WO2009123112A1 - ネットワークシステム、ノード、パケットフォワーディング方法、プログラム及び記録媒体 - Google Patents
ネットワークシステム、ノード、パケットフォワーディング方法、プログラム及び記録媒体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009123112A1 WO2009123112A1 PCT/JP2009/056494 JP2009056494W WO2009123112A1 WO 2009123112 A1 WO2009123112 A1 WO 2009123112A1 JP 2009056494 W JP2009056494 W JP 2009056494W WO 2009123112 A1 WO2009123112 A1 WO 2009123112A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W40/00—Communication routing or communication path finding
- H04W40/02—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing
- H04W40/04—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing based on wireless node resources
- H04W40/06—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing based on wireless node resources based on characteristics of available antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W40/00—Communication routing or communication path finding
- H04W40/02—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing
- H04W40/22—Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing using selective relaying for reaching a BTS [Base Transceiver Station] or an access point
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W72/00—Local resource management
- H04W72/04—Wireless resource allocation
- H04W72/044—Wireless resource allocation based on the type of the allocated resource
- H04W72/046—Wireless resource allocation based on the type of the allocated resource the resource being in the space domain, e.g. beams
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a network system, a node, a packet forwarding method, a program, and a recording medium, and particularly to a network system including one core node and a plurality of slave nodes.
- IPT periodic intermittent transmission method
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 assumed an omnidirectional antenna (hereinafter referred to as “Omni IPT”). For this reason, radio wave interference has occurred extensively, and the frequency repetition utilization efficiency (spatial frequency utilization efficiency) has to be lowered.
- an object of the present invention is to propose a network system or the like capable of realizing packet relay transmission with higher relay transmission efficiency than the conventional Omni IPT using an omnidirectional antenna.
- the invention according to claim 1 is a network system including one core node and a plurality of slave nodes, wherein the core node periodically transmits packets to the plurality of slave nodes, A plurality of directional antennas, and antenna control means for enabling all or a part of the plurality of directional antennas, and when receiving a downlink packet that is a packet transmitted from the core node, If a downlink transfer packet that is a downlink packet to be transmitted to the slave node of the slave node is included, a transmission event is immediately generated and the transfer process of the downlink transfer packet is performed, and the antenna control means of each slave node At least one of the plurality of directional antennas in a reception standby state. Of, it is to enable the directional antenna for receiving directly or through other slave nodes the downlink packet.
- the invention according to claim 2 is the network system according to claim 1, wherein when each slave node receives a downlink packet, there is an uplink packet to be transmitted to the core node.
- communication control means for transmitting the uplink packet to a node that has transmitted the downlink packet by using a directional antenna that has received the downlink packet.
- the invention according to claim 3 is the network system according to claim 2, wherein in each of the slave nodes, the antenna control means enables only one of the plurality of directional antennas to transmit a downlink packet.
- the antenna control means serves as a directional antenna for receiving the downlink packet and a transfer destination of the downlink transfer packet.
- the directional antenna for transmitting to the slave node directly or via another slave node is the same, the directional antenna for receiving the downlink packet and the downlink transfer packet are left valid.
- Directivity antenna for transmitting directly to or via other slave nodes Is different from the directional antenna for receiving the downlink packet, the directional antenna for transmitting directly to the slave node to which the downlink transfer packet is transferred or via another slave node is effective.
- the communication control means transfers the downlink transfer packet using the directional antenna enabled by the antenna control means, and waits for reception to receive the uplink packet transmitted from the transfer destination slave node.
- the antenna control means activates a directional antenna for receiving the downstream packet as the reception standby state after standby for upstream packet reception.
- the invention according to claim 4 is the network system according to claim 3, wherein the core node transmits one downlink packet for two downlink packets transmitted directly and continuously to the same slave node.
- the slave node that directly receives the downlink packet from the time transmits the other downlink packet after a lapse of a certain time that is equal to or more than the time from the time when the communication process with the other slave node is completed.
- the invention according to claim 5 is the network system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the antenna control means receives the downlink packet and an uplink packet that is a packet to be transmitted to the core node.
- the directional antenna is made effective.
- each of the core node and the slave node includes a plurality of wireless devices, and transmission and reception of the downlink packet, Different radio devices are allocated for transmission / reception of uplink packets that are packets to be transmitted to the core node.
- the invention according to claim 7 is the network system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein each slave node manages information relating to a directional antenna for transmitting / receiving a packet to / from another node.
