is about 5 to about 300 mg/m 2 , such as about 100 to about 150 mg/m 2 , about 120 mg/m 2 , about 130 mg/m 2 , or about 140 mg/m 2 .
  • the effective amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition includes at least about any one of 1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, or 20 mg/kg.
  • the effective amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in the composition includes less than about any one of 350 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, or 1 mg/kg of a hydrophobic taxane derivative.
  • Exemplary dosing frequencies include, but are not limited to, any one of weekly without break; weekly, three out of four weeks; once every three weeks; once every two weeks; weekly, two out of three weeks.
  • the composition is administered about once every 2 weeks, once every 3 weeks, once every 4 weeks, once every 6 weeks, or once every 8 weeks.
  • the composition is administered at least about any one of Ix, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, or 7x (i.e., daily) a week.
  • the intervals between each administration are less than about any one of 6 months, 3 months, 1 month, 20 days, 15, days, 12 days, 10 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, 3 days, 2 days, or 1 day. In some embodiments, the intervals between each administration are more than about any one of 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 8 months, or 12 months. In some embodiments, there is no break in the dosing schedule. In some embodiments, the interval between each administration is no more than about a week.
  • the administration of the composition can be extended over an extended period of time, such as from about a month up to about seven years.
  • the composition is administered over a period of at least about any one of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, or 84 months.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative is administered over a period of at least one month, wherein the interval between each administration is no more than about a week, and wherein the dose of the hydrophobic taxane derivative at each administration is about 0.25 mg/m 2 to about 75 mg/m 2 , such as about 0.25 mg/m 2 to about 25 mg/m 2 or about 25 mg/m 2 to about 50 mg/m 2 .
  • the dosage of a hydrophobic taxane derivative in a nanoparticle composition can be in the range of 5-400 mg/m 2 when given on a 3 week schedule, or 5-250 mg/m 2 when given on a weekly schedule.
  • the amount of a hydrophobic taxane derivative is about 60 to about 300 mg/m (e.g., about 260 mg/m ).
  • exemplary dosing schedules for the administration of the nanoparticle composition include, but are not limited to, any one of 100 mg/m , weekly, without break; 75 mg/m 2 weekly, 3 out of four weeks; 100 mg/m 2 , weekly, 3 out of 4 weeks; 125 mg/m 2 , weekly, 3 out of 4 weeks; 125 mg/m 2 , weekly, 2 out of 3 weeks; 130 mg/m 2 , weekly, without break; 175 mg/m 2 , once every 2 weeks; 260 mg/m 2 , once every 2 weeks; 260 mg/m 2 , once every 3 weeks; 180-300 mg/m 2 , every three weeks; 60-175 mg/m 2 , weekly, without break; 20-150 mg/m 2 twice a week; and 150-250 mg/m 2 twice a week.
  • the dosing frequency of the composition may be adjusted over the course of the treatment based on the judgment of the administering physician.
  • compositions described herein allow infusion of the composition to an individual over an infusion time that is shorter than about 24 hours.
  • the composition is administered over an infusion period of less than about any one of 24 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours, 5 hours, 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 20 minutes, or 10 minutes.
  • the composition is administered over an infusion period of about 30 minutes.
  • the invention provides a method of treating cancer in an individual by parenterally administering to the individual (e.g., a human) an effective amount of a composition comprising nanoparticles that comprise hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein (e.g., albumin such as human serum albumin).
  • a carrier protein e.g., albumin such as human serum albumin.
  • the invention also provides a method of treating cancer in an individual by intravenous, intra- arterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation, oral, intraperitoneal, nasally, or intra-tracheal administering to the individual (e.g., a human) an effective amount of a composition comprising nanoparticles that comprise a hydrophobic taxane derivative and a carrier protein (e.g., albumin such as human serum albumin).
  • the route of administration is intraperitoneal. In some embodiments, the route of administration is intravenous, intra-arterial, intramuscular, or subcutaneous. In various variations, about 5 mg to about 500 mg, such as about 30 mg to about 300 mg or about 50 to about 500 mg, of the hydrophobic taxane derivative is administered per dose. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic taxane derivative is the only pharmaceutically active agent for the treatment of cancer that is contained in the composition.
