WO2009110470A1 - 角膜経上皮電気抵抗値の測定方法 - Google Patents
角膜経上皮電気抵抗値の測定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009110470A1 WO2009110470A1 PCT/JP2009/053968 JP2009053968W WO2009110470A1 WO 2009110470 A1 WO2009110470 A1 WO 2009110470A1 JP 2009053968 W JP2009053968 W JP 2009053968W WO 2009110470 A1 WO2009110470 A1 WO 2009110470A1
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- corneal
- electrode
- cornea
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- ter
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
- A61B5/053—Measuring electrical impedance or conductance of a portion of the body
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
- A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
- A61B5/6814—Head
- A61B5/6821—Eye
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
- A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
- A61B2562/0209—Special features of electrodes classified in A61B5/24, A61B5/25, A61B5/283, A61B5/291, A61B5/296, A61B5/053
- A61B2562/0215—Silver or silver chloride containing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for measuring a corneal transepithelial electrical resistance value that is less invasive to each tissue of the eye including the corneal epithelium.
- the cornea is a transparent membrane having a thickness of about 0.5 mm and has a five-layer structure composed of corneal epithelial cells, Bowman's membrane, corneal stroma, Desme layer, and corneal endothelial cells in this order from the body surface side.
- corneal epithelial cells have a high regenerative ability.
- the epithelial cells are severely damaged, severe corneal ulcers or irreversible corneal turbidity may remain. Therefore, it is desirable to measure the degree of damage to the corneal epithelium quantitatively and to lead to early treatment.
- TER corneal transepithelial electrical resistance
- the present inventors initially conducted an experiment by fixing the cut cornea to a Ussing chamber in which the area (a) value was constant and the accurate TER could be obtained by the short-circuit current method. Because the state is different from that in the living body, it could not be said that the experiment reflected a true biological reaction. Therefore, the present inventors have found a method in which electrode needles are placed on the corneal epithelium of the living eye and in the anterior chamber, and an electric current is passed between them to measure the electrical resistance (see Non-Patent Document 4). In this measurement, the Ussing chamber was reproduced with a living cornea, and an accurate TER was obtained with a constant measurement area (a). However, since this method is an invasive method involving anterior chamber puncture, it cannot be applied to humans and is not suitable for clinical diagnosis and treatment of corneal disorders.
- Non-Patent Document 5 describes a method of measuring a corneal resistance value with a living eye using a corneal contact lens (CL) provided with electrodes. Since this method does not invade each part of the eye, it has applicability to humans. However, in this method, since an appropriate insulator is not provided, the current cannot be reliably passed through the corneal epithelium due to tears on the surface of the eye, and the obtained measurement value is in the state of the corneal epithelium. It is thought that it mainly reflects the state of tears. Further, since CL is fixed to the cornea by suction, the measuring device itself may cause a corneal disorder. Furthermore, it was reported at the 2007 Japanese Ophthalmological Pharmacological Society that the presence of small corneal erosions could not be detected.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a device for detecting corneal epithelial damage or the like, which measures a decrease in potential difference between the cornea and sclera (capsular membrane) as an index of damage.
- Patent Document 1 roughly shows an electrophysiological phenomenon in which the electrical resistance value decreases when a corneal disorder occurs, the measurement principle and accuracy are not at all equivalent to the technique of the present application.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for evaluating a corneal disorder that can measure a corneal disorder quantitatively and is applicable to a living eye. Specifically, it is to provide a method for measuring a corneal transepithelial electrical resistance value that can measure corneal TER with good sensitivity and can be applied to a living eye.
- the technology of the present invention like the Ussing Chamber, applies a constant current (Im) from a volt-ohm meter to a predetermined area (a) of the cornea and measures the change in the corneal potential ( ⁇ Vc).
- Im and a are surely constant, and ⁇ Vc can be measured accurately, so that corneal injury can be accurately evaluated by TER.
- the present inventors have succeeded in producing a novel measuring apparatus suitable for carrying out the method and completed the present invention.
- the present invention [1] A method for measuring corneal transepithelial electrical resistance, wherein electrodes are disposed on the cornea and the conjunctiva; [2] A method for measuring corneal transepithelial electrical resistance, (1) placing the first electrode on the cornea and placing the second electrode on the conjunctiva; and (2) passing an electric current between the first electrode and the second electrode, A method comprising the step of measuring; [3] The method according to [1] or [2] above, wherein the periphery of the electrode disposed on the cornea is insulated; [4] The method according to any one of [1] to [3], which is performed with a living eye; [5] A device for measuring corneal transepithelial electrical resistance of a living eye, (1) a first electrode suitable for placement on the cornea; (2) a second electrode suitable for placement on the conjunctiva; and (3) an insulator that insulates the first electrode; And a device in which the first electrode and the insulator are integrated; [6] The device according to the above
- the method for measuring the corneal transepithelial electrical resistance value of the present invention does not require anterior chamber puncture, the electrical resistance value of human corneal epithelial cells can be measured even with a living eye.
- the method of the present invention is a simpler method that can obtain measurement results comparable to the method using anterior chamber puncture.
- the corneal transepithelial electrical resistance measurement method of the present invention it is possible to quantitatively detect a corneal disorder in a living eye without puncturing the anterior chamber.
- the detection data obtained thereby can be used to diagnose corneal disorders and be used for early treatment.
- the method for measuring the corneal transepithelial electrical resistance value of the present invention can be measured over time in a short time. Further, it is useful for studies for screening drugs (for example, preclinical studies, etc.), studies for evaluating drug efficacy, studies for evaluating corneal toxicity of drugs, and the like.
- the method for measuring the corneal transepithelial electrical resistance value of the present invention makes it possible to measure the barrier function of a biological cornea, which has been impossible in the past. Thereby, new useful knowledge can be obtained about the corneal barrier function in various corneal diseases, which contributes to the development of ophthalmology and ophthalmology.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.