- Management means and communication control means for controlling packet transmission / reception wherein the core node transmits a route control packet, and in each slave node, the antenna control means periodically changes the directional antenna to be enabled.
- the table management means determines whether to update the information to be managed based on the communication status of the received routing packet. Update information for sending packets to the core node, and the communication control means is updated by the table management means When the physical, and transmits the routing control packet with all or a portion of said plurality of directional antennas.
- the invention according to claim 8 is the network system according to claim 7, wherein the core node has a plurality of directional antennas, and antenna control means for enabling all or a part of the plurality of directional antennas, Table management means for managing information on directional antennas for transmitting and receiving packets to and from other nodes, and when the core node transmits the routing packet, all or part of the plurality of directional antennas Using the directional antenna used for transmission to wait for reception, and when the table management means performs an update process, the slave node responds to the source of the received route control packet.
- the information managed by the table management means is transmitted, and after the communication control means transmits a route control packet, it is used for transmission.
- the core node and the slave node update the information managed by the table management means when receiving the management information from the node that received the transmitted routing control packet. is there.
- the invention according to claim 9 is a node that receives a packet periodically transmitted intermittently from a predetermined node on the network, wherein a plurality of directional antennas and all or a part of the plurality of directional antennas are effective.
- the antenna control means includes a plurality of directional antennas in the reception standby state, and at least one of the plurality of directional antennas directly or intermittently transmitted from the predetermined node. This enables a directional antenna for reception via the.
- the invention according to claim 10 is a packet forwarding method in a network system including a plurality of slave nodes and a core node that periodically and intermittently transmits packets to the plurality of slave nodes, wherein each slave node has a plurality of directivities.
- An antenna control means for enabling all or part of the antenna and the plurality of directional antennas, wherein the antenna control means of the slave node is at least one of the plurality of directional antennas in a reception standby state. , Enabling a directional antenna for receiving a packet transmitted from the core node directly or via another slave node.
- the invention according to claim 11 is a program for causing a computer including a plurality of directional antennas to function as a node according to claim 9.
- the invention according to claim 12 is a recording medium for recording the program according to claim 11.
- the core node may periodically transmit packets to the slave node.
- each node may operate as an access point in which a plurality of terminals are connected under the node, and uplink packets transmitted from the plurality of terminals or downlink packets directed to the terminals are relayed.
- each node when each node includes a plurality of wireless devices, different channels may be assigned to these wireless devices. In this case, channel assignment may be performed based on the interference reception level.
- two types of priority that is, an uplink priority and a downlink priority may be set for these wireless devices, and the wireless device may be selected based on these priorities.
- the hidden terminal problem will be described with reference to FIG.
- the node ⁇ 1 and the node ⁇ 1 transmit to the node ⁇ 1
- the node ⁇ 1 and the node ⁇ 1 can normally recognize each other's presence by carrier sense. Therefore, when one node is communicating with the node ⁇ 1 , the other node does not interrupt.
- the node ⁇ 1 and the node ⁇ 1 cannot detect other radio signals from each other, and one node becomes the node ⁇ When communicating with 1 , the other node may interrupt. This problem also occurs when an omnidirectional antenna is applied, and this is called a “hidden terminal problem”.
- the hidden terminal problem becomes prominent, and this is called the “directional hidden terminal problem”.
- the presence of a hidden terminal has a serious effect.
- each node performs relay transmission using a directional antenna having a specific directivity pattern.
- node ⁇ 2 tries to transmit a packet toward the node ⁇ 2 in a transmission state. Due to the directivity pattern of node ⁇ 2 , node ⁇ 2 cannot detect the carrier of node ⁇ 2 .
- node gamma 2 node beta 2 is to spite node beta 2 is a transmission state.
- the packet transmission of the node ⁇ 2 fails.
- the interference on the relay path is suppressed by the application of the directional antenna.
- the IPT is applied to handle the downlink relay packet like a polling control signal, and the core node manages the flow of the uplink / downlink packet relay.
- the multidirectional selective directivity periodic intermittent transmission method improves the throughput characteristics by 7.5% and the packet loss rate by 42%. Furthermore, with the fast selective directional periodic intermittent transmission method, throughput characteristics are improved by 14.1% and packet loss by 86% or more (packet loss rate of 0.05% or less).
- each node can form a more optimal route by changing the directivity of each node stochastically during the route formation process.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless mesh network.
- the wireless mesh network 101 includes mesh clusters 103, 105, and 107.
- Each mesh cluster includes a plurality of nodes.