  • compositions described herein can be administered to an individual (such as human) via various routes, including, for example, intravenous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, oral, inhalation, intravesicular, intramuscular, intra-tracheal, subcutaneous, intraocular, intrathecal, transmucosal, and transdermal.
  • sustained continuous release formulation of the composition may be used.
  • nanoparticles (such as albumin nanoparticles) of the inventive compounds can be administered by any acceptable route including, but not limited to, orally, intramuscularly, transdermally, intravenously, through an inhaler or other air borne delivery systems and the like.
  • hydrophobic taxane derivative-containing nanoparticle compositions may be administered with a second therapeutic compound and/or a second therapy.
  • the dosing frequency of the composition and the second compound may be adjusted over the course of the treatment based on the judgment of the administering physician.
  • the first and second therapies are administered simultaneously, sequentially, or concurrently.
  • the hydrophobic taxane derivative-containing nanoparticle composition and the second compound can be administered at different dosing frequency or intervals.
  • the composition can be administered weekly, while a second compound can be administered more or less frequently.
  • sustained continuous release formulation of hydrophobic taxane derivative-containing nanoparticle and/or second compound may be used.
  • Various formulations and devices for achieving sustained release are known in the art. A combination of the administration configurations described herein can be used.
  • the present invention also provides metronomic therapy regimes for any of the methods of treatment and methods of administration described herein.
  • Exemplary metronomic therapy regimes and variations for the use of metronomic therapy regimes are discussed below and disclosed in U. S. S.N. 11/359,286, filed 2/21/2006, published as U.S. Pub. No. 2006/0263434 (such as those described in paragraphs [0138] to [0157] therein), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the nanoparticle composition is administered over a period of at least one month, wherein the interval between each administration is no more than about a week, and wherein the dose of the hydrophobic taxane derivative at each administration is about 0.25% to about 25% of its maximum tolerated dose following a traditional dosing regime. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle composition is administered over a period of at least two months, wherein the interval between each administration is no more than about a week, and wherein the dose of the hydrophobic taxane derivative at each administration is about 1% to about 20% of its maximum tolerated dose following a traditional dosing regime.
  • the dose of a hydrophobic taxane derivative per administration is less than about any one of 25%, 24%, 23%, 22%, 20%, 18%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the maximum tolerated dose.
  • any nanoparticle composition is administered at least about any one of Ix, 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, or 7x ⁇ i.e., daily) a week.
  • the intervals between each administration are less than about any one of 6 months, 3 months, 1 month, 20 days, 15, days, 12 days, 10 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, 3 days, 2 days, or 1 day. In some embodiments, the intervals between each administration are more than about any one of 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 8 months, or 12 months. In some embodiments, the composition is administered over a period of at least about any one of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, or 84 months.
  • a solution of docetaxel in dichloromethane is mixed at room temperature under argon with imidazole and triethylsilyl chloride.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature, diluted with methylene chloride, washed with water, saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried, and concentrated.
  • the flash chromatography of the residue produces 2' -triethylsilyl docetaxel.
  • a solution of 2' -triethylsilyl docetaxel in methylene chloride is mixed at ambient temperature under argon with pyridine and benzoyl chloride.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature, diluted with ether, and the organic layers are concentrated.
  • the flash chromatography of the residue is performed to produce intermediate 2' -triethylsilyl 7-benzoyl docetaxel.
  • Example 9 In vitro growth inhibition for on MX-I (human breast carcinoma) cells
  • a cytotoxicity assay was quantitated using the Promega CellTiter Blue Cell Viability Assay. Briefly, cells (5000 cells/well) were plated onto 96-well microtiter plates in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS and incubated at 37 0 C in a humidified 5% CO 2 atmosphere. After 24 hr., cells were exposed to various concentrations of hydrophobic taxane derivative in DMSO and cultured for another 72 hr. 100 uL of media were removed and 20 uL of Promega CellTiter Blue reagent were added to each well and shaken to mix. After 4 hours of incubation at 37 0 C.