- the corneal electrode is disposed in a conductor (buffer solution) that fills the inside of the insulator.
- the conjunctival electrode is in contact with tear fluid stored in the conjunctival sac.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the present invention.
- An applanation tonometer type cornea electrode (conductor (gel) inside the insulator) is used, and the conjunctival electrode is covered with the conductor (gel).
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing still another embodiment of the present invention.
- a contact lens type electrode including a corneal electrode, a conductor (gel), an insulator, and a conjunctival electrode is used.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention.
- the corneal electrode is disposed in a conductor (buffer solution) that fills the inside of the insulator.
- the conjunctival electrode is in contact with tear fluid
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing measured values of TER after administration of 0.02% BAC.
- the vertical axis represents ⁇ ⁇ cm 2
- the horizontal axis represents seconds after administration of BAC.
- FIG. 5 shows the same results as FIG. 4 when the TER measurement before administration is 100%.
- the vertical axis represents%
- the horizontal axis represents seconds after BAC administration.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a particularly preferred TER measuring apparatus of the present invention.
- the corneal contact surface of the insulator has the same curvature as the cornea, and the conjunctival electrode portion has a sheet-like shape.
- FIG. 7 shows a corneal TER recording before and after administration of 0.02% BAC of normal cornea, measured with the measuring apparatus of FIG. The TER value became stable within 1 second after the measurement device was brought into contact with the cornea.
- the present invention provides a method for measuring corneal transepithelial electrical resistance (referred to as the method of the present invention), characterized in that electrodes are disposed on the cornea and the conjunctiva.
- the method of the present invention comprises: (1) disposing a first electrode (also referred to as a corneal electrode) on the cornea and disposing a second electrode (also referred to as a conjunctival electrode) on the conjunctiva; and (2) the first electrode and the second electrode. It includes a step of passing an electric current between the electrodes and measuring an electric resistance.
- a first electrode also referred to as a corneal electrode
- a second electrode also referred to as a conjunctival electrode
- corneal transepithelial electrical resistance As used herein, the term “corneal transepithelial electrical resistance”, “transepithelial electrical resistance (t ransepithelial e lectric r esistance: TER) " of the “cornea” refers to.
- TER is thought to reflect the barrier function of the epithelium. It is known that the lower the measured TER, the higher the degree of damage to epithelial cells. That is, by measuring the corneal transepithelial electrical resistance, the barrier function of the corneal epithelium can be evaluated, and the degree of injury of the corneal epithelial cells can also be evaluated.
- Barrier function means that epithelial cells form bonds that are unique to epithelial cells such as tight junctions (tight junctions), fixed bonds (adhesive bonds, desmosomes, etc.), and various substances penetrate the epithelium. A function that controls movement into and out of the body.
- the value of corneal transepithelial electrical resistance is about 100 to 700 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 in the case of a rabbit, for example, when measured by a method using a conventional free cornea piece (cut cornea piece). .
- a slightly higher TER value can be obtained because there are few corneal epithelial disorders associated with corneal segment resection.
- the normal value of rabbit corneal transepithelial electrical resistance is about 500 to 1500 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 .
- corneal transepithelial electrical resistance which is an index of the degree of corneal damage, is due to an increase in the permeability of the cornea due to a corneal epithelial cell disorder (also called injury), that is, a decrease in barrier function. It is thought to be caused by
- corneal epithelium is the outermost part of the cornea and is in contact with the outside world, so it is a part that is easily damaged.
- corneal disorder, corneal epithelial disorder and corneal epithelial cell disorder are terms used interchangeably.
- Corneal epithelial cell disorders refer to various disorders accompanied by damage such as tight junctions (tight junctions) and fixed bonds (adhesive bonds, desmosomes, etc.) between corneal epithelial cells.
- corneal erosion, corneal ulcer, cornea Examples include perforation, corneal edema (epithelial edema), corneal infection (bacterial corneal ulcer, corneal mycosis, viral keratitis, etc.).
- corneal epithelial cell disorders include trauma, inflammatory reaction, ultraviolet light, oxygen deficiency, dry eye, inappropriate contact lens wear, foreign substances such as dust, chemicals and drugs (for example, preservatives in eye drops) Etc.). Damage to the corneal epithelial cells can lead to microbial infection in the eye, ulceration, vision loss, and the like.
- Corneal epithelial cells can regenerate, but if the damage of the corneal epithelial cells is large, the inner cell group (in the present specification, these are collectively referred to as corneal endothelial cells) is also adversely affected. Since corneal endothelial cells have a lower regenerative ability than corneal epithelial cells, it is preferable to treat corneal epithelial cell disorders early. For this purpose, it is preferable to detect corneal epithelial cell damage early. In the following examples, corneal injury was induced using benzalkonium chloride (BAC), which is commonly used as an antiseptic in eye drops and the like, but the method of the present invention was caused by any of the above causes. It is clear that it can be applied to the detection of corneal disorders.
- BAC benzalkonium chloride
- degree of corneal damage refers to the degree of corneal epithelial damage, and is quantitatively expressed as a percentage of the TER value after corneal damage to the normal value without corneal damage.
- electrodes used for measurement are disposed on the cornea and the conjunctiva.
- the conjunctiva is composed of a bulbous conjunctiva, a conical conjunctiva and a conjunctiva.
- the “conjunctiva” in the present invention includes any film constituting the conjunctiva.
- a space formed by these conjunctiva is referred to as a “conjunctival sac”.
- disposing an electrode on the cornea means disposing an electrode at a position where it directly contacts the outer surface of the corneal epithelium directly or indirectly through a conductor.