- a node is an element that constitutes a network, and operates as, for example, a computer or an access point.
- the plurality of nodes can communicate with each other, and are connected in a so-called mesh shape.
- Each mesh cluster 103, 105, and 107 includes core nodes 111, 113, and 115, respectively.
- the core nodes 111, 113, and 115 are origin nodes connected to the wireline core network 109 that is an external network.
- nodes other than the core node in the mesh cluster are referred to as slave nodes.
- the direction from the core node to each slave node is the downlink direction, and the opposite is the uplink direction.
- a packet transmitted from the core node to the slave node is referred to as a downstream packet, and a packet transmitted from the slave node to the core node is referred to as an upstream packet.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the core node 1 and the slave node 21 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the directional MAC protocol of this embodiment is characterized in two points. One is a packet relay transmission method (packet forwarding protocol) by IPT using a directional antenna, and the other is a directional antenna. This is a routing control method (routing protocol) in the system.
- the configuration of the core node 1 will be described with reference to FIG.
- the core node 1 includes a control unit 3 that controls the operation of the core node 1. Also comprises a plurality of directional antennas 5 1, ..., and 5 N, the directional antenna 5 1, ..., the antenna control unit 7 for controlling the enabling and disabling of 5 N.
- the core node 1 includes a table storage unit 9 that stores a table for managing information on slave nodes and directional antennas for transmitting and receiving packets, and a table management unit 11 that manages a table stored in the table storage unit 9. Prepare.
- the core node 1 includes a transmission buffer 13 that stores packets to be transmitted, a reception buffer 15 that stores received packets, and a communication control unit 17 that controls transmission and reception of packets.
- the core node 1 periodically transmits downlink packets intermittently. That is, the communication control unit 17 transmits a certain downlink packet by the directional antennas 5 1 ,..., 5 N enabled by the antenna control unit 7 based on the table stored in the table storage unit 9. After that, by transmitting the next downlink packet through the transmission standby state, the period from the time when the last downlink packet was transmitted to the time when the next downlink packet is transmitted is defined as a predetermined time, and the downlink packet is periodically transmitted. Perform intermittent transmission. Further, the communication control unit 17 of the core node 1 receives the uplink packet from the slave node.
- the configuration of the slave node 21 is the same as that of the core node 1 in FIG.
- the control unit 27 a table storage unit 29 that stores a table for managing information on core nodes and other slave nodes for transmitting / receiving packets, and directional antennas, and a table management for managing the tables stored in the table storage unit 29 Unit 31, a transmission buffer 33 for storing transmitted packets, a reception buffer 35 for storing received packets, and a communication control unit 37 for controlling transmission / reception of packets.
- the communication control unit 37 is connected to another node by the directional antennas 25 1 ,..., 25 N enabled by the antenna control unit 27 based on the table stored in the table storage unit 29. Transmit and receive upstream and downstream packets.
- the antenna control unit 27 is based on a table stored in the table storage unit 29 in a reception standby state that is a state for receiving a downlink packet, and the directional antennas 25 1 ,.
- a reception standby state that is a state for receiving a downlink packet
- the directional antennas 25 1 the directional antennas 25 1 ,.
- N the directional antenna for receiving a downlink packet is enabled. As a result, it is possible to receive all downlink packets using the directional antenna.
- the communication control unit 17 includes received downlink packets whose transmission destination is another slave node and which should be transferred to another slave node.
- the downlink packet is received, a transmission event is generated and the downlink packet is transferred.
- the communication control unit 17 transmits to the node that transmitted the downlink packet using the directional antenna that has received the downlink packet. Transmit the upstream packet in the buffer.
- the core node intermittently intermittently transmits the downstream packet at intervals at which the downstream packet reaches the reception standby state of each slave node.
- the core node can manage the flow of the uplink / downlink packet relay, such as transmitting.
- the antenna control unit 7 is directional antenna 5 1, ..., when the uplink and downlink packet relay as an active part of the 5 N, in particular, to enable only one Even in this case, it is possible to avoid the directional hidden terminal problem and the carrier impossibility problem, and to realize a significant improvement in relay transmission efficiency as compared with the relay transmission characteristics by the conventional Omni IPT. In addition, it is possible to significantly reduce power consumption by relaying up / down packet with some of the plurality of directional antennas enabled.
- the table management unit 11 and the table management unit 31 update the tables stored in the table storage unit 9 and the table storage unit 29 based on a routing protocol in which each node probabilistically changes the directivity during the path formation process. To do.