  • Example 10 Conversion of hydrophobic docetaxel derivatives to docetaxel in human liver microsome
  • the drug stock solutions were made up to 5 mg/mL in DMSO and used the same day.
  • the drug stock solution was spiked into the following incubation mixture: 83mM K 2 HPO 4 buffer at pH 7.4, 13.3mM MgCl 2 , NADPH regenerating system (NRS) containing 1.3mM NADP+, 3.3mM glucose-6-phosphate, 0.4 U/mL glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 0.05mM sodium citrate to give a final drug concentration of 50 ug/mL with 1% DMSO.
  • NPS NADPH regenerating system
  • the drug stock solution was spiked into the following incubation mixture: 84mM K 2 HPO 4 buffer at pH 7.4, 1OmM MgCl 2 , 12.5 mM sucrose, and 1 mg/mL human liver microsome (HLM) to give a final drug concentration of 50 ug/mL with 1% DMSO.
  • the drug stock solution was spiked into the following incubation mixture: 78mM K 2 HPO 4 buffer at pH 7.4, 13.3mM MgCl 2 , NADPH regenerating system (NRS) containing 1.3mM NADP+, 3.3mM glucose-6-phosphate, 0.4 U/mL glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 0.05mM sodium citrate, 12.5 mM sucrose, and 1 mg/mL HLM to give a final drug concentration of 50 ug/mL with 1% DMSO.
  • NDS NADPH regenerating system
  • control and active solutions were incubated in the Thermomixer for ⁇ 5 minutes prior to spiking in HLM to initiate the reaction.
  • the total sample volume was between 1 to 2.5 mL.
  • Aliquots of the control and active solutions were retrieved at various time points for HPLC analysis. Prior to retrieving samples were briefly vortexed by flicking the vial to improve homogeneity of the solution.
  • reaction aliquots were immediately diluted 1:2 with acetonitrile (ACN) to precipitate the proteins and quench the enzymatic reaction. Samples were vortexed and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 8 minutes. The supernatant was transferred to 1 mL auto sampler vials and injected into the HPLC.
  • ACN acetonitrile
  • HPLC separation was achieved using a Synergi Fusion-RP column (Phenomenex, 150 x 4.6mm, 80A, 4 micron) and the following mobile phase gradient: mobile phase A: water; mobile phase B: acetonitrile; start with A/B (50:50) from 0 to 10 minute; go to A/B (10:90) from 10 to 30 minute; hold at A/B (10:90) from 30 to 40 minute; go back to A/B (50:50) at 40 minute; stop the run at 50 minute. Flow rate was 1 niL/min. Detection was at 228 nm. Oven temperature was kept at 35°C. Sample injection volume was 20 uL. HPLC retention time for various hydrophobic taxane derivatives are summarized in Table 2.
  • Example 11 Preparation of nanoparticles of 2' -benzoyl docetaxel and albumin by high pressure homogenization
  • the tip of the pre -homogenizer' s rotor/stator assembly and the container of emulsion were washed with 3.0 mL of water and the washings were transferred into the high pressure homogenizer (Avestin).
  • the emulsification was performed at 18,000-20,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for 3-12 passes.
  • the resulting system was transferred into a Rotary evaporator, and chloroform and t-butyl alcohol were rapidly removed at 40°C, at reduced pressure (40 mm of Hg), for 10 minutes.
  • the resulting dispersion was translucent, and the typical diameter of the resulting nanoparticles was found to be 121.7 + 1.4 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer).
  • the dispersion was directly filterable through 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filter (Costar, ⁇ star, 8110).
  • the dispersion was further lyophilized for 48 hours without adding any cryoprotectant or lyoprotectant.
  • the resulting cake could be easily reconstituted to the original dispersion by addition of sterile water or saline.
  • the particle size after reconstitution was the same as before lyophilization.
  • Example 12 Preparation of nanoparticles of 2'-O-hexanoyldocetaxel and albumin by high pressure homogenization
  • the tip of the pre- homogenizer's rotor/stator assembly and the container of emulsion were washed with 3.0 mL of 5 % (w/v) HSA solution and the washings were transferred into the high pressure homogenizer (Avestin).