- arranging the electrodes on the conjunctiva means a position in contact with the outer surface of the bulbous conjunctiva, the conical conjunctiva or the conjunctiva, or within the conjunctival sac so as to be in contact with any one of the membranes via a conductor. It also includes disposing electrodes on the substrate.
- the electrode disposed on the cornea and the conjunctiva is composed of at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode, either of which may be a positive electrode or a negative electrode.
- the number of electrodes to be used is not particularly limited, and the number can be appropriately determined by those skilled in the art.
- the type of electrode to be used is not particularly limited as long as the object and effects of the present invention can be achieved, and those known per se can be appropriately used as an electrode for measuring transepithelial electrical resistance.
- examples of the electrode material include gold, platinum, silver, silver chloride, copper, stainless steel, iron, and carbon. From the viewpoint of hardly damaging the living body, electrodes of gold, platinum, silver and silver chloride are preferably used.
- the structure of the electrode to be used is not particularly limited as long as the objective effect of the present invention can be achieved and the eye tissue is not damaged, and a known electrode used for a living body can be appropriately used.
- electrodes having various shapes such as a rod shape, a plate shape, a disk shape, and a ring shape made of the above-described electrode material can be mentioned, but not limited thereto.
- the electrode may be in direct contact with the cornea or conjunctiva without using the conductor, but may be used with the conductor.
- the conductor is placed in the gap between the electrode and the cornea or conjunctiva.
- the material is not particularly limited as long as the object effects of the present invention can be achieved and the eye is not adversely affected, and a material known per se can be appropriately used as the conductive material.
- the conductor may be a solid, a liquid, a gel, or the like, but a liquid or a gel is preferable from the viewpoint of more closely attaching the electrode to the cornea and / or conjunctiva.
- Examples of the conductor in this case include physiological saline, buffer solution (for example, phosphate buffer solution, Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution, etc.) and hydrogel (eg, hyaluronic acid, atelocollagen gel, etc.). It is not limited.
- the electrical conductor may be replaced with tears collected in the conjunctival sac.
- the contact surface with the cornea or the conjunctiva is made to conform to the shape of the outer surface of the cornea or the conjunctiva so as to be as close as possible to the cornea or the conjunctiva (for example, the cornea When used as an electrode, it is desirable that the contact surface with the cornea has the same curvature as the cornea).
- the corneal transepithelial electrical resistance is measured by passing an electric current through the corneal epithelium, it is necessary to reliably pass the electric current through the corneal epithelium. Since tear fluid is usually present on the cornea, it is usually possible to disperse current not only in the corneal epithelium but also in the tear fluid simply by placing an electrode on the cornea, so that an accurate corneal transepithelial electrical resistance value cannot be obtained. There is sex.
- the outer periphery of the corneal electrode (the conductor when the conductor is interposed between the electrode and the cornea) It is preferable to arrange an insulator.
- the material of the insulator is not particularly limited as long as it can achieve the object effects of the present invention and does not adversely affect the eyes. It is possible to appropriately use a material known per se as an insulating material. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, silicon rubber including dimethylsiloxane (PDMS). A plurality of insulators may be used in combination as necessary.
- the insulator is provided in an integrated form with the corneal electrode.
- integrated between the insulator and the corneal electrode means that the insulator and the corneal electrode have a configuration that does not require separate arrangement of the insulator and the corneal electrode. Examples of such a configuration include a configuration in which an insulator and a corneal electrode are in direct contact with each other and an integrated shape, and other substances such as a conductor between the insulator and the corneal electrode.
- the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the shape of the insulator may vary depending on the shape of the electrode or conductor used, but surrounds the outer periphery of the electrode or conductor so as to prevent a short circuit of current from the electrode or conductor to tear fluid, etc.
- the shape is not particularly limited as long as the shape adheres closely to the cornea.
- examples of the shape of the insulator include a ring shape and a cylindrical shape.
- the corneal contact surface of the insulator has the same curvature as the cornea.
- the dimensions of the ring can be selected as appropriate so long as the diameter (at least the inner diameter) does not exceed the corneal diameter.
- the inner diameter of the ring is preferably 3 to 9 mm (for example, about 6 mm).
- the inner diameter of the ring is 3 to 11 mm (for example, about 7 mm).
- Insulator adhesion methods include mild compression, negative pressure adsorption, insulation gel, adhesive, eye ointment, etc., but do not damage or damage the cornea and other ocular tissues Is preferred. Specifically, for example, mild compression, insulator gel, and eye ointment are preferable, and insulator gel and eye ointment are particularly preferable.
- the insulator gel include, but are not limited to, petrolatum.
- the adhesive include, but are not limited to, a cyanoacrylate adhesive and an acrylic resin adhesive.
- eye ointment include, but are not limited to, Talbid eye ointment (registered trademark), flavitan eye ointment (registered trademark), and the like.
- the current flowing between the electrodes is not particularly limited as long as the TER value can be measured and the epithelial cells are not damaged, but is preferably 10 ⁇ A to 10 mA, more preferably 20 ⁇ A to 100 ⁇ A. .
- the current may be direct current or alternating current.
- measuring instruments for measuring electrical resistance include, but are not limited to, a short-circuit current device, a voltage / electrical resistance measuring instrument (for example, EVOM (registered trademark) manufactured by World Precision Instruments, Inc.), and the like.
- the TER value is represented by ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 and is a value obtained by multiplying the obtained electrical resistance value by the area (a) through which current flows. This area (a) is the area of the cornea inside the insulator surrounding the corneal electrode. By comparing this value with a normal value or the like, the degree of injury of corneal epithelial cells can be quantitatively evaluated.
- the method of the present invention is less invasive, it can be performed on a living eye.
- the “living eye” refers to an eye that has not been taken out of a living animal exemplified below as an application target of the present invention.