- This routing protocol relays relay route packets from the core node to each slave node, calculates the transmission loss of each route, selects the relay route with the smallest transmission loss, and periodically switches and switches the directional antenna Is.
- This routing protocol makes it possible to form a relay path that minimizes propagation loss without node location information, and to autonomously select a directional antenna that can be relayed with minimal transmission loss during transmission. .
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the arrangement of directional antennas at each node in the present embodiment.
- the plurality of directional antennas in the present embodiment have the same horizontal plane directivity characteristic, and are arranged with an angular offset in a horizontal plane.
- FIG. 3A six directional antennas having a directional pattern of 60 ° half value are arranged so that adjacent directional antennas have an angle of 60 °. Then, A0,..., A5 and antenna numbers are assigned around the counterclockwise, respectively.
- FIGS. 3B and 3C the node is attached to the wall, the attachment portion and the antenna addition portion are connected by a hinge, and the antenna addition portion can be rotated, so that the directional antenna is hardware. It is possible to have a mechanism that can adjust the direction.
- one node When a directional antenna is applied, one node is equipped with a plurality of antennas having different main axis directions (see FIG. 3A). Therefore, the path cost also changes depending on the antenna to be selected. To minimize the path cost of the entire system, it is important which directional antenna should be selected by each node.
- the routing protocol of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the basis of the routing protocol of this embodiment is to form a relay route that minimizes the route cost from the core node to each slave node (for example, the total propagation loss, the number of hops, etc., hereinafter referred to as “metric”). is there.
- the routing protocol of this embodiment is characterized in that a propagation loss is applied to a metric, and each slave node periodically switches a directional antenna during the routing period. Therefore, according to the routing protocol of this embodiment, each node can autonomously select a directional antenna having a lower metric, and a more optimal relay route can be formed.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the processing of the core node in the routing protocol of this embodiment. With reference to FIG. 4, the processing of the core node in the routing protocol of the present embodiment will be described.
- the control unit 3 of the core node 1 determines whether or not the number of packet transmissions is equal to or less than a predetermined set value by a routing start command (step STCR1). When the value is equal to or smaller than the predetermined set value, the control unit 3 determines an antenna to be used for transmission (step STCR2), puts the determined antenna number in the path control frame (step STCR3), and broadcasts the path control packet (step STCR4). . Then, reception is waited for a while using the directional antenna used for transmission, and when an ACK is received, the routing table is updated (step STCR5). Then, the process returns to the determination process in step STC1R1. If it is determined in step STCR1 that it is not less than the predetermined set value, the process is terminated.
- the core node broadcasts a routing packet by randomly selecting a transmission antenna a plurality of times.
- the number of transmissions of the route control packet is set in advance, and the number of transmissions varies depending on the number of nodes and the number of antennas provided. According to the simulation, it is sufficient to set the number of transmissions of the routing packet to the square of the number of nodes when the number of directional antennas equipped in each node is six, and in the case of three, it is one tenth of that. The result that it should just set is obtained.
- the control unit 23 of the slave node 21 sets a path control packet reception standby time by a routing start command (step STSa1), and randomly receives only one directional antenna. Select and periodically change this (that is, change periodically) to wait for reception (step STSa2), and determine whether or not a route control packet has been received (step STSa3). If received, a reception process is performed (step STSa4), and the process returns to step STSa1. If not, it is determined whether or not the elapsed time is less than or equal to the predetermined reception standby time (step STSa5). If the elapsed time is smaller than the reception standby time, the process returns to step STSa2 and the elapsed time is received. If it is longer than the waiting time, the process is terminated.
- the control unit 23 calculates a metric using the propagation loss between the transmission source node and the reception node, compares the metric with the metric held by the own node, and determines whether to update the metric (step STSb1).
- the metric is a propagation loss
- the slave node receives a new route control packet
- the slave node propagates from the source node to the node from the received power of the route control packet.
- the loss L is calculated.
- the correction candidate metric the sum of L and the metric held by the transmission source node included in the received routing packet is calculated.
- the calculated modified metric is compared with the current metric held by the slave node, and if the modified metric is smaller than the current metric, the metric is updated. In this way, if the calculated metric is smaller than the current metric held by the own node, the routing table stored in the table storage unit 29 is updated (step STSb2), and ACK is transmitted by the antenna used for reception. Unicast to the original node (step STSb3).
- the ACK to be unicast includes the latest routing table held by the node transmitting the ACK.