  • the emulsification was performed at 18,000-20,000 psi while recycling the emulsion for 3-12 passes.
  • the resulting system was transferred into a Rotary evaporator, and chloroform and t-butyl alcohol were rapidly removed at 40 °C, at reduced pressure (40 mm of Hg), for 10 minutes.
  • the resulting suspension was made to 20 mL using WFI and then characterized microscopically and size measurement. Microscopically the suspension size was so small that it was difficult to observe the particles.
  • the suspension was filterable through 0.8 ⁇ m and the size of the filtered composition was 95 nm.
  • Example 13.1 Preparation of pharmaceutical formulations comprising 2'-Q- hexanoyldocetaxel and albumin
  • Example 13.2 Preparation of pharmaceutical formulations comprising 2'-Q- hexanoyldocetaxel and albumin
  • the additives in this study were selected from the injectable excipients namely, tonicity modifiers, NaCl and d-mannitol.
  • -20 mL of 0.8 ⁇ m of the composition made by the method described as in Example 12 was filtered through 0.45 ⁇ m syringe filter.
  • the 0.45 ⁇ m filtered compositions were divided into two separate portions each of 20 mL. To one portion d-mannitol was added to a concentration of 5 % (w/v) and to the other portion NaCl was added to have a cone, of 150 mM.
  • the d-mannitol and sodium chloride containing compositions were transferred to 20-mL serum vials with a fill volume of 5 mL and lyophilized following a protocol which is essentially primary drying at 25 0 C for 840 mins and secondary drying at 30 0 C for 480 mins. This resulted a good cake of white to off-white color.
  • the lyophilized cake was reconstitutable in less than 2 mins with WFI to a bluish translucent solution.
  • the reconstituted composition maintained its integrity for 24 h at 4 0 C. There was no appreciable change in size and size distribution before and after lyophilization and on storage.
  • Example 13.3 Preparation of pharmaceutical formulations comprising 2'-Q- hexanoyldocetaxel and albumin
  • This example demonstrates the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations comprising 2'-O-hexanoyldocetaxel and albumin where the composition particle size is less than 100 nm and the filterability and recovery are high.
  • Eight batches of the compositions were prepared at the following parameters and their characteristics were put together in the Tabulated form (Table 3). Particle size distribution is shown, for example, in Figure 8.
  • the homogenized emulsion was transferred in a 500 mL flask of a rotary evaporator, and chloroform and ethyl alcohol were rapidly removed at 40°C, at reduced pressure (40 mm of Hg) for 20 minutes.
  • the resulting dispersion was a bluish translucent solution.
  • the diameter of the resulting 2'-benzoypaclitaxel nanoparticles was found to be 86.7 + 3.1 nm (Z-average, Malvern Zetasizer).
  • the dispersion was directly filterable through 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filter (Costar, ⁇ star, 8110) and the size of the nanoparticles was 61.1 + 0.2 nm.
  • the dispersion was further lyophilized without adding any cryoprotectant or lyoprotectant.
  • the resulting cake could be easily reconstituted to the original dispersion by addition of sterile water or saline.
  • the particle size after reconstitution was the same as before lyophilization.
  • Example 16 Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of pharmaceutical formulations comprising 2'-O-hexanoyldocetaxel and albumin
  • mice were intravenously administered with saline (control) or nab-2 (nanoparticles of 2'-hexanoyldocetaxel prepared in example 12) at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg/kg (q4dx3) on days 1, 5, and 9. Mortality versus dose was fitted using a sigmoidal equation and shown in Figure 7.
  • Example 17 Anticancer activity of nab-2 (nanoparticles of 2'-hexanoyldocetaxel prepared in example 12) against breast cancer xenograft
  • Nab-2 was not tolerated at the highest dosage tested, 120 mg/kg/injection and caused 50% mortality despite marked tumor growth inhibition.