- a living eye is an eye that has not undergone an invasive operation such as extraction or incision.
- Applicable objects of the method of the present invention include humans and mammals such as laboratory animals, pets, livestock (eg, rabbits, rats, mice, hamsters, cats, dogs, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, monkeys, etc.). Can be mentioned. Among these, application to experimental animals used for preclinical trials of eye drops, animals for which treatment of corneal disorders is desired, and the like can be contemplated.
- the mammal is preferably a human.
- the present invention also provides an apparatus for measuring corneal transepithelial electrical resistance of a living eye (referred to as the apparatus of the present invention), which is (1) a first suitable for placement on the cornea. An electrode, (2) a second electrode suitable for placement on the conjunctiva, and (3) an insulator integrated with the first electrode. Each element in this apparatus is as described above.
- the corneal electrode described in detail in the method of the present invention is preferably used.
- the conjunctival electrode described in detail in the method of the present invention is preferably used.
- the insulator the insulator described in detail in the method of the present invention is preferably used.
- the device of the present invention is characterized in that the corneal electrode and the insulator are integrated.
- integration has the same meaning as described above.
- the corneal electrode integrated with the insulator is hereinafter referred to as “corneal electrode portion”.
- the cornea electrode portion may be composed only of the electrode and the insulator, or may further include a member for connecting the electrode and the cornea. Good.
- the corneal electrode portion may further include a conductor for causing the electrode to contact the cornea indirectly. That is, in a preferred embodiment, the electrode of the corneal electrode portion is integrated with the insulator via the conductor.
- a solid or gel-like material can be selected as the conductor in order to maintain the integrity of the corneal electrode portion.
- a material such as hydrogel (hyaluronic acid, atelocollagen gel, etc.) is particularly preferred.
- the shape of the corneal electrode itself is not particularly limited as long as it fits inside the insulator surrounding the corneal electrode, and an electrode known per se can be appropriately used as an electrode for measuring transepithelial electrical resistance. is there.
- Examples of the shape include a rod shape, a plate shape, and a line shape, but are not limited thereto.
- the shape of the corneal electrode part only needs to be a shape that can be in close contact with the cornea, and specifically includes a cylinder with a concave corneal contact surface, a prism, etc., but is not limited thereto, and as a shape of the corneal electrode part, For example, an applanation tonometer-like shape and a contact lens-like shape are also included.
- the size of the corneal electrode portion may be any size as long as the inner diameter of the insulator does not exceed the corneal diameter.
- the inner diameter of the insulator is preferably up to the corneal diameter (about 12 mm), preferably 1-12 mm.
- the conjunctival electrode may be constituted singly or may be integrated with a solid or gel-like conductor (generally referred to as “conjunctival electrode portion”).
- the size of the conjunctival electrode portion may be a size that allows the entire conjunctival electrode portion to be accommodated in the conjunctival sac, but it is sufficient that at least a part of the conjunctival electrode portion is in contact with the conjunctiva or lacrimal fluid stored in the conjunctival sac.
- the size is preferably within the range of 1-10 mm as a whole.
- the shape may be any shape that can contact the lacrimal fluid stored in the conjunctiva or conjunctival sac, and a shape that does not damage the eye tissue is preferable.
- Specific examples include a flat body having a concave conjunctival contact surface, a plate shape, a linear shape, and a sheet shape, but are not limited thereto.
- the corneal electrode portion and the conjunctival electrode portion are integrated in such a manner that no direct current flows between them.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a corneal electrode using a ring-shaped insulator and a buffer solution.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of an applanation tonometer type corneal electrode, and
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a contact lens type electrode.
- the conjunctival electrode is attached to the edge of the contact lens.
- the material constituting the outer portion of the insulator can be any material commonly used for contact lenses, such as plastic (eg, acrylic resin, polycarbonate, etc.), rubber, etc. However, it is not limited to these.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- TER since the corneal electrode, the insulator, the conductor, and the conjunctival electrode are integrated, TER can be measured immediately just by touching the living eye as it is, and the labor of setting can be eliminated. It is possible to reduce the burden on the body.
- silicon rubber, nitrile rubber, or the like can be used as the insulator.
- silicone rubber include, but are not limited to, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), vinyl methyl silicone rubber, and the like. Since silicon rubber is highly biocompatible and soft, it is difficult to damage the corneal surface, so it is a highly safe material and easy to process. Therefore, it is particularly preferable to use silicon rubber. By using silicon rubber as the insulator, it is possible to prevent the cornea from being scratched by the measuring device.
- This insulator preferably has a ring-shaped to cylindrical shape (eg, an inner diameter of 1 to 13 mm (eg, 3 to 11 mm), a thickness of 0.1 to 5 mm (eg, 1 to 3 mm), and a height of 0.1 mm to 20 mm (eg, 1 to 1 mm). 10mm)), and the contact surface with the cornea has the same curvature as the cornea.
- “The same curvature as the cornea” is intended to include substantially the same curvature as that of the cornea as long as adhesion between the insulator and the cornea is ensured, and may not be the same curvature.
- the contact surface may be thicker than the above thickness.
- the curvature of the cornea can be measured by an ordinary method using an ophthalmometer, a keratometer, a photokeratoscope, or the like, and the curvature attached to the insulator can be appropriately changed according to the type of the subject.
- the radius of curvature is 650 to 850 mm (for example, 790 mm).
- the radius of curvature is 600 to 800 mm (for example, 750 mm).
- the entire circumference of the insulator touches the cornea surely by light compression or the like so as not to leave a tear film between the insulator and the eye surface.
- the insulator should have a certain thickness (preferably 1 to 3 mm), and even if the tear film remains, the current hardly flows through the tear film, that is, the electrical resistance value passing through the tear film is epithelial. It is desirable that the electrical resistance value passing through is so high that it can be ignored. As long as insulation is performed reliably, insulation may be performed by any method.