- step STSb4 determine the antenna to be used for transmission (step STSb4), put the antenna number in the route control frame (step STSb5), broadcast the route control packet (step STSb6), wait for reception for a while with the antenna used for transmission, and ACK Is received, the routing table held by the slave node 21 is updated with the antenna number used to receive the ACK and the transmission source node number of the ACK. Furthermore, the latest routing table information held by the transmission source node included in the ACK is given priority, for example, when the same destination node is already entered in the slave node 21, the information included in the ACK is given priority. Is not entered, it is merged into the routing table held by the slave node 21 by newly entering it. (Step STSb7).
- the routing information is accumulated as it goes to the upstream node by the transmission of the routing control packet by the core node 1 a plurality of times. Then, the process ends. If the metric is not updated in the determination at step STSb1, the process ends.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the routing table in step STSb2 and step STSb7 in FIG. 5B.
- FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating the formed relay route. For example, in the slave node C, as shown in FIG. 6B, information regarding the final transmission destination, the direct transmission destination, and the antenna number used for transmission and reception is managed.
- step STSb2 of FIG. 5B the routing table is updated for the core node A and the node B from the information of the received route control packet. That is, when the final transmission destination is the core node A, the transmission destination is the node B and the antenna number is A3. When the final transmission destination is the node B, the transmission destination is the node B and the antenna number is A3.
- step STSb7 of FIG. 5B when the final transmission destination is the node D based on the antenna that has received the ACK and the ACK received from the node D, the transmission destination is the node D and the antenna number is A1, When the final transmission destination is node E, the transmission destination is node D and the antenna number is A1.
- the transmission destination is the node F
- the antenna number is A5
- the transmission destination is the node. F
- antenna number is A5.
- each node can select an appropriate antenna in an autonomous and distributed manner without obtaining node position information, and a relay route can be formed based on propagation loss, the number of hops, and the like. .
- step STCR2 of FIG. all or part of the directional antennas may be selected in step STCR2 of FIG.
- step STSb4 reception standby may be performed using all or part of the directional antennas.
- the slave node (especially the slave node located at the end point) is connected to the core node.
- Information regarding the formed route may be transmitted via a slave node located upstream thereof.
- the characteristic result data shows that the application of IPT greatly improves the performance.
- the routing protocol is not limited to the case where the IPT is applied. 1 may be considered as a general wireless mesh network shown in FIG.
- MAF Multi Antenna Selection Forwarding
- MAF is a method in which a plurality of antennas are selected at the same time, and transmission / reception is performed using these antennas, instead of performing transmission / reception with only one directional antenna in order to function packet collision avoidance by carrier sense.
- the same access control as that of the conventional omnidirectional MAC protocol may be applied to the wireless relay by MAF.
- MAF a radio signal can be detected between the transmission node and the target node, thereby avoiding the carrier sense failure problem.
- the directional hidden terminal problem cannot be solved by MAF alone.
- IPT is effective in solving the directional hidden terminal problem.
- the hidden terminal problem can be avoided. This will be specifically described with reference to FIG.
- the nodes ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are located in the downstream direction in this order.
- Node ⁇ and node ⁇ are in a directional hidden terminal relationship.
- the transmission cycle By adjusting the transmission cycle so that packet transmission from the node ⁇ to the node ⁇ and packet transmission from the node ⁇ to the node ⁇ are not performed simultaneously, the directional hidden terminal can be avoided.
- MA-IPT Multi Antenna Selection Directional Cyclic Transmission Method (Multi Antenna Selection IPT Forwarding)
- MA-IPT makes it possible to avoid the directional hidden terminal problem.
- the MA-IPT simultaneously selects a plurality of directional antennas, the interference suppression effect is smaller than when one antenna is always selected.
- FAF Fast Selection type directional transmission method
- FAF is a packet forwarding method in which only one directional antenna is always selected and switched at high speed to perform transmission / reception processing. Thereby, it becomes possible to suppress interference to the maximum.
- each node may select a directional antenna with reference to a routing table.
- it cannot be predicted from which peripheral node the packet is relayed, and it is not possible to determine which antenna to select and wait for reception.
- the relay route obtained by the routing protocol in this embodiment has a tree structure. In this case, there is always only one upstream path for each slave node.
- each slave node selects an upstream directional antenna and waits for reception. Thereby, each slave node can receive all the downstream packets. If a slave node receives a downlink packet and the downlink packet is not addressed to itself, it immediately switches to a directional antenna in the direction toward the appropriate slave node in the downlink direction, and relays the downlink packet in the downlink direction. To do.