  • Treatment with Nab-2 at dosages of 90 and 60 mg/kg/injection was well-tolerated with maximum average weight losses of 5% and 3%, respectively.
  • Taxotere ® at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/injection was tolerated with a maximum average weight loss of 3.3%.
  • Taxotere ® delayed the growth of the MDA-MB-231 mammary tumor with a T-C value of 49.5 days and decreased tumor growth by 88% (P ⁇ 0.0001 vs. saline control).
  • T-C value 49.5 days
  • tumor growth by 88% P ⁇ 0.0001 vs. saline control
  • Table 5 Anti-tumor activity of Nab-2 compared with Taxotere ® in the s.c. human breast cancer xenograft model in nude mice
  • aTGI tumor growth inhibition
  • BWLmax percent maximum body weight loss
  • c Tumor becomes ⁇ 50% of its size after treatment or becomes impalpable, but subsequently recurs.
  • dTumor becomes unpalpable; e Nab, nanoparticle albumin-bound.
  • Example 18 Anticancer activity of nab-2 (nanoparticles of 2'-hexanoyldocetaxel prepared in example 12) against lung cancer xenograft.
  • Nab-2 at 60 mg/kg was well-tolerated with a maximum average weight loss of 9.1% and decreased tumor growth by 53% (P ⁇ 0.001 vs.
  • Nab-2 at 90 mg/kg resulted in 100% mortality
  • Taxotere ® at 10 mg/kg although decreased tumor growth by 93% (P ⁇ 0.001 vs. saline control), it caused 57% mortality.
  • Nab-2 at 60 mg/kg dose level caused partial tumor regression in six of nine animals with minimal toxicity.
  • Table 6 Anti-tumor activity of Nab-2 compared with Taxotere ® in the s.c. human lung cancer xenograft model in nude mice
  • aTGI tumor growth inhibition
  • b BWLmax percent maximum body weight loss
  • dTumor becomes unpalpable
  • e Nab nanoparticle albumin-bound, f NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.
  • Example 19 Anticancer activity of nab-2 (nanoparticles of 2'-hexanoyldocetaxel prepared in example 12) against colorectal cancer xenograft.
  • aTGI tumor growth inhibition
  • b BWLmax percent maximum body weight loss
  • dTumor becomes unpalpable
  • e Nab nanoparticle albumin-bound.
  • the day of the initial dose administration was designated Study Day 1, with subsequent days consecutively numbered. Days on study prior to the initial dose administration were consecutively numbered with the final day of acclimation referenced as day -1.
  • test article was well tolerated following intravenous administration at 5 and 10 mg/kg.
  • Example 21 Dissolution profile of Nab-2 and Nab-docetaxel
  • Dissolution experiments were carried out for Nab-2 and Nab-docetaxel (See Table 9/ Figure 9 and Table 10/ Figure 10 for Nab-2 and Nab-docetaxel, respectively). Particles of Nab-2 remained intact at the lowest concentrations tested (5 ug/mL). In contrast, nab-docetaxel rapidly breaks down to the albumin-drug complex with no detectable nanoparticles at 100 ug/mL (a 20-fold difference in stability).
  • the EC50 (the half point of the dissolution profile) was 103 ug/mL for nab-2 and 230 ug/mL for nab-docetaxel ( Figure 11)- a 2X difference.
  • the EC90- the 90% dissolution- was 16 ug/ml for nab-2 and 121 ug/ml for nab-docetaxel- a 7.6 X difference. Normalized dissolution curves for Nab-2 and Nab-docetaxel are shown in Figure 11.

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Abstract

La présente invention porte sur des compositions qui comprennent des nanoparticules comprenant : 1) un dérivé hydrophobe de taxane ; et 2) une protéine support. L'invention porte également sur des procédés de traitement de maladies (telles que le cancer) à l'aide des compositions, ainsi que sur des coffrets et des formes posologiques.
PCT/US2008/076179 2008-04-10 2008-09-12 Compositions de dérivés hydrophobes de taxane et leurs utilisations WO2009126175A1 (fr)

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RU2010145529A (ru) 2012-05-20
TW200942233A (en) 2009-10-16

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