- the conductor gel is placed inside the insulator (see, for example, FIGS. 2 and 6).
- a synthetic polymer such as polyethylene glycol containing a buffer solution, or a gel derived from a biological polymer such as hyaluronic acid, atelocollagen, gelatin, cellulose, or agarose can be used. It is preferable to use a hyaluronic acid or atelocollagen gel that is highly biocompatible, highly safe, easy to process, and conductive. It is not limited. In order to make it adhere to a cornea, it is preferable to give the same curvature as a cornea also to the cornea contact surface of this conductor gel like an insulator.
- the corneal electrode is preferably disposed so as to be in contact with the conductive gel or embedded in the conductive gel, and the corneal electrode and the insulator are integrated (corneal electrode portion). As a result, the corneal electrode is in indirect contact with the cornea via the conductor gel.
- the corneal electrode used is miniaturized to fit this embodiment. The dimensions / shape / material, etc. of the corneal electrode are as described above.
- the outer shape of the entire portion including the corneal electrode portion is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately changed according to the mode of use. For example, ease of handling, normal ophthalmic medical equipment (slit lamp or intraocular pressure measurement) It can be determined appropriately in consideration of the mounting on the apparatus), and examples shown in FIG. 6 can be given.
- the outer shape of the entire portion including the corneal electrode portion may be a shape (for example, a pen shape) that can be operated by hand, but is not limited thereto.
- the insulator may cover the whole as it is to form the outer shape, or the corneal electrode portion (in this case, the portion including the conductor) is integrated with other members constituting the outer shape described above. May be.
- the conjunctival electrode part is made into a sheet-like form.
- the sheet form means, for example, a sheet having a thickness of 0.001 cm to 0.1 cm, a length (direction b in FIG. 6) of 0.5 cm to 5 cm, and a width of 0.1 cm to 2 cm (direction a in FIG. 6).
- An example is a sheet having a thickness of 0.01 cm, a length of 1 cm, and a width of 0.5 cm.
- a sheet having an arbitrary shape such as a square, a circle, and an ellipse can be used, but a substantially rectangular sheet is preferably used.
- the shape may be rounded.
- insertion into the conjunctival sac becomes easy.
- This sheet can be formed from materials such as PET, polyimide, silicon rubber, and acrylic, but PET and polyimide are preferred because they are strong, flexible, and easy to mold.
- the conjunctival electrode is preferably arranged at the distal end of this sheet-like conjunctival electrode part (opposite the attachment site to the corneal electrode part), but it is in direct contact with the lacrimal fluid stored in the conjunctiva or conjunctival sac As long as indirect contact via a conductor is ensured, it may be arranged at any location, for example, at a position of 5 mm from the distal end of the conjunctival electrode portion.
- the conjunctival electrode portion may be covered with an electric conductor, and the hydrogel described above may be used as the electric conductor, but is not limited thereto as long as it is a conductive gel.
- the conjunctival electrode is preferably disposed on the conjunctival contact side of the sheet, but when an electric conductor is used, it may be disposed on the outer side of the sheet (opposite side of the conjunctival contact surface) or embedded in the electric conductor. .
- the conjunctival electrode is placed on the conjunctiva, in the conjunctival sac or in the tears at the time of measurement, and the position is 0.1 to 15 mm from the corneal limbus, preferably 3 mm.
- the conjunctival electrode portion is attached to the corneal electrode portion at an angle along the shape of the eyeball so that the device is properly placed when the device is brought into contact with the conjunctiva.
- the corneal electrode portion and the conjunctival electrode portion can be appropriately changed according to the size of the subject's cornea and eyeball.
- the size can be reduced in human infants, human children, mice, rats, monkeys and the like, and the size can be increased in large animals such as pigs and cows.
- the present invention also provides a drug screening system characterized by using the above-described method of the present invention or including the apparatus of the present invention as a component.
- a corneal disorder in a living eye.
- a disease associated with a corneal disorder for example, , Corneal erosion, corneal ulcer, corneal perforation, corneal edema (epithelial edema), corneal infection (bacterial corneal ulcer, corneal mycosis, viral keratitis, etc.
- biological corneal TER measurement is performed before and after administration of a test compound, and a test compound whose TER value is significantly improved by administration is selected as a candidate compound for a therapeutic agent for a disease associated with corneal disorder. Can do.
- the present invention also provides a drug efficacy and / or toxicity evaluation system characterized by using the above-described method of the present invention or including the apparatus of the present invention as a component.
- a corneal disorder in a living eye.
- an experimental animal having a damaged cornea or a human suffering from a disease associated with a disorder of the cornea Subjects with corneal disorders (eg corneal erosion, corneal ulcer, corneal perforation, corneal edema (epithelial edema), corneal infection (bacterial corneal ulcer, corneal mycosis, viral keratitis, etc.), etc. ) Can be evaluated for efficacy.
- corneal disorders eg corneal erosion, corneal ulcer, corneal perforation, corneal edema (epithelial edema), corneal infection (bacterial corneal ulcer, corneal mycosis, viral keratitis, etc.), etc.
- corneal disorders eg corneal erosion, corneal ulcer, corneal perforation, corneal
- the drug is used for the treatment of a disease accompanied by a disorder of the cornea. It can be determined that it is valid.
- a test animal or human suffering from an eye disease other than a corneal disorder can be used as a subject to evaluate the corneal toxicity of a therapeutic agent for the disease. That is, in the subject, when the corneal TER measurement is performed before and after the administration of the drug to be evaluated and the TER value is significantly deteriorated by the administration of the drug, it can be determined that the drug has corneal toxicity. .