- the upstream packet takes the form of so-called polling transmission in which relay transmission is performed in response to arrival of the downstream packet.
- each node and the direction of the antenna will be specifically described over time for FAF.
- the node U is located in the upstream direction of the node L.
- a transmission queue that adopts the FIFO (First-in First-out) input / output method is prepared individually for the upstream packet and the downstream packet. Packets accumulated in the upstream packet transmission queue are not output unless a downstream packet arrives, that is, unless a polling command from the core node arrives. Even if the node L has the upstream packet, the node L does not transmit the upstream packet until the downstream packet arrives from the node U.
- FIFO First-in First-out
- the directional antennas in the uplink direction of the nodes U and L are A3 and A2, respectively (steps STUa1 and STLa1).
- the node U changes the effective directional antenna to the antenna direction A5 (step STUa2), and transmits the downlink packet to the node L (step STU1).
- the node L receives the downlink packet from the node U (step STL1), and determines whether there is an uplink packet (step STL2).
- an ACK signal (WACK (Wait ACK) signal) with information indicating that “uplink data packet exists” is transmitted to the node U (step STL3), and after the back-off period, the node U An upstream packet is transmitted toward (step STL4).
- the node U When the node U receives the WACK signal from the node L (step STU2), the node U does not change the antenna in the uplink direction (step STUa3) and waits for the reception of the uplink packet from the node L as it is. After receiving the uplink packet from the node L (step STU3), the node U transmits an ACK signal to the node L, stores the received data packet in the uplink queue, and switches the antenna in the uplink direction (step STUa4). It becomes a reception standby state. The node L receives ACK from the node U (step STL5).
- FA-IPT Fast Antenna Selection IPT Forwarding
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an outline of FA-IPT.
- FAF uplink packet transmission takes the form of polling transfer. Therefore, the generation timing of traffic in the network can be centrally controlled by the core node. Therefore, by providing an appropriate transmission cycle in the core node, it is possible to simultaneously cope with the carrier sense impossibility problem and the directivity hidden terminal problem.
- the time interval from the end of communication between the core node and node A to the end of communication between node A and node B May be set as the transmission cycle.
- the time setting of the time interval from the end of the communication between the core node and the node A to the end of the communication between the node A and the node B is a minimum value, and a period setting with a margin is desirable.
- the core node and slave node may be provided with a plurality of radios for the number of radios with directional antennas. Then, different channels may be assigned to these wireless devices. In this case, channel assignment may be performed based on the interference reception level.
- two types of priority that is, an uplink priority and a downlink priority may be set for these wireless devices, and the wireless device may be selected based on these priorities (see Patent Document 4).
- the characteristics of the directional MAC protocol of this embodiment are shown by simulation using a two-dimensional node arrangement assuming a real environment.
- FIG. 11A is a diagram showing a floor plan and a node arrangement model in the simulation.
- Node A is a core node, and 23 slave nodes are arranged.
- FIG. 10B is a diagram showing a model of a directional antenna having a half-value angle of 60 °. Six directional antennas shown in FIG. 10B are arranged per node (see FIG. 3A).
- the simulation conditions are as follows.
- the data packet is 248 ⁇ s (equivalent to 1500 bytes at 54 Mbps), and the ACK is 24 ⁇ s.
- the basic mode is adopted in accordance with IEEE8002.11.
- the number of retransmissions is 7 times.
- the transmission wait time (Contention Count) during Contention is given by a random integer within the range of 0 to Contention Window (CW length), and a different value is set for each packet transmission.
- the CW length increases as the number of retransmissions increases.
- the minimum CW length is 4SIFS, and the maximum CW length is 1024SIFS.
- the required SINR is 10 dB. If the received packet quality is equal to or higher than the required value, reception is successful with probability 1; otherwise, reception is failed with probability 1.
- calls are generated by the occurrence of Poisson at the core node, and the number of packets per packet burst follows a lognormal distribution.
- the downlink is assumed to have an average of 20 packets.
- ODF ODF
- MAF MAF
- FAF Omni IPT
- MA-IPT MA-IPT
- FA-IPT FA-IPT
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a relay route and a selected antenna formed by the routing protocol of this embodiment.
- the arrows near each node indicate the direction and number of antennas stored in the routing table.
- the antenna model is symmetrical, and fading is not considered in the conditions. Therefore, each node is considered to be set so that the antenna directions are paired between two points with the communication node. In FIG. 11, this condition is satisfied, and it is considered that the set value was appropriate.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a comparison of throughput characteristics
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a comparison of packet loss rates.
- the horizontal axis indicates the call volume.
- the transmission time interval was set to 400 SIFS for Omni IPT and MA-IPT, and 200 SIFS for FA-IPT.
- FAF When comparing the throughput characteristics and packet loss rate for ODF, FAF, and MAF to which IPT is not applied, FAF showed the worst results for both the throughput characteristics and the packet loss rate.
- FAF is considered to be due to transmission efficiency degradation due to the double effect of the carrier sense impossibility problem and the directivity hidden terminal problem.
- the throughput of ODF omnidirectional antenna without IPT
- the throughput of FAF directional antenna without IPT
- MAF was able to solve the carrier sense impossibility problem and achieved the highest throughput and the lowest packet loss rate.
- MAF was able to solve the carrier sense impossibility problem and achieved the highest throughput and the lowest packet loss rate.
- MAF the effect of the directional hidden terminal problem still occurs.
- the throughput improvement rate by applying IPT is 25% FAF (FAF to FA-IPT improvement rate), ODF 5.4% (ODF to Omni IPT improvement rate), MAF Of 8.2% (an improvement rate from MAF to MA-IPT) is very high.
- the performance of FAF was worse than that of ODF, but when comparing Omni IPT and FA-IPT to which IPT was applied, the throughput of Omni IPT was 14.7 Mbps and the packet loss rate was 0.35%.
- the throughput of FA-IPT is 16.8 Mbps and the packet loss rate is 0.05%, the transmission efficiency is improved by 14.1% and the packet loss rate is 86%.
- MA-IPT achieves an improvement of 7.5% throughput and 42.9% packet loss rate compared to Omni IPT.
- MA-IPT and Omni IPT have the same MAC protocol. Therefore, it can be understood that the difference in relay transmission efficiency is the direct effect of interference suppression by application of a directional antenna.
- ODF, MAF, and FAF have different IPT effectiveness. This difference is thought to be due to different worries. That is, Omni IPT relates only to the hidden terminal problem, MA-IPT relates to the hidden terminal problem and the directional hidden terminal problem, and FA-IPT relates to the hidden terminal problem, the directional hidden terminal problem, and the carrier sense failure problem. FA-IPT, which is all problematic, has particularly benefited from IPT, and has obtained results that outperform other systems.
Abstract
Description
Claims (12)
- 1つのコアノードと複数のスレーブノードを含むネットワークシステムにおいて、
前記コアノードは、前記複数のスレーブノードに対して、パケットを周期的に間欠送信し、
前記各スレーブノードは、
複数の指向性アンテナと、
前記複数の指向性アンテナの全部又は一部を有効にするアンテナ制御手段
を備え、前記コアノードから送信されたパケットである下りパケットを受信すると、受信した下りパケットに、他のスレーブノードへ送信されるべき下りパケットである下り転送パケットが含まれているならば直ちに送信イベントを発生し、下り転送パケットの転送処理を行うものであり、