- the present invention also provides a disease associated with a disorder of the cornea comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable substance that can be used in the method of the present invention as an electrical conductor or to attach an insulator to the cornea (for example, A diagnostic agent for corneal erosion, corneal ulcer, corneal perforation, corneal edema (epithelial edema), corneal infection (bacterial corneal ulcer, corneal mycosis, viral keratitis, etc.) is provided.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable substance that can be used as the conductor include physiological saline, buffer solution (for example, phosphate buffer solution, Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution, etc.), hydrogel, and the like.
- Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable substance that can be used for closely attaching the insulator to the cornea include a method using an insulator gel, an adhesive, an eye ointment, and the like.
- a method using an insulator gel, an adhesive, an eye ointment, and the like Specifically, as the gel of the insulator, petrolatum, etc., as the adhesive, cyanoacrylate adhesive, acrylic resin adhesive, etc., as the eye ointment, Talivid Eye Ointment (registered trademark), flavitan eye Examples include, but are not limited to, ointments (registered trademark).
- the diagnostic agent of the present invention may further contain other pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as preservatives, isotonic agents, pH adjusters, stabilizers and the like.
- Diagnosis of a disease associated with a corneal disorder using the diagnostic agent of the present invention is performed in a subject by performing the above-described method of the present invention using it as a means for bringing an electric conductor or insulator into close contact with the cornea. It can be carried out by performing biological corneal TER measurement and comparing the measured value with a normal value.
- Example 1 Evaluation of corneal damage of BAC by biocorneal TER measurement (Fig. 1) that does not require anterior chamber puncture (referred to as conjunctival sac method)
- Fig. 1 A rod-shaped silver / silver chloride electrode was placed on the cornea of the living rabbit and in the conjunctival sac, and 0.02% BAC was administered. Changes in corneal TER due to exposure to BAC were measured with a voltage / electrical resistance measuring device.
- the periphery of the electrode on the cornea was insulated by fixing a rubber ring (inner diameter 6 mm) with a bioadhesive (Aron Alpha A, manufactured by Sankyo Co., Ltd.) so that current always passed through the corneal epithelium.
- the TER decrease curve obtained by the conjunctival sac method was similar to the TER decrease curve obtained by the conventional anterior chamber puncture method.
- the TER at 10 seconds after administration was 35.1 ⁇ 6.8%, and after 60 seconds, it was significantly reduced to 13.5 ⁇ 2.1% (p ⁇ 0.00). 01).
- the TER 60 seconds after administration by the anterior chamber puncture method was 19.7 ⁇ 5.9%.
- the value of TER after 60 seconds, a conjunctiva ⁇ a 175 ⁇ 14 ⁇ cm 2 the anterior chamber puncture method was 138 ⁇ 10 .OMEGA.cm 2.
- Example 2 Production of biological corneal TER measurement device (Fig. 6) Corneal electrode portion A silver electrode having a diameter of 1 mm and a silver / silver chloride electrode were placed on a circular cover glass having a diameter of 12 mm. A cylindrical PDMS having a diameter of 10 mm and an inner diameter of 6 mm and having a radius of curvature of the corneal contact surface of 7.9 mm was fixed on a cover glass with an adhesive. An Eppendorf tube was attached to the rear (opposite side of the corneal contact surface (cover glass side)) for mounting on a slit lamp. The inner lumen of PDMS was filled with atelocollagen gel, and the radius of curvature was adjusted to 7.9 mm.
- TER Measurement Using the TER measuring apparatus thus prepared, changes in corneal TER of living rabbits were measured. Japanese white rabbits were anesthetized and opened with adhesive tape. The above-mentioned device is installed at the tip of the slit lamp, and by operating the slit lamp, the corneal electrode part is adhered accurately to the central part of the cornea, and the conjunctival electrode part is adhered to the conjunctival sac and the lacrimal fluid stored therein. Let Rabbits were instilled with 0.02% BAC and compared to pre-dose TER values. The results are shown in FIGS. FIG. 7 shows that TER can be measured immediately when the TER measuring device is brought into contact with the cornea.
- Stable TER values could be measured within 1 second after contacting the device with the cornea both before BAC administration (indicated as “normal cornea” in FIG. 7) and after administration. As shown in FIG. 8, TER decreased significantly 1 minute after BAC administration. This was a value consistent with the result shown in FIG.
- the present invention provides a method for detecting a corneal disorder in a living eye with low invasiveness. Since the detection method according to the present invention does not require anterior chamber puncture, it can be applied to humans and can be used for diagnosis of corneal disorders and early treatment thereof. In the method of the present invention, measurement in a short time after corneal injury and measurement of corneal injury over time are possible. Research for screening drugs, research for evaluating drug efficacy, drugs for the eye This is useful for research to evaluate the effects of Moreover, new useful knowledge about the corneal barrier function in various corneal diseases can be obtained, which contributes to the development of ophthalmology and ophthalmology.
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Abstract
Description
しかし、この方法は前房穿刺を伴う侵襲性の方法である為、ヒトへの適用は考えられず、臨床における角膜障害の診断・治療には適さないものであった。
しかしこの方法では、適切な絶縁体が設けられていないため、眼表面の涙液に起因して電流を角膜上皮に確実に通過させることができず、得られた測定値は角膜上皮の状態ではなく主に涙液の状態を反映していると考えられる。また、吸引によってCLを角膜に固定しているので、測定装置自体が角膜障害を起こす可能性がある。さらに、2007年日本眼科薬理学会において、小さい角膜びらんの存在を検出できなかったことが報告されている。これは、測定する電流が角膜上皮を完全に通過しておらず、電極が角膜障害を十分検知できていないためであると考えられる。その上この方法では電流の流れる面積(a)を考慮していないため、角膜障害を正確に評価するTERを求めることができない。このように、非特許文献5の方法の検出感度には問題がある。
特許文献1は角膜障害が起こると電気抵抗値が下がるという電気生理学的現象をおおまかにみているとも言えるが、その測定原理と正確性は本願の技術には全く及ばない。
さらに、本発明者らは、当該方法の実施に適した新規測定装置を作製することに成功し、本発明を完成した。
[1]電極を、角膜上および結膜上に配置することを特徴とする、角膜経上皮電気抵抗の測定方法;
[2]角膜経上皮電気抵抗を測定する方法であって、
(1)第一の電極を角膜上に配置し、第二の電極を結膜上に配置する工程、および
(2)第一の電極と第二の電極との間に電流を流し、電気抵抗を測定する工程
を含む、方法;
[3]角膜上に配置した電極の周囲が絶縁されている、上記[1]または[2]記載の方法;
[4]生体眼で実施する、上記[1]~[3]のいずれか一項に記載の方法;
[5]生体眼の角膜経上皮電気抵抗を測定するための装置であって、
(1)角膜上に配置するのに適した第一の電極、
(2)結膜上に配置するのに適した第二の電極、および
(3)第一の電極を絶縁する絶縁体、
を備え、かつ第一の電極と絶縁体とが一体化されている、装置;
[6]第一の電極と絶縁体とが、電導体を介して一体化されている、上記[5]記載の装置;
[7]さらに第二の電極が一体化されている、上記[5]または[6]に記載の装置、
[8]絶縁体がシリコンゴムで形成され、且つ絶縁体の角膜との接触面が角膜と同じ曲率を有している、上記[5]~[7]のいずれか1項記載の装置、
[9]第二の電極がシート状の形態である、上記[5]~[8]のいずれか1項記載の装置、
[10]電導体がヒアルロン酸又はアテロコラーゲンのゲルである、上記[5]~[9]のいずれか1項記載の装置、
等を提供する。
2 結膜
3 結膜嚢にたまった涙液
4 角膜電極
5 結膜電極
6 絶縁体
7 電導体
8 電気抵抗値測定器
9 結膜電極部
(1)第一の電極(角膜電極ともいう)を角膜上に配置し、第二の電極(結膜電極ともいう)を結膜上に配置する工程;および
(2)第一の電極と第二の電極との間に電流を流し、電気抵抗を測定する工程
を含む。
なお下記の実施例では、点眼薬等において防腐剤として一般に用いられる塩化ベンザルコニウム(BAC)を使用して角膜障害を誘導しているが、本発明の方法が上記原因のいずれによって引き起こされた角膜障害の検出にも適用可能であることは明らかである。
例えば、絶縁体としてニトリルゴムのリングを使用する場合、リングの寸法は、その直径(少なくとも内径)が角膜径を超えない範囲で適宜選択することができる。例えば、ヒトの場合、リングの内径は3~9mm(例えば、6mm程度)が好ましい。ウサギの場合、例えば、リングの内径は3~11mm(例えば、7mm程度)である。
TER値はΩ・cm2で表され、得られた電気抵抗の値に電流が流れる面積(a)を乗算して得た値である。この面積(a)は、角膜電極を囲む絶縁体の内側の角膜の面積である。この値を正常値と比較等することで、角膜上皮細胞の障害度を定量的に評価することができる。
電極をコンタクトレンズの形状にする場合、絶縁体の外側の部分を構成する素材は、コンタクトレンズに一般に用いられる任意の素材であり得、例えば、プラスティック(例えば、アクリル樹脂、ポリカーボネートなど)、ゴムなどが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
この絶縁体は、好ましくはリング状~筒状の形状(例、内径1~13mm(例えば3~11mm)、厚さ0.1~5mm(例えば1~3mm)、高さ0.1mm~20mm(例えば1~10mm))であり、角膜との接触面には角膜と同じ曲率をつける。「角膜と同じ曲率」とは、絶縁体と角膜との密着が確保される限り、角膜とほぼ同じ曲率も含むことを意図しており、完全に同じ曲率でなくてもよい。また、接触面は上記厚さより厚くなっていてもよい。
角膜の曲率は、オフタルモメーター、ケラトメーター、フォトケラトスコープなどを用いて通常の方法で測定でき、絶縁体に付す曲率は、被験体の種類等に応じて適宜変更できる。例えば、ヒトの場合、曲率半径は650~850mm(例えば790mm)である。また、ウサギの場合、曲率半径は600~800mm(例えば750mm)である。
正確にTERを測定するには電極間の確実な絶縁が必要である。特に眼表面は涙液で覆われており、絶縁が不十分であると電流が涙液を通るため正確なTERを測定することができない。絶縁体は、絶縁体と眼表面との間に涙液層を残さないよう、軽い圧迫等により全周が確実に角膜上に触れることが好ましい。また絶縁体にはある程度(好ましくは1~3mm)の厚みを持たせ、涙液層が残存したとしても電流が涙液層をほとんど流れないこと、即ち、涙液層を通る電気抵抗値が上皮を通る電気抵抗値を無視できるほど高くなることが望ましい。絶縁が確実に行なわれる限り、絶縁はいずれの方法によってもよい。
上記絶縁体がそのまま全体を覆って外形を構成していてもよく、あるいは角膜電極部(この場合、電導体も合わせた部分をいう)が、上述の外形を構成する他の部材と一体化していてもよい。
このシートは、例えば、PET、ポリイミド、シリコンゴム、アクリルなどの材料から形成され得るが、強度があり、柔軟性が高く、成形が容易である点からPET、ポリイミドが好ましい。