前記各スレーブノードの前記アンテナ制御手段は、受信待機状態において、前記複数の指向性アンテナのうち、少なくとも一つの、前記下りパケットを直接又は他のスレーブノードを介して受信するための指向性アンテナを有効にする、
ネットワークシステム。 - 前記各スレーブノードは、
下りパケットを受信した場合に、前記コアノードに対して送信されるべきパケットである上りパケットがあるならば、前記下りパケットを受信した指向性アンテナを用いて、前記下りパケットを送信したノードに対して前記上りパケットを送信する通信制御手段
を有する、請求項1記載のネットワークシステム。 - 前記各スレーブノードにおいて、前記アンテナ制御手段は、前記複数の指向性アンテナのうち、1つのみを有効にして下りパケットの送受信を行うものであり、
受信した下りパケットに前記下り転送パケットが含まれている場合、
前記アンテナ制御手段は、
前記下りパケットを受信するための指向性アンテナと前記下り転送パケットの転送先となるスレーブノードに直接又は他のスレーブノードを介して送信するための指向性アンテナが同じ場合には当該指向性アンテナを有効のままとし、
前記下りパケットを受信するための指向性アンテナと前記下り転送パケットの転送先となるスレーブノードに直接又は他のスレーブノードを介して送信するための指向性アンテナが異なる場合には前記下りパケットを受信するための指向性アンテナに代えて、前記下り転送パケットの転送先となるスレーブノードに直接又は他のスレーブノードを介して送信するための指向性アンテナを有効にし、
前記通信制御手段は、前記アンテナ制御手段により有効にされた指向性アンテナを用いて、前記下り転送パケットを転送し、転送先のスレーブノードから送信された上りパケットを受信するため受信待機し、
前記アンテナ制御手段は、上りパケットの受信待機後、前記受信待機状態として、前記下りパケットを受信するための指向性アンテナを有効にする、
請求項2記載のネットワークシステム。 - 前記コアノードは、同じスレーブノードに対して連続して直接に送信される2つの下りパケットについて、一方の下りパケットを送信した時刻から、当該下りパケットを直接に受信したスレーブノードが他のスレーブノードと通信処理を終了した時刻までの時間以上のある一定時間経過後に他方の下りパケットを送信する、
請求項3記載のネットワークシステム。 - 前記アンテナ制御手段は、前記下りパケット及び前記コアノードに対して送信されるべきパケットである上りパケットを受信するための指向性アンテナを有効にする、
請求項1又は2に記載のネットワークシステム。 - 前記コアノード及び前記スレーブノードは、それぞれ、複数の無線機を備え、
前記下りパケットの送受信と、前記コアノードに対して送信されるべきパケットである上りパケットの送受信とで、異なる無線機が割り当てられる、
請求項1から5のいずれかに記載のネットワークシステム。 - 前記各スレーブノードは、
他のノードとパケットを送受信するための指向性アンテナに関する情報を管理するテーブル管理手段と、
パケットの送受信を制御する通信制御手段
を備え、
前記コアノードは経路制御パケットを送信し、
前記各スレーブノードにおいて、
前記アンテナ制御手段は、有効にする指向性アンテナを周期的に変更しながら受信待機し、
前記テーブル管理手段は、経路制御パケットを受信した場合、受信した経路制御パケットの通信状況に基づいて、管理する情報を更新するか否かを判断し、更新するときは、前記コアノードに対してパケットを送信するための情報を更新し、
前記通信制御手段は、前記テーブル管理手段が更新処理をした場合、前記複数の指向性アンテナの全部又は一部を使って経路制御パケットを送信する、
請求項1から6のいずれかに記載のネットワークシステム。 - 前記コアノードは、
複数の指向性アンテナと、
前記複数の指向性アンテナの全部又は一部を有効にするアンテナ制御手段と、
他のノードとパケットを送受信するための指向性アンテナに関する情報を管理するテーブル管理手段
を備え、
前記コアノードは、前記経路制御パケットを送信するときに、前記複数の指向性アンテナの全部又は一部を使って経路制御パケットを送信して、送信に使った指向性アンテナを使って受信待機し、
前記スレーブノードは、
前記テーブル管理手段が更新処理をした場合、受信した経路制御パケットの送信元に対して、前記テーブル管理手段が管理する情報を送信し、
前記通信制御手段が経路制御パケットを送信した後に、送信に使った指向性アンテナを使って受信待機し、
前記コアノード及び前記スレーブノードは、送信した経路制御パケットを受信したノードから前記管理する情報を受信した場合に、テーブル管理手段が管理する情報を更新する、
請求項7記載のネットワークシステム。 - ネットワーク上の所定のノードから周期的間欠送信されたパケットを受信するノードであって、
複数の指向性アンテナと、
前記複数の指向性アンテナの全部又は一部を有効にするアンテナ制御手段
を備え、
前記アンテナ制御手段は、受信待機状態において、前記複数の指向性アンテナのうち、少なくとも一つの、前記所定のノードから周期的間欠送信されたパケットを直接又は他のノードを介して受信するための指向性アンテナを有効にする、
ノード。 - 複数のスレーブノードと、前記複数のスレーブノードにパケットを周期的に間欠送信するコアノードを含むネットワークシステムにおけるパケットフォワーディング方法であって、
前記各スレーブノードは複数の指向性アンテナと前記複数の指向性アンテナの全部又は一部を有効にするアンテナ制御手段を備え、
前記スレーブノードの前記アンテナ制御手段が、受信待機状態において、前記複数の指向性アンテナのうち、少なくとも一つの、前記コアノードから送信されたパケットを直接又は他のスレーブノードを介して受信するための指向性アンテナを有効にするステップ、
を含むパケットフォワーディング方法。 - 複数の指向性アンテナを備えるコンピュータを、請求項9記載のノードとして機能させるためのプログラム。
- 請求項11記載のプログラムを記録する記録媒体。
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