結膜電極は、このシート状結膜電極部の遠位端(角膜電極部への取り付け部位の反対側)に配置することが好ましいが、結膜や結膜嚢に貯留した涙液との直接的接触又は電導体を介した間接的接触が保証される限りいずれの場所に配置してもよく、例えば、結膜電極部の遠位端から5mmまでの位置に配置することができる。結膜電極部は電導体で覆った形態としてもよく、電導体としては上述したハイドロゲルが用いられ得るが、電導性のあるゲルであればそれらに限定されない。結膜電極はシートの結膜接触側に配置することが好ましいが、電導体を用いる場合にはシートの外側(結膜接触面の反対側)に配置してもよく、電導体の内部に埋め込む事もできる。
結膜電極は測定時には結膜上、結膜嚢内または涙液内に留置されるが、その位置は角膜輪部から0.1~15mmであり、3mmが望ましい。
結膜電極部は、本装置を結膜に接触させた際に適切に配置されるよう、眼球の形状に沿う角度をつけて、角膜電極部に取りつける。
本発明の診断剤による角膜の障害を伴う疾患の診断は、それを電導体もしくは絶縁体を角膜に密着させるための手段として用いて、上記した本発明の方法を実施することにより、被験体における生体角膜TER測定を行い、該測定値を正常値と比較することにより実施することができる。
前房穿刺を用いた生体角膜TER測定による、BACの角膜障害の評価(前房穿刺法と呼ぶ)
上記非特許文献4に記載された方法に従って、ウサギの角膜上および前房中に電極を配置し、0.02%BACを投与した後の角膜TERを測定した。
前房穿刺を必要としない生体角膜TER測定(図1)による、BACの角膜障害の評価(結膜嚢法と呼ぶ)
生体ウサギの角膜上と結膜嚢内に棒状の銀・塩化銀電極を配置し、0.02%BACを投与した。BACへの曝露による角膜TERの変化を、電圧・電気抵抗値測定器で測定した。角膜上の電極の周囲は、ゴムリング(内径6mm)を生体接着剤(三共社製、アロンアルファA)で固定することによって絶縁し、電流が必ず角膜上皮を通過するようにした。±20μAの交流電流を流し、TERの変化曲線、0.02%BAC曝露の60秒後のTERの減少およびTERの値を従来の前房穿刺を行なう測定法(比較例1)と比較した。TERの値は、測定値から予備実験で測定した前房-結膜嚢間の電気抵抗値を減じることで算出した。
生体角膜TER測定装置の作製(図6)
角膜電極部
直径12mmの円形のカバーグラス上に直径1mmの銀電極と銀・塩化銀電極をおいた。直径10mm、内径6mmの円柱状のPDMSで角膜接触面の曲率半径を7.9mmに形成したものをカバーグラス上に接着剤で固定した。細隙灯に搭載するため、エッペンドルフチューブを後部(角膜接触面の反対側(カバーグラス側))に取り付けた。PDMSの内腔にアテロコラーゲンゲルを充満させ、その曲率半径を7.9mmに整えた。
結膜電極部
0.005×0.5×1cmのPETシート上に直径1mmの銀電極と塩化銀電極をシートの遠位端から1mmの眼球側においた。コラーゲンゲルでPETシートと銀電極と塩化銀電極を薄くコーティングした。この結膜電極部を、眼球の形状に沿う角度をつけて、角膜電極部のエッペンドルフチューブに接着剤で固定した。
こうして作製したTER測定装置を用いて、生体ウサギの角膜TERの変化を測定した。日本白色ウサギに全身麻酔をかけ、接着テープで開瞼した。上述の装置を細隙灯の先端に設置し、細隙灯を操作することで正確に角膜中央部に角膜電極部を接着させるとともに、結膜電極部を結膜嚢及びそこに貯留する涙液に接着させる。
ウサギに0.02% BACを点眼し、投与前のTER値と比較した。結果を図7及び図8に示す。図7から、TER測定装置を角膜に接触させると直ぐにTERが測定できることがわかる。BAC投与前(図7中、「正常角膜」と示す)及び投与後共に、装置を角膜に接触させてから1秒以内に、安定したTER値を測定することができた。図8が示すとおり、BAC投与の1分後にTERは有意に減少した。これは、図4に示す結果と整合性のある値であった。
Claims (10)
- 電極を、角膜上および結膜上に配置することを特徴とする、角膜経上皮電気抵抗の測定方法。
- 角膜経上皮電気抵抗を測定する方法であって、
(1)第一の電極を角膜上に配置し、第二の電極を結膜上に配置する工程;および
(2)第一の電極と第二の電極との間に電流を流し、電気抵抗を測定する工程
を含む、方法。 - 角膜上に配置した電極の周囲が絶縁されている、請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 生体眼で実施する、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 生体眼の角膜経上皮電気抵抗を測定するための装置であって、
(1)角膜上に配置するのに適した第一の電極、
(2)結膜上に配置するのに適した第二の電極、および
(3)第一の電極を絶縁する絶縁体、
を備え、かつ第一の電極と絶縁体とが一体化されている、装置。 - 第一の電極と絶縁体とが、電導体を介して一体化されている、請求項5記載の装置。
- さらに第二の電極が一体化されている、請求項5または6に記載の装置。
- 絶縁体がシリコンゴムで形成され、且つ絶縁体の角膜との接触面が角膜と同じ曲率を有している、請求項5~7のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 第二の電極がシート状の形態である、請求項5~8のいずれか1項記載の装置。
- 電導体がヒアルロン酸又はアテロコラーゲンのゲルである、請求項5~9のいずれか1項記載の装置。
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Also Published As
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US8478395B2 (en) | 2013-07-02 |
JP5470508B2 (ja) | 2014-04-16 |
EP2248459A1 (en) | 2010-11-10 |
JPWO2009110470A1 (ja) | 2011-07-14 |
US20110046509A1 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
EP2248459A4 (en) | 2014-01-15 |
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